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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-基礎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基礎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>基礎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基礎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重要概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重要概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>重要概念</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-重要概念-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去重要概念細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-重要概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古典測試理論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古典測試理論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>古典測試理論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古典測試理論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-因素分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#因素分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>因素分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-因素分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-卡隆巴系數" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#卡隆巴系數"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>卡隆巴系數</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-卡隆巴系數-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-適合度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#適合度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>適合度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-適合度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-心理測驗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心理測驗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>心理測驗</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-心理測驗-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去心理測驗細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-心理測驗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-設計流程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#設計流程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>設計流程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-設計流程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-評估方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#評估方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>評估方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-評估方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-信度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#信度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>信度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-信度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-效度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#效度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>效度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-效度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-智商測驗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#智商測驗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>智商測驗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-智商測驗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-性格測驗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#性格測驗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>性格測驗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-性格測驗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-唔靠自我報告" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#唔靠自我報告"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>唔靠自我報告</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-唔靠自我報告-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非人心理測量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非人心理測量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>非人心理測量</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-非人心理測量-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去非人心理測量細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-非人心理測量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-動物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>動物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-機械" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#機械"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>機械</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-機械-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>歷史背景</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-常用分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#常用分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>常用分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-常用分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇吓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇吓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>睇吓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇吓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>歐詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引咗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引咗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>引咗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引咗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="內容一覽" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">心理測量學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有42種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="قياس نفسي – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قياس نفسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психометрия – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Психометрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicometria" title="Psicometria – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Psicometria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrika" title="Psychometrika – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psychometrika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seicometreg" title="Seicometreg – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seicometreg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykometri_(psykologi)" title="Psykometri (psykologi) – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Psykometri (psykologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrie" title="Psychometrie – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Psychometrie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Psychometrics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikometriko" title="Psikometriko – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Psikometriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicometr%C3%ADa" title="Psicometría – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Psicometría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps%C3%BChhomeetria" title="Psühhomeetria – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Psühhomeetria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikometria" title="Psikometria – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Psikometria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="روان‌سنجی – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روان‌سنجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykometriikka" title="Psykometriikka – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Psykometriikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychom%C3%A9trie" title="Psychométrie – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Psychométrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADcim%C3%A9adracht" title="Síciméadracht – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Síciméadracht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בחינה פסיכומטרית – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בחינה פסיכומטרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="मनोमिति – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मनोमिति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihometrija" title="Psihometrija – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Psihometrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszichometria" title="Pszichometria – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pszichometria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikometri" title="Psikometri – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Psikometri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicometria" title="Psicometria – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Psicometria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikom%C3%A8trika" title="Psikomètrika – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Psikomètrika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психометрия – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Психометрия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%B8%A1%EC%A0%95%ED%95%99" title="심리측정학 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심리측정학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikometrik" title="Psikometrik – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Psikometrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrie_(psychologie)" title="Psychometrie (psychologie) – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Psychometrie (psychologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykometri" title="Psykometri – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Psykometri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometria" title="Psychometria – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Psychometria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicometria" title="Psicometria – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Psicometria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihometrie" title="Psihometrie – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Psihometrie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психометрия – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Психометрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Psychometrics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometria" title="Psychometria – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Psychometria" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihometrija" title="Psihometrija – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Psihometrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikometria" title="Psikometria – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Psikometria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Психометрија – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Психометрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykometri" title="Psykometri – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psykometri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikometri" title="Psikometri – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Psikometri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Raven_Matrix.svg/600px-Raven_Matrix.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>智商測驗入面成日都會有，考受試者辨別規律能力嘅題目；原則上，呢條題目嘅答啱率理應同智能有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="正相關">正相關</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>心理測量學</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵音</a>：sam1 lei5 caak1 loeng4 hok6；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en">psychometrics</span>），又叫<b>心理統計學</b>，係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>一個子領域，專門研究點樣設計<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a>以及心理測驗背後嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>：喺嚴格嘅心理學上，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">係指</a>攞嚟<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>心理<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>嘅架生，即係用嚟量度<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" title="性格">性格</a>嘅架生，冚唪唥都屬心理測量學嘅範疇<sup id="cite_ref-furr2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furr2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carmineszeller1979_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carmineszeller1979-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；同一般坊間嗰啲心理測驗唔同嘅係，心理測量學上嘅心理測驗會俾<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學家">心理學家</a>用嚴謹嘅方法評定佢哋嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="信度">信度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="效度">效度</a>—評定完覺得掂，先會俾人採用<sup id="cite_ref-APApsytesting_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APApsytesting-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-robert2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robert2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>舉個簡化嘅例子，想像以下嘅研究：研究者想整一個心理測驗攞嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="社科">社科</a>研究，呢個心理測驗要<ruby><rb>度</rb><rt><span>dok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></rt></ruby>一個人<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E8%A1%9D%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="性格衝動">有幾衝動</a>容易<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E8%BF%B7%E6%89%93%E6%A9%9F" title="沉迷打機">沉迷打機</a>（度性格）；研究者整咗個心理測驗嗰 40 條題目，搵若干位受試者返嚟答個測驗啲問題，跟住要受試者玩隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="電子遊戲">電子遊戲</a>，再做<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="主成份分析">主成份分析</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="統計分析">統計分析</a>，睇吓心理測驗話佢哋容易衝動嗰啲受試者係咪真係比較容易沉迷打機—「沉迷打機」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="人類行為">行為</a>係個測驗理應要反映嘅嘢，所以份研究係喺度評估個心理測驗嘅效度。 </p><p>心理測量學設計嘅架生相當有用：呢啲架生喺第啲心理學子領域上可以用嚟度想研究嘅變數<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，又有各種嘅應用價值，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測驗">智商測驗</a>喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>上就可以用嚟評估一個學生應該要點教<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因為噉，心理測量學俾好多人認為係心理學嘅一個重要貢獻<sup id="cite_ref-furr2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furr2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基礎"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E7.A4.8E"></span>基礎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 基礎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erik_%26_Matts_Ridderstedt_c_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Erik_%26_Matts_Ridderstedt_c_1931.jpg/240px-Erik_%26_Matts_Ridderstedt_c_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Erik_%26_Matts_Ridderstedt_c_1931.jpg/360px-Erik_%26_Matts_Ridderstedt_c_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Erik_%26_Matts_Ridderstedt_c_1931.jpg/480px-Erik_%26_Matts_Ridderstedt_c_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>人與人之間喺行為、認知同情緒等嘅心理特性上有個體差異。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1" title="量度層次">量度層次</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="性格心理學">性格心理學</a></div> <p>心理測量學建基於兩點： </p> <ul><li>「人與人之間喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>特性上有個體差異」呢個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%AD%89%E8%87%AA%E6%98%8E" title="不證自明">不證自明</a>嘅事實；而且</li> <li>心理測量學相信呢啲差異係有可能<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a>噉<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>嘅。</li></ul> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="社科">社科</a>當中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>可以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>為「按照某啲規則，將數值加落去物件或者事件之上」，用嚟描述件物件或者事件嘅某啲特性，即係例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>上一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6%E8%A8%88" title="溫度計">溫度計</a>會對每一個佢量度到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="熱度">熱度</a>俾一個相應嘅數值（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>），心理測量上嘅量度（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a>）同一道理會用數值描述心理<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>嘅每個可能數值，例如係用<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>數值嚟描述一個個體嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a><sup id="cite_ref-stevens1946_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevens1946-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1" title="量度層次">量度層次</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係量度上嘅一個重要概念，意思係指量度可以分做四大層次<sup id="cite_ref-stevens1946_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevens1946-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E7%9B%AE%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="名目量度">名目</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，指一啲淨係俾到「類別」呢種<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>嘅量度方法，冇得比較大細，更加唔可以攞嚟做算術上嘅運算，例：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">普通話</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>等）；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E5%BA%8F%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="次序量度">次序</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，喺名目量度之上，冇得計<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0" title="加">加</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B" title="減">減</a>，但有一定嘅順序或者大細，例：一場運動比賽之中選手嘅名次（第一、第二、第三等等）；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E8%B7%9D%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="等距量度">等距</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，喺次序量度之上，冇得計<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%98" title="乘">乘</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A4" title="除">除</a>，但量度到嘅數值有一個恆定嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" title="計量單位">計量單位</a>，即係話數值之間嘅差距可以比較大細（例如 0.5 同 0.6 之間嘅距離等同 0.6 同 0.7 之間嘅距離），所以可以計加減，例：<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="攝氏溫度">攝氏溫度</a>－「攝氏 100 度同 50 度之間嘅差距等如攝氏 50 同 0 度之間嘅差距」係一句有意義嘅嘢；同埋</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%AF%94%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="等比量度">等比</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，喺等距量度之上，有一個特定嘅零值，做到乘除嘅運算，例：攝氏溫度就算個數值係 0 都唔等如「冇熱度」，相反「<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="蘋果">蘋果</a>嘅數量」（假設研究者對<b>蘋果</b>呢隻詞有明確定義）就係一個等比量度，因為「0 個蘋果」真係表示冇蘋果，攝氏 100 度唔係真係攝氏 50 度兩倍咁熱－前者同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E9%9B%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="絕對零度">絕對零度</a>嘅差距並唔等如後者同絕對零度嘅差距嘅兩倍，而兩斤蘋果真係等如一斤蘋果嘅兩倍咁多咁重。</li></ul> <p>一般嚟講，研究者會想自己用嘅量度方法嘅層次有咁高（接近等比）得咁高<sup id="cite_ref-stevens1946_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevens1946-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>心理測量學嘅英文名 <b>psychometrics</b> 係 <b>psycho-</b> 同 <b>metrics</b> 嘅結合，前者源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="古希臘文">古希臘文</a>當中嘅 <b>psykho-</b>，意思係「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>」或者「精神」噉解，而後者係指「用嚟做量度嘅系統」－所以心理測量學嘅英文名可以理解為「量度心靈同精神嘅特性」嘅學問，直譯就係<b>心理測量學</b><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="重要概念"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>重要概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 重要概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古典測試理論"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.85.B8.E6.B8.AC.E8.A9.A6.E7.90.86.E8.AB.96"></span>古典測試理論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 古典測試理論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="古典測試理論">古典測試理論</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="項目反應理論">項目反應理論</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="古典測試理論">古典測試理論</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係描述量度過程嘅一個基本理論：古典測試理論主張，每當一個研究者想<ruby><rb>度</rb><rt><span>dok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></rt></ruby>一個受試者喺心理變數 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}"></span> 上嘅數值嗰陣，個受試者喺變數 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}"></span> 上都有一個<b>真分數</b><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span>），不過量度嘅過程梗會有啲帶有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="隨機性">隨機性</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="誤差">誤差</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span>），例如係受試者答<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測驗">智商測驗</a>嘅其中一條題目嗰時分咗吓心，搞到佢本來答到嘅題目變成答錯咗，所以<b>觀察分數</b><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}"></span>）就會係<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=T+E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=T+E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4362da33f2984e9fdad06e29af10e7899caf6581" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.331ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=T+E}"></span></dd></dl> <p>而根據古典測試理論，一個量度方法嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="信度">信度</a><sup id="cite_ref-reli_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reli-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{XT}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{XT}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/114172f53037c148847e314be66edd82024be49e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.991ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{XT}}"></span>）可以由以下嘅數值反映： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{XT}^{2}={\frac {\sigma _{T}^{2}}{\sigma _{X}^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{XT}^{2}={\frac {\sigma _{T}^{2}}{\sigma _{X}^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da192f081d69eaeddc29ebb76d63f3f4406a143a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:10.886ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{XT}^{2}={\frac {\sigma _{T}^{2}}{\sigma _{X}^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>當中 </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{T}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{T}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/538a122110369be0d5f2e05818925b1a3c18bca8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.717ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{T}^{2}}"></span> 係指 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> 嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="變異數">變異數</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（簡單講就係啲個體喺 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> 上嘅數值分得有幾散）。</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3dc251c95dd253ad7b843b78551904bcc902a4a0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.96ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}}"></span> 係指 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}"></span> 嘅變異數。</li></ul> <p>可以睇埋將古典測試理論<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E5%8C%96" title="廣義化">廣義化</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="項目反應理論">項目反應理論</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－項目反應理論係一系列嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數學模型">數學模型</a>，會好似古典測試理論噉，將<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a>上嘅分數表達成心理測驗量度緊嘅嘢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="函數">函數</a>， </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=f(T)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=f(T)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62f82bd4eae14e88661e2f3530f2cbbc16d1c753" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.803ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=f(T)}"></span>，</dd></dl> <p>當中函數 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> 嘅款可以好複雜，解釋<b>潛在特徵</b><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同實際觀察到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>（心理測驗上嘅分數）之間嘅關係<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="因素分析"><span id=".E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>因素分析</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 因素分析"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congeneric_measurement_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Congeneric_measurement_model.png/300px-Congeneric_measurement_model.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Congeneric_measurement_model.png/450px-Congeneric_measurement_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Congeneric_measurement_model.png/600px-Congeneric_measurement_model.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>因素嘅想像圖；家陣研究者想量度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> 呢個睇唔到嘅因素（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>），於是就俾受試者做個測驗，有 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> 咁多條題目，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f70b2694445a5901b24338a2e7a7e58f02a72a32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"></span>、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ad47c14b8a092f182512e76c96638aea6e3bea1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{2}}"></span>、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14f17eb6a51e16ea92736c904a92d8a78e73a598" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{3}}"></span>... <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{k}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{k}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33c25229c6989c235f9cbb7908331f6d01d0abfe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.013ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{k}}"></span>，當中每條題目都有個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="誤差值">誤差值</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebdc3a9cb1583d3204eff8918b558c293e0d2cf3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.883ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{i}}"></span> 以及 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/72fde940918edf84caf3d406cc7d31949166820f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.155ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}"></span>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/72fde940918edf84caf3d406cc7d31949166820f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.155ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{i}}"></span> 簡單講係反映嗰條題目嘅得分同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> 有幾強<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="相關">相關</a>）。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="因素分析">因素分析</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="因素分析">因素分析</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係一系列用嚟將大量<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>轉化成少量<b>因素</b><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="統計方法">統計方法</a>。因素分析有好多種做，不過做法一般都係由若干個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="可觀察變數">直接觀察到</a>嘅變數嗰度推想一個能夠解釋呢啲變數嘅變化嘅因素出嚟，而最後得出呢個因素能夠一定程度上反映嗰柞變數嘅變化<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。舉個基於古典測試理論嘅例子說明： </p> <ol><li>想像家陣手上個數據庫有若干個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="可觀察變數">被觀察咗</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="隨機變數">隨機變數</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28693de802af3e275208e077d89218070931f60c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.36ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},...,x_{p}}"></span>，而呢柞變數嘅平均值係 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{1},\mu _{2},...,\mu _{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{1},\mu _{2},...,\mu _{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/298c34420861bb7175fbce95e50517c31627ddd3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.576ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{1},\mu _{2},...,\mu _{p}}"></span>。</li> <li>想像有 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> 個<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="潛在變數">冇被觀察到</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（數值冇直接被紀錄落去數據庫嗰度）嘅隨機變數 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{j}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{j}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/625a3f4307a0bffa93067aa6586102dd82a27d9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.404ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{j}}"></span>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j\in 1,...,k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j\in 1,...,k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27ba838af22ccc476a27cb3cf80cd94d2b095b6c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:11.369ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j\in 1,...,k}"></span>（呢柞 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{j}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{j}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/625a3f4307a0bffa93067aa6586102dd82a27d9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.404ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{j}}"></span> 係所謂嘅因素）<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li>喺做因素分析前，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{j}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{j}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/625a3f4307a0bffa93067aa6586102dd82a27d9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.404ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{j}}"></span> 嘅數值係未知，而因素分析嘅目的就係要搵出以下呢啲式當中嘅參數： <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}-\mu _{i}=l_{i1}F_{1}+\cdots +l_{ik}F_{k}+\varepsilon _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}-\mu _{i}=l_{i1}F_{1}+\cdots +l_{ik}F_{k}+\varepsilon _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/283fec84352a6d82dbacb92d910da38be8d0e347" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.194ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}-\mu _{i}=l_{i1}F_{1}+\cdots +l_{ik}F_{k}+\varepsilon _{i}}"></span> <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；當中 <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\in 1,...,p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\in 1,...,p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c96bd1b9a9e7d71c469d2ba7895c48c381d554e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\in 1,...,p}"></span></dd> <dd>柞 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l_{ij}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l_{ij}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45d431596818cc830a50eb78ee48d7013f87713a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.17ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l_{ij}}"></span> 係參數；</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00e1b6ad3cbad4af49bf21a3ad2dc379ff045079" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.883ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}}"></span> 係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="誤差">誤差</a>，平均值係 0，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="變異數">變異數</a>係一個有限數值，唔同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span> 嘅 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00e1b6ad3cbad4af49bf21a3ad2dc379ff045079" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.883ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}}"></span> 變異數數值可以唔同<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ol> <p>因素分析喺心理測量學上極之常用：一個心理測驗會有若干條題目，而設計個測驗嘅人一般會嘗試用統計模型模擬個測驗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="因素結構">因素結構</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；舉個例說明，而家有一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測驗">智商測驗</a>，測驗有 50 條題目，當中頭 25 條題目量度<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>能力，而尾嗰 25 條題目量度<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>能力，即係話呢個測驗理論上有兩個因素－邏輯能力同語言能力；而頭嗰 25 條題目理論上應該會係邏輯能力（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29b25eeca673386d676f79dce674fe93040693eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.748ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l_{1}}"></span>）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="函數">函數</a>而非語言能力（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/84708bbc21c20c9834e0e57746dbbc437414c350" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.748ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l_{2}}"></span>）嘅函數－由量度邏輯能力嗰 25 條題目當中是但攞一條嘅分數 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2752dcbff884354069fe332b8e51eb0a70a531b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.837ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}}"></span> 嚟睇， </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}=\beta _{1}l_{1}+\beta _{2}l_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}=\beta _{1}l_{1}+\beta _{2}l_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7e731265ffe97edaaa0052a87a54c31236fade5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.011ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}=\beta _{1}l_{1}+\beta _{2}l_{2}}"></span>，</dd></dl> <p>而 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{1}>\beta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{1}>\beta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0240dd6224756ac84b3da2b7532434ae45e6d3d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{1}>\beta _{2}}"></span>，當中 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eeeccd8b585b819e38f9c1fe5e9816a3ea01804c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.37ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}"></span> 同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d30285b40d7488ae6caef3beb7106142869fbea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.37ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{2}}"></span> 係數值有方法估計嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="系數">系數</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卡隆巴系數"><span id=".E5.8D.A1.E9.9A.86.E5.B7.B4.E7.B3.BB.E6.95.B8"></span>卡隆巴系數</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 卡隆巴系數"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%9A%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B8" title="卡隆巴系數">卡隆巴系數</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%9A%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B8" title="卡隆巴系數">卡隆巴系數</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{T}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{T}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/13dae473d6f9307c22dda64dbfc9239eb92a9977" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{T}}"></span>）係心理測量學上成日用嚟衡量一個心理測驗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="信度">信度</a>（睇下面）嘅數值。想像家陣有個心理測驗，有 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> 咁多條題目，而呢 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> 條題目冚唪唥都係量度緊一個因素（例如 10 條題目量度邏輯能力），研究者搵人做個測驗攞到<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>之後，個測驗嘅卡隆巴系數（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{T}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{T}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/13dae473d6f9307c22dda64dbfc9239eb92a9977" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{T}}"></span>）條式如下<sup id="cite_ref-cho2016_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cho2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{T}={k^{2}{\overline {\sigma _{ij}}} \over \sigma _{X}^{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{T}={k^{2}{\overline {\sigma _{ij}}} \over \sigma _{X}^{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d83234bc064b765795f3538d8e94c45309fa196d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:11.711ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{T}={k^{2}{\overline {\sigma _{ij}}} \over \sigma _{X}^{2}}}"></span>，當中</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {\sigma _{ij}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {\sigma _{ij}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3fac3fdade8c926d5566d5bac9734fe7c0753228" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.919ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {\sigma _{ij}}}}"></span> 係指每對題目之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE" title="協方差">協方差</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%80%BC" title="平均值">平均值</a>；</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3dc251c95dd253ad7b843b78551904bcc902a4a0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.96ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}}"></span> 指「啲題目嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="變異數">變異數</a>嘅總和」加埋「題目之間嘅協方差總和」；即係話 <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sum _{j=1}^{k}\sigma _{ij}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}^{2}+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sum _{j\neq {i}}^{k}\sigma _{ij}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sum _{j=1}^{k}\sigma _{ij}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}^{2}+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sum _{j\neq {i}}^{k}\sigma _{ij}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1e839fcfbaa8758004132fbba1df7474f4a84029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:38.701ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sum _{j=1}^{k}\sigma _{ij}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}^{2}+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sum _{j\neq {i}}^{k}\sigma _{ij}}"></span>（有關呢啲數學符號嘅意思，可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%B8%BD" title="加總">加總</a>）；</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>如果卡隆巴系數數值大（接近 1）嘅話，就表示呢柞題目嘅變異數主要源自佢哋之間嘅協方差，簡單講就係表示「呢柞題目之間嘅變異數主要係由佢哋之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="相關">相關</a>引起嘅」而唔係源於佢哋各自獨立嘅變異－所以如果一柞題目嘅卡隆巴系數數值大，研究者就更有理由相信呢柞題目係量度緊同一個<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="隱藏因素">隱藏因素</a><sup id="cite_ref-cho2016_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cho2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺實際應用上，一般數值超過 0.65 嘅卡隆巴系數算係「可以當呢柞變數係量度同一個隱藏因素」，而高過 0.8 嘅就會當係量度同一個隱藏因素<sup id="cite_ref-cho2016_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cho2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有關變異數同相關等嘅概念，可以睇吓基本嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>。 </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: right;"> <caption>附表 1 嘅協方差矩陣 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f70b2694445a5901b24338a2e7a7e58f02a72a32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"></span> </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ad47c14b8a092f182512e76c96638aea6e3bea1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{2}}"></span> </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14f17eb6a51e16ea92736c904a92d8a78e73a598" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{3}}"></span> </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ae165d68e73491207cb065c2b9e7b90f78cf2e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{4}}"></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f70b2694445a5901b24338a2e7a7e58f02a72a32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"></span> </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>10</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ec811eb07dcac7ea67b413c5665390a1671ecb0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ad47c14b8a092f182512e76c96638aea6e3bea1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{2}}"></span> </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 11}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>11</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 11}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da6aabe7c6af49fe640b2d401cb2dbe909bb7475" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 11}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14f17eb6a51e16ea92736c904a92d8a78e73a598" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{3}}"></span> </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 12}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>12</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 12}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a522d3aa5812a136a69f06e1b909d809e849be39" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 12}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ae165d68e73491207cb065c2b9e7b90f78cf2e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{4}}"></span> </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 13}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>13</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 13}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d478c234d544278fb494e9610b7b3310567302b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 13}"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>舉個簡單例子，家陣有個心理測驗得四條題目，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f70b2694445a5901b24338a2e7a7e58f02a72a32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"></span>、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ad47c14b8a092f182512e76c96638aea6e3bea1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{2}}"></span>、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14f17eb6a51e16ea92736c904a92d8a78e73a598" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{3}}"></span> 同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ae165d68e73491207cb065c2b9e7b90f78cf2e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{4}}"></span>，四條題目都預佢哋量度緊同一個因素，而附表 1 係攞咗數據之後得到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3" title="協方差矩陣">協方差矩陣</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－協方差矩陣係一種數據表達方法，用一個矩陣表達每對變數之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE" title="協方差">協方差</a>，例如附表 1 嗰個矩陣就顯示 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f70b2694445a5901b24338a2e7a7e58f02a72a32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"></span> 同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ad47c14b8a092f182512e76c96638aea6e3bea1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{2}}"></span> 之間嘅協方差係 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d81124420a058a7474dfeda48228fb6ee1e253" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6}"></span>，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A7%92%E7%B7%9A" title="對角線">對角線</a>當中嘅係每個變數嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="變異數">變異數</a>，例如附表就顯示 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f70b2694445a5901b24338a2e7a7e58f02a72a32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1}}"></span> 嘅變異數係 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>10</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ec811eb07dcac7ea67b413c5665390a1671ecb0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10}"></span>。用附表 1 嗰個矩陣嘅數據計嘅話，呢個四條題目嘅心理測驗嘅卡隆巴系數係： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=4,{\overline {\sigma _{ij}}}=6,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=4,{\overline {\sigma _{ij}}}=6,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f7e58d99f74350fa709750cb706eff7365e6f091" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.333ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=4,{\overline {\sigma _{ij}}}=6,}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}^{2}+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sum _{j\neq {i}}^{k}\sigma _{ij}=(10+11+12+13)+4*(4-1)*6=118,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msubsup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>11</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>12</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>13</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>∗</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∗</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>118</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}^{2}+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sum _{j\neq {i}}^{k}\sigma _{ij}=(10+11+12+13)+4*(4-1)*6=118,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2325ca9630ffb7a9d63294b692193432eace080e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:71.805ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}^{2}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}^{2}+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sum _{j\neq {i}}^{k}\sigma _{ij}=(10+11+12+13)+4*(4-1)*6=118,}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{T}={4^{2}*6 \over 118}=.8135}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mn>4</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>∗</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mn>118</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>.8135</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{T}={4^{2}*6 \over 118}=.8135}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f927466745e51219d1be48998191a12be66192ad" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:20.495ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{T}={4^{2}*6 \over 118}=.8135}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="適合度"><span id=".E9.81.A9.E5.90.88.E5.BA.A6"></span>適合度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 適合度"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E5%90%88%E5%BA%A6" title="適合度">適合度</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E5%90%88%E5%BA%A6" title="適合度">適合度</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>上係指一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="統計模型">統計模型</a>有幾合乎觀察到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>：用返頭先嗰個 50 條題目兩個因素嘅智商測驗嚟做例子，喺設計好啲題目之後，個設計者就要收數據（搵受試者做個測驗），收完做因素分析，睇吓啲受試者喺個測驗上嘅得分係咪真係好似佢預想嘅噉，望落似係由兩個隱藏因素話事－要睇吓「個測驗有兩個因素，當中頭嗰 25 條題目反映第一個因素，尾嗰 25 條題目反映第二個因素」呢一個統計模型嘅適合度如何<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E5%90%88%E5%BA%A6%E6%8C%87%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="適合度指標">適合度指標</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>就係指一啲用嚟衡量一個統計模型嘅適合度嘅指標數值；廿一世紀嘅統計學界有好多種適合度指標，而用統計技術做研究嘅人會按照自己嘅情況選擇用乜嘢指標衡量手上嘅統計模型<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="心理測驗"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E7.90.86.E6.B8.AC.E9.A9.97"></span>心理測驗</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 心理測驗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_040304-N-7986B-065_Personnelman_2nd_Class_Jose_Martinez_reviews_a_questionnaire_prior_to_taking_the_semiannual_First_Class_Petty_Officer_(E-6)_advancement_examination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/US_Navy_040304-N-7986B-065_Personnelman_2nd_Class_Jose_Martinez_reviews_a_questionnaire_prior_to_taking_the_semiannual_First_Class_Petty_Officer_%28E-6%29_advancement_examination.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/US_Navy_040304-N-7986B-065_Personnelman_2nd_Class_Jose_Martinez_reviews_a_questionnaire_prior_to_taking_the_semiannual_First_Class_Petty_Officer_%28E-6%29_advancement_examination.jpg/360px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/US_Navy_040304-N-7986B-065_Personnelman_2nd_Class_Jose_Martinez_reviews_a_questionnaire_prior_to_taking_the_semiannual_First_Class_Petty_Officer_%28E-6%29_advancement_examination.jpg/480px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>一個人填緊份問卷；問卷調查係俾人做心理測驗嘅常見方法。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="設計流程"><span id=".E8.A8.AD.E8.A8.88.E6.B5.81.E7.A8.8B"></span>設計流程</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 設計流程"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>設計一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅基本步驟如下<sup id="cite_ref-churchill1979_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-churchill1979-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>要量度啲咩<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B" title="心理建構">建構</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：一個建構會包含指一拃頗此之間相關嘅行為，例如「答啱<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>問題」同「答啱語言問題」都係<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>嘅體現。</li> <li>諗吓呢個建構可以點樣量度：一般心理學同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="社科">社科</a>上都會係俾一拃題目受試者答，啲題目可以來自前人整嘅心理測驗，或者係來自<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E8%A9%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="面試研究">面試研究</a>。研究者亦有可能會搵啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6" title="專家">專家</a>返嚟評吓啲題目，例如有個心理測驗想要<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="管理">管理</a>上用嚟量度啲員工嘅諗法，可能會請啲真係有管理經驗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="管理者">管理者</a>返嚟評題目<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢個階段會評個測驗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="內容效度">內容效度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="表面效度">表面效度</a>（下面），亦會攞走或者改吓啲引起受試者誤解嘅題目<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <ul><li>實際攞數據：搵班受試者返嚟，要佢哋答個測驗嘅問題<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boyd2020_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyd2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；攞到數據之後就做<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="因素分析">因素分析</a>同計<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%9A%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B8" title="卡隆巴系數">卡隆巴系數</a>（睇上面），睇吓受試者喺啲題目上嘅得分係咪真係好似預想中嘅因素結構；例如整一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測試">智商測試</a>量度智能，攞完數據之後做因素分析，睇吓啲得分係咪真係成預想中「測試邏輯能力嘅題目分數成一個因素、測試語言能力嘅題目分數成一個因素...」噉嘅因素結構。</li> <li>按照呢啲統計分析嘅結果，執靚個測驗佢，如果有某條題目唔靚—例如統計分析發現佢<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="因素負荷量">因素負荷量</a>等嘅指標唔掂<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。噉就將條題目由個測驗嗰度攞走。</li> <li>研究者亦有可能要度吓啲因素要改咩名好<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>用其他方法評估個測驗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="信度">信度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="效度">效度</a>（下面），尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="聚合效度">聚合效度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E6%A8%99%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="效標效度">效標效度</a>。</li> <li>如果個測驗達標—卡隆巴系數夠靚，而且過到嗮其他信度同效度測試... 等等，噉就攞去發表。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="評估方法"><span id=".E8.A9.95.E4.BC.B0.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>評估方法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 評估方法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>廿一世紀心理測量學嘅兩個重要概念係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="信度">信度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="效度">效度</a>：信度同效度係兩種用嚟衡量一種量度方法掂唔掂嘅基準；喺設計一個心理測驗嗰陣，研究者實要用各種方法評估個測驗嘅信度同效度－心理測量學者做嘅研究基本上多數都係噉，用各種方法評估個心理測驗嘅信度同效度<sup id="cite_ref-furr2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furr2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="信度"><span id=".E4.BF.A1.E5.BA.A6"></span>信度</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 信度"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="信度">信度</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="信度">信度</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>指用一個量度方法對一個現象用嗰個方法進行重複觀察之後，係咪可以得到相同嘅數值；正路嚟講，如果一個量度方法係<b>可信</b>嘅，噉無論何時何地何人用嗰個方法量度同一樣嘢，都理應會得到相同嘅數值<sup id="cite_ref-carmineszeller1979_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carmineszeller1979-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APApsytesting_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APApsytesting-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。常用嘅信度指標有以下呢啲<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%95%E5%88%86%E8%80%85%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="評分者間信度">評分者間信度</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：用嚟評估一個量度有幾受做量度嘅人影響；例如有一個俾<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="教育家">教育家</a>用嚟評估細路學習進度嘅方法，但做完研究發現，五位教育家分別噉用同一個方法評估同一班細路，五個得到完全唔同嘅數值，噉呢個量度方法嘅評分者間信度就低<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="重測試信度">重測試信度</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：用嚟評估一個量度方法有幾受時間影響；例如有一個俾<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學家">心理學家</a>用嚟量度<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>嘅測驗，做研究，搵班受試者返嚟做個測驗，得到一柞分數 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>test</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce36d2a84f9a9f17f03e7370d280a09a5497e9e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.406ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t1}}"></span>，然後過咗一個月之後，搵返班受試者返嚟又做過，得到另一柞分數 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>test</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/36dbd9731b0f36109b5fbc2b5205f5401e1fbaac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.406ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t2}}"></span>；一般認為智商冇乜可能會喺一個月之內改變嘅，如果 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>test</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce36d2a84f9a9f17f03e7370d280a09a5497e9e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.406ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t1}}"></span> 同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>test</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/36dbd9731b0f36109b5fbc2b5205f5401e1fbaac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.406ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{test}}_{t2}}"></span> 差異好大，就表示呢個測驗嘅重測試信度低。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E5%BA%A6" title="內部一致度">內部一致度</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：指一個有多條題目嘅量度方法有幾「係量度緊同一樣嘢」；例如有一個智商測驗，有 50 條題目，理論上，呢啲題目冚唪唥都係量度緊智商，所以彼此之間理應喺得分上有返咁上下<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="正相關">正相關</a>，但研究發現，嗰 50 條題目當中有 5 條零舍係同其餘嗰啲題目有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="負相關">負相關</a>，噉心理學家就好可能會要求攞走嗰 5 條題目（佢哋似乎唔係量度緊智商，所以唔應該擺喺一個智商測驗入面），變成一個 45 條題目嘅測驗。睇返<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%9A%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B8" title="卡隆巴系數">卡隆巴系數</a>。</li></ul> <p>等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="效度"><span id=".E6.95.88.E5.BA.A6"></span>效度</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 效度"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="效度">效度</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A8" title="效度量表">效度量表</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="效度">效度</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>指一個量度方法有幾量度到佢理應要量度嗰樣嘢；一個有效嘅量度方法真係量度緊研究者想佢量度嗰個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>；例如如果一個方法信度高、但效度低，就表示個量度方法能夠準確噉量度某個變數，但佢所量度嗰個變數並唔係研究者想佢量度嗰個<sup id="cite_ref-carmineszeller1979_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carmineszeller1979-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APApsytesting_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APApsytesting-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。常用嘅效度指標有以下呢啲： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="建構效度">建構效度</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：指一個概念嘅量度有幾合乎理論上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>；例如理論上，智商測驗係量度<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>嘅，而智能理論一般認為，智能包含一個個體<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a>嘅能力，所以一個智商測驗理應會考驗受試者嘅解難能力；建構效度嘅評估一般都係比較理論化嘅<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E6%A8%99%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="效標效度">效標效度</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：通常用嚟評估<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a>嘅效度嘅一個指標，指個測驗嘅分數同俾人認為代表要量度嗰個變數有幾強相關；例如一個設計嚟量度一個人有幾外向嘅心理測驗，研究者搵咗班受試者返實驗室做個測驗，知道每位受試者嘅分數，然後喺實驗室入面觀察每位受試者有幾常主動同人講嘢或者互動（呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>反映外向程度），再做一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="相關">相關</a>嘅分析，睇吓測驗分數係咪真係同受試者做外向行為嘅次數有正相關。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%AD%A7%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="分歧效度">分歧效度</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：指一個量度方法有幾「唔量度到理應唔啦更嘅變數」；例如一個智商測驗理應係量度緊智商，而唔係身高，如果一個一個智商測驗入面其中一條題目同個人嘅身高有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="正相關">正相關</a>而且同身高嘅相關強過同其餘題目嘅相關，噉就似乎表示呢條題目量度身高多過量度智商，分歧效度低。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="內容效度">內容效度</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：指一個量度方法有幾能夠涵蓋嗮佢要量度嗰樣嘢嘅各個方面；例如智能一般包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>等多種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="認知能力">認知能力</a>，所以一個理想嘅智商測驗理應要量度嗮以上嘅各種認知能力。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="聚合效度">聚合效度</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：指一個量度方法有冇同一啲理論上同佢有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">相關</a>嘅嘢有預期中嘅相關；例如智能理論上會同時影響一個人嘅邏輯能力同語言能力，所以邏輯能力同語言能力理論上應該會有返咁上下<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="正相關">正相關</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="表面效度">表面效度</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：指一個量度方法就噉望落有幾合乎佢理應要量度嘅嘢，通常話「一個量度方法有表面效度」喺正式科研上唔會俾人接受<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>等等。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242160">.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod{background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-title{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box{float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box .thumb{border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text .core{display:block;font-size:small;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-text .caption{line-height:1.25em;padding:6px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0;border:none;border-width:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-footer{text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}</style><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><th class="gallery-mod-title"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%84%E7%AE%AD" title="射箭">射箭</a>比喻<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cible-j-nf-nr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="信度同效度都低：啲箭乜都射唔中zung3—量度唔到可靠嘅數值，更加唔好話量度到啲乜有用嘅嘢。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cible-j-nf-nr.jpg/240px-Cible-j-nf-nr.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cible-j-nf-nr.jpg/360px-Cible-j-nf-nr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cible-j-nf-nr.jpg/480px-Cible-j-nf-nr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>信度同效度都低：啲箭乜都射唔<ruby><rb>中</rb><rt><span>zung<span class="Jpingtone">3</span></span></rt></ruby>—量度唔到可靠嘅數值，更加唔好話量度到啲乜有用嘅嘢。</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px">信度同效度都低：啲箭乜都射唔<ruby><rb>中</rb><rt><span>zung<span class="Jpingtone">3</span></span></rt></ruby>—量度唔到可靠嘅數值，更加唔好話量度到啲乜有用嘅嘢。 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cible-nj-f-nr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="信度高但效度低：啲箭次次中同一點，但射唔中中心點—量度到可靠數值，但唔係度緊想度嗰樣嘢。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cible-nj-f-nr.jpg/240px-Cible-nj-f-nr.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cible-nj-f-nr.jpg/360px-Cible-nj-f-nr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cible-nj-f-nr.jpg/480px-Cible-nj-f-nr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>信度高但效度低：啲箭次次中同一點，但射唔中中心點—量度到可靠數值，但唔係度緊想度嗰樣嘢。</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px">信度高但效度低：啲箭次次中同一點，但射唔中中心點—量度到可靠數值，但唔係度緊想度嗰樣嘢。 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cible-j-f-r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="信度同效度兼備：啲箭次次中中心點—件量度架生俾到可靠數值，而且量度緊想度嗰樣嘢。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cible-j-f-r.jpg/240px-Cible-j-f-r.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cible-j-f-r.jpg/360px-Cible-j-f-r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cible-j-f-r.jpg/480px-Cible-j-f-r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>信度同效度兼備：啲箭次次中中心點—件量度架生俾到可靠數值，而且量度緊想度嗰樣嘢。</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px">信度同效度兼備：啲箭次次中中心點—件量度架生俾到可靠數值，而且量度緊想度嗰樣嘢。 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="智商測驗"><span id=".E6.99.BA.E5.95.86.E6.B8.AC.E9.A9.97"></span>智商測驗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 智商測驗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測驗">智商測驗</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測驗">智商測驗</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係量度<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>嘅心理測驗。喺嚴格嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>上，智能嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>有些少含糊，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83" class="mw-redirect" title="思考">思考</a>、對<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>嘅運用、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="自我意識">自我意識</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a>等等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知功能">認知功能</a>都俾人認定係量度智能嘅重要指標。而喺最廣義上嚟講，智能可以定義為「一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>同推斷<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>、將呢啲資訊儲起同化為<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>、並且運用知識適應環境嘅能力」<sup id="cite_ref-wechsler1944_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wechsler1944-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。廿世紀同廿一世紀初嘅智商測驗一般做法係，要求受試者答若干條考驗各種<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知功能">認知功能</a>嘅題目，並且靠搵出受試者喺呢啲題目上嘅分數（<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>），表示每一位受試者嘅智能有幾高<sup id="cite_ref-daniel1997_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daniel1997-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snyderman1987_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyderman1987-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一條簡單嘅智商測驗題目如下<sup id="cite_ref-daniel1997_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daniel1997-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snyderman1987_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyderman1987-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <pre> 喺呢個數列入面嘅下一個數字應該係乜？ 37, 34, 31, 28, <i>// 一般嚟講，正確答案係 25，因為呢個數列係「每個數字係之前嗰個減 3」</i> </pre> <p>因為一般認為「能夠搵出事物之間嘅法則」係智能嘅體現，所以「答啱呢條題目」嘅行為可以反映「智能」呢一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B" title="心理建構">心理建構</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>實證嘅智商研究帶出咗<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="一般智能因素">一般智能因素</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅概念：研究表明，一個個體喺唔同認知作業上嘅表現有明顯嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="正相關">正相關</a>－即係話喺某個認知功能上勁過平均嘅人，傾向（但唔一定）會喺第啲認知功能上都勁過平均，而喺某個認知功能上弱過平均嘅人，傾向（但唔一定）會喺第啲認知功能上都弱過平均；於是有心理學家提出，一個心靈會具有一個「一般智能因素」，呢個因素<b>獨力主宰住一個認知系統喺認知能力上嘅普遍表現</b>。而及後嘅心理測量研究發現，人與人之間嘅唔同認知能力差異平均大約有成 40 至 50% 嘅都係源自一般智能因素上嘅差異嘅。呢柞研究確立咗個諗法－人心靈當中的確有某個因素單獨反映個人「有幾聰明」嘅<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1242160"><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:520px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:320px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_deviation_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="心理測量學上常用嘅常態分佈；呢條線用 0 代表平均嘅數值。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Standard_deviation_diagram.svg/500px-Standard_deviation_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Standard_deviation_diagram.svg/750px-Standard_deviation_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Standard_deviation_diagram.svg/1000px-Standard_deviation_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><center>心理測量學上常用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%85%8B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="常態分佈">常態分佈</a>；<br />呢條線用 0 代表平均嘅數值。</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:507px"><center>心理測量學上常用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%85%8B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="常態分佈">常態分佈</a>；<br />呢條線用 0 代表平均嘅數值。</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>智商嘅概念仲同<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="鐘形曲線">鐘形曲線</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>息息相關。鐘形曲線係統計學上常用嘅一個概念，指一條反映<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%85%8B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="常態分佈">常態分佈</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅曲線：是但攞一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> 嚟睇，如果話 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> 係跟常態分佈，意思係話出現得最頻密嘅 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> 數值會係個<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="平均數">平均數</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }"></span>），而離平均數愈遠嘅數值就愈少會出現；常見可以用常態分佈模擬嘅變數有人嘅智商－多數人嘅智商數值都傾向於平均數（100），而愈極端嘅數值（極高或者極低）就愈少出現。而如果將一個常態分佈畫做圖，當中 X 軸表示 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> 嘅每個可能數值，而 Y 軸表示嗰個數值嘅出現頻率，就會形成一條鐘噉形嘅線<sup id="cite_ref-robert2008_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robert2008-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="性格測驗"><span id=".E6.80.A7.E6.A0.BC.E6.B8.AC.E9.A9.97"></span>性格測驗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 性格測驗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_Likert_Scale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Example_Likert_Scale.svg/langyue-240px-Example_Likert_Scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Example_Likert_Scale.svg/langyue-360px-Example_Likert_Scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Example_Likert_Scale.svg/langyue-480px-Example_Likert_Scale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>一份用李卡特量表嘅英文問卷</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="性格測驗">性格測驗</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="性格測驗">性格測驗</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指量度性格嘅心理測驗。喺嚴格<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>上，<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" title="性格">性格</a>係指一個個體特有（即係同第啲個體唔同）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>特性：想像一個人，佢可以想像成一個會<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80-%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="刺激-反應模型">由刺激俾反應嘅系統</a>，而人係有個體差異嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>；就算接收嘅刺激完全一樣，唔同人都可能會有唔同反應<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%90%91%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="外向度">外向度</a>高嘅人喺見到新朋友（刺激）嗰陣，比較<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機會率">有可能</a>會作出「主動行埋去結識」嘅反應，而外向度低嘅人喺同一個情況下會「主動行埋去結識」嘅機會就比較低<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>廿世紀性格測驗嘅常見做法係用<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A8" title="李卡特量表">李卡特量表</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，指每一條題目都係一句<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>，而受試者要做嘅係睇每條題目，用數字答自己有幾同意嗰句句子講嘅嘢<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如量度一個人有幾<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E8%A1%9D%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="性格衝動">性格衝動</a>嘅李卡特量表，會有以下噉嘅題目： </p> <pre> 我做親決定，都唔會點諗長遠後果。我唔多在意幾年後先會發生嘅事。如果有一樣嘢做咗會好爽但有長遠後果，我都會照樣去做。 ... </pre> <p>每一條題目受試者都係要填返一個 1 至 5 嘅數字，當中 1 分表示好唔同意嗰句句子，5 分表示好同意，3 分表示中立。 </p><p>假設多數受試者都係願意同有能力俾準確資訊嘅話，呢個性格測驗上嘅分數理應會一定程度上噉反映<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一個人幾容易驚。呢類性格測驗雖然話唔係完全靠得住，但經已相當有用－例如有個能夠「多數時候都準確噉量度」到外向度嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%8F%E5%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="問卷">問卷</a>，而研究又發現外向度喺某啲情況下能夠預測一個員工嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="工作表現">工作表現</a>，噉呢個問卷就會喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="管理">管理</a>上就有可能可以攞嚟幫手度請員工上嘅考量<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="唔靠自我報告"><span id=".E5.94.94.E9.9D.A0.E8.87.AA.E6.88.91.E5.A0.B1.E5.91.8A"></span>唔靠自我報告</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 唔靠自我報告"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="自我報告研究">自我報告研究</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="訊號探測理論">訊號探測理論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="運算心理測量">運算心理測量</a></div> <p>廿世紀嘅心理測量學好依賴受試者答問題：廿世紀嘅智商測驗同性格測驗都需要俾人量度佢心理特性嗰個人答研究者問嘅問題，而研究者會用受試者喺呢啲問題上嘅得分評估佢；呢種方法被指有漏洞－要受試者答問題係假設咗（例如）受試者願意同有能力同研究者合作，呢個假設喺一般情況下能夠大致成立，但如果研究者想研究嘅係（例如）人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="反社會行為">反社會行為</a>（指傷害其他人或者忽視其他人利益嘅行為），研究者就有理由相信受試者會因為唔想俾人知佢哋做嘅衰嘢而唔老實作答<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因為呢啲噉嘅原因，廿一世紀嘅心理測量學界開始多咗嘗試用唔使靠受試者作答嘅方法做心理測量<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例子可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="運算心理測量">運算心理測量</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢種會用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="大數據">大數據</a>技術嚟量度受試者性格嘅心理測量技術<sup id="cite_ref-boyd2020_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyd2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺廿一世紀嘅心理學上，心理測量可以靠量度受試者對<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="強化">強化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B2%E7%BD%B0_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="懲罰 (心理學)">懲罰</a>嘅反應嚟做。例如係廿一世紀初常用嚟量度一個人有幾<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E5%8B%95_(%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC)" title="衝動 (性格)">衝動</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A5%A7%E8%8F%AF%E8%B3%AD%E9%8C%A2%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="埃奧華賭錢遊戲">埃奧華賭錢遊戲</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>噉：喺呢個遊戲最基礎嗰個諗頭當中，受試者會俾研究者要求佢哋睇住四疊咭牌，每一張咭牌都會獎或者罰若干量嘅虛擬錢，而四疊咭牌各有唔同嘅獎罰機會；每位受試者有若干次機會去由四疊咭牌當中揀一疊，再由嗰疊咭嗰度抽一張，佢哋嘅目標係要盡可能賺最多嘅虛擬錢；研究發現，一般嘅受試者抽咗 40 至 50 次之後就會識得淨係由獎勵機率高嘅咭疊嗰度抽，不過<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（主管<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>嘅一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>）有<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A" title="病變">病變</a>嘅人似乎會唔識喺抽到「罰」嘅咭嗰陣<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%9A" title="驚">驚</a>，搞到佢哋唔能夠學識「唔好由懲罰機率高嘅咭疊度抽」呢點<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－量度受試者嘅一樣外顯行為（抽咭）能夠得到資訊得知佢哋嘅心理特性（杏仁核功能）。 </p><p>順帶一提，呢種行為「有幾能夠攞嚟做心理測量」就視乎呢種行為同嗰個心理特性之間有幾勁嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">統計相關</a>。亦都可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="相互資訊">相互資訊</a>嘅概念<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1242160"><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:570px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:420px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IowaGamblingTask_canto.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="埃奧華賭錢遊戲嘅圖解"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/IowaGamblingTask_canto.gif/537px-IowaGamblingTask_canto.gif" decoding="async" width="537" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/IowaGamblingTask_canto.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption><center>埃奧華賭錢遊戲嘅圖解</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:557px"><center>埃奧華賭錢遊戲嘅圖解</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>喺社科上，非自我報告測驗可以係靠受過訓嘅研究員做<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>。舉個簡單例子，想像一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="教育心理學家">教育心理學家</a>，研究者想量度「學生喺課堂上花幾多時間做老師要佢哋做嘅作業」，佢可以首先定義好乜嘢係「做緊老師要佢哋做嘅作業」，然後請研究員幫手去<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%B2%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="課室">課室</a>實際觀察學生嘅行為，數住每個受觀察嘅學生「花幾多時間做老師要佢哋做嘅作業」－喺成個過程入面，研究者做到量度啲學生（受試者）嘅行為（心理特性），而且由始至終都冇要求啲學生答研究者嘅問題<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="非人心理測量"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E4.BA.BA.E5.BF.83.E7.90.86.E6.B8.AC.E9.87.8F"></span>非人心理測量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 非人心理測量"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinforcement_learning_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Reinforcement_learning_diagram.svg/langyue-300px-Reinforcement_learning_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Reinforcement_learning_diagram.svg/langyue-450px-Reinforcement_learning_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Reinforcement_learning_diagram.svg/langyue-600px-Reinforcement_learning_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="強化學習">強化學習</a>嘅抽象圖解；任何<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅學習都可以想像成「係噉作出行動、行動影響環境、環境由<b>觀察器</b><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>睇到、而觀察器話俾個智能體知行動嘅結果係點」嘅過程。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="動物"><span id=".E5.8B.95.E7.89.A9"></span>動物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 動物"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">動物認知</a></div> <p>實證嘅研究表明咗，喺人以外嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>當中都有「同一物種嘅個體之間有個體差異」嘅現象，而呢啲個體差異都有可能會影響一隻動物嘅適應能力：想像而家擺五隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="老鼠">老鼠</a>喺一個箱入面，然後研究員播放<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93" title="貓">貓</a>嘅叫聲俾佢哋聽；正常嘅老鼠會出現<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E9%AC%A5%E5%AE%9A%E9%80%83%E8%B5%B0%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="戰鬥定逃走反應">戰鬥定逃走反應</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但唔同嘅個體會有差異－有啲老鼠喺聽到貓叫聲會即刻走佬，有啲要喺貓叫聲大啲嗰陣先會走佬... 等等<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，因為噉，心理測量學界就有咗個諗頭，想將心理測量呢家嘢<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E5%8C%96" title="廣義化">廣義化</a>去人以外嘅動物嗰度<sup id="cite_ref-shaw2017_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaw2017-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">動物認知</a><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅研究有思考點樣將<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測試">智商測試</a>廣義化去非人動物嗰度：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="比較心理學">比較心理學</a>等嘅領域會有興趣比較唔同物種嘅行為，所以會想（例如）諗出一套可以喺任何動物物種身上使用嘅智能量度方法，用嚟比較唔同動物物種嘅智能；不過，人以外嘅動物唔會曉好似人噉答問題，所以呢類研究一般會採用行為量度嘅方法，使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="操作制約">操作制約</a><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅方法，睇吓動物喺有充足<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a>嘅情況下，能唔能夠學識解決複雜嘅問題，例如係擺隻動物喺一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>入面，俾個掣同一盞燈佢哋，佢哋要喺每次盞燈著嗰陣都即刻撳個掣先會有<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A2%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="嘢食">嘢食</a>（嘢食係動機），靠好似噉嘅方法評估動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>能力；如果用返<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="一般智能因素">一般智能因素</a>嘅邏輯嚟思考嘅話，一隻動物喺唔同學習作業上嘅表現（以<b>成功過關攞到嘢食</b>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機會率">機會率</a>量度）理應會有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">統計相關</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而呢一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>喺多個物種當中經已得到實證嘅研究支撐<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="機械"><span id=".E6.A9.9F.E6.A2.B0"></span>機械</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 機械"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="通用心理測量">通用心理測量</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>泛指由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械">機械</a>所展示嘅智能，相對於人同第啲動物所展示嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="自然智能">自然智能</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。人工智能相關嘅研究會嘗試教機械做<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="自動計劃">計劃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="機械學習">學習</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a>以及郁同操控物體等嘅作業，呢啲研究嘅其中一個終極目標係想創造出<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="強人工智能">強人工智能</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－即係能夠展現出<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="圖靈測試">同人無異</a>嘅智能嘅 AI <sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有廿一世紀初嘅人工智能領域嘅科學家提出咗<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="通用心理測量">通用心理測量</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅諗頭，指可以用嚟量度任何<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a>（包括人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>同人工智能等）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>特性嘅測量方法<sup id="cite_ref-HOetal2014_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOetal2014-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>以下嘅概念都被指可以攞嚟做通用心理測量嘅指標： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="圖靈測試">圖靈測試</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：即係攞個人工智能同一個人類受試者，再加一個人類評判，睇吓評判喺睇唔到兩個受試者嘅情況下，能唔能夠用對答嘅型式分辨邊一個係人邊一個係人工智能。一般認為，如果一個人工智能做到以假亂真，就算係達到同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人類智能">人類智能</a>無異。原則上，圖靈測試可以攞嚟比較兩個人或者兩隻動物都得<sup id="cite_ref-saygin2000_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saygin2000-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="強化學習">強化學習</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：即係要個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="人工智能程式">人工智能程式</a>係噉同佢周圍嘅環境互動（個環境可以係現場，又可以係一個模擬嘅環境）－喺每個時間點 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\displaystyle \textstyle t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\displaystyle \textstyle t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fab0ce4adba9d08aeff0a2aa52f346e1f5fc15d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\displaystyle \textstyle t}}"></span>，程式會產生一個用數字表示嘅動作（例如 0 代表<b>企喺度唔郁</b>同 1 代表<b>向前行</b>呀噉），而跟住佢周圍個環境會俾 <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a>－簡單講就係話返俾個程式聽，佢個動作啱唔啱（例如個地下有個窿，向前行會跌得好痛）。而個程式跟手會用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="機械學習演算法">機械學習演算法</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">改變自己嘅行為</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。原則上，「攞個受試者喺一個環境入面，睇吓佢點樣學識適應個環境」喺人同第啲動物身上都可以做<sup id="cite_ref-HOetal2014_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOetal2014-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="複雜度">複雜度</a>嘅預測：例如擺一隻動物喺一個實驗室入面，有 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> 個掣俾佢撳，而呢 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> 個掣會首先以一啲特定規律閃，閃完之後隻動物要撳「按嗰個規律，下一個會閃嘅掣」先可以有嘢食－例：想像 <code>L</code> 表示左邊嗰個掣，<code>R</code> 表示右邊嗰個掣，如果家陣啲掣以 <code>LRLRLRLR</code>（左掣閃完到右掣閃，重複）嘅規律閃，下一個閃嘅掣應該會係左掣，而如果家陣啲掣以 <code>LLRLLRLL</code>（左掣閃兩吓到右掣閃一吓，重複）嘅規律閃，下個閃嘅掣應該會係右掣... 如此類推；喺呢種實驗入面，隻動物需要了解啲掣閃嘅規律同埋預測下一個會閃嘅掣係乜；掣閃規律嘅複雜度可以由實驗者輕易噉控制同量化（可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E7%86%B5" title="演算法熵">演算法熵</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>），而類似噉嘅測試喺人同人工智能身上都有可能做<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>等等。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operant_Conditioning_Involves_Choice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Operant_Conditioning_Involves_Choice.png/400px-Operant_Conditioning_Involves_Choice.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Operant_Conditioning_Involves_Choice.png/600px-Operant_Conditioning_Involves_Choice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Operant_Conditioning_Involves_Choice.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>將一隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E9%B4%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="鳩鴿">鳩鴿</a>擺喺個箱入面，俾兩個掣佢撳，兩個掣分別都掕住一盞燈。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史背景"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>歷史背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 歷史背景"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg/240px-Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg/360px-Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>法蘭西斯·高爾頓嘅相，19 世紀中</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="心理學史">心理學史</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化論">進化論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">先天定後天</a></div> <p>心理測量學呢個領域背景源於 19 世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英國</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a><sup id="cite_ref-kaplan2010_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaplan2010-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺英國嘅心理測量學研究係受<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查理斯·達爾文">達爾文</a><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅研究啟發嘅。喺 1859 年，達爾文出版咗佢嗰本名作《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物種起源">物種起源</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，喺書入面提出<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>嘅概念，指出喺一個族群嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>當中會有個體差異，因為（例如）強壯啲或者聰明啲而比較擅長生存<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>嘅個體會比較大機會能夠將自己身上（令擁有者強壯聰明）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>傳俾下一代，於是個生物族群嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%BA%AB" title="基因庫">基因庫</a>（指個族群當中有嘅基因）就會一代代噉有變化－即係個族群會<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。物競天擇呢個諗頭包含「同一個生物<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>內部會有<b>個體差異</b>」而呢點刺激咗同達爾文同年代嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學家">心理學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93" title="法蘭西斯·高爾頓">法蘭西斯·高爾頓</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（亦係達爾文嘅半表弟）嘅思考，令高爾頓開始諗人同人之間嘅個體差異，以及係呢啲差異要點<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a><sup id="cite_ref-kaplan2010_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaplan2010-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>高爾頓佢做研究並且寫書分享佢嘅研究所得。佢指出，人與人之間喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E8%83%BD" title="體能">體能</a>等方面有個體差異，而呢點令佢哋當中有啲比較適合生存同繁殖，而佢所研究嘅某啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a>，成為咗現代心理學研究上嘅重要工具；佢仲作出咗多項嘗試，想製作出能夠有效噉量度智能嘅架生－係現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測試">智商測試</a>嘅先驅，吸引咗第啲心理學家仿傚同幫手擴充佢嘅研究，而高爾頓亦都因而俾人稱為「心理測量學之父」<sup id="cite_ref-kaplan2010_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaplan2010-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>另一方面，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理物理學">心理物理學</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>歐 64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>研究喺 19 世紀嘅德國進行得如火如荼。心理物理學係心理學嘅一個子領域，專門研究刺激嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>性質（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="亮度">亮度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a>呀噉）會點樣影響呢啲刺激所造成嘅感受同體驗，例如一個心理物理學家會嘗試要佢嘅受試者聽幾個頻率唔同嘅聲，並且睇吓個受試者對呢幾個聲嘅體驗以及俾嘅反應有乜嘢唔同<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。心理物理學上嘅研究引起咗「心理體驗係有可能客觀噉量度」嘅諗法，而且心理物理學上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>仲有啟發心理測量方面嘅諗頭，例如有心理測量學研究者認為量度受試者對唔同物理特性嘅刺激嘅反應（心理物理學用嘅分析方法）可以幫手做心理測量<sup id="cite_ref-kaplan2010_131-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaplan2010-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="常用分析"><span id=".E5.B8.B8.E7.94.A8.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>常用分析</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 常用分析"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%8F%8A%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="概率及統計學詞彙表">概率及統計學詞彙表</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%9C%E7%A9%8D%E5%B7%AE%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8" title="皮亞遜積差相關係數">皮亞遜積差相關係數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="因素分析">因素分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%9A%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B8" title="卡隆巴系數">卡隆巴系數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%8F_kappa" title="高氏 kappa">高氏 kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="結構方程式模型">結構方程式模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E6%BA%AF%E6%BA%90" title="貝葉斯知識溯源">貝葉斯知識溯源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E6%87%89%E5%80%BC" title="效應值">效應值</a><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇吓"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.90.93"></span>睇吓</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 睇吓"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%A5%E8%A9%A6%E9%A1%8C%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" title="差別試題功能">差別試題功能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="巴林效應">巴林效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%BA%A6" title="遺傳度">遺傳度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度">可否證度</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\in b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\in b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ac799f2a48fad4f92375610c33cbae9efab7030" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.068ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\in b}"></span>」意思係「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></span> 喺 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> 呢個<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="集">集</a>入面」。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">即係好似古典測試理論所講嘅噉，觀察分數由真分數同誤差決定。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">廿一世紀初又有興起用觀察等嘅方法嚟量度受試者嘅行為。可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="運算心理測量">運算心理測量</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">因素負荷量一般要起碼係 .40 先算可以接受。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">原則上，好似<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>呢啲噉嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="複雜系統">複雜系統</a>本質上就永遠會有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="不確定">不確定</a>，所以任何嘅心理測量架生頂櫳只會做到「多數時候啱用」，而唔會做到「喺所有個案當中啱用」。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歐詞"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E8.A9.9E"></span>歐詞</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 歐詞"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">measurement</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">IQ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">levels of measurement</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">nominal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ordinal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">interval</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ratio</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">classical test theory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">true score</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">error</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">observed score</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reli-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-reli_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">reliability</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">variance</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">item response theory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">latent trait</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">factor analysis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">factor，可以作<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/心理測量學/#yue"><span>fek<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> taa<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></span></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">observed</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">latent</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">factor structure</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">coefficient</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronbach's alpha</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">covariance</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">covariance matrix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">goodness of fit / model fit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">fit indices</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">psychological test</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">construct</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">reliability</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">inter-rater reliability</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">test-retest reliability</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">internal consistency</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">validity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">construct validity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">criterion validity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">discriminant validity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">content validity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">convergent validity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">face validity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">IQ test</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>g</i>-factor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">bell curve</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">normal distribution</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">personality test</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Likert scale</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">computational psychometrics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iowa gambling task</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">amygdala</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">agent</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">interpreter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">fight-or-flight response</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">animal cognition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">operant conditioning</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">artificial intelligence，AI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">natural intelligence</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">strong AI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">universal psychometrics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Turing test</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">reinforcement learning</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">algorithmic entropy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Darwin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">On the Origin of Species</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Galton</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">psychophysics</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引咗"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E5.92.97"></span>引咗</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 引咗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-furr2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-furr2017_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-furr2017_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-furr2017_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Furr, R. M. (2017). <i>Psychometrics: an introduction</i>. Sage Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carmineszeller1979-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-carmineszeller1979_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-carmineszeller1979_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-carmineszeller1979_2-2">2.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). <i>Reliability and validity assessment</i> (Vol. 17). Sage publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APApsytesting-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-APApsytesting_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-APApsytesting_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-APApsytesting_3-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">American Educational Research Association, Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (1999). <i>Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing</i>. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robert2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-robert2016_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert F. DeVellis (2016). <i>Scale Development: Theory and Applications</i>. SAGE Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meier, S. T., & Davis, S. R. (1990). Trends in reporting psychometric properties of scales used in counseling psychology research. <i>Journal of Counseling Psychology</i>, 37(1), 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Resnick, L. B. (1979). The future of IQ testing in education. <i>Intelligence</i>, 3(3), 241-253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stevens1946-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stevens1946_9-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stevens1946_9-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stevens1946_9-2">7.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens, S. S. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychology.okstate.edu/faculty/jgrice/psyc3214/Stevens_FourScales_1946.pdf">On the theory of scales of measurement</a>. <i>Science</i>, New Series, Vol. 103, No. 2684 (Jun. 7, 1946), pp. 677-680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirch, Wilhelm, ed. (2008). "Level of Measurement". <i>Encyclopedia of Public Health</i>. Springer. pp. 851–852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/psychometric">Psychometric</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025013558/https://www.etymonline.com/word/psychometric">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2020年10月25號，.. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Novick, M.R. (1966). The axioms and principal results of classical test theory Journal of Mathematical Psychology Volume 3, Issue 1, February 1966, Pages 1-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crocker, L., & Algina, J. (1986). <i>Introduction to classical and modern test theory</i>. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Embretson, Susan E.; Reise, Steven P. (2000). <i>Item Response Theory for Psychologists</i>. Psychology Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, B.R. (2004). <i>Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Understanding Concepts and Applications</i>. American Psychological Association.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Child, Dennis (2006), <i>The Essentials of Factor Analysis</i> (3rd ed.), Continuum International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Bixler, E. O., & Zimmerman, D. N. (2009). IQ and neuropsychological predictors of academic achievement. <i>Learning and Individual Differences</i>, 19(2), 238-241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kline, P. (2014). <i>An easy guide to factor analysis</i>. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cho2016-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cho2016_41-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cho2016_41-1">17.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cho2016_41-2">17.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Cho, E. (2016). Making reliability reliable: A systematic approach to reliability coefficients. <i>Organizational Research Methods</i>, 19(4), 651–682.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, S. B., & Yang, Y. (2009). Commentary on coefficient alpha: A cautionary tale. <i>Psychometrika</i>, 74(1), 121-135. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, R. (2009). Does my structural model represent the real phenomenon?: a review of the appropriate use of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) model fit indices. <i>The Marketing Review</i>, 9(3), 199-212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, R. (2009). Does my structural model represent the real phenomenon?: a review of the appropriate use of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) model fit indices. <i>The Marketing Review</i>, 9(3), 199-212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-churchill1979-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-churchill1979_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill, G. A., Jr. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3150876.pdf">A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of Marketing Research</i>, 16, 64-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, V., & Nayak, J. K. (2018). Destination personality: Scale development and validation. <i>Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research</i>, 42(1), 3-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. <i>The Journal of applied behavioral science</i>, 43(2), 232-255. "<b>Step 1: Item Development</b>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ersche, K. D., Lim, T. V., Ward, L. H., Robbins, T. W., & Stochl, J. (2017). Creature of Habit: A self-report measure of habitual routines and automatic tendencies in everyday life. <i>Personality and Individual Differences</i>, 116, 73-85. "Items that were consistently misunderstood were either reworded or removed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boyd2020-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-boyd2020_56-0">25.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-boyd2020_56-1">25.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd, R. L., Pasca, P., & Lanning, K. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/per.2254">The personality panorama: Conceptualizing personality through big behavioural data</a> (PDF). <i>European Journal of Personality</i>, 34(5), 599-612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2003). A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. <i>Organizational research methods</i>, 6(2), 147-168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. <i>The Journal of applied behavioral science</i>, 43(2), 232-255. <b>Step 3</b> "Thus, Factor 1 was labeled appropriateness.", "Factor 2, termed management support, contained..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nunnally, J.C. (1978). <i>Psychometric theory</i> (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayes & Coutts (2020): "Reliability is defined as the proportion of the variance (V) in the observed scores O attributable to actual variance in T: V(T)/V(O)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McHugh, M. L. (2012). 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0191886916308194?token=51086B133D8BF77ED211B2D347CF62D50208DFE9674F22D52C08878F0FC5C755C791AECF528D474BE0C5614A203E40A1&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20220216124926">Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers</a> (PDF). <i>Personality and individual differences</i>, 102, 74-78.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>一般文獻</b>： </p> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:1"> <ul><li>Amerise, I. L., & Tarsitano, A. (2015). Correction methods for ties in rank correlations. <i>Journal of Applied Statistics</i>, 42(12), 2584-2596，呢篇文講到計<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="等級相關">等級相關</a>嗰陣要點應付等級打和。</li> <li>Andrich, D. & Luo, G. (1993). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014662169501900306">A hyperbolic cosine model for unfolding dichotomous single-stimulus responses</a>" (PDF). <i>Applied Psychological Measurement</i>. 17 (3): 253–276. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1003.8107.</li> <li>Churchill, G. A., Jr. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3150876.pdf">A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of Marketing Research</i>, 16, 64-73.</li> <li>Corr, P. J., & Cooper, A. J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/15878/3/">The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaire (RST-PQ): development and validation</a> (PDF). <i>Psychological assessment</i>, 28(11), 1427.</li> <li>Borsboom, Denny (2005). <i>Measuring the Mind: Conceptual Issues in Contemporary Psychometrics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780521844635" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-84463-5</a>. Lay summary (28 June 2010).</li> <li>Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach's alpha for estimating reliability. But…. <i>Communication Methods and Measures</i>, 14(1), 1-24，呢篇文喺度批評<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%9A%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B8" title="卡隆巴系數">卡隆巴系數</a>嘅不足之處。</li> <li>Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0021886306295295">Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale</a> (PDF). <i>The Journal of applied behavioral science</i>, 43(2), 232-255，講到佢哋點整一個測驗，個測驗對於<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E8%AE%8A%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="應變管理">應變管理</a>嚟講有用。</li> <li>Jones, L. V., & Thissen, D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.cmu.edu/~brian/905-2009/all-papers/jones-thissen-2007.pdf">A history and overview of psychometrics</a> (PDF). <i>Handbook of Statistics</i>, Vol. 26.</li> <li>LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1094428106296642">Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement</a> (PDF). <i>Organizational research methods</i>, 11(4), 815-852.</li></ul> </div> <p><b>運算文獻</b>： </p> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:1"> <ul><li>Polyak, S. T., von Davier, A. A., & Peterschmidt, K. (2017). Computational psychometrics for the measurement of collaborative problem solving skills. <i>Frontiers in psychology</i>, 8, 2029.</li> <li>Shute, V. J., Smith, G., Kuba, R., Dai, C. P., Rahimi, S., Liu, Z., & Almond, R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-020-00196-1.pdf">The design, development, and testing of learning supports for the Physics Playground game</a> (PDF). <i>International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education</i>, 31(3), 357-379，呢篇文講解一隻可以攞嚟量度<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>同某啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%B9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="性格特質">性格特質</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="物理模擬">物理模擬</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="電子遊戲">遊戲</a>。</li> <li>Stachl, C., Boyd, R. L., Horstmann, K. T., Khambatta, P., Matz, S., & Harari, G. M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psyarxiv.com/ck2bj/download?format=pdf">Computational Personality Assessment-An Overview and Perspective</a> (PDF).</li></ul> </div> <p><b>AI 文獻</b>： </p> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:1"> <ul><li>Chmait, N., Dowe, D. L., Li, Y. F., & Green, D. G. (2017, August). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.monash.edu.au/~yli/assets/pdf/AGI-17-camera-ready.pdf">An information-theoretic predictive model for the accuracy of AI agents adapted from psychometrics</a> (PDF). In <i>International Conference on Artificial General Intelligence</i> (pp. 225-236). Springer, Cham.</li> <li>Hernandez-Orallo, J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40180237.pdf">Beyond the Turing test</a> (PDF). <i>Journal of Logic, Language and Information</i>, 9(4), 447-466.</li> <li>Hernández-Orallo, J., Dowe, D. L., & Hernández-Lloreda, M. V. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/50244/upsycho.pdf;jsessionid=1494AA0BB7E63638CED70A01EC37E854?sequence=3">Universal psychometrics: Measuring cognitive abilities in the machine kingdom</a> (PDF). <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, 27, 50-74.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=25" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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title="生物學">生物</a>偏向</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="比較心理學">比較心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="進化心理學">進化心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理生理學">心理生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="神經心理學">神經心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="發育心理學">發育心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="情緒科學">情緒科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="情緒神經科學">情緒神經科學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="社科">社科</a>偏向</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="社會心理學">社會心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="性格心理學">性格心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="心理語言學">心理語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="文化心理學">文化心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="道德心理學">道德心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="人本主義心理學">人本主義心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%90%91%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="正向心理學">正向心理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="應用心理學">應用領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="精神健康">精神健康</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="異常心理學">異常心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E5%B0%8E%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="輔導心理學">心理輔導</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="心理治療">心理治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="認知行為治療">認知行為治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="應用行為分析">應用行為分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="臨床心理學">臨床心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="自殺學">自殺學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">體藝心理</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="運動心理學">運動心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="藝術心理學">藝術心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="音樂心理學">音樂心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="媒體心理學">媒體心理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="犯罪心理學">犯罪心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="健康心理學">健康心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="教育心理學">教育心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="交通心理學">交通心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="組織心理學">組織心理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="消費者行為">消費心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">宗教心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數碼心理學">數碼心理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="動物學">動物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="社會學">社會學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="行為經濟學">行為經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="管理學">管理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%AD%B8" title="市場學">市場學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="人因工程">人因工程</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="人機互動">人機互動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="遊戲設計">遊戲設計</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:心理學">心理學類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="統計學" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:統計學"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:統計學 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="統計學" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="*科學方法_*Data_*不確定_*概率論_*最佳化_*常用概念一覽"> <ul><li><a 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title="數據集">數據集</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="抽樣">抽樣</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E9%AB%94" title="總體">總體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC" title="樣本">樣本</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E7%B4%B0" title="樣本大細">大細</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="樣本代表性">代表性</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="隨機抽樣">隨機抽樣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="系統抽樣">系統抽樣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="抽樣誤差">抽樣誤差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="大數定律">大數定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%96%E5%AD%98%E5%81%8F%E8%A6%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="倖存偏見">倖存偏見</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%94%E5%8E%BB%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87" title="返去平均">返去平均</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%8C%96" title="操作化">操作化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1" title="量度層次">層次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%BA%8C%E5%90%8C%E9%9B%A2%E6%95%A3%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="連續同離散變數">連續同離散變數</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E6%95%A3%E5%8C%96" title="離散化">離散化</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0" title="共同方法變異">共同方法變異</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%9B%BC%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="哈曼測試">哈曼測試</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%A7%A3%E5%83%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="時間解像度">時間</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E8%A7%A3%E5%83%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="空間解像度">空間</a>解像度</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%95%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%90%8C%E7%89%B9%E7%95%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="靈敏度同特異度">靈敏度同特異度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="時間序列">時間序列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E6%AC%A1" title="名次">名次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%8A%B1%E6%9D%BF%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="天花板效應">天花板</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%9D%BF%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="地板效應">地板</a>效應</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數數據">數數據</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%AA%E5%A4%B1" title="刪失">刪失</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="信度">信度</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="效度">效度</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%95%E5%88%86%E8%80%85%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="評分者間信度">評分者間</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%95%E5%88%86%E8%80%85%E5%85%A7%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="評分者內信度">評分者內</a>信度</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="重測試信度">重測試信度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E5%BA%A6" title="內部一致度">內部一致度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%9A%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B8" title="卡隆巴系數">卡隆巴系數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="建構效度">建構效度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E6%A8%99%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="效標效度">效標效度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%AD%A7%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="分歧效度">分歧效度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="內容效度">內容效度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="聚合效度">聚合效度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="表面效度">表面效度</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗操作">實驗操作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%B5%84%E5%90%8C%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%B5%84" title="實驗組同對照組">實驗組同對照組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7" title="科學對照">科學對照</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="隨機化實驗">隨機化實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="實驗設計">實驗設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E8%A9%A6%E9%96%93%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="受試間設計">受試間</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E8%A9%A6%E5%85%A7%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="受試內設計">受試內</a>設計</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%90%E5%9B%A0%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="析因實驗">析因實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="自然實驗">自然實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="准實驗">准實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="臨床研究">臨床研究</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="臨床試驗">臨床試驗</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="隨機對照試驗">隨機對照試驗</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">第啲方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="觀察研究">觀察研究</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E5%88%87%E9%9D%A2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="橫切面研究">橫切面</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%B1%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="縱向研究">縱向</a>研究<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8A%E5%88%97%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="隊列研究">隊列研究</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="社會統計調查">社會統計調查</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="自我報告研究">自我報告研究</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%8F%E5%8D%B7%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="問卷調查">問卷調查</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A8" title="李卡特量表">李卡特量表</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%84%8F%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="民意調查">民意調查</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="檔案研究">檔案研究</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/150px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/225px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/300px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="描述統計學" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="描述統計學">描述統計學</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="連續數據" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%BA%8C%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="連續概率分佈">連續數據</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%A8%E5%8B%A2" title="集中趨勢">集中趨勢</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87" title="平均">平均</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="平均數">Mean</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%80%BC" title="算術平均值">算術</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%80%BC" title="幾何平均值">幾何</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%80%BC" title="調和平均值">調和</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B8" title="中位數">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E6%95%B8_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)" title="眾數 (統計學)">Mode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E6%95%A3%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="離散程度">離散程度</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE" title="方差">方差</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%B7%AE" title="標準差">標準差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%B7%9D" title="全距">全距</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B8" title="百分位數">百分位數</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E8%B7%9D" title="四分位距">四分位距</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B8" title="變異系數">變異系數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E6%95%A3%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="離散指數">離散指數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3" title="協方差矩陣">協方差矩陣</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">分佈形狀</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E5%B7%AE" title="動差">動差</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="偏度">偏度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="峰度">峰度</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="標準誤差">標準誤差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="中央極限定理">中央極限定理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">統計相關</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="正相關">正相關</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="負相關">負相關</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%9C%E7%A9%8D%E5%B7%AE%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8" title="皮亞遜積差相關係數">皮亞遜積差相關係數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE" title="協方差">協方差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="等級相關">等級相關</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E6%9B%BC%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8" title="斯皮亞曼等級相關係數">斯皮亞曼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%CE%A4_%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8" title="Τ 等級相關係數">τ</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="局部相關">局部相關</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E5%85%A7%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="組內相關">組內相關</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="自相關">自相關</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="交叉相關">交叉相關</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%94%94%E8%98%8A%E5%90%AB%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C" title="相關唔蘊含因果">相關唔蘊含因果</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%9C%96" title="統計圖">統計圖</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%92%E5%BD%A2%E5%9C%96" title="棒形圖">棒形圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%BD%A2%E5%9C%96" title="圓形圖">圓形圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E7%B7%9A%E5%9C%96" title="折線圖">折線圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%9C%96" title="組織圖">組織圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%B1%E5%BD%A2%E5%9C%96" title="箱形圖">箱形圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E4%BD%88%E5%9C%96" title="散佈圖">散佈圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%A2%E5%9C%96" title="象形圖">象形圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%9C%96%E5%BD%A2" title="統計圖形">統計圖形</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (統計學)">頻率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F" title="統計量">統計量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%88%86%E6%95%B8" title="標準分數">標準分數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="缺失數據">缺失數據</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="結合數據">結合數據</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE%E7%A9%8D%E8%81%9A" title="誤差積聚">誤差積聚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E4%BD%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="班佛定律">班佛定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E5%8C%96" title="數據視覺化">數據視覺化</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="推論統計學" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="統計理論">統計理論</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E9%AB%94" title="總體">總體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F" title="統計量">統計量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%8C%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="獨立同分佈">獨立同分佈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="實證分佈函數">實證分佈函數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="重抽樣">重抽樣</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A9%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3%E6%B3%95" title="自助抽樣法">自助抽樣法</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%90%8D%E5%A4%B1%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="損失函數">損失函數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)" title="效率 (統計學)">效率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="統計距離">統計距離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E5%80%BC" title="特徵值">特徵值</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="特徵向量">特徵向量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%91%E5%81%A5%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88" title="頑健統計">頑健統計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E7%8F%BE" title="再現">再現</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="概率分佈">概率分佈</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E6%95%A3%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="離散概率分佈">離散</a>定<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%BA%8C%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="連續概率分佈">連續</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="對稱概率分佈">對稱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="概率質量函數">概率質量函數</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="概率密度函數">概率密度函數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AF%E8%A8%88%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="累計函數">累計函數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%85%8B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="常態分佈">常態分佈</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%98%E5%BD%A2%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="鐘形線">鐘形線</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="頻率分佈">頻率分佈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="抽樣分佈">抽樣分佈</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E5%BA%8F%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F" title="順序統計量">順序統計量</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F" title="充分統計量">充分統計量</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="聯合概率分佈">聯合分佈</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">學派詮釋</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96" title="頻率學派推論">頻率學派推論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96" title="貝葉斯推論">貝葉斯推論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87" title="貝葉斯概率">貝葉斯概率</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87" title="先驗概率">先驗</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87" title="後驗概率">後驗</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">假說檢定</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="虛無假說">虛無假說</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%82%99%E6%93%87%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="備擇假說">備擇假說</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%81%B4%E5%90%8C%E9%9B%99%E5%81%B4%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="單側同雙側檢定">單側同雙側檢定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%9E%8B%E5%90%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%9E%8B%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" title="第一型同第二型錯誤">第一型同第二型錯誤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E8%91%97%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0" title="顯著差異">顯著差異</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%9F%E6%95%88" title="統計功效">統計功效</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8%E5%90%8C%E6%87%89%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="自變數同應變數">自變數同應變數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="因果關係">因果關係</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E6%87%89%E5%80%BC" title="效應值">效應值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1" title="分析層次">分析層次</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="估計理論">估計理論</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%9E%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88" title="點估計">點估計</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%BC%E7%84%B6%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88" title="最大似然估計">最大似然估計</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88" title="區間估計">區間估計</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%83%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93" title="信心區間">信心區間</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E6%B8%AC%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93" title="預測區間">預測區間</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="重抽樣">重抽樣</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A9%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3%E6%B3%95" title="自助抽樣法">自助抽樣法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89" title="交叉驗證">交叉驗證</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%A1%E7%BE%85%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="蒙地卡羅方法">蒙地卡羅方法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="比較平均值">平均比較</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F_t_%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="學生 t 測試">學生 t 測試</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC_t_%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="獨立樣本 t 測試">獨立樣本</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%B0%8D%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC_t_%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="配對樣本 t 測試">配對樣本</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="Z 測試">Z 測試</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="F 測試">F 測試</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6" title="統計自由度">統計自由度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="多重比較問題">多重比較問題</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%97%E5%B0%BC%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%A3" title="邦佛朗尼校正">邦佛朗尼校正</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E5%88%86%E6%95%A3%E6%80%A7" title="等分散性">等分散性</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%88%86%E6%95%A3%E6%80%A7" title="異分散性">異分散性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">ANOVA</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="單因子方差分析">單因子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="雙因子方差分析">雙因子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B8%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="重複量數方差分析">重複量數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%AE%8A%E9%87%8F%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="多變量方差分析">多變量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="協方差分析">協方差分析</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="統計模型">統計模型</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="控制變數">控制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BB%8B%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="中介變數">中介</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E7%AF%80%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="調節變數">調節</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%B7%86%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="混淆變數">混淆</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="壓制變數">壓制</a>變數</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8F%83%E6%95%B8" title="統計參數">參數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%AE%8A%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="單變量分析">單變量</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%AE%8A%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="多變量分析">多變量</a>分析</li> <li>模型<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E6%A8%99%E6%98%8E" title="統計模型標明">標明</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="統計模型選擇">選擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B5%84%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="多組分析">多組分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%9D%9F_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" title="約束 (數學)">約束</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0" title="可解釋變異">可解釋變異</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%8F%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="敏感度分析">敏感度分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%92%E5%80%BC" title="插值">插值</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%8E%A8" title="外推">外推</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="混合物模型">混合物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="可詮釋度">可詮釋度</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">　<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E5%90%88%E5%BA%A6" title="適合度">適合度</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E5%90%88%E5%BA%A6%E6%8C%87%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="適合度指標">適合度指標</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%B9%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="卡方檢定">卡方檢定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E6%B1%A0%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E9%87%8F%E6%BA%96%E5%89%87" title="赤池資訊量準則">赤池資訊量準則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E9%87%8F%E6%BA%96%E5%89%87" title="貝葉斯資訊量準則">貝葉斯資訊量準則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BC%BC%E5%80%BC%E6%A0%B9%E5%9D%87%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="近似值根均方誤差">RMSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%8C%96%E6%A0%B9%E5%9D%87%E6%AE%98%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="標準化根均殘差">SRMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E9%81%A9%E5%90%88%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="比較適合指數">CFI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="迴歸分析同相關技術" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a>同相關技術</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基礎</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%98%E5%B7%AE%E5%90%8C%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="殘差同誤差">殘差同誤差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%95%88%E6%87%89%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="固定效應模型">固定效應</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E6%95%88%E6%87%89%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="隨機效應模型">隨機效應</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="混合模型">混合</a>模型</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="多重迴歸模型">多重迴歸模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E5%85%B1%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7" title="多重共線性">多重共線性</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="普通最小二乘法">普通最小二乘法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%98%E5%B7%AE%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%92%8C" title="殘差平方和">殘差平方和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="均方誤差">均方誤差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="標準誤差">標準誤差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B8" title="決定系數">決定系數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="線性迴歸分析">線性迴歸</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="簡單線性迴歸分析">簡單線性</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">進階模型</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="非線性迴歸分析">非線性迴歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="Sigmoid 函數">Sigmoid 函數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="邏輯迴歸">邏輯迴歸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="一般線性模型">一般線性模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E6%B7%9E%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="泊淞迴歸分析">泊淞迴歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="自迴歸模型">自迴歸模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%90%E6%AD%A5%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="逐步迴歸">逐步迴歸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%AE%8A%E9%87%8F%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E6%80%A7%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="多變量適應性迴歸模型">多變量適應性迴歸模型</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關技術</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%82%84%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="生還分析">生還分析</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%82%84%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="生還函數">函數</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="失效率">失效率</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/K-M_%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F" title="K-M 估計量">K-M 估計量</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Log-rank_%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="Log-rank 測試">Log-rank 測試</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="比例危機模型">比例危機</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="結構方程式模型">結構方程</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%BE%91%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="通徑分析">通徑分析</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="量度模型">量度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="結構模型">結構</a>模型<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="修改指數">修改指數</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%8D%E8%AE%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7" title="量度不變特性">量度不變特性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E6%BB%AF%E5%BE%8C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="交叉滯後模型">交叉滯後</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="等級線性模型">等級線性模型</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="第啲常用嘅分析技術" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">第啲常用嘅分析技術</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="因素分析">因素分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="可觀察變數">可觀察變數</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="潛在變數">潛在變數</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B" title="心理建構">心理建構</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="潛在變數模型">潛在變數模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E7%B6%AD" title="降維">降維</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="因素結構">因素結構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="因素負荷量">因素負荷量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E5%9E%8B%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="探索型因素分析">探索型</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E5%9E%8B%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="確定型因素分析">確定型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="主成份分析">主成份分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%9A%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B8" title="卡隆巴系數">卡隆巴系數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3" title="張量分解">張量分解</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="結構方程式模型">結構方程式模型</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="時間序列">時間序列</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%A9%A9%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="平穩過程">平穩過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E9%8F%88" title="馬可夫鏈">馬可夫鏈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E5%9F%9F" title="時域">時域</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="自相關">自相關</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="交叉相關">交叉相關</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E5%9F%9F" title="頻域">頻域</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E5%88%A9%E8%91%89%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="傅利葉分析">傅利葉分析</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%82%91%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="格蘭傑因果關係">格蘭傑因果關係</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">拉雜技術</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="探索數據分析">探索分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%8F_kappa" title="高氏 kappa">高氏 kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="獨立成份分析">獨立成份分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E9%A1%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="聚類分析">聚類分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="統計分類">統計分類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A4%E5%88%A5%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="線性判別分析">線性判別分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%9E%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="點過程">點過程</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%9E%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="點場">點場</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%80%AB%E7%91%AA%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="麥倫瑪測試">麥倫瑪測試</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%8F%83%E6%95%B8%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="非參數統計學">非參數統計學</a>（<a href="/wiki/MWU_%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="MWU 測試">MWU 測試</a>）</li> <li><a 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