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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topics_in_systems_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics_in_systems_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Topics in systems dynamics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Topics_in_systems_dynamics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Topics in systems dynamics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Topics_in_systems_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causal_loop_diagrams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causal_loop_diagrams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Causal loop diagrams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causal_loop_diagrams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stock_and_flow_diagrams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stock_and_flow_diagrams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stock and flow diagrams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stock_and_flow_diagrams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Equations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equations_in_discrete_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equations_in_discrete_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Equations in discrete time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equations_in_discrete_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dynamic_simulation_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_simulation_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Dynamic simulation results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_simulation_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equations_in_continuous_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equations_in_continuous_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Equations in continuous time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equations_in_continuous_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Application</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Application subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example:_Growth_and_decline_of_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example:_Growth_and_decline_of_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Example: Growth and decline of companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example:_Growth_and_decline_of_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example:_Piston_motion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example:_Piston_motion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Example: Piston motion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example:_Piston_motion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din%C3%A0mica_de_sistemes" title="Dinàmica de sistemes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinàmica de sistemes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9mov%C3%A1_dynamika" title="Systémová dynamika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Systémová dynamika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Dynamics" title="System Dynamics – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="System Dynamics" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCsteemid%C3%BCnaamika" title="Süsteemidünaamika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süsteemidünaamika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din%C3%A1mica_de_sistemas" title="Dinámica de sistemas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinámica de sistemas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="پویایی‌شناسی سیستم‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پویایی‌شناسی سیستم‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamique_des_syst%C3%A8mes" title="Dynamique des systèmes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynamique des systèmes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%B4%EB%AF%B9%EC%8A%A4" title="시스템 다이내믹스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시스템 다이내믹스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamika_sistem" title="Dinamika sistem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinamika sistem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamica_dei_sistemi" title="Dinamica dei sistemi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinamica dei sistemi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C4%93mdinamika" title="Sistēmdinamika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sistēmdinamika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendszerdinamika" title="Rendszerdinamika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rendszerdinamika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="システムダイナミクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="システムダイナミクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemdynamikk" title="Systemdynamikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Systemdynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemdynamikk" title="Systemdynamikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Systemdynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamika_system%C3%B3w" title="Dynamika systemów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynamika systemów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din%C3%A2mica_de_sistemas" title="Dinâmica de sistemas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinâmica de sistemas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Системная динамика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Системная динамика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9mov%C3%A1_dynamika" title="Systémová dynamika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Systémová dynamika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamika_sistim" title="Dinamika sistim – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dinamika sistim" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4n_dynamiikka" title="Järjestelmän dynamiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Järjestelmän dynamiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemdynamik" title="Systemdynamik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Systemdynamik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_dinami%C4%9Fi" title="Sistem dinamiği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sistem dinamiği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Системна динаміка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Системна динаміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="系統動力學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="系統動力學" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Dynamic stock and flow diagram of model <i>New product adoption</i> (model from article by <a href="/wiki/John_Sterman" title="John Sterman">John Sterman</a> 2001 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://true-world.com/htm/en/index.html">True Software</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>System dynamics</b> (<b>SD</b>) is an approach to understanding the <a href="/wiki/Nonlinearity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlinearity">nonlinear</a> behaviour of <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex systems</a> over time using <a href="/wiki/Stock_and_flow" title="Stock and flow">stocks, flows</a>, internal <a href="/wiki/Feedback_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedback loop">feedback loops</a>, table functions and time delays.<sup id="cite_ref-sysdyn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sysdyn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>System dynamics is a <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical modeling</a> technique to frame, understand, and discuss complex issues and problems. Originally developed in the 1950s to help corporate managers improve their understanding of industrial processes, SD is currently being used throughout the public and private sector for policy analysis and design.<sup id="cite_ref-UDE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Convenient <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) system dynamics software developed into user friendly versions by the 1990s and have been applied to diverse systems. SD models solve the problem of simultaneity (mutual causation) by updating all variables in small time increments with positive and negative feedbacks and time delays structuring the interactions and control. The best known SD model is probably the 1972 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a></i>. This model forecast that exponential growth of population and capital, with finite resource sources and sinks and perception delays, would lead to economic collapse during the 21st century under a wide variety of growth scenarios. </p><p>System dynamics is an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a> as a method to understand the dynamic behavior of complex systems. The basis of the method is the recognition that the structure of any system, the many circular, interlocking, sometimes time-delayed relationships among its components, is often just as important in determining its behavior as the individual components themselves. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaos theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_dynamics" title="Social dynamics">social dynamics</a>. It is also claimed that because there are often properties-of-the-whole which cannot be found among the properties-of-the-elements, in some cases the behavior of the whole cannot be explained in terms of the behavior of the parts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>System dynamics was created during the mid-1950s<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Professor <a href="/wiki/Jay_Forrester" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Forrester">Jay Forrester</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. In 1956, Forrester accepted a professorship in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">MIT Sloan School of Management</a>. His initial goal was to determine how his background in science and engineering could be brought to bear, in some useful way, on the core issues that determine the success or failure of corporations. Forrester's insights into the common foundations that underlie engineering, which led to the creation of system dynamics, were triggered, to a large degree, by his involvement with managers at <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE) during the mid-1950s. At that time, the managers at GE were perplexed because employment at their appliance plants in Kentucky exhibited a significant three-year cycle. The <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">business cycle</a> was judged to be an insufficient explanation for the employment instability. From hand simulations (or calculations) of the stock-flow-feedback structure of the GE plants, which included the existing corporate decision-making structure for hiring and layoffs, Forrester was able to show how the instability in GE employment was due to the internal structure of the firm and not to an external force such as the business cycle. These hand simulations were the start of the field of system dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-UDE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Forrester and a team of graduate students moved the emerging field of system dynamics from the hand-simulation stage to the formal <a href="/wiki/Computer_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer modeling">computer modeling</a> stage. Richard Bennett created the first system dynamics computer modeling language called SIMPLE (Simulation of Industrial Management Problems with Lots of Equations) in the spring of 1958. In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Fox" title="Phyllis Fox">Phyllis Fox</a> and Alexander Pugh wrote the first version of <a href="/wiki/DYNAMO_(programming_language)" title="DYNAMO (programming language)">DYNAMO</a> (DYNAmic MOdels), an improved version of SIMPLE, and the system dynamics language became the industry standard for over thirty years. Forrester published the first, and still classic, book in the field titled <i>Industrial Dynamics</i> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-UDE_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the late 1950s to the late 1960s, system dynamics was applied almost exclusively to corporate/managerial problems. In 1968, however, an unexpected occurrence caused the field to broaden beyond corporate modeling. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Collins" title="John F. Collins">John F. Collins</a>, the former mayor of Boston, was appointed a visiting professor of Urban Affairs at MIT. The result of the Collins-Forrester collaboration was a book titled <i>Urban Dynamics</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Urban_Dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Dynamics">Urban Dynamics</a> model presented in the book was the first major non-corporate application of system dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-UDE_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Goodwin" title="Richard M. Goodwin">Richard M. Goodwin</a> published the first edition of his paper "A Growth Cycle",<sup id="cite_ref-GROWTH_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GROWTH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was the first attempt to apply the principles of system dynamics to economics. He devoted most of his life teaching what he called "Economic Dynamics", which could be considered a precursor of modern <a href="/wiki/Non-equilibrium_economics" title="Non-equilibrium economics">Non-equilibrium economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GOODWIN_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOODWIN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second major noncorporate application of system dynamics came shortly after the first. In 1970, Jay Forrester was invited by the <a href="/wiki/Club_of_Rome" title="Club of Rome">Club of Rome</a> to a meeting in Bern, Switzerland. The Club of Rome is an organization devoted to solving what its members describe as the "predicament of mankind"—that is, the global crisis that may appear sometime in the future, due to the demands being placed on the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> (its sources of renewable and nonrenewable resources and its sinks for the disposal of pollutants) by the world's exponentially growing population. At the Bern meeting, Forrester was asked if system dynamics could be used to address the predicament of mankind. His answer, of course, was that it could. On the plane back from the Bern meeting, Forrester created the first draft of a system dynamics model of the world's socioeconomic system. He called this model WORLD1. Upon his return to the United States, Forrester refined WORLD1 in preparation for a visit to MIT by members of the Club of Rome. Forrester called the refined version of the model WORLD2. Forrester published WORLD2 in a book titled <a href="/wiki/World_Dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="World Dynamics">World Dynamics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UDE_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics_in_systems_dynamics">Topics in systems dynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Topics in systems dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary elements of system dynamics diagrams are feedback, accumulation of flows into stocks and time delays. </p><p>As an illustration of the use of system dynamics, imagine an organisation that plans to introduce an innovative new durable consumer product. The organisation needs to understand the possible market dynamics in order to design marketing and production plans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causal_loop_diagrams">Causal loop diagrams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causal loop diagrams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causal_loop_diagram" title="Causal loop diagram">Causal loop diagram</a></div> <p>In the system dynamics methodology, a problem or a system (e.g., ecosystem, political system or mechanical system) may be represented as a <a href="/wiki/Causal_loop_diagram" title="Causal loop diagram">causal loop diagram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A causal loop diagram is a simple map of a system with all its constituent components and their interactions. By capturing interactions and consequently the feedback loops (see figure below), a causal loop diagram reveals the structure of a system. By understanding the structure of a system, it becomes possible to ascertain a system's behavior over a certain time period.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The causal loop diagram of the new product introduction may look as follows: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoption_CLD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Adoption_CLD.svg/528px-Adoption_CLD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="528" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Adoption_CLD.svg/792px-Adoption_CLD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Adoption_CLD.svg/1056px-Adoption_CLD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Causal loop diagram of <i>New product adoption</i> model</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two feedback loops in this diagram. The positive reinforcement (labeled R) loop on the right indicates that the more people have already adopted the new product, the stronger the word-of-mouth impact. There will be more references to the product, more demonstrations, and more reviews. This positive feedback should generate sales that continue to grow. </p><p>The second feedback loop on the left is negative reinforcement (or "balancing" and hence labeled B). Clearly, growth cannot continue forever, because as more and more people adopt, there remain fewer and fewer potential adopters. </p><p>Both feedback loops act simultaneously, but at different times they may have different strengths. Thus one might expect growing sales in the initial years, and then declining sales in the later years. However, in general a causal loop diagram does not specify the structure of a system sufficiently to permit determination of its behavior from the visual representation alone.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stock_and_flow_diagrams">Stock and flow diagrams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stock and flow diagrams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stock_and_flow" title="Stock and flow">Stock and flow</a></div> <p>Causal loop diagrams aid in visualizing a system's structure and behavior, and analyzing the system qualitatively. To perform a more detailed quantitative analysis, a causal loop diagram is transformed to a <a href="/wiki/Stock_and_flow" title="Stock and flow">stock and flow</a> diagram. A stock and flow model helps in studying and analyzing the system in a quantitative way; such models are usually built and simulated using computer software. </p><p>A stock is the term for any entity that accumulates or depletes over time. A flow is the rate of change in a stock. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_stock_and_flow_diagram.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Simple_stock_and_flow_diagram.gif" decoding="async" width="259" height="71" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="71" /></a><figcaption>A flow is the rate of accumulation of the stock</figcaption></figure> <p>In this example, there are two stocks: Potential adopters and Adopters. There is one flow: New adopters. For every new adopter, the stock of potential adopters declines by one, and the stock of adopters increases by one. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoption_SFD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Adoption_SFD.png" decoding="async" width="384" height="395" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Stock and flow diagram of <i>New product adoption</i> model</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equations">Equations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Equations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The real power of system dynamics is utilised through simulation. Although it is possible to perform the modeling in a <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a>, there are a <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_system_dynamics_software" title="Comparison of system dynamics software">variety of software</a> packages that have been optimised for this. </p><p>The steps involved in a simulation are: </p> <ul><li>Define the problem boundary.</li> <li>Identify the most important stocks and flows that change these stock levels.</li> <li>Identify sources of information that impact the flows.</li> <li>Identify the main feedback loops.</li> <li>Draw a causal loop diagram that links the stocks, flows and sources of information.</li> <li>Write the equations that determine the flows.</li> <li>Estimate the parameters and initial conditions. These can be estimated using statistical methods, expert opinion, market research data or other relevant sources of information.<sup id="cite_ref-Sterman2001CMR_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sterman2001CMR-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Simulate the model and analyse results.</li></ul> <p>In this example, the equations that change the two stocks via the flow are: </p> <pre><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ {\mbox{Potential adopters}}=-\int _{0}^{t}{\mbox{New adopters }}\,dt}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Potential adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>New adopters </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ {\mbox{Potential adopters}}=-\int _{0}^{t}{\mbox{New adopters }}\,dt}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7dec771a1eb1abb48013553b40379ce51bdc9865" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:44.875ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ {\mbox{Potential adopters}}=-\int _{0}^{t}{\mbox{New adopters }}\,dt}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ {\mbox{Adopters}}=\int _{0}^{t}{\mbox{New adopters }}\,dt}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>New adopters </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ {\mbox{Adopters}}=\int _{0}^{t}{\mbox{New adopters }}\,dt}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/84f00dadc726c4ff58fc8a9185265902be02d61b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:33.344ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ {\mbox{Adopters}}=\int _{0}^{t}{\mbox{New adopters }}\,dt}"></span> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equations_in_discrete_time">Equations in discrete time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Equations in discrete time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List of all the equations in <a href="/wiki/Discrete_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete time">discrete time</a>, in their order of execution in each year, for years 1 to 15 : </p> <pre><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1)\ {\mbox{Probability that contact has not yet adopted}}={\mbox{Potential adopters}}/({\mbox{Potential adopters }}+{\mbox{ Adopters}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Probability that contact has not yet adopted</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Potential adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Potential adopters </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> Adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1)\ {\mbox{Probability that contact has not yet adopted}}={\mbox{Potential adopters}}/({\mbox{Potential adopters }}+{\mbox{ Adopters}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15f6ff869c65a8c88b6f6831a3515e624961d64a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:103.909ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1)\ {\mbox{Probability that contact has not yet adopted}}={\mbox{Potential adopters}}/({\mbox{Potential adopters }}+{\mbox{ Adopters}})}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2)\ {\mbox{Imitators}}=q\cdot {\mbox{Adopters}}\cdot {\mbox{Probability that contact has not yet adopted}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Imitators</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Probability that contact has not yet adopted</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2)\ {\mbox{Imitators}}=q\cdot {\mbox{Adopters}}\cdot {\mbox{Probability that contact has not yet adopted}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fefa10b75559bb64eb6bc1ba42cb8ed65204de37" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:73.566ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2)\ {\mbox{Imitators}}=q\cdot {\mbox{Adopters}}\cdot {\mbox{Probability that contact has not yet adopted}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3)\ {\mbox{Innovators}}=p\cdot {\mbox{Potential adopters}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Innovators</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Potential adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3)\ {\mbox{Innovators}}=p\cdot {\mbox{Potential adopters}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e58b8add1c194d1ccfeb3ec9dae694ab73edcba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:38.058ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3)\ {\mbox{Innovators}}=p\cdot {\mbox{Potential adopters}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4)\ {\mbox{New adopters}}={\mbox{Innovators}}+{\mbox{Imitators}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>New adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Innovators</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Imitators</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4)\ {\mbox{New adopters}}={\mbox{Innovators}}+{\mbox{Imitators}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79365272120b719e52461faff512c0979526399d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:42.552ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4)\ {\mbox{New adopters}}={\mbox{Innovators}}+{\mbox{Imitators}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4.1)\ {\mbox{Potential adopters}}\ -={\mbox{New adopters }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4.1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Potential adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>−</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>New adopters </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4.1)\ {\mbox{Potential adopters}}\ -={\mbox{New adopters }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/826b95ebcf4297324b9f7e4f94c0dbc959342891" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:42.825ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4.1)\ {\mbox{Potential adopters}}\ -={\mbox{New adopters }}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4.2)\ {\mbox{Adopters}}\ +={\mbox{New adopters }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4.2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>New adopters </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4.2)\ {\mbox{Adopters}}\ +={\mbox{New adopters }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2c0d4446076a3d0c528b8a3f558d580ac1f109be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.49ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4.2)\ {\mbox{Adopters}}\ +={\mbox{New adopters }}}"></span> </pre> <pre><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ p=0.03}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.03</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ p=0.03}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9732f34c2a160614ddcd42cacd735b1afefbb9a0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.983ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ p=0.03}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ q=0.4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ q=0.4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/333410b559ab0c9d4b661cbc1d5b3f0e59ef2c4d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.72ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ q=0.4}"></span> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynamic_simulation_results">Dynamic simulation results</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dynamic simulation results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_simulation" title="Dynamic simulation">Dynamic simulation</a></div> <p>The dynamic simulation results show that the behaviour of the system would be to have growth in <i>adopters</i> that follows a classic s-curve shape.<br /> The increase in <i>adopters</i> is very slow initially, then exponential growth for a period, followed ultimately by saturation. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoption_SFD_ANI.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Adoption_SFD_ANI.gif" decoding="async" width="616" height="524" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Dynamic stock and flow diagram of <i>New product adoption</i> model</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:SFDD_VAL.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/SFDD_VAL.gif" decoding="async" width="612" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Stocks and flows values for years = 0 to 15</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equations_in_continuous_time">Equations in continuous time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Equations in continuous time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To get intermediate values and better accuracy, the model can run in continuous time: we multiply the number of units of time and we proportionally divide values that change stock levels. In this example we multiply the 15 years by 4 to obtain 60 quarters, and we divide the value of the flow by 4.<br /> Dividing the value is the simplest with the <a href="/wiki/Euler_method" title="Euler method">Euler method</a>, but other methods could be employed instead, such as <a href="/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta_methods" title="Runge–Kutta methods">Runge–Kutta methods</a>. </p><p>List of the equations in continuous time for trimesters = 1 to 60 : </p> <ul><li>They are the same equations as in the section <i>Equation in discrete time</i> above, except equations <i>4.1</i> and <i>4.2</i> replaced by following :</li></ul> <pre><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10)\ {\mbox{Valve New adopters}}\ ={\mbox{New adopters}}\cdot TimeStep}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>10</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Valve New adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>New adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10)\ {\mbox{Valve New adopters}}\ ={\mbox{New adopters}}\cdot TimeStep}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54b1c272a40acbe2565faa12f431f2c7d5ced7e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:53.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10)\ {\mbox{Valve New adopters}}\ ={\mbox{New adopters}}\cdot TimeStep}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10.1)\ {\mbox{Potential adopters}}\ -={\mbox{Valve New adopters}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>10.1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Potential adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>−</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Valve New adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10.1)\ {\mbox{Potential adopters}}\ -={\mbox{Valve New adopters}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50fc685b06ed0f19722e5723784afbdd7b5862c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:49.8ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10.1)\ {\mbox{Potential adopters}}\ -={\mbox{Valve New adopters}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10.2)\ {\mbox{Adopters}}\ +={\mbox{Valve New adopters }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>10.2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Valve New adopters </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10.2)\ {\mbox{Adopters}}\ +={\mbox{Valve New adopters }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d270260aa025c9e60ee49070e4f0cadefe8cce9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.045ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10.2)\ {\mbox{Adopters}}\ +={\mbox{Valve New adopters }}}"></span> </pre> <pre><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ TimeStep=1/4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ TimeStep=1/4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d998182e6a8b37e2702d056e1cbc4d5f51e97c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.321ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ TimeStep=1/4}"></span> </pre> <ul><li>In the below stock and flow diagram, the intermediate flow 'Valve New adopters' calculates the equation :</li></ul> <pre><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ {\mbox{Valve New adopters}}\ ={\mbox{New adopters }}\cdot TimeStep}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Valve New adopters</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>New adopters </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ {\mbox{Valve New adopters}}\ ={\mbox{New adopters }}\cdot TimeStep}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f863a70f2e382a73083d495b326dae33711f7799" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:50.485ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ {\mbox{Valve New adopters}}\ ={\mbox{New adopters }}\cdot TimeStep}"></span> </pre> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Adaption_SFD_continuous_time.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Adaption_SFD_continuous_time.png" decoding="async" width="625" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>Dynamic stock and flow diagram of <i>New product adoption</i> model in continuous time</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>System dynamics has found application in a wide range of areas, for example <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">population</a>, agriculture,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Compartmental_models_in_epidemiology" title="Compartmental models in epidemiology"> epidemiological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">ecological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> systems, which usually interact strongly with each other. </p><p>System dynamics have various "back of the envelope" management applications. They are a potent tool to: </p> <ul><li>Teach <a href="/wiki/System_thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="System thinking">system thinking</a> reflexes to persons being coached</li> <li>Analyze and compare assumptions and <a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">mental models</a> about the way things work</li> <li>Gain qualitative insight into the workings of a system or the consequences of a decision</li> <li>Recognize archetypes of dysfunctional systems in everyday practice</li></ul> <p>Computer software is used to <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">simulate</a> a system dynamics <a href="/wiki/Model_(abstract)" class="mw-redirect" title="Model (abstract)">model</a> of the situation being studied. Running "what if" simulations to test certain policies on such a model can greatly aid in understanding how the system changes over time. System dynamics is very similar to <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems thinking</a> and constructs the same <a href="/wiki/Causal_loop_diagram" title="Causal loop diagram">causal loop diagrams</a> of systems with feedback. However, system dynamics typically goes further and utilises simulation to study the behaviour of systems and the impact of alternative policies.<sup id="cite_ref-SysDynSociety_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SysDynSociety-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>System dynamics has been used to investigate resource dependencies, and resulting problems, in product development.<sup id="cite_ref-Repenning:2001kx_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Repenning:2001kx-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Repenning:1999ng_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Repenning:1999ng-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A system dynamics approach to <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Minsky_(economic_simulator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsky (economic simulator)">Minsky</a></i>, has been developed by the economist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Keen" title="Steve Keen">Steve Keen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SForge_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SForge-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been used to successfully model world economic behaviour from the apparent stability of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a> to the sudden unexpected <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">Financial crisis of 2007–08</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example:_Growth_and_decline_of_companies">Example: Growth and decline of companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Example: Growth and decline of companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Causal_Loop_Diagram_of_a_Model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Causal_Loop_Diagram_of_a_Model.png/600px-Causal_Loop_Diagram_of_a_Model.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Causal_Loop_Diagram_of_a_Model.png 1.5x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Causal loop diagram of a model examining the growth or decline of a life insurance company.<sup id="cite_ref-Tay_Feedback_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tay_Feedback-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The figure above is a causal loop diagram of a system dynamics model created to examine forces that may be responsible for the growth or decline of <a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">life insurance</a> companies in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. A number of this figure's features are worth mentioning. The first is that the model's negative feedback loops are identified by <i>C's</i>, which stand for <i>Counteracting</i> loops. The second is that double slashes are used to indicate places where there is a significant delay between causes (i.e., variables at the tails of arrows) and effects (i.e., variables at the heads of arrows). This is a common causal loop diagramming convention in system dynamics. Third, is that thicker lines are used to identify the feedback loops and links that author wishes the audience to focus on. This is also a common system dynamics diagramming convention. Last, it is clear that a decision maker would find it impossible to think through the dynamic behavior inherent in the model, from inspection of the figure alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Tay_Feedback_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tay_Feedback-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example:_Piston_motion">Example: Piston motion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Example: Piston motion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Objective: study of a crank-connecting rod system.<br /> We want to model a crank-connecting rod system through a system dynamic model. Two different full descriptions of the physical system with related systems of equations can be found <a href="/wiki/Piston_motion_equations#Position" title="Piston motion equations">here</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> and <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_bielle-manivelle#Équations_horaires" class="extiw" title="fr:Système bielle-manivelle">here</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>; they give the same results. In this example, the crank, with variable radius and angular frequency, will drive a piston with a variable connecting rod length.</li> <li>System dynamic modeling: the system is now modeled, according to a stock and flow system dynamic logic.<br /> The figure below shows the stock and flow diagram <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:TRUE_Piston_SFD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/TRUE_Piston_SFD.png" decoding="async" width="605" height="305" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Stock and flow diagram for crank-connecting rod system</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Simulation: the behavior of the crank-connecting rod dynamic system can then be simulated.<br /> The next figure is a 3D simulation created using <a href="/wiki/Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">procedural animation</a>. Variables of the model animate all parts of this animation: crank, radius, angular frequency, rod length, and piston position.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:TRUE_Procedural_Animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/TRUE_Procedural_Animation.gif" decoding="async" width="480" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>3D <a href="/wiki/Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">procedural animation</a> of the crank-connecting rod system modeled in 2</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Related subjects</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causal_loop_diagram" title="Causal loop diagram">Causal loop diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_system_dynamics_software" title="Comparison of system dynamics software">Comparison of system dynamics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">Ecosystem model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau Principle">Plateau Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_archetype" title="System archetype">System archetypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Dynamics_Society" title="System Dynamics Society">System Dynamics Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points" title="Twelve leverage points">Twelve leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predator-prey_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator-prey interaction">Predator-prey interaction</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Related fields</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamical_systems_theory" title="Dynamical systems theory">Dynamical systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_box_model" title="Grey box model">Grey box model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dynamics" title="Social dynamics">Social dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_identification" title="System identification">System identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIZ" title="TRIZ">TRIZ</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Related scientists</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Forrester" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Forrester">Jay Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Meadows" title="Dennis Meadows">Dennis Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Snooks" title="Graeme Snooks">Graeme Snooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sterman" title="John Sterman">John Sterman</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/32px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/48px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 1.5x, 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.reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sysdyn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sysdyn_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/sysdyn/sd-intro/">"MIT System Dynamics in Education Project (SDEP)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIT+System+Dynamics+in+Education+Project+%28SDEP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fsysdyn%2Fsd-intro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UDE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UDE_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDE_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDE_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDE_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDE_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael J. Radzicki and Robert A. Taylor (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systemdynamics.org/DL-IntroSysDyn/start.htm">"Origin of System Dynamics: Jay W. Forrester and the History of System Dynamics"</a>. In: <i>U.S. Department of Energy's Introduction to System Dynamics</i>. Retrieved 23 October 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forrester, Jay (1971). Counterintuitive behavior of social systems. Technology Review 73(3): 52–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GROWTH-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GROWTH_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin, R.M. (1982). A Growth Cycle. In: Essays in Economic Dynamics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05504-3_12">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GOODWIN-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GOODWIN_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Matteo, M., & Sordi, S. (2015). Goodwin in Siena: economist, social philosopher and artist. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 39(6), 1507–1527. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24695947">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterman2000" class="citation book cs1">Sterman, John D. (2000). <i>Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World</i>. Boston: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-231135-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-231135-5"><bdi>0-07-231135-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Dynamics%3A+Systems+Thinking+and+Modeling+for+a+Complex+World&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-07-231135-5&rft.aulast=Sterman&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meadows, Donella. (2008). Thinking in Systems: A Primer. Earthscan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1986" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson, G. P. (1986). "Problems with causal-loop diagrams". <i>Syst. Dyn. Rev</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">158–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsdr.4260020207">10.1002/sdr.4260020207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syst.+Dyn.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Problems+with+causal-loop+diagrams&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsdr.4260020207&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=G.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sterman2001CMR-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sterman2001CMR_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sterman, John D. (2001). "System dynamics modeling: Tools for learning in a complex world". <i>California Management Review</i>. <b>43</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">8–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41166098">10.2307/41166098</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41166098">41166098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4637381">4637381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Management+Review&rft.atitle=System+dynamics+modeling%3A+Tools+for+learning+in+a+complex+world&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4637381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41166098%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41166098&rft.aulast=Sterman&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. H. A. Rahim, N. N. Hawari and N. Z. Abidin, "Supply and demand of rice in Malaysia: A system dynamics approach", International Journal of Supply Chain and Management, Vol.6, No.4, pp. 234-240, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SysDynSociety-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SysDynSociety_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systemdynamics.org/">System Dynamics Society</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Repenning:2001kx-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Repenning:2001kx_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepenning2001" class="citation journal cs1">Repenning, Nelson P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/3961/2/Tilting_v40-web.pdf">"Understanding fire fighting in new product development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Product Innovation Management</i>. <b>18</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">285–</span>300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0737-6782%2801%2900099-6">10.1016/S0737-6782(01)00099-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F3961">1721.1/3961</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Product+Innovation+Management&rft.atitle=Understanding+fire+fighting+in+new+product+development&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F3961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0737-6782%2801%2900099-6&rft.aulast=Repenning&rft.aufirst=Nelson+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2F1721.1%2F3961%2F2%2FTilting_v40-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Repenning:1999ng-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Repenning:1999ng_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson P. Repenning (1999). <i>Resource dependence in product development improvement efforts</i>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">MIT Sloan School of Management</a> Department of Operations Management/System Dynamics Group, Dec 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SForge-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SForge_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://sourceforge.net/blog/january-2014-potm/ SourceForge">[3]</a> Minsky - Project of the month January 2014. Interview with Minsky development team. Accessed January 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tay_Feedback-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tay_Feedback_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tay_Feedback_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael J. Radzicki and Robert A. Taylor (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systemdynamics.org/DL-IntroSysDyn/start.htm">"Feedback"</a>. In: <i>U.S. Department of Energy's Introduction to System Dynamics</i>. Retrieved 23 October 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKypuros2013" class="citation book cs1">Kypuros, Javier (2013). <i>System dynamics and control with bond graph modeling</i>. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466560758" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466560758"><bdi>978-1466560758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=System+dynamics+and+control+with+bond+graph+modeling&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1466560758&rft.aulast=Kypuros&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrester1961" class="citation book cs1">Forrester, Jay W. (1961). <i>Industrial Dynamics</i>. Pegasus Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883823-36-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883823-36-8"><bdi>978-1-883823-36-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Dynamics&rft.pub=Pegasus+Communications&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-1-883823-36-8&rft.aulast=Forrester&rft.aufirst=Jay+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrester1969" class="citation book cs1">Forrester, Jay W. (1969). <i>Urban Dynamics</i>. Pegasus Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883823-39-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883823-39-9"><bdi>978-1-883823-39-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Dynamics&rft.pub=Pegasus+Communications&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-1-883823-39-9&rft.aulast=Forrester&rft.aufirst=Jay+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadows1972" class="citation book cs1">Meadows, Donella H. (1972). <a href="/wiki/Limits_to_Growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Limits to Growth"><i>Limits to Growth</i></a>. New York: University books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87663-165-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87663-165-2"><bdi>978-0-87663-165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+to+Growth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=University+books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-87663-165-2&rft.aulast=Meadows&rft.aufirst=Donella+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorecroft2007" class="citation book cs1">Morecroft, John (2007). <i>Strategic Modelling and Business Dynamics: A Feedback Systems Approach</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01286-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01286-4"><bdi>978-0-470-01286-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Modelling+and+Business+Dynamics%3A+A+Feedback+Systems+Approach&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-01286-4&rft.aulast=Morecroft&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Edward B. (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/managerialapplic0000unse"><i>Managerial Applications of System Dynamics</i></a></span>. Cambridge: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18088-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18088-7"><bdi>978-0-262-18088-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managerial+Applications+of+System+Dynamics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-262-18088-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanagerialapplic0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanders1980" class="citation book cs1">Randers, Jorgen (1980). <i>Elements of the System Dynamics Method</i>. Cambridge: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915299-39-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915299-39-3"><bdi>978-0-915299-39-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+the+System+Dynamics+Method&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-915299-39-3&rft.aulast=Randers&rft.aufirst=Jorgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenge1990" class="citation book cs1">Senge, Peter (1990). <a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Discipline" title="The Fifth Discipline"><i>The Fifth Discipline</i></a>. Currency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26095-4"><bdi>978-0-385-26095-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fifth+Discipline&rft.pub=Currency&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-385-26095-4&rft.aulast=Senge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterman2000" class="citation book cs1">Sterman, John D. (2000). <a href="/wiki/Business_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Business dynamics"><i>Business Dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world</i></a>. McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-231135-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-231135-8"><bdi>978-0-07-231135-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Dynamics%3A+Systems+thinking+and+modeling+for+a+complex+world&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-07-231135-8&rft.aulast=Sterman&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystem+dynamics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_dynamics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_time" title="Doubling time">Doubling time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points" title="Twelve leverage points">Leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">Limiting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">Positive feedback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_pharmacology" title="Systems pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_philosophy" title="Systems philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists" title="List of systems scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy" title="Béla H. Bánáthy">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bowen" title="Murray Bowen">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Emery" title="Fred Emery">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Forrest" title="Stephanie Forrest">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._S._Hall" title="Charles A. S. Hall">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Kay" title="James J. Kay">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova" class="mw-redirect" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seddon" title="John Seddon">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trist" title="Eric Trist">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" title="Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_engineering" title="Template talk:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_engineering118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_systems_engineering" title="Cognitive systems engineering">Cognitive systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems engineering">Enterprise systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_systems_engineering" title="Health systems engineering">Health systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">Performance engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Sociocultural Systems Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">Design review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_systems_engineering" title="System of systems engineering">System of systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">System lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model" title="V-model">V-Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">Quality function deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_part" title="Spare part">Spare part</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">System dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">Benjamin S. Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolt_Fabrycky" title="Wolt Fabrycky">Wolt Fabrycky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_David_Hall_III" title="Arthur David Hall III">Arthur David Hall III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hitchins" title="Derek Hitchins">Derek Hitchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Machol" title="Robert E. Machol">Robert E. Machol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_engineering" title="Category:Systems engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_modeling343" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Prospective_Outlook_on_Long-term_Energy_Systems" title="Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems">POLES</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenEI" title="OpenEI">OpenEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reegle" title="Reegle">Reegle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases" title="Open energy system databases">Open energy system databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_energy_system_models" title="Open energy system models">Open energy system models</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change mitigation scenarios">Climate change mitigation scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">Computer simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_modeling" title="Energy modeling">Energy modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Mathematical optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenario_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenario analysis">Scenario analysis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">System dynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_market" title="Electricity market">Electricity market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_market" title="Energy market">Energy market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_planning" title="Energy planning">Energy planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_assessment_modelling" title="Integrated assessment modelling">Integrated assessment modelling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Bossel" title="Hartmut Bossel">Hartmut Bossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeCarolis" title="Joseph DeCarolis">Joe DeCarolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Z._Jacobson" title="Mark Z. Jacobson">Mark Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Laitner" title="John A. Laitner">John Laitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Weyant" title="John Weyant">John Weyant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Modeling_Forum" title="Energy Modeling Forum">Energy Modeling Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">openmod initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_models" title="Category:Economics models">Economics models</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_models" title="Category:Energy models">Energy models</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox674" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058802-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="systémová dynamika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph846528&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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