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What Is ADC Converter (Analog-to-Digital Converter)?

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Learn what do they do and which types are best for data acquisition applications."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754804-what-is-adc-converter-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1200"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="675"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="ADC scheme"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754804-what-is-adc-converter-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1200"/><meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="ADC scheme"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Data Acquisition | Test and Measurement Solutions"/><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-02-13T19:58:12Z"/><meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/WeAreDewesoft/"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta 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type="button" class="chakra-button css-14pi1ec">Products<style data-emotion="css 1hzyiq5">.css-1hzyiq5{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;}</style><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1hzyiq5"><style data-emotion="css p1tijm">.css-p1tijm{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.2s;transition:transform 0.2s;transform-origin:center;}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="2" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-p1tijm" aria-hidden="true" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 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1jdswzf">.css-1jdswzf{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;gap:0px;}@media screen and (min-width: 64em){.css-1jdswzf{gap:var(--chakra-space-8);}}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-1jdswzf"><style data-emotion="css 8kewzg">.css-8kewzg{display:none;min-width:280px;width:280px;padding-top:var(--chakra-space-14);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-14);}@media screen and (min-width: 64em){.css-8kewzg{display:block;}}</style><div id="sidebar" class="css-8kewzg"><style data-emotion="css 1c3l4rb">.css-1c3l4rb{width:280px;}</style><div class="css-1c3l4rb"><style data-emotion="css exkikx">.css-exkikx{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);line-height:1.33;font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-lg);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-800);color:var(--chakra-colors-white);padding:var(--chakra-space-2);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-sm);display:inline-block;}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-exkikx{line-height:1.2;}}</style><h4 class="chakra-heading css-exkikx">Table of contents</h4><style data-emotion="css tu0njr">.css-tu0njr{list-style-type:initial;-webkit-margin-start:1em;margin-inline-start:1em;}</style><ul role="list" class="css-tu0njr"><li class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css spn4bz">.css-spn4bz{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;}.css-spn4bz:hover,.css-spn4bz[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-spn4bz:focus-visible,.css-spn4bz[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#what-is-an-adc-analog-to-digital-converter">What is an ADC (analog-to-digital converter)?</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#what-do-adc-converters-do">What do ADC converters do?</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#main-types-of-adc-converters">Main types of ADC converters</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#successive-approximation-adcs-sar">Successive approximation ADCs (SAR)</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#sigma-delta-adcs">Sigma-delta ADCs (ΔΣ)</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#dual-sigma-delta-adcs-dualcoreadc">Dual sigma-delta ADCs - DualCoreADC®</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#which-adc-is-better-sar-or-sigma-delta">Which ADC is better? SAR or sigma-delta?</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#the-right-tool-for-the-job">The right tool for the job</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#multiplexed-or-single-adc-per-channel">Multiplexed or single ADC per channel?</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#what-is-the-sampling-rate">What is the sampling rate?</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#aliasing-and-the-danger-of-under-sampling">Aliasing and the danger of under-sampling</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#what-is-bit-resolution-and-why-does-it-matter">What is bit resolution and why does it matter?</a></li><li class="css-0"><a class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="#summary">Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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1jud5vj">.css-1jud5vj{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;gap:var(--chakra-space-4);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-1jud5vj"><style data-emotion="css kaevgy">.css-kaevgy{border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-full);display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);position:relative;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:var(--avatar-font-size);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);border-color:var(--avatar-border-color);vertical-align:top;width:var(--avatar-size);height:var(--avatar-size);--avatar-border-color:var(--chakra-colors-white);--avatar-size:3rem;--avatar-font-size:calc(3rem / 2.5);background:var(--chakra-colors-dsorange-500);}.css-kaevgy:not([data-loaded]){--avatar-bg:#41a665;}.chakra-ui-dark .css-kaevgy:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-kaevgy:not([data-theme]),.css-kaevgy[data-theme=dark]{--avatar-border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);}</style><span class="chakra-avatar css-kaevgy"><style data-emotion="css 1ebyn6">.css-1ebyn6{font-size:var(--avatar-font-size);line-height:1;}</style><div role="img" aria-label="Grant Maloy Smith" class="chakra-avatar__initials css-1ebyn6">GS</div></span><style data-emotion="css psjeyg">.css-psjeyg{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flext-start;-webkit-box-align:flext-start;-ms-flex-align:flext-start;align-items:flext-start;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;gap:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-psjeyg"><div class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css tx5moa">.css-tx5moa{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;display:inline;}.css-tx5moa:hover,.css-tx5moa[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tx5moa:focus-visible,.css-tx5moa[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-tx5moa" href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/grant-maloy-smith">Grant Maloy Smith</a></div><p class="chakra-text css-0">Tuesday, February 13, 2024<!-- --> · <!-- -->0<!-- --> min read</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css axtqao">.css-axtqao{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-900);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-axtqao{line-height:1.2;font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-5xl);}}@media screen and (min-width: 64em){.css-axtqao{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-6xl);}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-axtqao">What Is ADC Converter (Analog-to-Digital Converter)?</h1><style data-emotion="css 1bfl6q8">.css-1bfl6q8 h1{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-1bfl6q8 h1{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-5xl);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-10);}}.css-1bfl6q8 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h4{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-lg);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);}}.css-1bfl6q8 p{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-6);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-6);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);}.css-1bfl6q8 a{font-weight:500;transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-dsorange-500);}.css-1bfl6q8 a:hover,.css-1bfl6q8 a[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1bfl6q8 a:focus,.css-1bfl6q8 a[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1bfl6q8 hr{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-12);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-12);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-1bfl6q8 hr{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-14);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-14);}}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 hr:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 hr:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 hr[data-theme=dark]{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);}.css-1bfl6q8 blockquote{font-style:italic;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-6);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);border-inline-start-width:4px;border-inline-start-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-1bfl6q8 blockquote{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 blockquote:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 blockquote:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 blockquote[data-theme=dark]{border-inline-start-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);}.css-1bfl6q8 pre{padding:var(--chakra-space-4);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-50);overflow:auto;}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 pre:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 pre:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 pre[data-theme=dark]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);}.css-1bfl6q8 pre code{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);}.css-1bfl6q8 pre code::before,.css-1bfl6q8 pre code::after{content:"";}.css-1bfl6q8 code{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);}.css-1bfl6q8 code::before,.css-1bfl6q8 code::after{content:"`";}.css-1bfl6q8 figure{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}.css-1bfl6q8 figure figcaption{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-3);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 figure figcaption:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 figure figcaption:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 figure figcaption[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}.css-1bfl6q8 ul{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-6);list-style-type:disc;margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);}.css-1bfl6q8 ul li p{margin:0px;}.css-1bfl6q8 ol{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-6);}.css-1bfl6q8 li{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-2);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-3);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-3);}.css-1bfl6q8 ol>li::marker{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 ol>li::marker:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 ol>li::marker:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 ol>li::marker[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}.css-1bfl6q8 ul>li::marker{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 ul>li::marker:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 ul>li::marker:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 ul>li::marker[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);}.css-1bfl6q8 table{width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);text-align:start;}.css-1bfl6q8 table thead{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 table thead:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 table thead:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 table thead[data-theme=dark]{border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);}.css-1bfl6q8 table th{text-align:inherit;font-weight:600;padding:var(--chakra-space-2);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-1bfl6q8 table th{padding:var(--chakra-space-3);}}.css-1bfl6q8 table td{padding:var(--chakra-space-2);vertical-align:baseline;}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-1bfl6q8 table td{padding:var(--chakra-space-3);}}.css-1bfl6q8 table tbody tr{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 table tbody tr:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 table tbody tr:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 table tbody tr[data-theme=dark]{border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}.css-1bfl6q8 table tbody tr:last-of-type{border-bottom-width:0px;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-1bfl6q8 table tfoot tr{border-top-width:1px;border-top-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 table tfoot tr:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 table tfoot tr:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 table tfoot tr[data-theme=dark]{border-top-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);}.css-1bfl6q8 h1+*,.css-1bfl6q8 h2+*,.css-1bfl6q8 h3+*,.css-1bfl6q8 h4+*,.css-1bfl6q8 hr+*{margin-top:0px;}.css-1bfl6q8 a.inline-record{color:var(--chakra-colors-black);}.css-1bfl6q8 a.inline-record:hover,.css-1bfl6q8 a.inline-record[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1bfl6q8 a.inline-record p{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--chakra-letterSpacings-tighter);font-weight:bolder;}</style><div class="css-1bfl6q8"><p>In this article we will review what A/D converter (ADC) is and what are major types in use today, describing each with enough detail that you will:</p><ul><li><p><strong>See</strong> the basic technology of each type of ADC</p></li><li><p><strong>Learn</strong> about the key ADC features and capabilities</p></li><li><p><strong>Understand</strong> which ADC types work best for today’s applications</p></li><li><p><strong>Find out</strong> which two major ADC types Dewesoft has selected, and why</p></li></ul><p>Are you ready to get started? Let’s go!</p></div><style data-emotion="css 1eu8sfi">.css-1eu8sfi{-webkit-margin-start:calc(var(--chakra-space-4) * -1);margin-inline-start:calc(var(--chakra-space-4) * -1);-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--chakra-space-4) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--chakra-space-4) * -1);}@media screen and (min-width: 64em){.css-1eu8sfi{-webkit-margin-start:calc(var(--chakra-space-14) * -1);margin-inline-start:calc(var(--chakra-space-14) * -1);-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--chakra-space-14) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--chakra-space-14) * -1);}}</style><div class="css-1eu8sfi"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1200px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMjAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjY3NSI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBgoIDxENDQoLDhUQGg0NDRUNFg4OHhQZGBYfFhUaHysjGh0oHRoiJDUlKC0vMjIyGSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLDgwOHAUQFS8cFhw1Ly8vLy8vLy8vLy81Ly8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy87Ly8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIAA4AGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAYAAACAwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABQIEB//EAB0QAAICAgMBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACBBEBAxIiUQX/xAAUAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB/8QAFBEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAP/aAAwDAQACEQMRAD8A12ct6L8FsbPJqGH0GrRnAsht3ALMjRagQkyGXAAH/9k=" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754804-what-is-adc-converter-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=1200&amp;dpr=0.25 300w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754804-what-is-adc-converter-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=1200&amp;dpr=0.5 600w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754804-what-is-adc-converter-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=1200&amp;dpr=0.75 900w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754804-what-is-adc-converter-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=1200 1200w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754804-what-is-adc-converter-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=1200&amp;dpr=1.5 1800w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754804-what-is-adc-converter-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=1200&amp;dpr=2 2400w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754804-what-is-adc-converter-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=1200&amp;dpr=3 3600w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754804-what-is-adc-converter-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=1200&amp;dpr=4 4800w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754804-what-is-adc-converter-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=1200" alt="ADC scheme" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div></div><style data-emotion="css e37esg">.css-e37esg h1{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-e37esg h1{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-5xl);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-10);}}.css-e37esg h2{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-2xl);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-12);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-e37esg h2{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-3xl);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-14);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}}.css-e37esg h3{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xl);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-3);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-e37esg 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pre[data-theme=dark]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);}.css-e37esg pre code{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);}.css-e37esg pre code::before,.css-e37esg pre code::after{content:"";}.css-e37esg code{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);}.css-e37esg code::before,.css-e37esg code::after{content:"`";}.css-e37esg figure{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}.css-e37esg figure figcaption{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-3);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-e37esg figure figcaption:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-e37esg figure figcaption:not([data-theme]),.css-e37esg figure figcaption[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}.css-e37esg ul{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-6);list-style-type:disc;margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);}.css-e37esg ul li p{margin:0px;}.css-e37esg ol{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-6);}.css-e37esg li{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-2);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-3);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-3);}.css-e37esg ol>li::marker{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-e37esg ol>li::marker:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-e37esg ol>li::marker:not([data-theme]),.css-e37esg ol>li::marker[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}.css-e37esg ul>li::marker{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-e37esg ul>li::marker:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-e37esg ul>li::marker:not([data-theme]),.css-e37esg ul>li::marker[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);}.css-e37esg h1+*,.css-e37esg h2+*,.css-e37esg h3+*,.css-e37esg h4+*,.css-e37esg hr+*{margin-top:0px;}.css-e37esg a.inline-record{color:var(--chakra-colors-black);}.css-e37esg a.inline-record:hover,.css-e37esg a.inline-record[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-e37esg a.inline-record p{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--chakra-letterSpacings-tighter);font-weight:bolder;}.css-e37esg table{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}</style><div class="css-e37esg"><span style="display:block"><h2 id="what-is-an-adc-analog-to-digital-converter" class="post-heading">What is an ADC (analog-to-digital converter)?</h2><p>The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter">analog-to-digital converter (ADC)</a> is one of the fundamental building blocks of modern data acquisition systems (aka DAQ or DAS systems). These systems are comprised of the following basic components:</p><ul><li><p>Sensors</p></li><li><p>Signal Conditioning</p></li><li><p>Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) (this article)</p></li><li><p>And some sort of computer with DAQ software for signal logging and analysis.</p></li></ul><p>ADC converters play a big role in modern digital data acquisition systems.</p><p><strong>Learn more about data acquisition:</strong></p><p><style data-emotion="css 1fa4a4q">.css-1fa4a4q{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;display:block;background:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-50);border:1px solid;border-color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-lg);overflow:hidden;box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-md);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-2);}.css-1fa4a4q:focus-visible,.css-1fa4a4q[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-1fa4a4q:hover,.css-1fa4a4q[data-hover]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-lg);}</style><a class="chakra-link inline-record css-1fa4a4q" title="Data Acquisition (DAQ) - The Ultimate Guide [Updated 2024]" href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/what-is-data-acquisition"><style data-emotion="css 14dvn9n">.css-14dvn9n{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;gap:0px;}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-14dvn9n"><style data-emotion="css 9phq98">.css-9phq98{min-width:200px;width:200px;height:90px;position:relative;background:var(--chakra-colors-white);}</style><div class="css-9phq98"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBgoNCQgODgoNDRIIDggGDRYJDRENFx8ZGBYTFhUaHysjGh0oHRUWJDUlKC0vMjIyGSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLBQUFEAUFEC8cFhwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIAA4AGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAYAAACAwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADBAABB//EABwQAAICAgMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAgQDBRIxQf/EABUBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIA/8QAFBEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAP/aAAwDAQACEQMRAD8A0/NsEsYrDZpMJaqx4ikKcH6ITE9lFogDJSil2USf/9k=" style="object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661499241-daq-system-shceme.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=0.5 70w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661499241-daq-system-shceme.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=0.75 105w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661499241-daq-system-shceme.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140 140w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661499241-daq-system-shceme.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=1.5 210w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661499241-daq-system-shceme.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=2 280w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661499241-daq-system-shceme.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=3 420w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661499241-daq-system-shceme.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=4 560w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661499241-daq-system-shceme.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140" alt="Daq system scheme" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none;object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div></div><style data-emotion="css utf5z">.css-utf5z{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;gap:0px;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-2);}</style><div class="chakra-stack css-utf5z"><span class="chakra-text css-0">Data Acquisition (DAQ) - The Ultimate Guide [Updated 2024]</span><style data-emotion="css 1kn4uyx">.css-1kn4uyx{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);color:gray;}</style><span class="chakra-text css-1kn4uyx">The complete guide to data acquisition (DAQ). Learn how DAQ systems work and what are the basic elements of modern digital data acquisition systems.</span></div></div></a></p><h2 id="what-do-adc-converters-do" class="post-heading">What do ADC converters do?</h2><p>The main purpose of the A/D converters within a data acquisition system is to convert conditioned analog signals into a stream of digital data so that the data acquisition system can process them for display, storage, and analysis.</p><style data-emotion="css 1bujgkd">.css-1bujgkd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:50%;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjMwNyI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAICAMAAADUf89RAAAArlBMVEW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKW0sKX9FZAsAAAAOnRSTlMAAQMEBQoLDQ4PEBMWGBkbISMnKCosLi8wMTU9QEVGS09QVVhbamtzdHZ4e3+HiImPlJWam6ussLO4kOvWFgAAAGhJREFUeNpdjksOgCAQQ+kMjorR+x9TjPgBHXSjGLto2rykqTWPqEGKbzP2CYOz0D2sP9AMTgR572Z/fEHdd3VrWSUYHXMBJBUxE4Db6CxANwZUoDFuy/mdSuPUOyZNYf6/Uu+Z8lHuXrFuJgUd42ZvAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860416-ad-converter-scheme.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860416-ad-converter-scheme.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860416-ad-converter-scheme.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860416-ad-converter-scheme.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860416-ad-converter-scheme.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860416-ad-converter-scheme.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860416-ad-converter-scheme.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860416-ad-converter-scheme.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860416-ad-converter-scheme.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024" alt="ADC converter takes an analog signal and converts it into the digital domain" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><style data-emotion="css 38zu32">.css-38zu32{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);font-style:italic;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-4);padding:var(--chakra-space-2);}</style><figcaption class="css-38zu32">ADC converter takes an analog signal and converts it into the digital domain</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Read also:</strong></p><p><a class="chakra-link inline-record css-1fa4a4q" title="History of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)" href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/history-of-analog-to-digital-converters"><div class="chakra-stack css-14dvn9n"><div class="css-9phq98"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBgoRCAgQCg0LDQ4NCg0NDhEWDQ0NFxUZGBYTFhUaHysjGh0oHRUWJDUlKC0vMjIyGSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLBQUFEAUFEC8cFhwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIAA4AGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAYAAEAAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFAQMEAP/EABwQAAEEAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAgMEERIxIf/EABUBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIA/8QAFBEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAP/aAAwDAQACEQMRAD8ApsXk1DpLrUX02z1m4Bb0SN4oSKQ32a9OB67Mt6QSf//Z" style="object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1666006857-dewesoft-history-of-adc-coverters-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=0.5 70w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1666006857-dewesoft-history-of-adc-coverters-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=0.75 105w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1666006857-dewesoft-history-of-adc-coverters-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140 140w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1666006857-dewesoft-history-of-adc-coverters-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=1.5 210w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1666006857-dewesoft-history-of-adc-coverters-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=2 280w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1666006857-dewesoft-history-of-adc-coverters-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=3 420w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1666006857-dewesoft-history-of-adc-coverters-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=4 560w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1666006857-dewesoft-history-of-adc-coverters-cover.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140" alt="Dewesoft histoy of ADC converters, Robert Noyce" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none;object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-utf5z"><span class="chakra-text css-0">History of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)</span><span class="chakra-text css-1kn4uyx">Learn how the ADCs (analog to digital converters) were developed through history, from the first vacuum tubes to modern integrated circuit ADCs.</span></div></div></a></p><h2 id="main-types-of-adc-converters" class="post-heading">Main types of ADC converters</h2><p>Although there are really five major types of ADCs today, in the modern DAQ world, it really comes down to two of them: </p><ul><li><p>successive approximation and</p></li><li><p>delta-sigma. </p></li></ul><p>The other types are perfectly fine but are better suited to non-DAQ applications. For example, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrating_ADC">dual-slope ADCs</a> are quite slow and are thus found mostly in handheld voltmeters.</p><p>And then there are <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_ADC">flash ADCs</a> that offer extremely high sample rates but amplitude axis resolution that is too low for DAQ applications. Pipeline converter ADCs is an approach that uses multiple flash converters to enhance amplitude axis resolution but they are still limited in that area. </p><h3 id="comparison-of-major-adc-types" class="post-heading">Comparison of major ADC types</h3><style data-emotion="css zipzvv">.css-zipzvv{display:block;white-space:nowrap;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;max-width:100%;}</style><div class="chakra-table__container css-zipzvv"><style data-emotion="css 1qi9lo1">.css-1qi9lo1{font-variant-numeric:lining-nums tabular-nums;border-collapse:collapse;width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);max-width:100%;white-space:normal;}</style><table class="chakra-table css-1qi9lo1"><thead class="css-0"><tr class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css 1pt5pj9">.css-1pt5pj9{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--chakra-letterSpacings-wider);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-1);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-4);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-1px);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);text-align:left;}.css-1pt5pj9[data-is-numeric=true]{text-align:end;}</style><th class="css-1pt5pj9">ADC Type </th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Pros</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Cons</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Max Resolution</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Max Sample Rate</th></tr></thead><style data-emotion="css rdeq8s">.css-rdeq8s tr:nth-of-type(odd) th,.css-rdeq8s tr:nth-of-type(odd) td{border-bottom-width:1px;border-color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);}.css-rdeq8s tr:nth-of-type(odd) td{background:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);}</style><tbody class="css-rdeq8s"><tr class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css 34pik7">.css-34pik7{text-align:start;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-2);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-4);border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-1px);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);white-space:pre-wrap;}.css-34pik7[data-is-numeric=true]{text-align:end;}</style><td class="css-34pik7">Dual Slope</td><style data-emotion="css mca6xb">.css-mca6xb{text-align:start;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-2);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-4);border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-1px);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);white-space:pre-wrap;}.css-mca6xb[data-is-numeric=true]{text-align:end;}</style><td class="css-mca6xb">Inexpensive</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Low speed</td><td class="css-mca6xb">20 bits</td><td class="css-mca6xb">100 Hz</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">Flash</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Very fast</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Low bit resolution</td><td class="css-mca6xb">12 bits</td><td class="css-mca6xb">10 GHz</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">Pipeline</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Very fast</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Limited resolution</td><td class="css-mca6xb">16 bits</td><td class="css-mca6xb">1 GHz</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">SAR</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Good speed/resolution ratio</td><td class="css-mca6xb">No inherent anti-aliasing protection</td><td class="css-mca6xb">18 bits</td><td class="css-mca6xb">10 MHz</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">Delta-sigma (ΔΣ)</td><td class="css-mca6xb">High dynamic performance, inherent anti-aliasing protection</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Hysteresis on unnatural signals</td><td class="css-mca6xb">32 bits</td><td class="css-mca6xb">1 MHz</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>So again, the DAQ world has settled on SAR (successive approximation) ADCs and delta-sigma (ΔΣ) ADCs. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages and thus suitability for certain applications. Below, we will look at how each ADC works and compare them.</p><p><strong>Learn more:</strong></p><p><a class="chakra-link inline-record css-1fa4a4q" title="Types of ADC Converters [Updated 2024]" href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/types-of-adc-converters"><div class="chakra-stack css-14dvn9n"><div class="css-9phq98"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBgoICAgFCgoFBQwFBQUFBREJCgUMFxMZGBYTFhUaHysjGh0oHRUWJDUlKC0vMjIyGSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLBQUFEAUFEC8cFhwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIAA4AGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAVAAEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABP/EABQQAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/xAAVAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAP/EABQRAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AJgBIASf/9k=" style="object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=0.5 70w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=0.75 105w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140 140w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=1.5 210w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=2 280w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=3 420w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=4 560w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140" alt="ADC converter types cover" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none;object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-utf5z"><span class="chakra-text css-0">Types of ADC Converters [Updated 2024]</span><span class="chakra-text css-1kn4uyx">In this article, you will learn about the different types of A/D converters used in data acquisition systems and the basic technology of each type of ADC.</span></div></div></a></p><h2 id="successive-approximation-adcs-sar" class="post-heading">Successive approximation ADCs (SAR)</h2><p>The “bread and butter” ADC of the DAQ world is the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successive_approximation_ADC">SAR analog-to-digital converter</a>. It offers an excellent balance of speed and resolution and handles a wide variety of signals with excellent fidelity. </p><p>It’s been around for a long time, therefore SAR designs are stable and reliable, and the chips are relatively inexpensive. They can be configured for both low-end A/D cards, where a single ADC chip is “shared” by multiple input channels (multiplexed A/D boards), or in configurations where each input channel has its own ADC for true simultaneous sampling. </p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:70%;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjUzNiI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753709-sar-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753709-sar-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753709-sar-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753709-sar-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753709-sar-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753709-sar-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753709-sar-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753709-sar-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753709-sar-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024" alt="Typical SAR block diagram" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Typical SAR block diagram</figcaption></figure><p>The analog input of most ADCs is 5V, which is why nearly all signal conditioning front-ends provide a conditioned output that is the same. The typical SAR ADC uses a sample-and-hold circuit that takes in the conditioned analog voltage from the signal conditioning front-end.</p><p>An onboard DAC creates an analog reference voltage equal to the digital code output of the sample and holds a circuit. Both of these are fed into a comparator which sends the result of the comparison to the SAR. This process continues for “n” successive times, with “n” being the bit resolution of the ADC itself, until the closest value to the actual signal is found.</p><p>SAR ADCs do not have any inherent <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter">anti-aliasing filtering (AAF)</a>, so unless this is added before the ADC by the DAQ system, if the engineer selects too low of a sample rate, false signals (aka “aliases”) will be digitized by the SAR ADC. Aliasing is particularly problematic because it is impossible to correct it after digitization. </p><p>There is no way to fix it with software. It must be prevented either by always sampling faster than the Nyquist frequency of all input signals or by filtering the signals before and within the ADC.</p><p>For more details see Aliasing and the Danger of Under-sampling below</p><p>SAR ADCs are a solid choice for many DAQ systems in use today. These are widely used at the low-end of the market since they can be used in a multiplexed fashion where multiple channels are sampled with one ADC. But they are also widely used in the middle of the market due to their speed and good amplitude axis resolution. </p><p>Because of their limited amplitude axis resolution, they are not well-suited for high dynamic applications such as noise, audio, shock and vibration, balancing, sine processing, etc. For those applications, engineers should turn to delta-sigma ADCs, as discussed in the next section.</p><h2 id="sigma-delta-adcs" class="post-heading">Sigma-delta ADCs (ΔΣ)</h2><p>A newer ADC design is the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation">delta-sigma ADC</a>, which takes advantage of DSP technology in order to improve amplitude axis resolution and reduce the high-frequency quantization noise inherent in SAR designs.</p><p>The complex and powerful design of delta-sigma ADCs makes them ideal for dynamic applications that require as much amplitude axis resolution as possible. This is why they are commonly found in audio, sound, vibration, and a wide range of high-end data acquisition applications.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:70%;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjU4NSI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAOAQMAAAAPNk49AAAAA1BMVEWMSDUhRt4QAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAA9JREFUeNpjYWBgYCEDAwAGyAA5O5hCqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753760-delta-sigma-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753760-delta-sigma-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753760-delta-sigma-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753760-delta-sigma-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753760-delta-sigma-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753760-delta-sigma-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753760-delta-sigma-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753760-delta-sigma-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753760-delta-sigma-adc-diagram.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024" alt="Typical Delta-Sigma ADC block diagram" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Typical Delta-Sigma ADC block diagram</figcaption></figure><p>The implementation of these chips for data acquisition applications usually involves a heavy concentration on front-end <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter">anti-aliasing filtering (AAF)</a>, making it virtually impossible to digitize false signals. </p><p>A <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter">low-pass filter</a> implemented in a DSP eliminates virtually quantization noise, resulting in excellent signal-to-noise performance.</p><p>Delta-sigma ADCs work by over-sampling the signals far higher than the selected sample rate. The DSP then creates a high-resolution data stream from this over-sampled data at the rate that the user has selected. This over-sampling can be up to hundreds of times higher than the selected sample rate. This approach creates a very high-resolution data stream (24-bits is common) and has the advantage of allowing multistage anti-aliasing filtering (AAF), making it virtually impossible to digitize false signals.</p><h2 id="dual-sigma-delta-adcs-dualcoreadc" class="post-heading">Dual sigma-delta ADCs - DualCoreADC®</h2><p>Dewesoft has further taken advantage of these ADCs by combining two of them on each input channel. One ADC is set to a low gain and the other is set to a higher gain. Both ADCs monitor the signal at the same time, and a proprietary circuit compares them in real-time and uses the one with the best signal-to-noise ratio at any moment in time, merging the parallel digital signals into a seamless single stream with greatly enhanced dynamic range.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:70%;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ0NiI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1671458554-sirius-dual-core-adc-amplifier-schematic.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1671458554-sirius-dual-core-adc-amplifier-schematic.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1671458554-sirius-dual-core-adc-amplifier-schematic.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1671458554-sirius-dual-core-adc-amplifier-schematic.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1671458554-sirius-dual-core-adc-amplifier-schematic.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1671458554-sirius-dual-core-adc-amplifier-schematic.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1671458554-sirius-dual-core-adc-amplifier-schematic.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1671458554-sirius-dual-core-adc-amplifier-schematic.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1671458554-sirius-dual-core-adc-amplifier-schematic.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024" alt="Dewesoft&#x27;s DualCoreADC diagram" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Dewesoft&#x27;s DualCoreADC diagram</figcaption></figure><p>This technique greatly enhances the dynamic range that would be otherwise impossible to reach with a single ADC. It increases the dynamic range to as much as 160 dB. Dewesoft has patented this technology, which is called DualCoreADC on the market.</p><div class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css 1v0x6xo">.css-1v0x6xo{position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;box-shadow:0 0.9px 2.2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02),0 2.2px 5.3px rgba(0,0,0,0.028),0 4.1px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.035),0 7.4px 17.9px rgba(0,0,0,0.042),0 13.8px 33.4px rgba(0,0,0,0.05),0 33px 80px rgba(0,0,0,0.07);}</style><div class="css-1v0x6xo"></div><style data-emotion="css 1q1gjhz">.css-1q1gjhz{text-align:center;font-style:italic;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1q1gjhz">Dewesoft&#x27;s DualCoreADC video</p></div><p>It is interesting to point out that even with very slow signals like from most thermocouples, the greatest possible amplitude axis resolution makes these delta-sigma ADCs preferable to SAR ADCs.</p><p>Imagine a thermocouple capable of measuring across a 1500° span - the more amplitude axis you have at the ADC, the more resolution the temperature signal will have. Keep in mind that each bit effectively doubles the vertical axis resolution.</p><h2 id="which-adc-is-better-sar-or-sigma-delta" class="post-heading">Which ADC is better? SAR or sigma-delta?</h2><p>Each ADC technology has its place. And because applications are so different, it is impossible to say one is better than another overall. However, it is absolutely possible to say one of them is better than another with respect to one or more of today’s applications requirements:</p><div class="chakra-table__container css-zipzvv"><table class="chakra-table css-1qi9lo1"><thead class="css-0"><tr class="css-0"><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Criterion</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">SAR ADCs</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Sigma-Delta (ΔΣ) ADCs</th></tr></thead><tbody class="css-rdeq8s"><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">When the best amplitude axis resolution is needed (even for slow signals like thermocouples!).</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Normally 16 or 18 bits maximum.</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Better choice. 24-bit is the de facto standard among ΔΣ cards today.</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">When an inexpensive multiplexed AD card must be used.</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Only choice. It’s possible to MUX a single SAR ADC for multiple channels to create inexpensive DAQ systems when small-time skew errors are not an issue.</td><td class="css-mca6xb">N/A</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">When the highest possible sample rate is required.</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Better choice. There are SAR ADCs for data acquisition with up to 10 MS/s sampling.</td><td class="css-mca6xb">On-board DSP processing limits the top sample rate of ΔΣ ADCs compared to SAR ADCs.</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">When AAF (anti-aliasing filtering) is desired.</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Expensive and complex to add to SAR ADCs.</td><td class="css-mca6xb">A better choice, since AAF is inherent to ΔΣ ADCs.</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">When the highest signal-to-noise ratio is needed.</td><td class="css-mca6xb"></td><td class="css-mca6xb">The only choice. Possible to achieve up to 160dB with Dewesoft’s proprietary DualCoreADC® technology.</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">When mostly unnatural signals will be recorded (such as square waves).</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Better at representing square waves.</td><td class="css-mca6xb"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong>Read more about different types of ADC converters:</strong></p><p><a class="chakra-link inline-record css-1fa4a4q" title="Types of ADC Converters [Updated 2024]" href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/types-of-adc-converters"><div class="chakra-stack css-14dvn9n"><div class="css-9phq98"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBgoICAgFCgoFBQwFBQUFBREJCgUMFxMZGBYTFhUaHysjGh0oHRUWJDUlKC0vMjIyGSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLBQUFEAUFEC8cFhwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIAA4AGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAVAAEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABP/EABQQAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/xAAVAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAP/EABQRAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AJgBIASf/9k=" style="object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=0.5 70w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=0.75 105w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140 140w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=1.5 210w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=2 280w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=3 420w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140&amp;dpr=4 560w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663665388-adc-converter-types-hero.jpg?auto=format&amp;w=140" alt="ADC converter types cover" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none;object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-utf5z"><span class="chakra-text css-0">Types of ADC Converters [Updated 2024]</span><span class="chakra-text css-1kn4uyx">In this article, you will learn about the different types of A/D converters used in data acquisition systems and the basic technology of each type of ADC.</span></div></div></a></p><h2 id="the-right-tool-for-the-job" class="post-heading">The right tool for the job</h2><p>Although Dewesoft is famous for using 24-bit sigma-delta ADCs and has innovated greatly with DualCoreADC technology, they also use 16-bit SAR ADCs in order to achieve higher sampling rates (up to 15 MS/s).</p><p>These are the <a href="https://dewesoft.com/products/sirius">SIRIUS HS</a> (high speed) and <a href="https://dewesoft.com/products/sirius-xhs">SIRIUS XHS</a> (extra high speed) signal conditioners that are available within that line. </p><p>These signal conditioners implement powerful <strong>AAF filtering</strong> in the form of 5th-order 100 kHz anti-aliasing filtering. There is an additional filter in the digital domain selectable among Bessel, Butterworth (or bypass), up to the 8th order.</p><p>Powerful anti-aliasing filtering is built into all 24-bit ADC signal conditioners from Dewesoft.</p><h2 id="multiplexed-or-single-adc-per-channel" class="post-heading">Multiplexed or single ADC per channel?</h2><p>Very often in lower-end DAQ systems, such as data loggers or industrial control systems, multiplexed A/D cards are used, because they are less expensive than A/D cards which have a separate ADC chip per input channel.</p><p>In a multiplexed ADC system, a single analog-to-digital converter is used to convert multiple signals from the analog to the digital domain. This is done by multiplexing the analog signals one at a time into the ADC.</p><p>This is a lower-cost approach but it is not possible to precisely align the signals on the time axis, because only one signal can ever be converted at a time. Therefore, there is always a time skew between channels. If a small-time skew error is irrelevant in a given application, then it is not necessarily a bad thing. The same goes for the analog devices used within the system - choosing the best fit for the application in terms of form, fit, function, and avoiding obsolescence are driving factors.</p><p>In addition, since the maximum sample rate is always divided by the number of channels being sampled, the top sample rate per channel is usually lower in multiplexed systems, except in cases where only one or a few channels are sampled.</p><p>In today’s data acquisition systems, multiplexed ADC systems are employed primarily by low-end DAQ systems, where cost is more important than precision or speed.</p><h2 id="what-is-the-sampling-rate" class="post-heading">What is the sampling rate?</h2><p>The rate at which the signals are converted is called the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)">sample rate</a>. Certain applications, such as most temperature measurements, do not require a high rate since the signals do not change very rapidly.</p><p>However, AC voltages and currents, shock and vibration, and many other applications require sample rates in the tens or hundreds of thousands of samples per second or more. The sample rate is usually referred to as the T (or X) axis of measurement.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:50%;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjY5OCI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAARAQMAAAD9tv5zAAAAA1BMVEWdmZecWSHNAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAA9JREFUeNpjYWBgYKEQAwAJ1ABFKnk2dwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860179-adc-sampling-rate.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860179-adc-sampling-rate.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860179-adc-sampling-rate.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860179-adc-sampling-rate.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860179-adc-sampling-rate.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860179-adc-sampling-rate.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860179-adc-sampling-rate.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860179-adc-sampling-rate.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860179-adc-sampling-rate.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024" alt="Analog signal as sampled by the A/D converter" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Analog signal as sampled by the A/D converter</figcaption></figure><p>Dewesoft offers DAQ systems with maximum sample rates, as shown here:</p><div class="chakra-table__container css-zipzvv"><table class="chakra-table css-1qi9lo1"><thead class="css-0"><tr class="css-0"><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Model</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Variant</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Interface</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Max. Sample Rate (per channel)</th></tr></thead><tbody class="css-rdeq8s"><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">SIRIUS</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Dual Core</td><td class="css-mca6xb">USB 2.0</td><td class="css-mca6xb">200 kS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">SIRIUS MINI</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Dual Core</td><td class="css-mca6xb">USB 2.0</td><td class="css-mca6xb">200 kS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">SIRIUS</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Dual Core</td><td class="css-mca6xb">EtherCAT</td><td class="css-mca6xb">20 kS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">SIRIUS</td><td class="css-mca6xb">HD (high density)</td><td class="css-mca6xb">USB 2.0</td><td class="css-mca6xb">200 kS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">SIRIUS</td><td class="css-mca6xb">HD (high density)</td><td class="css-mca6xb">EtherCAT</td><td class="css-mca6xb">20 kS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">SIRIUS</td><td class="css-mca6xb">HS (high speed)</td><td class="css-mca6xb">USB 2.0</td><td class="css-mca6xb">1 MS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">SIRIUS</td><td class="css-mca6xb">XHS (extra high speed)</td><td class="css-mca6xb">USB 3 / Gigabit LAN</td><td class="css-mca6xb">15 MS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">DEWE-43A</td><td class="css-mca6xb">/</td><td class="css-mca6xb">USB 2.0</td><td class="css-mca6xb">200 kS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">MINITAURs</td><td class="css-mca6xb">/</td><td class="css-mca6xb">USB 2.0</td><td class="css-mca6xb">200 kS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">KRYPTON</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Multi-channel</td><td class="css-mca6xb">EtherCAT</td><td class="css-mca6xb">20 kS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">KRYPTON</td><td class="css-mca6xb">One channel</td><td class="css-mca6xb">EtherCAT</td><td class="css-mca6xb">40 kS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">IOLITE</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Rack</td><td class="css-mca6xb">EtherCAT</td><td class="css-mca6xb">20 kS/s</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">IOLITE</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Modular</td><td class="css-mca6xb">EtherCAT</td><td class="css-mca6xb">20 kS/s</td></tr></tbody></table></div><h2 id="aliasing-and-the-danger-of-under-sampling" class="post-heading">Aliasing and the danger of under-sampling</h2><p>Understanding your signals and their highest possible frequencies is an important part of getting accurate measurements. For example, let’s say that we want to measure the output of an accelerometer. </p><p>If we expect it to experience vibrations with a maximum frequency of 100 Hz, we must set the sample rate to at least double that (the Nyquist frequency), but in practice ten times oversampling is better in order to get a good quality representation of the signal shape. So in this example, we set the sample rate to 1000 Hz and do the measurement.</p><p>Theoretically, everything should be fine, but how do we know that the signal didn’t really go much higher in frequency at a considerable amplitude? If it did, then our system would not accurately measure or convert the signal. And, in fact, if this is taken to an extreme, the measured values could even be completely wrong.</p><p>To understand aliasing, watch an old movie where a camera was filming at 24 frames per second as a wagon rolled by - at various speeds it can look like the wheels are spinning backward, or even not moving at all.</p><p>This is a kind of stroboscopic visual effect caused by the harmonic relationship between the rotational frequency of the wheel versus the picture-taking rate of the camera. Perhaps you’ve seen videos where a camera’s shutter speed was synchronized with a helicopter’s blades, where it appears that the helicopter is hanging in the air, its blades not moving at all.</p><p>In the case of a movie or an entertaining video it does not matter, but when making a scientific measurement, if we really believe that the wheels of a car are spinning backward, or that a helicopter’s blades are not moving, when in fact they are going quite fast, we have a real-world measurement problem.</p><p>In terms of digitizing voltage signals with our ADC, it is important that the sample rate is set appropriately. If we set it too high, we waste processing power and end up with data files that are unnecessarily large and unwieldy. But if we set it too low, we could have two problems:</p><ol><li><p>Missing vital dynamic signal components</p></li><li><p>Ending up with false (“alias”) signals (if the system lacks anti-aliasing filtering)</p></li></ol><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:50%;max-width:1023px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDIzIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjM2NSI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBgoICAgFCgoFBQwFBQUFBREJCgUMFxMZGBYTFhUaHysjGh0oHRUWJDUlKC0vMjIyGSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLBQUFEAUFEC8cFhwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIAAkAGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAVAAEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB//EABQQAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/xAAVAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAP/EABQRAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AK+AJACT/9k=" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662648645-signal-aliasing.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.25 255w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662648645-signal-aliasing.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.5 511w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662648645-signal-aliasing.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.75 767w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662648645-signal-aliasing.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024 1023w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662648645-signal-aliasing.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=1.5 1534w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662648645-signal-aliasing.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=2 2046w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662648645-signal-aliasing.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=3 3069w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662648645-signal-aliasing.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=4 4092w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662648645-signal-aliasing.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024" alt="Demonstration of a false signal (alias) in black, caused by sampling too infrequently compared to the original signal." style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Demonstration of a false signal (alias) in black, caused by sampling too infrequently compared to the original signal.</figcaption></figure><h3 id="preventing-aliasing" class="post-heading">Preventing aliasing</h3><p>Dewesoft products prevent aliasing from happening by using 24-bit ADCs that have anti-aliasing filters (AAF) built into them. These filters work in several stages, including one stage that adjusts automatically to the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_frequency">Nyquist frequency</a> (usually about 40%) of the selected sample rate. So even if you select too low of a sample rate, false or “alias” signals cannot ruin the measurement.  </p><h2 id="what-is-bit-resolution-and-why-does-it-matter" class="post-heading">What is bit resolution and why does it matter?</h2><p>In the early days of data acquisition, 8-bit ADCs were common. As of this writing, in the world of DAQ systems, 24-bit ADCs are standard among most data acquisition systems designed to make dynamic measurements, and 16-bit ADCs are commonly considered the minimum resolution for signals in general. There are some low-end systems utilizing 12-bit ADCs.</p><p>Because each bit of resolution effectively doubles the possible resolution, systems with 24-bit ADCs provide <code>2^24 = 16,777,216</code>. Thus, an incoming one-volt signal can be divided into more than 16 million steps on the Y-axis. </p><p><code>16,777,216</code> steps for a 24-bit ADC is dramatically better than the maximum theoretical <code>65,656</code> steps of a 16-bit ADC. Thus the appearance of waveshapes is accordingly more accurate and has a lot more precision, the more resolution you have. This applies to the time axis, too.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:70%;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjYzMyI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAPAQMAAADEap2YAAAAA1BMVEU9IRr6NKeAAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAA9JREFUeNpjYWBgYCETAwAHvAA9sG+9lQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753822-16-bit-vs-24-bit-adc.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753822-16-bit-vs-24-bit-adc.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753822-16-bit-vs-24-bit-adc.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753822-16-bit-vs-24-bit-adc.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753822-16-bit-vs-24-bit-adc.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753822-16-bit-vs-24-bit-adc.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753822-16-bit-vs-24-bit-adc.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753822-16-bit-vs-24-bit-adc.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024&amp;dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753822-16-bit-vs-24-bit-adc.png?auto=format&amp;fit=max&amp;w=1024" alt="24-bit resolution (red) vs. 16-bit resolution (gray)" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">24-bit resolution (red) vs. 16-bit resolution (gray)</figcaption></figure><h3 id="dualcoreadc-technology-and-why-it-matters" class="post-heading">DualCoreADC® technology and why it matters</h3><p>On the amplitude axis, one challenge that engineers have faced for years is the dynamic range. For example: what if we have a signal that is usually less than 5 volts, but at times can range upward dramatically? If we set the resolution of the ADC to accommodate the 0-5V data, the system will be totally overloaded when the signal rises past that. </p><p>One solution would be to use two channels set to different gains and refer to one of them for the 0-5V data, and to the other one for the higher amplitude data. But this is very inefficient - we can’t possibly use two channels for every input signal - we would need twice as many DAQ systems in order to do the same work. In addition, it would make data analysis after each test much more complex and time-consuming. </p><p>Dewesoft’s DualCoreADC® technology solves this problem by using two separate 24-bit ADCs per channel, automatically switching between them in real-time and creating a single, seamless channel. These two ADCs always measure the high and low gain of the input signal. This results in the full possible measuring range of the sensor and prevents the signal from being clipped.</p><div class="css-0"><div class="css-1v0x6xo"></div><p class="chakra-text css-1q1gjhz">Video explaining Dewesoft&#x27;s DualCoreADC technology</p></div><p>With DualCoreADC® technology <a href="https://dewesoft.com/products/sirius">SIRIUS DAQ systems</a> achieve more than <strong>130 dB signal-to-noise ratio</strong> and more than <strong>160 dB in dynamic range</strong>. This is 20 times better than typical 24-bit systems with 20 times less noise.</p><h2 id="summary" class="post-heading">Summary</h2><p>The choice of which ADC technology to employ should always be based on application requirements. If you are measuring primarily static and quasi-static (slow) signals, you obviously don’t need a super-high-speed system, but you probably want one with as much amplitude axis resolution as possible. </p><p>Fixed systems used in the industry typically have requirements that do not change much, and it’s usually easier to choose a system.</p><p>For everyday DAQ systems, however, it’s a bit more challenging since these systems are used in a variety of applications over time. The key is to select one which has the best overall performance and protection against noise, aliasing, and obsolescence.</p><style data-emotion="css 1ul8r5a">.css-1ul8r5a{width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-lg);box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-lg);border:1px solid;border-color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-200);padding:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-1ul8r5a{padding:var(--chakra-space-8);}}</style><div class="css-1ul8r5a"><style data-emotion="css gmuwbf">.css-gmuwbf{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}</style><div class="css-gmuwbf"><style data-emotion="css 4njaap">.css-4njaap{height:16px;}@media screen and (min-width: 64em){.css-4njaap{height:20px;}}</style><img alt="Dewesoft logo" src="/img/dewesoft-logo-dark.svg" class="chakra-image css-4njaap"/></div><p><strong>Check out</strong><a href="https://dewesoft.com/products"><strong> Dewesoft&#x27;s data acquisition systems</strong></a><strong> with high-end signal conditioning</strong></p><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1024px;margin-bottom:20px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjUyMCI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" 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Let’s go!"}]}]}},"links":[]},"content":{"value":{"schema":"dast","document":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"What is an ADC (analog-to-digital converter)?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"analog-to-digital converter (ADC)"}]},{"type":"span","value":" is one of the fundamental building blocks of modern data acquisition systems (aka DAQ or DAS systems). These systems are comprised of the following basic components:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Sensors"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Signal Conditioning"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) (this article)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"And some sort of computer with DAQ software for signal logging and analysis."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"ADC converters play a big role in modern digital data acquisition systems."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Learn more about data acquisition:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"item":"123822372","type":"inlineItem"}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"What do ADC converters do?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The main purpose of the A/D converters within a data acquisition system is to convert conditioned analog signals into a stream of digital data so that the data acquisition system can process them for display, storage, and analysis."}]},{"item":"140814179","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Read also:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"item":"142754289","type":"inlineItem"}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Main types of ADC converters"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Although there are really five major types of ADCs today, in the modern DAQ world, it really comes down to two of them: "}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"successive approximation and"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"delta-sigma. "}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The other types are perfectly fine but are better suited to non-DAQ applications. For example, "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrating_ADC","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"dual-slope ADCs"}]},{"type":"span","value":" are quite slow and are thus found mostly in handheld voltmeters."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"And then there are "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_ADC","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"flash ADCs"}]},{"type":"span","value":" that offer extremely high sample rates but amplitude axis resolution that is too low for DAQ applications. Pipeline converter ADCs is an approach that uses multiple flash converters to enhance amplitude axis resolution but they are still limited in that area. "}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Comparison of major ADC types"}]},{"item":"140814180","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"So again, the DAQ world has settled on SAR (successive approximation) ADCs and delta-sigma (ΔΣ) ADCs. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages and thus suitability for certain applications. Below, we will look at how each ADC works and compare them."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Learn more:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"item":"141192684","type":"inlineItem"}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Successive approximation ADCs (SAR)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The “bread and butter” ADC of the DAQ world is the "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successive_approximation_ADC","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"SAR analog-to-digital converter"}]},{"type":"span","value":". It offers an excellent balance of speed and resolution and handles a wide variety of signals with excellent fidelity. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"It’s been around for a long time, therefore SAR designs are stable and reliable, and the chips are relatively inexpensive. They can be configured for both low-end A/D cards, where a single ADC chip is “shared” by multiple input channels (multiplexed A/D boards), or in configurations where each input channel has its own ADC for true simultaneous sampling. "}]},{"item":"140814181","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The analog input of most ADCs is 5V, which is why nearly all signal conditioning front-ends provide a conditioned output that is the same. The typical SAR ADC uses a sample-and-hold circuit that takes in the conditioned analog voltage from the signal conditioning front-end."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"An onboard DAC creates an analog reference voltage equal to the digital code output of the sample and holds a circuit. Both of these are fed into a comparator which sends the result of the comparison to the SAR. This process continues for “n” successive times, with “n” being the bit resolution of the ADC itself, until the closest value to the actual signal is found."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"SAR ADCs do not have any inherent "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"anti-aliasing filtering (AAF)"}]},{"type":"span","value":", so unless this is added before the ADC by the DAQ system, if the engineer selects too low of a sample rate, false signals (aka “aliases”) will be digitized by the SAR ADC. Aliasing is particularly problematic because it is impossible to correct it after digitization. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"There is no way to fix it with software. It must be prevented either by always sampling faster than the Nyquist frequency of all input signals or by filtering the signals before and within the ADC."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"For more details see Aliasing and the Danger of Under-sampling below"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"SAR ADCs are a solid choice for many DAQ systems in use today. These are widely used at the low-end of the market since they can be used in a multiplexed fashion where multiple channels are sampled with one ADC. But they are also widely used in the middle of the market due to their speed and good amplitude axis resolution. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Because of their limited amplitude axis resolution, they are not well-suited for high dynamic applications such as noise, audio, shock and vibration, balancing, sine processing, etc. For those applications, engineers should turn to delta-sigma ADCs, as discussed in the next section."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Sigma-delta ADCs (ΔΣ)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A newer ADC design is the "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"delta-sigma ADC"}]},{"type":"span","value":", which takes advantage of DSP technology in order to improve amplitude axis resolution and reduce the high-frequency quantization noise inherent in SAR designs."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The complex and powerful design of delta-sigma ADCs makes them ideal for dynamic applications that require as much amplitude axis resolution as possible. This is why they are commonly found in audio, sound, vibration, and a wide range of high-end data acquisition applications."}]},{"item":"140814183","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The implementation of these chips for data acquisition applications usually involves a heavy concentration on front-end "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"anti-aliasing filtering (AAF)"}]},{"type":"span","value":", making it virtually impossible to digitize false signals. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"low-pass filter"}]},{"type":"span","value":" implemented in a DSP eliminates virtually quantization noise, resulting in excellent signal-to-noise performance."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Delta-sigma ADCs work by over-sampling the signals far higher than the selected sample rate. The DSP then creates a high-resolution data stream from this over-sampled data at the rate that the user has selected. This over-sampling can be up to hundreds of times higher than the selected sample rate. This approach creates a very high-resolution data stream (24-bits is common) and has the advantage of allowing multistage anti-aliasing filtering (AAF), making it virtually impossible to digitize false signals."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Dual sigma-delta ADCs - DualCoreADC®"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Dewesoft has further taken advantage of these ADCs by combining two of them on each input channel. One ADC is set to a low gain and the other is set to a higher gain. Both ADCs monitor the signal at the same time, and a proprietary circuit compares them in real-time and uses the one with the best signal-to-noise ratio at any moment in time, merging the parallel digital signals into a seamless single stream with greatly enhanced dynamic range."}]},{"item":"140814186","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"This technique greatly enhances the dynamic range that would be otherwise impossible to reach with a single ADC. It increases the dynamic range to as much as 160 dB. Dewesoft has patented this technology, which is called DualCoreADC on the market."}]},{"item":"140814188","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"It is interesting to point out that even with very slow signals like from most thermocouples, the greatest possible amplitude axis resolution makes these delta-sigma ADCs preferable to SAR ADCs."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Imagine a thermocouple capable of measuring across a 1500° span - the more amplitude axis you have at the ADC, the more resolution the temperature signal will have. Keep in mind that each bit effectively doubles the vertical axis resolution."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Which ADC is better? SAR or sigma-delta?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Each ADC technology has its place. And because applications are so different, it is impossible to say one is better than another overall. However, it is absolutely possible to say one of them is better than another with respect to one or more of today’s applications requirements:"}]},{"item":"140814190","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Read more about different types of ADC converters:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"item":"141192684","type":"inlineItem"}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"The right tool for the job"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Although Dewesoft is famous for using 24-bit sigma-delta ADCs and has innovated greatly with DualCoreADC technology, they also use 16-bit SAR ADCs in order to achieve higher sampling rates (up to 15 MS/s)."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"These are the "},{"item":"116657223","type":"itemLink","children":[{"type":"span","value":"SIRIUS HS"}]},{"type":"span","value":" (high speed) and "},{"item":"120938418","type":"itemLink","children":[{"type":"span","value":"SIRIUS XHS"}]},{"type":"span","value":" (extra high speed) signal conditioners that are available within that line. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"These signal conditioners implement powerful "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"AAF filtering"},{"type":"span","value":" in the form of 5th-order 100 kHz anti-aliasing filtering. There is an additional filter in the digital domain selectable among Bessel, Butterworth (or bypass), up to the 8th order."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Powerful anti-aliasing filtering is built into all 24-bit ADC signal conditioners from Dewesoft."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Multiplexed or single ADC per channel?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Very often in lower-end DAQ systems, such as data loggers or industrial control systems, multiplexed A/D cards are used, because they are less expensive than A/D cards which have a separate ADC chip per input channel."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In a multiplexed ADC system, a single analog-to-digital converter is used to convert multiple signals from the analog to the digital domain. This is done by multiplexing the analog signals one at a time into the ADC."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"This is a lower-cost approach but it is not possible to precisely align the signals on the time axis, because only one signal can ever be converted at a time. Therefore, there is always a time skew between channels. If a small-time skew error is irrelevant in a given application, then it is not necessarily a bad thing. The same goes for the analog devices used within the system - choosing the best fit for the application in terms of form, fit, function, and avoiding obsolescence are driving factors."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In addition, since the maximum sample rate is always divided by the number of channels being sampled, the top sample rate per channel is usually lower in multiplexed systems, except in cases where only one or a few channels are sampled."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In today’s data acquisition systems, multiplexed ADC systems are employed primarily by low-end DAQ systems, where cost is more important than precision or speed."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"What is the sampling rate?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The rate at which the signals are converted is called the "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"sample rate"}]},{"type":"span","value":". Certain applications, such as most temperature measurements, do not require a high rate since the signals do not change very rapidly."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"However, AC voltages and currents, shock and vibration, and many other applications require sample rates in the tens or hundreds of thousands of samples per second or more. The sample rate is usually referred to as the T (or X) axis of measurement."}]},{"item":"140814198","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Dewesoft offers DAQ systems with maximum sample rates, as shown here:"}]},{"item":"140814200","type":"block"},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Aliasing and the danger of under-sampling"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Understanding your signals and their highest possible frequencies is an important part of getting accurate measurements. For example, let’s say that we want to measure the output of an accelerometer. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"If we expect it to experience vibrations with a maximum frequency of 100 Hz, we must set the sample rate to at least double that (the Nyquist frequency), but in practice ten times oversampling is better in order to get a good quality representation of the signal shape. So in this example, we set the sample rate to 1000 Hz and do the measurement."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Theoretically, everything should be fine, but how do we know that the signal didn’t really go much higher in frequency at a considerable amplitude? If it did, then our system would not accurately measure or convert the signal. And, in fact, if this is taken to an extreme, the measured values could even be completely wrong."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"To understand aliasing, watch an old movie where a camera was filming at 24 frames per second as a wagon rolled by - at various speeds it can look like the wheels are spinning backward, or even not moving at all."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"This is a kind of stroboscopic visual effect caused by the harmonic relationship between the rotational frequency of the wheel versus the picture-taking rate of the camera. Perhaps you’ve seen videos where a camera’s shutter speed was synchronized with a helicopter’s blades, where it appears that the helicopter is hanging in the air, its blades not moving at all."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In the case of a movie or an entertaining video it does not matter, but when making a scientific measurement, if we really believe that the wheels of a car are spinning backward, or that a helicopter’s blades are not moving, when in fact they are going quite fast, we have a real-world measurement problem."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In terms of digitizing voltage signals with our ADC, it is important that the sample rate is set appropriately. If we set it too high, we waste processing power and end up with data files that are unnecessarily large and unwieldy. But if we set it too low, we could have two problems:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"numbered","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Missing vital dynamic signal components"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Ending up with false (“alias”) signals (if the system lacks anti-aliasing filtering)"}]}]}]},{"item":"140814202","type":"block"},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Preventing aliasing"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Dewesoft products prevent aliasing from happening by using 24-bit ADCs that have anti-aliasing filters (AAF) built into them. These filters work in several stages, including one stage that adjusts automatically to the "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_frequency","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Nyquist frequency"}]},{"type":"span","value":" (usually about 40%) of the selected sample rate. So even if you select too low of a sample rate, false or “alias” signals cannot ruin the measurement.  "}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"What is bit resolution and why does it matter?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In the early days of data acquisition, 8-bit ADCs were common. As of this writing, in the world of DAQ systems, 24-bit ADCs are standard among most data acquisition systems designed to make dynamic measurements, and 16-bit ADCs are commonly considered the minimum resolution for signals in general. There are some low-end systems utilizing 12-bit ADCs."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Because each bit of resolution effectively doubles the possible resolution, systems with 24-bit ADCs provide "},{"type":"span","marks":["code"],"value":"2^24 = 16,777,216"},{"type":"span","value":". Thus, an incoming one-volt signal can be divided into more than 16 million steps on the Y-axis. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["code"],"value":"16,777,216"},{"type":"span","value":" steps for a 24-bit ADC is dramatically better than the maximum theoretical "},{"type":"span","marks":["code"],"value":"65,656"},{"type":"span","value":" steps of a 16-bit ADC. Thus the appearance of waveshapes is accordingly more accurate and has a lot more precision, the more resolution you have. This applies to the time axis, too."}]},{"item":"140815055","type":"block"},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"DualCoreADC® technology and why it matters"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"On the amplitude axis, one challenge that engineers have faced for years is the dynamic range. For example: what if we have a signal that is usually less than 5 volts, but at times can range upward dramatically? If we set the resolution of the ADC to accommodate the 0-5V data, the system will be totally overloaded when the signal rises past that. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"One solution would be to use two channels set to different gains and refer to one of them for the 0-5V data, and to the other one for the higher amplitude data. But this is very inefficient - we can’t possibly use two channels for every input signal - we would need twice as many DAQ systems in order to do the same work. In addition, it would make data analysis after each test much more complex and time-consuming. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Dewesoft’s DualCoreADC® technology solves this problem by using two separate 24-bit ADCs per channel, automatically switching between them in real-time and creating a single, seamless channel. These two ADCs always measure the high and low gain of the input signal. This results in the full possible measuring range of the sensor and prevents the signal from being clipped."}]},{"item":"140815056","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"With DualCoreADC® technology "},{"item":"116657223","type":"itemLink","children":[{"type":"span","value":"SIRIUS DAQ systems"}]},{"type":"span","value":" achieve more than "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"130 dB signal-to-noise ratio"},{"type":"span","value":" and more than "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"160 dB in dynamic range"},{"type":"span","value":". This is 20 times better than typical 24-bit systems with 20 times less noise."}]},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Summary"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The choice of which ADC technology to employ should always be based on application requirements. If you are measuring primarily static and quasi-static (slow) signals, you obviously don’t need a super-high-speed system, but you probably want one with as much amplitude axis resolution as possible. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Fixed systems used in the industry typically have requirements that do not change much, and it’s usually easier to choose a system."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"For everyday DAQ systems, however, it’s a bit more challenging since these systems are used in a variety of applications over time. The key is to select one which has the best overall performance and protection against noise, aliasing, and obsolescence."}]},{"item":"140815058","type":"block"}]}},"blocks":[{"__typename":"ImageBlockRecord","id":"140814179","width":"50%","image":{"responsiveImage":{"src":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661860416-ad-converter-scheme.png?auto=format\u0026fit=max\u0026w=1024","width":1024,"height":307,"alt":"ADC converter takes an analog signal and converts it into the digital 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