CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>James Bamford - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3e4362eb-94df-4a81-83d1-28f2ea2cfb7c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"James_Bamford","wgTitle":"James Bamford","wgCurRevisionId":1258555022,"wgRevisionId":1258555022,"wgArticleId":2121308,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2019","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Autobiographical articles from February 2019","Use mdy dates from October 2024","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023","People appearing on C-SPAN","1946 births","Living people","American historians of espionage","Espionage writers","American intelligence analysts", "National Security Agency","American investigative journalists","American political writers","American whistleblowers","American television journalists","Journalists from Washington, D.C.","Suffolk University Law School alumni","United States Navy sailors","People from Natick, Massachusetts","American male journalists","21st-century American historians","21st-century American male writers","Historians from Massachusetts","American male non-fiction writers"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"James_Bamford","wgRelevantArticleId":2121308,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir": "ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1680004","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1415"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg/800px-SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="943"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg/640px-SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="755"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="James Bamford - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bamford"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bamford"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-James_Bamford rootpage-James_Bamford skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=James+Bamford" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=James+Bamford" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=James+Bamford" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=James+Bamford" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Puzzle_Palace_and_threat_of_prosecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Puzzle_Palace_and_threat_of_prosecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>The Puzzle Palace</i> and threat of prosecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Puzzle_Palace_and_threat_of_prosecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NSA_raid_on_the_Marshall_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NSA_raid_on_the_Marshall_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>NSA raid on the Marshall Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NSA_raid_on_the_Marshall_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_of_Secrets_and_A_Pretext_for_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_of_Secrets_and_A_Pretext_for_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Body of Secrets</i> and <i>A Pretext for War</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_of_Secrets_and_A_Pretext_for_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Shadow_Factory_and_ACLU_v._NSA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Shadow_Factory_and_ACLU_v._NSA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>The Shadow Factory</i> and <i>ACLU v. NSA</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Shadow_Factory_and_ACLU_v._NSA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PBS_and_ABC_News" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PBS_and_ABC_News"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>PBS and ABC News</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PBS_and_ABC_News-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legal cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Bamford</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جيمس بامفورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس بامفورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جیمز بامفورد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیمز بامفورد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bamford" title="James Bamford – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Bamford" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bamford" title="James Bamford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Bamford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جيمس بامفورد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس بامفورد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bamford" title="James Bamford – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Bamford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Бэмфорд, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бэмфорд, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1680004#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Bamford" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:James_Bamford" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Bamford"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Bamford"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/James_Bamford" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/James_Bamford" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&oldid=1258555022" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=James_Bamford&id=1258555022&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJames_Bamford"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJames_Bamford"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=James_Bamford&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Bamford" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Bamford" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1680004" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American author, journalist and documentary producer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the author and journalist. For the stunt coordinator, see <a href="/wiki/James_Bamford_(stunt_coordinator)" title="James Bamford (stunt coordinator)">James Bamford (stunt coordinator)</a>. For the politician, see <a href="/wiki/James_Bamford_White" title="James Bamford White">James Bamford White</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Autobiography plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-autobiography" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">autobiography</a> or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a> policy. There may be relevant discussion on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:James_Bamford" title="Talk:James Bamford">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">James Bamford</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SJP1416_(9717460065).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg/220px-SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg/330px-SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg/440px-SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="974" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">James Bamford<br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1946-09-15</span>) </span>September 15, 1946<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 78)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Author, journalist, documentary filmmaker</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_University" title="Suffolk University">Suffolk University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Authority on the United States <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><i>The Puzzle Palace: A Report on America's Most Secret Agency</i> (1982)</li> <li><i>Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency</i> (2001)</li> <li><i>A Pretext For War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of America's Intelligence Agencies</i> (2005)</li> <li><i>The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA from 9/11 to the Eavesdropping on America</i> (2008)</li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>National Magazine Award for Reporting</li> <li>Emmy Award Nomination for Outstanding Investigative Journalism</li> <li>Investigative Reporters and Editors Gold Medal</li> <li>Overseas Press Club Award for Excellence</li> <li>Society of Professional Journalists Deadline Award</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Bamford</b> (born September 15, 1946) is an American author, journalist and documentary producer noted for his writing about United States <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> has called him "the nation's premier journalist on the subject of the National Security Agency"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The New Yorker</i> named him "the NSA's chief chronicler."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, he won the <a href="/wiki/National_Magazine_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="National Magazine Award">National Magazine Award for Reporting</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his writing on the war in Iraq published in <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. </p><p>In 2015 he became the national security columnist for <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> magazine<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he also writes for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>.</i> His book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_Factory" title="The Shadow Factory">The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA From 9/11 to the Eavesdropping on America</a></i>, became a <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> bestseller and was named by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> as one of "The Best Books of the Year."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bamford was born on September 15, 1946, in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City, New Jersey</a> and raised in <a href="/wiki/Natick,_Massachusetts" title="Natick, Massachusetts">Natick, Massachusetts</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, he spent three years in the United States Navy as an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_analysis" title="Intelligence analysis">intelligence analyst</a> assigned to a National Security Agency unit in Hawaii. Following the Navy, he earned a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor_Degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Juris Doctor Degree">Juris Doctor Degree</a> in International Law from <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_University_Law_School" title="Suffolk University Law School">Suffolk University Law School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>; a post graduate diploma from the Institute on International and Comparative Law, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris-I_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris-I Panthéon-Sorbonne">University of Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne</a>; and was awarded a fellowship at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in law school as a Navy reservist, Bamford blew the whistle on the NSA when he learned about a program that involved illegally eavesdropping on US citizens. He testified about the program in a closed hearing before the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>, the congressional investigation that led to sweeping reforms of US intelligence abuses in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Most_Wanted_Man_in_the_World_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Most_Wanted_Man_in_the_World-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Puzzle_Palace_and_threat_of_prosecution"><i>The Puzzle Palace</i> and threat of prosecution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Puzzle Palace and threat of prosecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, following graduation, he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Puzzle_Palace" title="The Puzzle Palace">The Puzzle Palace</a>: A Report on NSA, America's Most Secret Intelligence Agency</i> (Houghton Mifflin) which became a national bestseller and won the top book award from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ire.org/about">Investigative Reporters and Editors</a>, the professional association of investigative journalists. <i><a href="/wiki/Washingtonian_(magazine)" title="Washingtonian (magazine)">Washingtonian</a></i> magazine called it "a monument to investigative journalism" and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a></i> said, "Mr. Bamford has uncovered everything except the combination to the director's safe."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the course of writing the book, Bamford discovered that the Justice Department in 1976 began a secret criminal investigation into widespread illegal domestic eavesdropping by the NSA. As a result, he filed a request under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for documents dealing with the investigation and several hundred pages were eventually released to him by the Carter administration. However, when President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> took office, the Justice Department sought to stop publication of the book and demanded return of the documents, claiming they had been "reclassified" as <a href="/wiki/Top_secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Top secret">top secret</a>. When Bamford refused, he was threatened with prosecution under the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act</a>. In response, Bamford cited the presidential <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> on secrecy, which stated that once a document had been <a href="/wiki/Declassification" title="Declassification">declassified</a> it <i>cannot</i> be reclassified. As a result, President Reagan changed the executive order to indicate that once a document has been declassified it <i>can</i> be reclassified. However, due to <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law"><i>ex post facto</i></a> restrictions in the <i>US Constitution</i>, the new executive order could not be applied to Bamford and the information was subsequently published in <i>The Puzzle Palace.</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NSA_raid_on_the_Marshall_Library">NSA raid on the Marshall Library</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: NSA raid on the Marshall Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following publication, however, the NSA continued its efforts against Bamford. While writing <i>The Puzzle Palace</i>, the author made extensive use of documents from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/">George C. Marshall Research Library</a> in Virginia. These included the private correspondence of <a href="/wiki/William_F._Friedman" title="William F. Friedman">William F. Friedman</a>, one of the founders of the NSA. Although none of the documents was classified, following the book's release the NSA sent agents to the library to order their removal. The action led to a lawsuit (631 F.Supp. 416 (1986)) by the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> (ALA) against the NSA, charging that the agency had no right to enter a private library and classify and remove Friedman's private papers. Although the court criticized NSA, saying it "does not condone by any means NSA's cavalier attitude toward its classification determination," it nevertheless found in the agency's favor and dismissed the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ALA appealed the dismissal to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Appeals,_D.C._Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals</a> but <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, who was at that time a judge on that court, ruled that the ALA lacked <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> in the case. At the library, Bamford also had access to the private papers of <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Carter" title="Marshall Carter">Marshall S. Carter</a>, a former director of the NSA whom he had interviewed. But after the book was published, agency officials met with Carter at a secure location in Colorado, where he was in retirement, and threatened him with prosecution if he did not immediately close his collection and refrain from further interviews. Carter reluctantly agreed to the demands.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Body_of_Secrets_and_A_Pretext_for_War"><i>Body of Secrets</i> and <i>A Pretext for War</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Body of Secrets and A Pretext for War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, Bamford released <i><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Secrets" title="Body of Secrets">Body of Secrets</a>: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret NSA, From the Cold War to the Dawn of a New Century</i> (<a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>). The second in his trilogy, it also became a national bestseller. A cover review<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in <i>The New York Times Book Review</i> called it "an extraordinary work of investigative journalism" and it won the Investigative Reporters and Editors Gold Medal, the highest award given by the association. </p><p>In 2002, during the lead up to the war in Iraq, Bamford was one of the few journalists arguing that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and therefore the country should not go to war. He made his arguments on the editorial pages of <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> where he was a member of the newspaper's Board of Contributors. And in 2004 he released <i><a href="/wiki/A_Pretext_for_War" title="A Pretext for War">A Pretext for War</a>: 9/11, Iraq. and the Abuse of America's Intelligence Agencies</i> (Doubleday), which became a bestseller. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, in a two-page review, said, "A Pretext for War is probably the best one-volume companion to the harrowing events in the war on terrorism since 1996."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Washington Post</i> listed the book as one of "The Best of 2004" and in a cover review said, "Bamford does a superb job of laying out and tying together threads of the Sept. 11 intelligence failures and their ongoing aftermath."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bamford also wrote on the war in Iraq for <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> magazine and his 2005 article, "The Man Who Sold the War,"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> won the <a href="/wiki/National_Magazine_Award_for_reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="National Magazine Award for reporting">National Magazine Award for reporting</a>, the highest award in magazine writing,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was included in Columbia University's <i>The Best American Magazine Writing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Shadow_Factory_and_ACLU_v._NSA"><i>The Shadow Factory</i> and <i>ACLU v. NSA</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Shadow Factory and ACLU v. NSA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, following revelations in <i>The New York Times</i> that the NSA had been conducting illegal domestic eavesdropping for decades, Bamford joined writer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> and several others as plaintiffs in a lawsuit (<i><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union_v._National_Security_Agency" title="American Civil Liberties Union v. National Security Agency">ACLU v. NSA</a></i>, 493 F.3d 644) brought by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> that challenged the constitutionality of the agency's surveillance. On August 17, 2006, <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court#Judges" title="United States district court">District Court Judge</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Diggs_Taylor" title="Anna Diggs Taylor">Anna Diggs Taylor</a> granted summary judgment for Bamford and the other plaintiffs, ruling that the surveillance was unconstitutional and illegal, and ordered that it be halted immediately. However, she stayed her order pending appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> reversed the District Court ruling on the grounds that the plaintiffs could not show that they had been or would be subjected to surveillance personally, and therefore they lacked <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> before the Court. </p><p>In 2008, Bamford released the third book in his trilogy, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_Factory" title="The Shadow Factory">The Shadow Factory</a>: The Ultra-Secret NSA From 9/11 to The Eavesdropping on America,</i> which became a <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> bestseller and was named by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> as one of "The Best Books of the Year." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PBS_and_ABC_News">PBS and ABC News</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: PBS and ABC News"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bamford also writes and produces documentaries for <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> and in 2010 was nominated for an Emmy Award for his program, "The Spy Factory,"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was based on his book, <i>The Shadow Factory</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier he spent a decade as the Washington investigative producer for <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_World_News_Tonight" title="ABC World News Tonight">World News Tonight</a></i>, covering the White House as well as reporting from much of the world, including the Middle East during the Gulf War. Among his awards was the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Press_Club" title="Overseas Press Club">Overseas Press Club</a> Award for Excellence and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists" title="Society of Professional Journalists">Society of Professional Journalists</a> Deadline Award for the Best Investigative Reporting in Television. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_cases">Legal cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legal cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bamford has served as a defense consultant in a number of espionage cases, including U.S. v. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrews_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Andrews Drake">Thomas Andrews Drake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former senior NSA official, in 2011 Drake was charged under the Espionage Act for allegedly leaking classified documents to the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">Baltimore Sun</a></i>. However, Bamford was able to show that all the materials the government claimed to be classified were actually freely available in the public domain, and placed there by the government itself. As a result, the government was forced to throw out the charges against Drake in exchange for a misdemeanor plea for abusing his computer, with no jail time or even a fine.<sup id="cite_ref-bish1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bish1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the very few times the government had been forced to dismiss charges in an espionage case. </p><p>Additionally, Bamford has testified as an expert witness on intelligence issues before committees of the Senate and House of Representatives as well as the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in Brussels and the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a>. He has also been a guest lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>'s Senior Intelligence Fellows Program, the National Security Agency's <a href="/wiki/National_Cryptologic_School" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cryptologic School">National Cryptologic School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Joint_Military_Intelligence_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Military Intelligence College">Joint Military Intelligence College</a>, the Pentagon's <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_University" title="National Defense University">National Defense University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Counterintelligence_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive">National Counterintelligence Executive</a>. And he has been an invited speaker at colleges and universities in the U.S., Europe, and the Middle East, including <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a> and many others. </p><p>During the 2010s, Bamford wrote a number of cover stories for <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)"><i>Wired</i></a> magazine as a contributing editor, including "The Most Wanted Man in the World,"<sup id="cite_ref-The_Most_Wanted_Man_in_the_World_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Most_Wanted_Man_in_the_World-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the result of three days in Moscow with NSA whistleblower <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, the longest any journalist has spent with him there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal">Personal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bamford is a strong supporter of the "USS <i>Liberty</i> Veterans Association" and has written many articles in support of survivors of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident" title="USS Liberty incident">1967 Israeli attack on the USS <i>Liberty</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spoke on behalf of <i>Liberty</i> survivors at a 2004 <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> symposium that was convened in about the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in response to the findings of the 2003 Moorer Commission and the 2004 release of Captain <a href="/wiki/Ward_Boston" title="Ward Boston">Ward Boston</a>'s affidavit pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident" title="USS Liberty incident">USS <i>Liberty</i> incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spoke alongside <a href="/wiki/Marc_J._Susser" title="Marc J. Susser">Marc J. Susser</a><i> (the State Department's official historian), <a href="/wiki/A._Jay_Cristol" title="A. Jay Cristol">A. Jay Cristol</a> (who had just released his first book excusing the </i>Liberty<i> attack), and <a href="/wiki/Michael_B._Oren" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael B. Oren">Michael B. Oren</a> (a Middle Eastern historian and Israeli politician).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the chapters in </i>Body of Secrets<i> is titled "Blood" and is about the </i>Liberty<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He dedicates part of this chapter to discussing how U.S. Navy Chief Petty Officer Marvin E. Nowicki, a linguist aboard a Navy <a href="/wiki/EC-121" class="mw-redirect" title="EC-121">EC-121</a> that was flying overhead during the attack, intercepted Israeli communications that seemed to indicate they knew or suspected the ship they were attacking was American.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He goes on to posit that the motivation for the Israeli attack on the </i>Liberty<i> was to cover-up the <a href="/wiki/Ras_Sedr_massacre" title="Ras Sedr massacre">Ras Sedr massacre</a>, which occurred the same day. He postulates that the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Forces">Israeli Defense Forces</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> collection ship to destroy any evidence of the massacre that it may have collected.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bamford's 2023 book, <i>Spyfail: Foreign Spies, Moles, Saboteurs, and the Collapse of America's Counterintelligence</i> has received criticism due to its focus on acts of espionage against the United States by the state of Israel. <i>Modern Diplomacy</i>, for example, calls it "the most venomous anti-Israel polemic published since <a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">Mearsheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt">Walt</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Israel_Lobby_and_U.S._Foreign_Policy" title="The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy">The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy</a></i> in 2007. All the more concerning is that Bamford utilizes his gift for exaggeration as a classic <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow Journalist</a> to spin the deeply problematic narrative of Israeli (and explicitly Jewish) puppet-masters pulling the strings of world affairs from the behind the scenes".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Report_on_Middle_East_Affairs" title="Washington Report on Middle East Affairs">Washington Report on Middle East Affairs</a></i>, Bamford's book "ruffles all the right feathers." The latter review points to a negative assessment of the book written by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> and praises it for its critical view of Israel's intervention in United States politics.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBamford1982" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, James (1982). <a href="/wiki/The_Puzzle_Palace" title="The Puzzle Palace"><i>The Puzzle Palace: Inside the National Security Agency, America's Most Secret Intelligence Organization</i></a>. Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-006748-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-006748-5"><bdi>0-14-006748-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puzzle+Palace%3A+Inside+the+National+Security+Agency%2C+America%27s+Most+Secret+Intelligence+Organization&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-14-006748-5&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2001" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, James (2001). <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Secrets" title="Body of Secrets"><i>Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385499078" title="Special:BookSources/0385499078"><bdi>0385499078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Body+of+Secrets%3A+Anatomy+of+the+Ultra-Secret+National+Security+Agency&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0385499078&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2004" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, James (2004). <a href="/wiki/A_Pretext_for_War" title="A Pretext for War"><i>A Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of America's Intelligence Agencies</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385506724" title="Special:BookSources/0385506724"><bdi>0385506724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pretext+for+War%3A+9%2F11%2C+Iraq%2C+and+the+Abuse+of+America%27s+Intelligence+Agencies&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0385506724&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2008" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, James (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_Factory" title="The Shadow Factory"><i>The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA from 9/11 to the Eavesdropping on America</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385521321" title="Special:BookSources/9780385521321"><bdi>9780385521321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shadow+Factory%3A+The+Ultra-Secret+NSA+from+9%2F11+to+the+Eavesdropping+on+America&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780385521321&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2023" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, James (2023). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spyfail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spyfail (page does not exist)"><i>Spyfail: Foreign Spies, Moles, Saboteurs, and the Collapse of America's Counterintelligence</i></a>. Twelve. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538741153" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538741153"><bdi>978-1538741153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spyfail%3A+Foreign+Spies%2C+Moles%2C+Saboteurs%2C+and+the+Collapse+of+America%27s+Counterintelligence&rft.pub=Twelve&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1538741153&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Publication </th> <th>Title </th></tr> <tr> <td>August 9, 1982 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Viewpoints" title="Viewpoints">Viewpoints</a> Section)</small> </td> <td>"The UN: A Gold Mine for U.S. Intelligence" </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 6, 1982 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> </td> <td>"How I Got the NSA Files . . . How Reagan Tried to Get Them Back" </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 9, 1983 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td>"Victim of the Long Electronic War" </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1983 </td> <td><i>Boston Observer</i> </td> <td>"How We Know What We Know About KAL 007" </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 4, 1983 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="The Washington Post Magazine">The Washington Post Magazine</a></i> </td> <td>"Big Brother is Listening" </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 8, 1984 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="The Washington Post Magazine">The Washington Post Magazine</a></i> </td> <td>"The Last Flight of KAL 007: How the U.S. Watches The Soviets in the Far East" </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 22, 1984 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/22/books/on-the-trail-of-a-mole.html">"On the Trail of a Mole"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 13, 1985 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/13/magazine/america-s-supersecret-eyes-in-space.html">"America's Supersecret Eyes in Space"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 21, 1985 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> Book Review</i> </td> <td>"Black Box: KAL 007 and the Superpowers; <a href="/wiki/KAL_Flight_007" class="mw-redirect" title="KAL Flight 007">KAL Flight 007</a>: The Hidden Story" </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 9, 1985 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1985/06/09/stansfield-turner-and-the-secrets-of-the-cia/f4139b9a-6cc8-4b8e-9d5c-d194245f5aa9/">"Stansfield Turner and the Secrets of the CIA"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 6, 1986 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1986/04/06/the-spy-plane-that-flew-into-history/22b56853-b909-437b-92bd-94e76965c9b6/">"The Spy Plane That Flew into History"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1986 (Naval Review Issue) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_(magazine)" title="Proceedings (magazine)">Proceedings</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Institute">U.S. Naval Institute</a>)</small> </td> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/the-walker-spy-case-by-james-bamford-proceedings-u.-s.-naval-institute-naval-rev" class="extiw" title="iarchive:the-walker-spy-case-by-james-bamford-proceedings-u.-s.-naval-institute-naval-rev">"The Walker Spy Case."</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 24, 1986 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td>"U.S. Satellite Photos of Plant Should Have Been Released" </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 6, 1986 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-06-op-23268-story.html">"Searching for Security, Casey Fires at the Press"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 13, 1986 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/13/books/keeping-intelligence-smart.html">"Keeping Intelligence Smart"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 3, 1986 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/03/books/when-ideology-was-thicker-than-money.html">"When Ideology Was Thicker Than Money"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 28, 1986 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> Book Review</i> </td> <td>"Shootdown, The Target is Destroyed" </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 5, 1986 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-05-op-4529-story.html">"CIA Gets Billing Again in Nicaragua, as Covert Action Becomes the Norm"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 9, 1986 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-11-09-op-24154-story.html">"Satellites Show a World of Secrets, to Rival Powers and Now the Press"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 4, 1987 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-01-04-op-1898-story.html">"Reagan CIA: Arrogance Instead of Oversight"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 18, 1987 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/18/magazine/carlucci-and-the-nsc.html">"Carlucci and the NSC"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 8, 1987 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-02-08-op-1171-story.html">"An Aspirin for the CIA, but Major Surgery Needed"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 8, 1987 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1987/02/08/bankrolling-international-murder-and-extrotion/5435d3be-b031-4be5-940e-ca4651989a09/">"Bankrolling International Murder and Extortion"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 14, 1987 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-06-14-op-7150-story.html">"Ghosts of CIA Haunt Hearings"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 11, 1987 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Magazine" title="Los Angeles Times Magazine">Los Angeles Times Magazine</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-10-11-tm-13551-story.html">"They Also Serve Who Watch and Listen"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 18, 1987 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1987/10/18/the-nugan-hand-affair-banking-on-espionage/7ed1f22a-fa4b-4989-b294-af64d57b28f3/">"The Nugan Hand Affair: Banking on Espionage"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 29, 1987 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-11-29-op-25490-story.html">"Carlucci: Big Man About Intelligence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 21, 1988 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-02-21-op-44303-story.html">"FBI: If It's Under Cover, It May Be Out of Control"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 6, 1988 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Magazine" title="Los Angeles Times Magazine">Los Angeles Times Magazine</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-03-06-tm-572-story.html">"Taking on the Mob"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 29, 1988 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-29-op-5482-story.html">"Fighting the Drug War, Congress Opens Door to Intelligence Misdeeds"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vol. 3, No. 5, May 1988, pp. 38–47 </td> <td><i>City Magazine</i> </td> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/city-magazine-tucson-arizona-may-1988/page/38" class="extiw" title="iarchive:city-magazine-tucson-arizona-may-1988/page/38">"Taking on the Mob"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1988, <small>Vol. 114, No. 6</small> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_(magazine)" title="Proceedings (magazine)">Proceedings</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Institute">U.S. Naval Institute</a>)</small> </td> <td><a href="//archive.org/details/bamford-james.-review-of-merchants-of-treason-by-thomas-b.-allen-norman-polmar-p" class="extiw" title="iarchive:bamford-james.-review-of-merchants-of-treason-by-thomas-b.-allen-norman-polmar-p">Review of <i>Merchants of Treason</i> by Thomas B. Allen & Norman Polmar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 26, 1988 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-06-26-op-8313-story.html">"Wire Taps, Big Waste, Wild Trips"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 3, 1988 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1988/07/03/where-secret-armies-clash-by-night/ae82f456-222f-4ff3-b79b-966471c19507/">"Where Secret Armies Clash By Night"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 7, 1988 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/07/books/a-mole-without-portfolio.html">"A Mole Without Portfolio"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 9, 1988 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE3DC103CF93AA3575AC0A96E948260">Reagan's Done Nothing to Stop the Spies</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 9, 1992 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/09/books/of-cabals-and-coups.html">"Of Cabals and Coups"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 29, 1995 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/29/books/the-view-from-the-kgb.html">"The View From The KGB"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 3, 1996 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-03-03-op-42704-story.html">"Has a 30-Year Mystery Unraveled?"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 20, 1998 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/20/opinion/our-best-spies-are-in-space.html">"Our Best Spies are in Space"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 26, 1999 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/26/opinion/spy-stories.html">"Spy Stories"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 14, 1999 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> <small>(Sunday Outlook Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-11/14/019r-111499-idx.html">"Loud and Clear: The Most Secret of Secret Agencies Operates Under Outdated Laws"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 18, 2001 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/18/magazine/lives-my-friend-the-spy.html">"My Friend the Spy"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 5, 2001 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/05/opinion/the-dangers-of-spy-planes.html">"The Dangers of Spy Planes"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 12, 2001 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td>"Rethink Spy Missions" </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 7, 2001 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> <small>(London)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/aug/08/israel">"USS Liberty: The Cover-Up"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 28, 2001 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/28/opinion/guard-the-secrets-then-catch-the-spies.html">"Guard the Secrets, Then Catch the Spies"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 18, 2001 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/18/books/books-of-the-times-of-atomic-secrets-loyalty-and-bitter-deceit.html">"Of Atomic Secrets, Loyalty and Bitter Deceit"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 2001 </td> <td><i>Nieman Reports</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://niemanreports.org/articles/is-the-press-up-to-the-task-of-reporting-these-stories/">"Is the Press Up to The Task of Reporting The Stories of September 11?"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 20, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2002/01/20/the-wrong-man/ddd732fa-482f-4163-9c9c-4a94a6d27674/">"The Wrong Man"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 7, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/07/books/books-of-the-times-a-former-cia-cowboy-and-his-disillusioning-ride.html">"A Former C.I.A. Cowboy And His Disillusioning Ride"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 2, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> <small>(Sunday Outlook Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/06/02/too-much-not-enough/4bbc2f14-c8b6-4a45-82d5-d634eeec4579/">"Too Much, Not Enough"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 19, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td>"Linguist Reserve Corp Answers Terror Need" </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 27, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <small>(Week in Review Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/27/opinion/washington-bends-the-rules.html">"Washington Bends the Rules"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 29, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/2002-08-29-usat-opin-bamford_x.htm">Bush Wrong to Use Pretext as Excuse to Invade Iraq</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 8, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <small>(Week in Review Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/08/weekinreview/war-of-secrets-eyes-in-the-sky-ears-to-the-wall-and-still-wanting.html">"War of Secrets; Eyes in the Sky, Ears to the Wall, and Still Wanting"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 8, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2002/09/08/james-bamford-a-year-after-sept-11-students-of-us-policy-still-disagree-about-what-went-wrong-and-how-to-fix-it/8e335f83-acc4-4925-897a-7841d911d6d0/">"Strategic Thinking"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 14, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> <small>(London)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/sep/14/privacy">"What Big Ears You Have"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 16, 2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> (Op-Ed Section) </td> <td>"Untested Administration Hawks Clamor for War" </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 24, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td>"Maintain CIA's Independence" </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 24, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <small>(Week in Review Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/24/weekinreview/the-nation-how-to-de-centralize-intelligence.html">"How to (De-)Centralize Intelligence"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 15, 2002 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/05/27/shadow-warriors/7d62f234-c92d-4a63-8adb-615b8a217d7b/">"Shadow Warriors"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 23, 2003 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> Book Review</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-mar-23-bk-bamford23-story.html">"Ike as Spymaster: Secrets on High"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 27, 2003 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2003/04/27/company-man/452b524b-afef-41d2-a091-d0916c78a4e6/">"Company Man"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 4, 2003 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/04/books/books-of-the-times-the-labyrinthine-morass-of-spying-in-the-cold-war.html">"The Labyrinthine Morass of Spying in the Cold War"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 29, 2004 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/02/29/sowing-the-whirlwind/5e9327d5-c0b0-42f2-8915-4adb3a1af952/">"Sowing the Whirlwind"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 9, 2004 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> Book Review</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-may-09-bk-bamford9-story.html">"Secret Warriors: The Great Game"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 13, 2004 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Op-Ed" class="mw-redirect" title="Op-Ed">Op-Ed</a> Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/13/opinion/this-spy-for-rent.html">"This Spy for Rent"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 20, 2005 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33494-2005Feb17.html">"We're Watching Them"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 28, 2005 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i> </td> <td>"Breeding Terror: The Intelligence Community Analyzes a Counterproductive War" </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 1, 2005 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060612234417/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/8798997/the_man_who_sold_the_war/">"The Man Who Sold The War"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 25, 2005 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <small>(Week in Review Section)</small> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/25/weekinreview/the-agency-that-could-be-big-brother.html">"The Agency That Could Be Big Brother"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 9, 2006 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/09/books/where-spying-starts-and-stops-tracking-an-embattled-cia-and-a.html">"Where Spying Starts and Stops"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1, 2006 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/04/big-brother-is-listening/304711/">"Big Brother is Listening"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 10, 2006 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620044426/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/10962352/iran_the_next_war">"The Next War: Iran"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 20, 2006 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/20/books/review/intelligence-test.html">"Intelligence Test"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 12, 2006 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> </td> <td>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/11/AR2006121101390.html">'Curveball' And A Slam Dunk</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 31, 2007 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> </td> <td>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/opinion/31bamford.html">Bush Is Not Above the Law</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 15, 2012 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> </td> <td>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_nsadatacenter/all/1">The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 3, 2012 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2012/04/shady-companies-nsa/">"Shady Companies With Ties to Israel Wiretap the U.S. for the NSA"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 7, 2013 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.com/story/congo-prisoners-joshua-french-tjostolv-moland">"Raiders of the Congo"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 12, 2013 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/06/general-keith-alexander-cyberwar/">"The Secret War"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 2014 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/08/edward-snowden/">"Edward Snowden: The Untold Story"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 2014 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> </td> <td>Video <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.wired.com/watch/the-most-wanted-man-in-the-world-behind-the-scenes-with-edward-snowden">"The Most Wanted Man in the World: Behind the Scenes with Edward Snowden"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 2, 2014 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2014/10/02/the-nsa-and-me/">"The NSA And Me"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 29, 2015 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/29/big-brother-doesnt-have-to-be-a-bully-surveillance-to-save-lives/">"Big Brother Doesn't Have to be a Bully"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 25, 2015 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/29/big-brother-doesnt-have-to-be-a-bully-surveillance-to-save-lives/">"Reading This Magazine Could Land You in Jail"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 11, 2015 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/11/frozen-assets-arctic-espionage-spying-new-cold-war-russia-canada/">"Frozen Assets: Inside the Spy War for Control of the Arctic"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 21, 2015 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/21/missed-calls-nsa-terrorism-osama-bin-laden-mihdhar/">"Missed Calls: Is the NSA Lying About it Failure to Prevent 9/11?"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 28, 2015 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2015/09/28/death-athens-rogue-nsa-operation/">"A Death in Athens: Did a Rogue NSA Operation Cause the Death of a Greek Telecom Employee?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 29, 2015 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/09/29/what-snowden-told-me-about-the-nsa-offensive-capabilities/">"What @Snowden Told Me About the NSA's Cyberweapons"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 10, 2015 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/10/who-is-the-man-behind-ben-carsons-foreign-policy-robert-dees-gop-republican/">"Who is the Man Behind Ben Carson's Foreign Policy?"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 8, 2015 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/12/08/could-american-spooks-provoke-war-with-beijing-south-china-sea-cia/">"Could American Spooks Provoke War With Beijing?"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 22, 2016 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/22/the-espionage-economy/">"The Espionage Economy"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 11, 2016 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/11/watch-thy-neighbor-nsa-security-spying-surveillance/">"Watch Thy Neighbor"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 28, 2016 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/28/terrorists-have-drones-now-thanks-obama-warfare-isis-syria-terrorism/">"Terrorists Have Drones Now. Thanks, Obama."</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 7, 2016 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/07/its-time-for-obama-to-send-home-this-mass-murdering-cuban-terrorist-in-exile-to-face-his-punishment-luis-posada-carriles-orlando-bosch-cuba-castro-terrorism-diplomacy/">"It's Time for Obama to Send Home This Mass-Murdering Cuban Terrorist-in-Exile"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 4, 2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-election-intelligence-commentary/commentarythe-worlds-best-cyber-army-doesnt-belong-to-russia-idUSKCN10F1H5">"The World's Best Cyber Army Doesn't Belong to Russia"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 21, 2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-intelligence-nsa-commentary/commentary-evidence-points-to-another-snowden-at-the-nsa-idUSKCN10X01P">"Evidence Points to Another Snowden at the NSA"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 7, 2016 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/07/every-move-you-make-obama-nsa-security-surveillance-spying-intelligence-snowden/">"Every Move You Make: President Obama has Created the Most Intrusive Surveillance Apparatus in the World. To What End?"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 20, 2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-intelligence-nsa-snowden-commenta/commentary-how-snowden-the-movie-could-help-win-a-pardon-for-snowden-the-man-idUSKCN11P0AP">"How 'Snowden' The Movie Could Help Win a Pardon for Snowden the Man"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 14, 2016 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/12/14/spooks-in-space-race-death-star-nasa-apollo-intelligence-russia-china/">"Hello, Death Star: Russia had a Secret Cold War Space Station Equipped with Cannons"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 6, 2017 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/06/donald-trump-has-the-keys-to-the-most-invasive-surveillance-state-in-history-nsa-cia/">"Donald Trump has the Keys to the Most Invasive Surveillance State in History"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 20, 2017 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/20/the-multibillion-dollar-u-s-spy-agency-you-havent-heard-of-trump/">"The Multibillion-Dollar U.S. Spy Agency You Have Never Heard Of"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 31, 2017 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/05/31/washington-ministry-of-preemption-united-states-intelligence/">"Washington's Ministry of Preemption"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 19, 2018 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/147366/anti-intelligence">"Anti-Intelligence: What Happens When a President Goes to War with His Own Spies?"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 11, 2019 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/153036/maria-butina-profile-wasnt-russian-spy">"The Spy Who Wasn't"</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Shane2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Shane" title="Scott Shane">Scott Shane</a> (October 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/11/books/11bamford.html">"Decades on the Trail of a Shadowy Agency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2011</span>. <q>For 30 years, on a sometimes lonely hunt, James Bamford has pursued that great white whale of American intelligence, the National Security Agency. It has been a jarring ride at times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Decades+on+the+Trail+of+a+Shadowy+Agency&rft.date=2008-10-10&rft.au=Scott+Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F10%2F11%2Fbooks%2F11bamford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShane2008" class="citation news cs1">Shane, Scott (October 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/11/books/11bamford.html">"James Bamford and the N.S.A.: Decades of Trailing a Shadowing"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=James+Bamford+and+the+N.S.A.%3A+Decades+of+Trailing+a+Shadowing&rft.date=2008-10-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F10%2F11%2Fbooks%2F11bamford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazaryan2013" class="citation web cs1">Nazaryan, Alexander (June 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-n-s-a-s-chief-chronicler">"The NSA's Chief Chronicler"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+NSA%27s+Chief+Chronicler&rft.date=2013-06-10&rft.aulast=Nazaryan&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbooks%2Fpage-turner%2Fthe-n-s-a-s-chief-chronicler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228174814/https://asme.magazine.org/asme/national-magazine-awards/winners-finalists?field_award_category_tid=All&field_award_w_or_f_value=All&field_award_year_value%5Bmin%5D=&field_award_year_value%5Bmax%5D=&title=&field_award_editor_value=&field_article_author_value=&page=141&order=title&sort=asc">"Winners and Finalists Database | ASME"</a>. <i>asme.magazine.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asme.magazine.org/asme/national-magazine-awards/winners-finalists?field_award_category_tid=All&field_award_w_or_f_value=All&field_award_year_value%5Bmin%5D=&field_award_year_value%5Bmax%5D=&title=&field_award_editor_value=&field_article_author_value=&page=141&order=title&sort=asc">the original</a> on December 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asme.magazine.org&rft.atitle=Winners+and+Finalists+Database+%7C+ASME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasme.magazine.org%2Fasme%2Fnational-magazine-awards%2Fwinners-finalists%3Ffield_award_category_tid%3DAll%26field_award_w_or_f_value%3DAll%26field_award_year_value%255Bmin%255D%3D%26field_award_year_value%255Bmax%255D%3D%26title%3D%26field_award_editor_value%3D%26field_article_author_value%3D%26page%3D141%26order%3Dtitle%26sort%3Dasc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/?s=James+Bamford">"Search Results for 'James Bamford' – Foreign Policy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+Results+for+%27James+Bamford%27+%E2%80%93+Foreign+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F%3Fs%3DJames%2BBamford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble" class="citation web cs1">Noble, Barnes &. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barnesandnoble.com/b/books/washington-post-best-books-of-2008/washington-post-best-nonfiction-of-2008-the-war-on-terror/_/N-1p0uZ29Z8q8Z1r61">"Washington Post Best Nonfiction of 2008->The War on Terror, Washington Post Best Books of 2008, Books, $10 - $25"</a>. <i>Barnes & Noble</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.atitle=Washington+Post+Best+Nonfiction+of+2008-%3EThe+War+on+Terror%2C+Washington+Post+Best+Books+of+2008%2C+Books%2C+%2410+-+%2425&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Barnes+%26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Fb%2Fbooks%2Fwashington-post-best-books-of-2008%2Fwashington-post-best-nonfiction-of-2008-the-war-on-terror%2F_%2FN-1p0uZ29Z8q8Z1r61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2013/12/03/journalist-discuss-investigative-reporting-espionage-and-nsa-leaks">"Journalist to discuss 'Investigative Reporting, Espionage, and NSA Leaks'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>YaleNews</i>. December 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YaleNews&rft.atitle=Journalist+to+discuss+%27Investigative+Reporting%2C+Espionage%2C+and+NSA+Leaks%27&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yale.edu%2F2013%2F12%2F03%2Fjournalist-discuss-investigative-reporting-espionage-and-nsa-leaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Most_Wanted_Man_in_the_World-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Most_Wanted_Man_in_the_World_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Most_Wanted_Man_in_the_World_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/08/edward-snowden/">"Edward Snowden: The Untold Story"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Edward+Snowden%3A+The+Untold+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F08%2Fedward-snowden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubman1982" class="citation news cs1">Taubman, Philip (September 19, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/19/books/sons-of-the-black-chamber.html">"Sons of the Black Chamber"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sons+of+the+Black+Chamber&rft.date=1982-09-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Taubman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F09%2F19%2Fbooks%2Fsons-of-the-black-chamber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/10/02/the-nsa-and-me/">"The NSA and Me"</a>. <i>The Intercept</i>. October 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=The+NSA+and+Me&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffirstlook.org%2Ftheintercept%2F2014%2F10%2F02%2Fthe-nsa-and-me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5qRZ3PLA7?url=http://www.zianet.com/jpage/American-Cryptology-during-the-Cold-War-1945-1989-Book-IV-Cryptologic-Rebirth-1981-1989.pdf">National Security Agency: "American-Cryptology-during-the-Cold-War-1945-1989-Book-IV-Cryptologic-Rebirth-1981-1989"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZD5Lq4GXU7g"><span class="plainlinks">James Bamford: Inside the NSA's Largest and Most Expansive Secret Domestic Spy Center 2 of 2</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, Democracy Now, Bamford interview with Amy Goodman and Nermeen Shaikh. 2012 Mar 12 (via youtube)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1982" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Judith (March 14, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/14/us/us-is-demanding-return-of-papers.html">"U.s. Is Demanding Return of Papers"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.s.+Is+Demanding+Return+of+Papers&rft.date=1982-03-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F03%2F14%2Fus%2Fus-is-demanding-return-of-papers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitgang1982" class="citation news cs1">Mitgang, Herbert (September 5, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/05/us/code-agency-is-said-to-demand-papers.html">"Code Agency Is Said to Demand Papers"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Code+Agency+Is+Said+to+Demand+Papers&rft.date=1982-09-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Mitgang&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F09%2F05%2Fus%2Fcode-agency-is-said-to-demand-papers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/631/416/1958973/">"American Library Ass'n v. Faurer, 631 F. Supp. 416 (D.D.C. 1986)"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=American+Library+Ass%27n+v.+Faurer%2C+631+F.+Supp.+416+%28D.D.C.+1986%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fdistrict-courts%2FFSupp%2F631%2F416%2F1958973%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubman1983" class="citation news cs1">Taubman, Philip (April 28, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/28/us/security-agency-bars-access-to-nonsecret-material-library-records-show.html">"Security Agency Bars Access to Nonsecret Material, Library Records Show"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Security+Agency+Bars+Access+to+Nonsecret+Material%2C+Library+Records+Show&rft.date=1983-04-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Taubman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F04%2F28%2Fus%2Fsecurity-agency-bars-access-to-nonsecret-material-library-records-show.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/19861047631fsupp4161983">"AMERICAN LIBRARY ASS'N v. | 631 F.Supp. 416 (1986) | supp4161983 | Leagle.com"</a>. <i>Leagle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leagle&rft.atitle=AMERICAN+LIBRARY+ASS%27N+v.+%7C+631+F.Supp.+416+%281986%29+%7C+supp4161983+%7C+Leagle.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leagle.com%2Fdecision%2F19861047631fsupp4161983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Duffy, Michael (June 6, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,646366,00.html">"One Expert's Verdict: The CIA Caved Under Pressure"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=One+Expert%27s+Verdict%3A+The+CIA+Caved+Under+Pressure&rft.date=2004-06-06&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C646366%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeast.org/launch/redirect.cgi?num=92&a=31">"MER – Bamford's Book on the pretexts for the Iraq War"</a>. <i>middleeast.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=middleeast.org&rft.atitle=MER+%E2%80%93+Bamford%27s+Book+on+the+pretexts+for+the+Iraq+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeast.org%2Flaunch%2Fredirect.cgi%3Fnum%3D92%26a%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-lists/rolling-stones-biggest-scoops-exposes-and-controversies-10596/">"Rolling Stone's Biggest Scoops, Exposés and Controversies"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i>. June 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Rolling+Stone%27s+Biggest+Scoops%2C+Expos%C3%A9s+and+Controversies&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-lists%2Frolling-stones-biggest-scoops-exposes-and-controversies-10596%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060612234417/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/8798997/the_man_who_sold_the_war/">"Rolling Stone : The Man Who Sold the War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>. June 12, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/8798997/the_man_who_sold_the_war/">the original</a> on June 12, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Rolling+Stone+%3A+The+Man+Who+Sold+the+War&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fpolitics%2Fstory%2F8798997%2Fthe_man_who_sold_the_war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326181742/https://asme.magazine.org/asme/national-magazine-award-winners-1966-2015">"National Magazine Award Winners 1966-2015 | ASME"</a>. <i>asme.magazine.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asme.magazine.org/asme/national-magazine-award-winners-1966-2015">the original</a> on March 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asme.magazine.org&rft.atitle=National+Magazine+Award+Winners+1966-2015+%7C+ASME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasme.magazine.org%2Fasme%2Fnational-magazine-award-winners-1966-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2006" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Graydon (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bestamericanmaga00amer_0"><i>The Best American Magazine Writing 2006</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231139939" title="Special:BookSources/9780231139939"><bdi>9780231139939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+American+Magazine+Writing+2006&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006-12&rft.isbn=9780231139939&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Graydon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbestamericanmaga00amer_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=ACLU+v.+NSA,+493+F.3d+644">"ACLU v. NSA, 493 F.3d 644 – Google Search"</a>. Google<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACLU+v.+NSA%2C+493+F.3d+644+%E2%80%93+Google+Search&rft.pub=Google&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DACLU%2Bv.%2BNSA%2C%2B493%2BF.3d%2B644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spyfactory/">"The Spy Factory"</a>. <i>Nova</i>. PBS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nova&rft.atitle=The+Spy+Factory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fspyfactory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929071439/http://emmyonline.com/news_31st_nominations">"NOMINEES FOR THE 31st ANNUAL NEWS & DOCUMENTARY EMMY® AWARDS ANNOUNCED BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION ARTS & SCIENCES, FREDERICK WISEMAN TO RECEIVE LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD | The Emmy Awards – The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"</a>. <i>emmyonline.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emmyonline.com/news_31st_nominations">the original</a> on September 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emmyonline.com&rft.atitle=NOMINEES+FOR+THE+31st+ANNUAL+NEWS+%26+DOCUMENTARY+EMMY%C2%AE+AWARDS+ANNOUNCED+BY+THE+NATIONAL+ACADEMY+OF+TELEVISION+ARTS+%26+SCIENCES%2C+FREDERICK+WISEMAN+TO+RECEIVE+LIFETIME+ACHIEVEMENT+AWARD+%7C+The+Emmy+Awards+%E2%80%93+The+National+Academy+of+Television+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femmyonline.com%2Fnews_31st_nominations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/875681720 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/875673259 cite #11 – verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/criminal-indictment-of-thomas-a-drake-un-77525/">"United States v Thomas A Drake – Criminal Indictment of Thomas A Drake"</a>. <i>JD Supra</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JD+Supra&rft.atitle=United+States+v+Thomas+A+Drake+%E2%80%93+Criminal+Indictment+of+Thomas+A+Drake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdsupra.com%2Flegalnews%2Fcriminal-indictment-of-thomas-a-drake-un-77525%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bish1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bish1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-md-nsa-drake-guilty-20110609,0,3734349.story?track=rss">Drake pleads guilty to misdemeanor in NSA espionage case</a>, Tricia Bishop, October 6, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.wired.com/watch/the-most-wanted-man-in-the-world-behind-the-scenes-with-edward-snowden">"The Most Wanted Man in the World: Behind the Scenes with Edward Snowden"</a>. <i>WIRED Videos</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIRED+Videos&rft.atitle=The+Most+Wanted+Man+in+the+World%3A+Behind+the+Scenes+with+Edward+Snowden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvideo.wired.com%2Fwatch%2Fthe-most-wanted-man-in-the-world-behind-the-scenes-with-edward-snowden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2001" class="citation news cs1">Bamford, James (August 8, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/aug/08/israel">"The cover-up"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+cover-up&rft.date=2001-08-08&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Faug%2F08%2Fisrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/eprint/bamford.html">"James Bamford Responds to Charges Made in Secrecy News"</a>. Federation of American Scientists<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Bamford+Responds+to+Charges+Made+in+Secrecy+News&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgp.fas.org%2Feprint%2Fbamford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2004/01/07/State-sets-conference-on-Six-Day-War/83801073516767/">"State sets conference on Six Day War – UPI.com"</a>. United Press International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+sets+conference+on+Six+Day+War+%E2%80%93+UPI.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FEntertainment_News%2F2004%2F01%2F07%2FState-sets-conference-on-Six-Day-War%2F83801073516767%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?179892-1/1967-arab-israeli-war-uss-liberty">"1967 Arab-Israeli War and USS Liberty | C-SPAN.org"</a>. <i>www.c-span.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.c-span.org&rft.atitle=1967+Arab-Israeli+War+and+USS+Liberty+%7C+C-SPAN.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F179892-1%2F1967-arab-israeli-war-uss-liberty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2o8F8q6ik8">"CSPAN 1967 Arab Israeli War and USS Liberty"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSPAN+1967+Arab+Israeli+War+and+USS+Liberty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DR2o8F8q6ik8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2007" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, James (December 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqY4Wr3T5K4C"><i>Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307425058" title="Special:BookSources/9780307425058"><bdi>9780307425058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Body+of+Secrets%3A+Anatomy+of+the+Ultra-Secret+National+Security+Agency&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.isbn=9780307425058&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqY4Wr3T5K4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/191.html">"USS Liberty: Cover Up | History News Network"</a>. <i>hnn.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hnn.us&rft.atitle=USS+Liberty%3A+Cover+Up+%7C+History+News+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F191.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/191">"USS Liberty: Cover Up | History News Network"</a>. <i>historynewsnetwork.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historynewsnetwork.org&rft.atitle=USS+Liberty%3A+Cover+Up+%7C+History+News+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen2001" class="citation news cs1">Risen, James (April 23, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/23/world/book-says-israel-intended-1967-attack-on-us-ship.html">"Book Says Israel Intended 1967 Attack on U.S. Ship"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Book+Says+Israel+Intended+1967+Attack+on+U.S.+Ship&rft.date=2001-04-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F04%2F23%2Fworld%2Fbook-says-israel-intended-1967-attack-on-us-ship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2001/US/04/23/liberty.attack/">"CNN.com - Israel's 1967 attack on U.S. ship deliberate, book says - April 23, 2001"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNN.com+-+Israel%27s+1967+attack+on+U.S.+ship+deliberate%2C+book+says+-+April+23%2C+2001&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2001%2FUS%2F04%2F23%2Fliberty.attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPensack2017" class="citation web cs1">Pensack, Miriam (June 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2017/06/06/fifty-years-later-nsa-keeps-details-of-israels-uss-liberty-attack-secret/">"Fifty Years Later, NSA Keeps Details of Israel's USS Liberty Attack Secret"</a>. <i>The Intercept</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+Later%2C+NSA+Keeps+Details+of+Israel%27s+USS+Liberty+Attack+Secret&rft.date=2017-06-06&rft.aulast=Pensack&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2017%2F06%2F06%2Ffifty-years-later-nsa-keeps-details-of-israels-uss-liberty-attack-secret%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20140604-remember-the-uss-liberty-the-us-and-israel-wish-you-didn-t/">"Remember the USS Liberty? The US and Israel wish you didn't"</a>. June 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remember+the+USS+Liberty%3F+The+US+and+Israel+wish+you+didn%27t&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20140604-remember-the-uss-liberty-the-us-and-israel-wish-you-didn-t%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOren2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Oren, Michael B. (July 23, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/61217/unfriendly-fire">"Unfriendly Fire"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Unfriendly+Fire&rft.date=2001-07-23&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Oren&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F61217%2Funfriendly-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/11/03/spyfail-foreign-spies-moles-saboteurs-and-the-collapse-of-americas-counterintelligence-book-review/">"Spyfail: Foreign Spies, Moles, Saboteurs, and the Collapse of America's Counterintelligence -Book Review"</a>. November 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spyfail%3A+Foreign+Spies%2C+Moles%2C+Saboteurs%2C+and+the+Collapse+of+America%27s+Counterintelligence+-Book+Review&rft.date=2023-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoderndiplomacy.eu%2F2023%2F11%2F03%2Fspyfail-foreign-spies-moles-saboteurs-and-the-collapse-of-americas-counterintelligence-book-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrmea.org/middle-east-books-and-more/spyfail-foreign-spies-moles-saboteurs-and-the-collapse-of-americas-counterintelligence.html">Middle East Books Review</a> wrmea.org</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bamford, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_nsadatacenter/all/1">The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)</a>." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610205021/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_nsadatacenter/all/1">Archive</a>) <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. March 15, 2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?88969">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?166048-1/national-security-terrorism"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Bamford on <i>Body of Secrets</i>, September 16, 2001.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spyfactory/"><i>The Spy Factory</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH-TV</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (American TV series)">Nova</a></i> program series. February 3, 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2525617/">James Bamford</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1121999">James Bamford</a> on <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">National Public Radio</a> in 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5058734">James Bamford</a> on <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">National Public Radio</a> in 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=95689436">James Bamford</a> on <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">National Public Radio</a> in 2008</li> <li>James Bamford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060612234417/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/8798997/the_man_who_sold_the_war/">The Man Who Sold the War</a>, <i>Rolling Stone</i>, November 17, 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2005/12/23/bamford/print.html">"Crypto man"</a>, Profile by Michael Scherer, <i><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a></i>, December 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2013/06/the-nsas-chief-chronicler.html">James Bamford, The N.S.A.’s Chief Chronicler</a>, profile by Alexander Nazaryan, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, June 10, 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051203105853/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F11%2F21%2F1516257">"John Rendon, Bush's General in the Propaganda War"</a>, interview with <a href="/wiki/Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>, November 21, 2005 (video, audio, and print transcript).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2008/10/14/james_bamford_the_shadow_factory">Hour-long interview about <i>The Shadow Factory</i> and NSA spying</a> with Amy Goodman on <i>Democracy Now</i>, October 14, 2008 (video, audio, and print transcript).</li> <li>Scott Horton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060324004645/http://www.weekendinterviewshow.com/InterviewDisplay.aspx?i=150">James Bamford's interviews</a>, <i>The Weekend Interview Show</i> (December 3, 2005)</li> <li>Jenny Asarnow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628174226/http://www.kuow.org/mp3high/m3u/SpeakersForum/SpeakersForum20070419.m3u">James Bamford</a> <a href="/wiki/KUOW-FM" title="KUOW-FM">KUOW-FM</a> Speaker's Forum (April 19, 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227051710/http://archive.thespaceshow.com/shows/888-BWB-2008-02-09.mp3">James Bamford interview</a> (February 9, 2008)</li> <li>Kevin Zeese. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://democracyrising.us/content/view/226/164">"James Bamford: Inventing a Pretext for War"</a>, <i>Democracy Rising</i> (May 23, 2005)</li> <li>Steve Clemons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051202040151/http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/001098.html">John Rendon and the U.S. propaganda</a>, <i>The Washington Note</i>, (November 21, 2005)* William Sweet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prx.org/pieces/9344">"NSA Spying & FISA Court"</a>, <i>IEEE Spectrum Radio</i> interview (February 20, 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060305040029/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=james_bamford">Section on James Bamford</a>, Center for Cooperative Research.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220212311/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig2/bamfordreport.html">Report on a James Bamford talk at Berkeley</a>, <i>Lew Rockwell.com</i>, (February 11, 2002)</li> <li>James Bamford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/27/opinion/27BAMF.html">Washington Bends the Rules</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, (August 27, 2002)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCHRISTOPHER_DICKEY2009" class="citation news cs1">CHRISTOPHER DICKEY (January 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/books/review/Dickey-t.html">"The Surveillance-Industrial Complex"</a>. <i>The</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The&rft.atitle=The+Surveillance-Industrial+Complex&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft.au=CHRISTOPHER+DICKEY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F11%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FDickey-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bamford" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1680004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1680004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1680004#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110497557">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29861799">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJycKgCt8WXkDwt93gqvpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/171964713">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82046122">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15754035q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15754035q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00432213">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p234770163">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90059189">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018F7534">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx169z42qmqk2m">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257994205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520610206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14423980">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00656272?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/171964713">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/067276881">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&oldid=1258555022">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&oldid=1258555022</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_births" title="Category:1946 births">1946 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_historians_of_espionage" title="Category:American historians of espionage">American historians of espionage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Espionage_writers" title="Category:Espionage writers">Espionage writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_intelligence_analysts" title="Category:American intelligence analysts">American intelligence analysts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Security_Agency" title="Category:National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_investigative_journalists" title="Category:American investigative journalists">American investigative journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_political_writers" title="Category:American political writers">American political writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_whistleblowers" title="Category:American whistleblowers">American whistleblowers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_television_journalists" title="Category:American television journalists">American television journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalists_from_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:Journalists from Washington, D.C.">Journalists from Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suffolk_University_Law_School_alumni" title="Category:Suffolk University Law School alumni">Suffolk University Law School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy_sailors" title="Category:United States Navy sailors">United States Navy sailors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Natick,_Massachusetts" title="Category:People from Natick, Massachusetts">People from Natick, Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_journalists" title="Category:American male journalists">American male journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_historians" title="Category:21st-century American historians">21st-century American historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:21st-century American male writers">21st-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians_from_Massachusetts" title="Category:Historians from Massachusetts">Historians from Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:American male non-fiction writers">American male non-fiction writers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_September_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2019">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Autobiographical_articles_from_February_2019" title="Category:Autobiographical articles from February 2019">Autobiographical articles from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2024">Use mdy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 09:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Bamford&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-697b7966c5-trnt8","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.931","walltime":"1.224","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3727,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":107581,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5959,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":163288,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 935.075 1 -total"," 30.52% 285.342 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.65% 183.750 1 Template:Infobox_writer"," 19.12% 178.802 1 Template:Infobox"," 14.38% 134.487 7 Template:Cite_book"," 11.49% 107.434 25 Template:Cite_web"," 9.18% 85.838 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.48% 60.633 3 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 6.25% 58.472 1 Template:Autobiography"," 5.99% 56.050 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.526","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8341736,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qvkwc","timestamp":"20241122153303","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"James Bamford","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Bamford","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1680004","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1680004","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-26T23:00:50Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T09:50:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/SJP1416_%289717460065%29.jpg","headline":"Author & Journalist"}</script> </body> </html>