民主 | 联合国

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li.menu-25970.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-25970.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-25970.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-25994.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-25994.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-25994.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-23525.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-23525.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-39043.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-39043.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-39043.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-46805.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-46805.top-level a.active-menu { background-color: #f2f2f2; } ul#main-menu li.menu-23304.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-23304.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-23304.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-45709.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-45709.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-45709.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-22773.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-22773.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-22763.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-22763.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-22781.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-22781.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-22747.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-22747.top-level a.hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-46805.top-level a.hover, { background-color: #f2f2f2; } .view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_1 .view-header { margin-bottom: 2rem; } .view-articles-by-property-view.view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_2 { margin-top: 5rem; margin-bottom: 5rem; } body.not-front .field-content.post-date { font-weight: 500; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.1666; color: #4d4c4c; letter-spacing: 0.77px; text-transform: uppercase; display: block; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.8rem; } body.node-type-article.og-context-node-61823 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-61823 .node-article li, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62054 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62054 .node-article li, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62048 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62048 .node-article li, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62003 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62003 .node-article li, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62051 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62051 .node-article li, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62045 .node-article p, body.node-type-article.og-context-node-62045 .node-article li, body.property-type-9040 p, body.property-type-9040 li, body.property-type-8447 p, body.property-type-8447 li, body.property-type-8450 p, body.property-type-8450 li { font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } body.og-context-node-62054 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-61823 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-62051 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-62003 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-62048 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img { margin-right: 0; } body.og-context-node-102953 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-102950 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-102947 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-102932 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-102944 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-102941 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { height: 71px; width: 77px; } body.og-context-node-62054 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-61823 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-62051 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-62003 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-62048 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-62045 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { height: 75px; width: 85px; } body.og-context-node-97691 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-97693 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-97692 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-97694 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-97696 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img, body.og-context-node-97697 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img { margin: 0; } body.og-context-node-97691 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-97693 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-97692 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-97694 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-97696 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img, body.og-context-node-97697 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { margin-top: -2px; width: 78px; height: 78px; } body.og-context-node-170924 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img { margin: 0; } body.og-context-node-170924 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { width: 84px !important; } .view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_1 #views-bootstrap-grid-1 .row > .col-xs-12.col-sm-6.col-md-4.col-lg-4, .view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_5 #views-bootstrap-grid-1 .row > .col-xs-12.col-sm-6.col-md-4.col-lg-4, .view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_9 #views-bootstrap-grid-1 .row > .col-xs-12.col-sm-6.col-md-4.col-lg-4, .view-id-articles_by_property_view.view-display-id-page_10 #views-bootstrap-grid-1 .row > .col-xs-12.col-sm-6.col-md-4.col-lg-4 { margin-bottom: 4rem; } .node-article .read-more-button { margin-bottom: 4rem; } .section.more-stories-by::after { border-top: none; } .view-articles-by-issue-with-podcast .views-field-php { margin-bottom: 4rem; } .og-context-node-54396.node-type-article ul.breadcrumb { display:none; } .og-context-node-54396 .footer-fluid, .page-isotope-articles .footer-fluid { margin-top: 4rem; } .view-property-slideshows-by-taxonomy .item { margin-bottom: 4rem; } .node-sidebar .node-sidebar-item { margin-top: 4rem; } .node-sidebar .node-sidebar-item:first-child { margin-top: 0; } body.node-type-page h1 { font-size:4rem; } .library_field { margin-top: 1rem; font-weight: 700; } .historical-note { font-size: 12px; } .small-view .views-field-title { width: 94%; } body.node-type-article .article-body ul { width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1em; list-style: inherit; } node-type-article .node-article .image-gallery-main-image .image-metadata, .node-article .article-body .image-metadata, .node-type-article .node-article > .image-metadata { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } body.node-type-article .article-body ul li { list-style-image: inherit; list-style-type: inherit; margin-left: inherit; } body.property-type-11 .view-articles-by-property-view ul li { margin-top: 1rem; } body.node-type-file-object article ul { list-style: inherit; } body.node-type-file-object article ul li { list-style-image: inherit; list-style-type: inherit; margin-left: 2em; } /* body.property-type-14.node-type-property .property_home_page_section_articles_second {*/ body.page-node-81254 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg .property_home_page_section_articles_second { display:none; } body.page-node-81254 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg .property_home_page_section_articles_second { display:none; } /* body.page-node-81254 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg .container { font-size: 0; } */ body.page-node-81254 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg .container .property_home_page_section_articles_first { font-size: inherit; } body.front.i18n-fr .aan_image, body.front.i18n-es .aan_image, body.front.i18n-ru .aan_image, body.front.i18n-ar .aan_image, body.front.i18n-zh-hans .aan_image { display:none; } .page-node-81254.og-context-node-81254 .view-id-unorg_home_top_multiitem_nodequeue .unorg-home-hero { margin-bottom: 5rem; } /* dhl */ .og-context-node-74753 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a, .og-context-node-74762 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a { font-size:12px; } .og-context-node-74768 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a, .og-context-node-74765 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-59110 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-59107 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li { font-size: 10px; } .og-context-node-74753 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74753.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74774 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74774.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74762 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74762.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74768 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74768.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74765 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74765.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3 { border-left: solid 2px #ededed; } .og-context-node-74777 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3, .og-context-node-74777.node-type-article section#block-system-main > .row > .col-sm-3 { border-right: solid 2px #ededed; } .og-context-node-74777 p { line-height: 1.75; } .og-context-node-74777 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-3 ul li { line-height: 1.75; } .og-context-node-74777 h1.page-header { font-size: 4rem; } .og-context-node-74753 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a, .og-context-node-74777 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a, .og-context-node-74774 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a, .og-context-node-74762 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a, .og-context-node-74768 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a, .og-context-node-74765 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 a { border-bottom: dotted 0.1rem #333333; } .og-context-node-74753 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74753 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3, .og-context-node-74777 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74777 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3, .og-context-node-74774 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74774 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3, .og-context-node-74762 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74762 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3, .og-context-node-74768 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74768 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3, .og-context-node-74765 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h2, .og-context-node-74765 .node.node-page .content > .row > .col-sm-9 h3 { margin-top: 4rem; } .og-context-node-74768 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-74765 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-74762 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-74753 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-74774 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, .og-context-node-74777 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li, ul#main-menu ul.subnav li { white-space: nowrap; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px; } .og-context-node-74768 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a, .og-context-node-74765 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a, .og-context-node-74762 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a, .og-context-node-74753 ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a { font-size: 12px; } .node-sidebar-item-body ul { list-style: inherit; } .node-sidebar-item-body ul li { list-style-image: inherit; list-style-type: inherit; margin-left: 15px; } body.i18n-zh-hans.og-context-node-74774, body.i18n-zh-hans.og-context-node-74774 p { font-size: 1.61rem; line-height: 1.61; } body.i18n-zh-hans.og-context-node-74774 h3 { font-size: 2.8rem; line-height: 1.34; } body.i18n-zh-hans.og-context-node-74774 .home-footer h4 { font-size: 2.3rem; line-height: 1.265; } .not-front .home-footer .footer-fluid .footer.container.dark ul li::before { content: ""; } /* /dhl */ body.article-type-7 .node-sidebar .field-name-body.field-type-text-with-summary.field-label-above .field-label { display: none; } /* .page-calendar-by-property .feed-icon img { width: inherit; } */ .feed-icon img { width: inherit; } li.top-level ul.subnav-active-menu { z-index:10; } body.node-type-file-object article .field-name-field-image.field-type-image img { width: inherit; } .node-type-property .un-facts-heading h4.un-facts { font-size: 2.2rem; color: white; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.1818; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0 0 0.1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); padding: 0.2rem 0 0.4rem 1.7rem; border-left: solid 0.5rem rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3); } .node-type-property .un-facts-heading h4.un-facts a { color: white; } .property-type-14 .unorg-home-5x4.third-story { margin-top: 3rem; } .property-type-14 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg { background-color: inherit; } .property-type-14 .property_home_page_section_articles.gray-bg .container { background-color: #f2f2f2 !important; padding-bottom: 4rem; } .og-context-node-98731.node-type-page #block-system-main img{ width: inherit; } /* .view-articles-by-property-view .row h3 { margin-bottom: 4rem; } */ body.page-articles-by-property-local-category .view-articles-by-property-view .row .col-xs-12.col-sm-6.col-md-4.col-lg-4 { margin-bottom: 4rem; } .page-node-106961 #toggle-play, .page-node-106961 #toggle-pause { bottom: 180px; } .view-dhl.view-display-id-page .views-widget-filter-data_1 { display: none; } .view-un-org-home-news-row.view-id-un_org_home_news_row.view-display-id-block_2 p, .view-unorg-home-top-multiitem-nodequeue.view-display-id-block_1 p, .view-unorg-home-top-multiitem-nodequeue.view-display-id-block_5 p { font-size: 14px; } .un-org-home-news-row-block-2 { margin-top: 4rem; } body.not-front.i18n-ar div.category { letter-spacing: inherit; text-transform: inherit; } body.node-type-book .book-toc { display: none; } .calendar-calendar .month-view .full td.single-day div.monthview { background: inherit; } .i18n-ar .calendar-calendar .month-view .full td.multi-day .calendar.monthview .contents, .i18n-ar .calendar-calendar .week-view .full td.multi-day .calendar.weekview .contents { right: 0; left: 5px; } .navbar-full.navbar { background-color: #4d4d4d; padding: 0; height: 34px; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 30%); margin-bottom: 0; z-index: 99; } body.node-type-page .field-name-body ol, body.not-front .views-field-body ol { list-style-type: decimal; } ol.blue-list li::marker { color: #009edb; font-weight: bold; font-size: 20px; } body.node-type-page .field-name-body ol li, body.not-front .views-field-body ol li { margin-left: 2rem; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page h3 { clear: both; padding:0.5em 0; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-field-event-date-1 { float: left; margin-right: 50px; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-title { clear: both; display: inline; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-row { clear: both; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-row a { border-bottom: dotted 0.1rem #333333; } .full_observances_list { text-align: right; } .i18n-ar .full_observances_list { text-align: left; } .full_observances_list a::after { font-family: FontAwesome; margin-left: 3px; color: #00a1d9; content: "\f101"; line-height: 1; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; } .i18n-ar .full_observances_list a::after { margin-right: 3px; content: "\f100"; } .page-node-132204 .property_home_page_section.gray-bg { background-color: #ffffff !important; } .page-node-132204 .property_home_page_section.gray-bg .container { background-color: #f2f2f2 !important; padding-top: 4rem; padding-bottom: 4rem; } body.page-node-132204.property-type-14.node-type-property .property_home_page_section.gray-bg { padding-top: inherit; padding-bottom: inherit; } .i18n-ar .front-wrapper header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand { font-size: 2.1rem; margin-top: 0.5rem; line-height: 1.6; } .node-type-book.og-context-node-40059 ul { list-style: inherit; } .node-type-book.og-context-node-40059 ul li { list-style-image: inherit; list-style-type: inherit; margin-left: 2em; } ul#main-menu li.menu-33990.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-45720.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-45912.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-46218.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-46227.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-46154.top-level a, ul#main-menu li.menu-46228.top-level a { background-color: #009edb; } ul#main-menu li.menu-33990.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-33990.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-33990.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-45720.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-45720.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-45720.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-45912.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-45912.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-45912.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-46218.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-46218.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-46218.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-46227.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-46227.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-46227.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-46154.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-46154.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-46154.top-level a.active-menu, ul#main-menu li.menu-46228.top-level a.active, ul#main-menu li.menu-46228.top-level a:hover, ul#main-menu li.menu-46228.top-level a.active-menu { background: #f2f2f2; color: black; } body.node-type-article #toggle-play, body.node-type-article #toggle-pause { bottom: 150px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1000px) { .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-title { clear: both; width: 500px !important; float: right; display: block; } .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-field-event-date-1 { float: left; margin-right: 0px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 720px) { .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-title { width: 360px !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 400px) { .view-event-flat-calendar-by-property.view-display-id-page .views-field.views-field-title { width: 200px !important; } } @media (max-width: 768px) { body.front #live_now_button { display: block; float: left !important; } body.front.i18n-ar #live_now_button { float: right !important; } header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-btn::after { border-right: 0; } body.not-front header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { height: 40px; width: 89px; } body.not-front .navbar-header .navbar-brand-img-subtitle-1, body.not-front .navbar-header .navbar-brand-img-subtitle-2 { margin-top: 60px; padding: 0; } body.i18n-ar li.top-level ul.subnav-active, body.i18n-ar li.top-level ul.subnav-active-menu { padding: 0; position: inherit; } body.i18n-ar ul#main-menu ul.subnav li { padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 2em; background-color: #ffffff; float: none; border-bottom: #f2f2f2 solid 1px; } body.i18n-ar ul#main-menu ul.subnav li a { background-color: #ffffff; padding: 0; } body.page-desa-products .table-responsive table.table { font-size: 8px; } body.page-desa-products .table-responsive > .table > tbody > tr > td { white-space: inherit; } } @media (min-width: 992px) { body.node-type-article .article-body ul { width: 55%; } body.node-type-article .node-article .image-gallery-main-image .image-metadata, .node-article .article-body .image-metadata, .node-type-article .node-article > .image-metadata { width: 55%; } } /*Ocean 2022 logo*/ /* body.property-type-8453 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { width: 261px !important; height: 79px !important; margin-top: 0; } @media (max-width: 768px) { body.property-type-8453 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { width: 164px !important; height: 50px !important; margin-top: 0; } body.og-context-node-170924 header#navbar .navbar-header .navbar-brand.navbar-brand-img img { width: 66px !important; margin-top: -14px; } } */ </style> </section> <section id="block-block-60" class="block block-block clearfix"> <style type="text/css">/* -- begin added by Tulin -- */ /* ****** effects for headers ***** */ h1.header-entry-page { font-size: 4.5rem !important; } h3.header-lg { font-size: 4rem; } h3.header-md { font-size: 3rem; } .heading-underlined-blue::after { content: ''; display: block; margin: 1.5rem 0 2rem 0; border-top: #00a1d9 solid 3px; width: 33%; } .heading-underlined-blue { margin-top: 5rem; } .heading-center-underline { text-align: center !important; } .heading-center-underline::after { content: ''; display: block; margin-left: 25% !important; margin-right: 50% !important; text-align: center; margin-top: 1.0501050105rem; border-top: #009edb 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view-display-id-block view-dom-id-6455b341f992ce45d5d065cf18435410"> </div> </div> <a id="main-content"></a>  <section class="region region-content"> <section id="block-system-main" class="block block-system clearfix"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div id="node-128271" class="node node-article clearfix" about="/zh/global-issues/democracy" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document"> <div class="field-name-field-image"><img src="https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/styles/large-article-image-style-16-9/public/field/image/democracy-mali-election.jpg" alt="2013年，一名男子在马里的一个投票站投票。"/></div> <div class="image-metadata"><span class="image-caption">2013年总统选举期间，一名马里男子在马里巴马科的共和国大学投票站投票。《世界人权宣言》指出：“人民的意志是政府权力的基础”。联合国图片/Marco Dormino</span></div> <div class="category">全球议题</div> <h1 class="text-center">民主</h1> <div class="content"> <div class="article-body"> <p>　　民主是联合国的核心价值之一。联合国通过促进人权、发展、和平与安全来支持民主。《联合国宪章》签署75年来，联合国在支持全世界民主方面所做的工作比其他任何全球组织都多。联合国促进善政、监督选举、支持民间社会加强民主体制和问责制、确保非殖民化国家的自决、并协助冲突后国家起草新宪法。</p> <p>　　联合国支持民主的活动由联合国开发计划署（<a href="http://www.un.org/zh/aboutun/structure/undp/procument.shtml" rel="noopener" target="_blank">开发署</a>）、联合国民主基金（<a href="http://www.un.org/democracyfund/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">民主基金</a>）、<a href="https://peacekeeping.un.org/zh/department-of-peace-operations" rel="noopener" target="_blank">和平行动部</a>、政治和建设和平事务部（<a href="https://dppa.un.org/zh/dppa-around-world" rel="noopener" target="_blank">政治建和部</a>）、人权事务高级专员办事处（<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/zh/ohchr_homepage" rel="noopener" target="_blank">人权高专办</a>）和联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署（<a href="http://www.un.org/zh/aboutun/structure/unwomen/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">联合国妇女署</a>）等组织开展实施。</p> <h2 data-heading="民主与联合国">民主与联合国</h2> <p>　　联合国的创始人起草<a href="https://www.un.org/zh/charter-united-nations/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《联合国宪章》</a>（《宪章》）的时候，他们并没有提及“民主”一词。在1945年，联合国还有很多会员国并不拥护民主，其他会员国虽然主张民主，但也并没有真正落实。但《宪章》开首语“我联合国人民”就反映了基本的民主原则：主权国家的合法性来自人民的意志，因此，联合国整体的合法性也来自人民的意志。</p> <p>　　联合国并没有倡导某种特定的政府模式，而是提倡把民主治理作为一套应该遵循的价值观和原则，来提高公民参与、平等、安全和人类发展。民主提供了一个尊重人权和基本自由的环境，人民在这样的环境中行使自由表达的意志。人民在决策中有发言权，能对决策者进行问责。女性和男性拥有平等的权利，任何人都不受歧视。</p> <p>　　这些价值贯穿<a href="https://www.un.org/zh/about-us/un-charter" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《世界人权宣言》</a>。《世界人权宣言》宣称“人民的意志是政府权力的基础”，明确表达了民主的概念。<a href="http://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/A-RES-2200-XXI-2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》</a>为国际法中的民主原则奠定了法律基础，其中包括言论自由、和平集会的权利和结社自由等。<a href="https://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/A-RES-34-180" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》</a>规定，189个缔约国将采取一切适当措施确保妇女在与男子平等的条件下有选举权和被选举权，并有权参加公共事务和决策，包括在国际上代表本国政府参加各国际组织的工作。</p> <h2 data-heading="大会与民主">大会与民主</h2> <p>　　自1988年以来，<a href="https://www.un.org/zh/ga/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">大会</a>每年至少通过一个有关民主的决议。2015年，世界各国元首和政府首脑通过了<a href="https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/zh/development-agenda/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">2030年可持续发展议程</a>，承诺创建“可持续发展所需要的民主、善治和法治，建设有利于实现可持续发展目标的国内和国际环境”。该议程重申了2005年<a href="https://www.un.org/zh/conferences/environment/newyork2005" rel="noopener" target="_blank">世界首脑会议</a>上做出的承诺和<a href="https://undocs.org/zh/A/RES/55/2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">千年宣言</a>中的承诺。</p> <h2 data-heading="民主与人权">民主与人权</h2> <h3 data-heading="人权规范框架">人权规范框架</h3> <p>　　自由的价值、对人权的尊重以及通过全民投票举行定期、真正选举的原则，都是民主的基本要素，而民主又为人权的保护和有效实现提供了天然的条件。</p> <p>　　在过去几年中，大会和前人权委员会一直设法利用国际人权文书以增进人们对民主赖以建立的原则和价值的共同认识。2000年，人权委员会建议了一系列重要的立法、机构和实际措施以巩固民主；2002年，人权委员会宣布了下列民主基本要素：</p> <ul> <li>尊重人权和基本自由</li> <li>结社自由</li> <li>言论自由和意见自由</li> <li>依法取得和依法行使权力</li> <li>举行定期的、普遍投票的自由公正选举，并以不记名方式表现人民的意志</li> <li>政党和组织多元制</li> <li>权力分立</li> <li>司法独立</li> <li>公共行政透明化和问责制</li> <li>自由、独立和多元的媒体</li> </ul> <p>　　<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/zh/hrbodies/hrc/home" rel="noopener" target="_blank">人权理事会</a>（取代人权委员会）自2006年建立以来，已通过多项决议，强调民主和人权之间相互依存、相辅相成的关系，包括最近通过的关于“人权、民主和法治”的第<a href="https://www.undocs.org/zh/A/HRC/RES/19/36" rel="noopener" target="_blank">19/36</a>号决议和第<a href="https://www.undocs.org/zh/A/HRC/RES/28/14" rel="noopener" target="_blank">28/14</a>号决议。</p> <h3 data-heading="解决民主赤字">解决民主赤字</h3> <p>　　民主赤字、机构薄弱和治理不善是有效实现人权的主要挑战。联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（人权高专办）和联合国开发计划署（开发署）努力通过提供咨询服务和项目来解决这些挑战。在处于民主过渡阶段和和刚结束冲突的国家，人权高专办协助建设强大、独立的司法系统，国会，人权机构，以及富有活力的民间社会。开发署协助各国政府加强其公共机构，帮助各国打击腐败，支持包容性参与以确保不让任何人掉队。开发署每年平均投资5.65亿美元，用于支持地方层面的包容性治理和发展。</p> <h3 data-heading="支持过渡时期民主国家">支持过渡时期民主国家</h3> <p>　　在过渡时期民主国家和刚结束冲突的国家，人权高专办与这些国家的政府和行为体合作，重建公众的信心，恢复和平与法治。过去15年来，人权高专办在全世界20多个国家积极支持过渡时期的司法方案。人权高专办的支持包括：确保人权和过渡时期司法的问题反映在和平协议中和支持建立寻求真相程序、司法问责机制和赔偿方案。</p> <h3 data-heading="指导国家和地区的努力">指导国家和地区的努力</h3> <p>　　人权高专办致力于指导国家和地区的努力并促进关于民主和人权的讨论。2012年，人权理事会通过了一项题为《人权、民主和法治》的<a href="https://www.undocs.org/zh/A/HRC/RES/19/36" rel="noopener" target="_blank">决议</a>，这项决议重申了民主、发展和尊重所有人权和基本自由是相互依存、相辅相成的。同时，人权高专办还公布了一份<a href="https://www.undocs.org/zh/A/HRC/22/29" rel="noopener" target="_blank">文件</a>，从人权的角度研究在争取民主和法治时面临的挑战、得到的经验教训和最佳做法。基于这项研究，人权高专办组织了一场关于这些问题的专题小组讨论。</p> <p>　　2015年，人权理事会通过了第<a href="https://undocs.org/zh/A/HRC/RES/28/14" rel="noopener" target="_blank">28/14</a>号决议，建立了<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/zh/hrc-subsidiaries/democracy-forum" rel="noopener" target="_blank">人权、民主和法治论坛</a>，为促进就这些领域相关问题进行对话与合作提供平台。人权高专办还致力于在联合国系统内强调人权和民主之间的密切关系。人权高专办还谋求同促进民主的政府间组织建立伙伴关系，诸如法语国家国际组织、各国议会联盟、欧洲安全与合作组织。</p> <h2 data-heading="民主与选举">民主与选举</h2> <p>　　联合国作为一个可信、公正的行为体，应会员国的请求，或根据安理会或大会的授权，每年向近60个国家提供选举援助。援助包括咨询服务、后勤、培训、公民教育、计算机应用和短期观察。联合国也致力于建设有关整体政治环境的能力，这涉及与选民、媒体、政党、民间社会以及议会和司法机构合作。</p> <p>　　联合国选举援助支持会员国开展定期、包容、透明、可信的选举，并建立全国性的可持续选举进程。联合国选举援助一直是维持和平、建设和平以及建立和深化民主治理的关键组成部分。</p> <p>　　选举援助由多个方案、基金、专门机构和部门参与实施。<a href="https://dppa.un.org/zh/leadership" rel="noopener" target="_blank">主管政治和建设和平事务副秘书长</a>是联合国选举援助协调中心。政治事务部（政治部）下设<a href="https://dppa.un.org/zh/elections" rel="noopener" target="_blank">选举援助司</a>，致力于评估选举需求，拟定选举政策，维持机构记忆。<a href="https://www.undp.org/expertise" rel="noopener" target="_blank">联合国开发计划署</a>（开发署）提供技术援助，促进女性、青年及其他未得到充分代表的团体的参与，并协调选举进程中的捐赠。在维持和平或冲突后环境中，维持和平特派团的军事和警察部门支助各国执法机构为选举进程提供安保。联合国也与其他参与选举援助的地方性、政府间和非政府组织开展合作。</p> <h2 data-heading="民主与民间社会：联合国民主基金">民主与民间社会：联合国民主基金</h2> <p>　　<a href="https://www.un.org/democracyfund/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">联合国民主基金</a>（民主基金）资助旨在加强民间社会的呼声、促进人权和鼓励所有群体参与民主进程的项目。例如，如今民主资金资助动员科特迪瓦青年参与选举、鼓励巴勒斯坦男性提倡性别平等以及在巴西建立公民选举的宣传平台这样一些项目。民主基金的大部分资金都用于资助处于民主过渡和巩固阶段的国家的当地民间社会组织。</p> <p>　　2005年，自民主基金设立以来，它已在130多个国家资助了超过800个项目，拨款总额近2.1亿美元。申请人可以申请10万至30万美元的资助。民主基金完全依靠会员国的自愿捐助，迄今它已经获得来自40多个国家政府的资助，其中<a href="https://www.un.org/democracyfund/donors" rel="noopener" target="_blank">最大的捐助者</a>是美国和印度。对已完成项目的外部评价可查阅<a href="http://projects.undemocracyfund.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">民主基金网站</a>。</p> <h2 data-heading="妇女与民主">妇女与民主</h2> <p>　　民主需要妇女，这样才能实现真正的民主；妇女也需要民主，这样才能改变妨碍妇女乃至整个社会获得平等的制度和法律。<a href="https://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/A-RES-34-180" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》</a>和<a href="https://undocs.org/zh/A/RES/66/130" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《2011年联合国大会关于妇女与政治参与决议》</a>这两份文件均强调了妇女在民主化进程中的角色。</p> <p>　　尽管在规范方面取得了这些进展，而且这些目标也具有普世性，但对许多妇女而言，它们仍然难以实现。增加代表机构中的妇女人数的进展过于缓慢。2021年，妇女只占到了国家议员的25%。2000年，这一比例为14%，增长速度极为缓慢。无论是作为市长还是地方议会议员，妇女在地方决策机构的代表人数都不足。政党和选举委员会通常无法确保可以表达和解决妇女的利益问题。</p> <p>　　联合国支助妇女的政治参与。2010年7月，联合国大会创立了<a href="https://www.unwomen.org/en" rel="noopener" target="_blank">联合国妇女署</a>，旨在协调联合国系统中关于性别平等主流化的工作。因此，联合国成员国在加速实现联合国关于性别平等和增强妇女权能的目标上迈出了历史性的一步。联合国支助妇女有效政治参与的方法就是：让妇女可以自由、公正地参与地方和国家选举、支助妇女民间社会组织、在公共机构中建立妇女权利问责制并且支助妇女政治领袖。</p> <h2 data-heading="民主、青年和联合国">民主、青年和联合国</h2> <p>　　全球超过40%的人口年龄在25岁以下。青年面临着前所未有的巨大挑战：从气候变化到失业和多种形式的不平等及排斥，这些挑战导致许多人移徙。与此同时，青年能够就重要的问题发表意见、进行联系，利用新媒体捍卫正义、打击歧视、维护人权，采取行动推广他们的信念。他们雄辩的声音能得到自己同代人的积极回应，例如马拉拉•优素福扎伊 (Malala Yousafzai) 推动人人享有受教育的权利和格蕾塔•桑伯格 (Greta Thunberg) 带领人们同气候变化作斗争。</p> <p>　　秘书长已将与青年共事和为青年工作作为他本人的最高优先工作之一。他任命了首任秘书长青年问题特使，其使命是发展和完善《联合国青年战略》。大会于2015年3月通过<a href="https://www.undocs.org/zh/A/69/L.54" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《民主教育》</a>，这项决议鼓励所有联合国实体利用教育，促进和平、人权和民主。该决议还鼓励会员国将民主教育纳入本国教育标准。</p> <p>　　经社部的<a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/world-youth-report.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《世界青年报告》</a>关注世界各地青年发展的重点领域。青年的另一个平台是<a href="https://www.un.org/ecosoc/en/ecosoc-youth-forum" rel="noopener" target="_blank">经社理事会青年论坛</a>，青年可以通过与其他利益攸关方展开非正式对话，表达自己的需求和关切。论坛为青年参与联合国的审议工作提供了最制度化的平台，是调动青年支持落实2030年可持续发展议程的重要手段。</p> <h2 data-heading="国际民主日">国际民主日</h2> <p>　　大会宣布每年的9月15日为<a href="https://www.un.org/zh/observances/democracy-day" rel="noopener" target="_blank">国际民主日</a>。国际民主日提供了一个对世界的民主状况进行审查的机会。只有在国际社会、各国政府机构、民间社会和个人全力支持的情况下，民主的理想才能化为世界各地人人都能享有的现实。</p> <h2 data-heading="相关资料">相关资料</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/democracyfund/sites/www.un.org.democracyfund/files/un_sg_guidance_note_on_democracy.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">关于民主的指导说明</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undeflessonslearned.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">联合国民主基金：吸取的教训</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/zh/universal-declaration-human-rights/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《世界人权宣言》</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/A-RES-2200-XXI-2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《公民及政治权利国际公约》</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/A-RES-34-180" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undocs.org/zh/A/HRC/22/29" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《关于从人权角度看各国在努力确保民主和法治过程中所面临的共同挑战的研究报告》</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/UN-Youth-Strategy-Chinese.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">《联合国青年战略》</a></li> </ul> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="node-sidebar"> <div class="node-sidebar-item"><h3>日常议题</h3><div class="node-sidebar-item-body"><p> <style type="text/css"> </style> </p> <style type="text/css"> </style> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/">概览</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/africa">非洲</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/ageing">老龄化</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/aids">艾滋病</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/atomic-energy">原子能</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/big-data-for-sustainable-development">大数据促进可持续发展</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/children">儿童</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/climate-change">气候变化</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/countering-terrorism">打击恐怖主义</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/decolonization">非殖民化</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/democracy">民主</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/disarmament">裁军</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/ending-poverty">消除贫困</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/food">粮食</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/gender-equality">性别平等</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/health">健康</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/human-rights">人权</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/international-law-and-justice">国际法和司法</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/migration">移民</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/oceans-and-the-law-of-the-sea">海洋和海洋法</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/peace-and-security">和平与安全</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/population">人口</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/refugees">难民</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/water">淡水</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/youth">青年</a></li> <li> <style type="text/css"> </style> <a href="https://www.un.org/zh/global-issues/child-and-youth-safety-online">儿童和青年网络安全</a></li> </ul> </div></div><div class="node-sidebar-item"><h3>联合国系统相关故事</h3><div class="field-name-field-image"><a 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