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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-心靈本質嘅理論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心靈本質嘅理論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>心靈本質嘅理論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-心靈本質嘅理論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同物質嘅關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同物質嘅關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>同物質嘅關係</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-同物質嘅關係-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去同物質嘅關係細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-同物質嘅關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-心物問題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心物問題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>心物問題</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-心物問題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腦部區域同過程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腦部區域同過程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>腦部區域同過程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腦部區域同過程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-個人" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#個人"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>個人</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-個人-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非人類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非人類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>非人類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-非人類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去非人類細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-非人類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-動物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>動物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人工" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人工"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>人工</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人工-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-精神健康同精神病" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#精神健康同精神病"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>精神健康同精神病</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-精神健康同精神病-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究領域同方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究領域同方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>研究領域同方法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究領域同方法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去研究領域同方法細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究領域同方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-心理學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心理學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>心理學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-心理學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-神經科學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#神經科學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>神經科學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-神經科學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>哲學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-認知科學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#認知科學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>認知科學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-認知科學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同其他領域嘅關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同其他領域嘅關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>同其他領域嘅關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同其他領域嘅關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>資料</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-資料-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去資料細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-疏仕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#疏仕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>疏仕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-疏仕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-書源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#書源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>書源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-書源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="內容一覽" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">心靈</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有139種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gees_(mens)" title="Gees (mens) – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gees (mens)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%95%E1%88%9D%E1%88%AE" title="አዕምሮ – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አዕምሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="মন – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – 阿瓦文" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1l" title="Ağıl – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağıl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Аҡыл – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geist" title="Geist – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Geist" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruots" title="Pruots – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pruots" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="মন – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spered" title="Spered – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spered" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisuk" title="Bisuk – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bisuk" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏙᏗ – 柴羅基文" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="柴羅基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زەین – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq%C4%B1l" title="Aqıl – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Aqıl" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysl" title="Mysl – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mysl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%81" title="Ăс – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_meddwl" title="Y meddwl – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y meddwl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq%C4%B1l" title="Aqıl – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Aqıl" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mind" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menso" title="Menso – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Menso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaim_(mens)" title="Vaim (mens) – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaim (mens)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogamen" title="Gogamen – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gogamen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieli" title="Mieli – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprit" title="Esprit – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esprit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wees" title="Wees – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wees" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intinn" title="Intinn – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Intinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" title="心智 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="心智" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lespri" title="Lespri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lespri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apytu%27%C5%A9_(arandupykuaaty)" title="Apytu'ũ (arandupykuaaty) – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apytu'ũ (arandupykuaaty)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankali" title="Hankali – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hankali" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waihona_no%CA%BBono%CA%BBo" title="Waihona noʻonoʻo – 夏威夷文" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Waihona noʻonoʻo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="דעת – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Man" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Խելք – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խելք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Խելք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խելք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budi" title="Budi – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mento" title="Mento – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugur" title="Hugur – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83" title="心 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main" title="Main – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Main" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerru" title="Agerru – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agerru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezuu_(esprit)" title="Fezuu (esprit) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fezuu (esprit)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сана – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81" title="ಮನಸ್ಸು – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮನಸ್ಸು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%8C" title="마음 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brys" title="Brys – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Brys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB-%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Акыл-эс – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акыл-эс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geis" title="Geis – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ຈິດ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protas" title="Protas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%81ts" title="Prāts – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina" title="Saina – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akabudi" title="Akabudi – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Akabudi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മനസ്സ് – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനസ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="စိုတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="စိုတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minda" title="Minda – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Minda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="စိတ် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मस्तिष्क – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मस्तिष्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn" title="Sinn – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sinn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn" title="Sinn – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sinn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperit" title="Esperit – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esperit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrii" title="Surrii – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Surrii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umys%C5%82" title="Umysł – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Umysł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81" title="سیانف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیانف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minte" title="Minte – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Minte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83" title="मनः – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मनः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B9" title="Өй – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өй" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱢᱚᱱ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%ACritu_(menti)" title="Spìritu (menti) – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Spìritu (menti)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mind" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myse%C4%BE" title="Myseľ – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Myseľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfungwa" title="Pfungwa – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Pfungwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendja" title="Mendja – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mendja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyke" title="Psyke – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psyke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akili_ya_binadamu" title="Akili ya binadamu – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Akili ya binadamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மனம் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="మనసు – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మనసు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="จิต – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8D" title="ሓንጎል – 提格利尼亞文" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሓንጎል" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="提格利尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zihin" title="Zihin – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zihin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihleketo" title="Mihleketo – 特松加文" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mihleketo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="特松加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Зиһен – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зиһен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong" title="Ong – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ong" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2m_tr%C3%AD" title="Tâm trí – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tâm trí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunahuna" title="Hunahuna – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hunahuna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5" title="心灵 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="心灵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqondo" title="Ingqondo – 科薩文" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ingqondo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科薩文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%9C" title="שכל – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שכל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlingz" title="Simlingz – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Simlingz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" title="心智 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="心智" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">心理現象嘅總和<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SHORTDESC:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%98%85%E7%B8%BD%E5%92%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:SHORTDESC:心理現象嘅總和 (無呢版)">Template:SHORTDESC:心理現象嘅總和</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  <small>想搵第二個意思嘅話，請睇<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88_(%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心靈 (搞清楚) (無呢版)">心靈 (搞清楚)</a></b></small><small>。</small></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mental_capacities.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="心靈能力嘅圖表" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mental_capacities.svg/220px-Mental_capacities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mental_capacities.svg/330px-Mental_capacities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mental_capacities.svg/440px-Mental_capacities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>心靈負責知覺、思考、感受同埋行為呢啲現象。</figcaption></figure> <p><ruby><rb><b>心靈</b></rb><rt><span>sam<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> ling<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></span></rt></ruby>係負責<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83" class="mw-redirect" title="思考">思考</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%8F%97" class="mw-redirect" title="感受">感受</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="知覺">知覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="意志">意志</a>嘅嘢，包括咗所有<b>精神</b>現象。佢包含咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>過程，即係個人意識到外部同內部環境嘅過程，仲有<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="無意識">無意識</a>過程，呢啲過程可以喺冇意圖或者意識嘅情況下影響個人。傳統上，心靈經常被認為係可以獨立存在嘅個體，但係喺當代討論中，心靈通常被理解為其他實體嘅特徵或能力。心靈喺人類生活嘅大多數方面都扮演緊中心角色，但係佢嘅確切本質仲有爭議；有啲理論家建議所有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理狀態 (無呢版)">心理狀態</a>都係私密嘅同埋可以直接認知嘅，可以轉化信息，有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="指向性 (無呢版)">指向性</a>即係指涉同代表其他實體嘅能力，或者係從事行為嘅傾向。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E8%BA%AB%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心身問題 (無呢版)">心身問題</a>係解釋物質同心靈之間關係嘅挑戰。而家最主流嘅立場係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物理主義 (無呢版)">物理主義</a>，佢話一切都係物質，即係話心靈係某啲物質對象嘅某啲方面或特徵。心靈嘅進化歷史同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>嘅發展有關，最後導致咗腦部嘅形成。隨住腦部變得更加複雜，心靈功能嘅數量同能力都增加咗，特定腦區負責特定嘅心靈功能。個別人類嘅心靈都會隨住從經驗中學習同埋經歷心理發展階段而發展。有啲人受到<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="精神障礙">精神障礙</a>嘅影響，佢哋某啲心靈能力冇辦法正常運作。 </p><p>而家普遍認為動物都有某種形式嘅心靈，但係呢個講法適用於邊啲動物仲有爭議。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工意識 (無呢版)">人工意識</a>嘅話題都帶嚟類似嘅挑戰，理論家討論緊用電腦創造人工意識嘅可能性同後果。 </p><p>研究心靈嘅主要領域包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>。佢哋傾向關注心靈嘅唔同方面，用唔同嘅研究方法，由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經驗觀察 (無呢版)">經驗觀察</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="神經成像">神經成像</a>到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="概念分析 (無呢版)">概念分析</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="思想實驗">思想實驗</a>都有。心靈同好多其他領域都有關係，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="認識論">認識論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="人類學">人類學</a>、宗教同埋教育。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 定義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>心靈係指心理現象同能力嘅總和，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" title="思維">思維</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感覺 (心理學) (無呢版)">感覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F" title="情感">情感</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="情緒 (心理學) (無呢版)">情緒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 有時呢個詞會用得窄啲，淨係指高級或者抽象嘅認知功能，即係同<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="邏輯推理">邏輯推理</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>有關嗰啲。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 傳統上，心靈被認為係非物質嘅實體或者獨立嘅存在，同<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E9%AB%94" title="身體">身體</a>相對。而家嘅討論中，心靈多數被睇成其他實體嘅特徵，通常被理解成物質大腦嘅能力。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 心靈嘅準確定義仲有爭議，雖然大家都接受一啲非人類動物都有心靈，但係邊度先係界線就冇共識。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 雖然有呢啲爭議，但大家都同意心靈喺人類生活嘅大部分方面都扮演中心角色，因為佢係意識、情感、思想同個人身份感嘅所在。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 有唔同嘅領域研究心靈；主要包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理 (心理學) (無呢版)">心理</a>」同「心智」通常都當做「心靈」嘅同義詞用。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢哋經常同「<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82" title="靈魂">靈魂</a>」、「精神」、「<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="智力">智力</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>」同「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6" title="大腦">大腦</a>」呢啲詞重疊使用，但意思唔係完全一樣。有啲宗教認為靈魂係獨立嘅實體，係人類非物質本質嘅構成，有神聖起源，喺身體死亡之後仍然存在，而且係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E6%9C%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不朽 (無呢版)">不朽</a>嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 「精神」呢個詞仲有其他唔同嘅意思，唔係直接同心靈有關，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E_(%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%8A%9B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精神 (生命力) (無呢版)">賦予生命體活力嘅原則</a>或者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E_(%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精神 (超自然實體) (無呢版)">存在於物體或地方嘅超自然存在</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 認知包括某啲類型嘅心理過程，喺呢啲過程中<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>被獲取同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>被處理。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 智力係負責思考、推理同理解嘅一種心理能力<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，同智能好相似，智能係獲取、理解同應用知識嘅能力。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 大腦係負責大部分或者全部心理功能嘅物理器官。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>現代英語嘅 "mind" 呢個字源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古英語">古英語</a>嘅 <span lang="ang" title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)文字">gemynd</span>，意思係「記憶」。呢個詞發展成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中古英語">中古英語</a>嘅 <span lang="enm" title="Middle English (1100-1500)文字">mind(e)</span>、<span lang="enm" title="Middle English (1100-1500)文字">münd(e)</span> 同 <span lang="enm" title="Middle English (1100-1500)文字">mend(e)</span>，慢慢擴展意思去包括所有心理能力。原本嘅意思仲保留喺「call to mind」同「keep in mind」呢啲表達中。同源詞包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古高地德語 (無呢版)">古高地德語</a>嘅 <span lang="goh" title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)文字">gimunt</span>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥特語 (無呢版)">哥特語</a>嘅 <span lang="got" title="Gothic文字">gamunds</span>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>嘅 <span lang="grc" title="古希臘文 (1453年或者之前)文字">μένος</span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>嘅 <span lang="la" title="拉丁文文字">mens</span> 同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>嘅 <span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">manas</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="心靈本質嘅理論"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E9.9D.88.E6.9C.AC.E8.B3.AA.E5.98.85.E7.90.86.E8.AB.96"></span>心靈本質嘅理論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 心靈本質嘅理論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>研究心靈本質嘅理論想搵出所有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精神狀態 (無呢版)">精神狀態</a>嘅共通點。佢哋想搵出「精神嘅標記」，即係分辨精神同非精神現象嘅準則。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 認知準則話精神狀態嘅獨特特徵係人哋點樣認識佢哋。舉個例，如果一個人牙痛，佢會直接或非推論性咁知道自己喺痛緊。但係佢冇呢種知識去了解痛嘅物理成因，可能要睇<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="經驗證據">經驗證據</a>或者睇牙醫。另一個通常歸因於精神狀態嘅特徵係佢哋係私密嘅，即係其他人冇呢種直接接觸一個人精神狀態嘅方法，要靠其他觀察推斷出嚟，好似睇牙痛嗰個人嘅痛苦表現。有啲哲學家話對某啲或者全部精神狀態嘅認知係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%AD%A3%E7%A2%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絕對正確 (無呢版)">絕對正確</a>嘅，例如一個人唔可能會錯認自己係咪喺痛緊。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>相關嘅觀點話所有精神狀態要麼係有意識嘅，要麼可以進入意識。根據呢個觀點，當一個人主動記起艾菲爾鐵塔喺巴黎嘅事實，呢個狀態係精神嘅因為佢係意識嘅一部分；當嗰個人冇諗緊呢件事嘅時候，呢個信念仍然係精神狀態，因為嗰個人諗起嘅時候可以將佢帶入意識。呢個觀點否定咗「深層無意識」嘅存在，即係原則上唔可能變成有意識嘅無意識精神狀態。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>另一個理論話<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%90%91%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意向性 (無呢版)">意向性</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係精神嘅標記。如果一個狀態指涉或者表徵某樣嘢，就係有意向性。舉個例，如果一個人見到鋼琴或者諗起佢，呢個精神狀態就有意向性，因為佢指涉緊一架鋼琴。呢個觀點區分咗原始同衍生嘅意向性。精神狀態有原始意向性，而某啲非精神現象有衍生意向性。例如，「鋼琴」呢個字同鋼琴嘅圖片喺衍生意義上係有意向性嘅：佢哋唔係直接指涉鋼琴，但係如果一個人睇到佢哋，可能會喺呢個人嗰度引發一個指涉鋼琴嘅精神狀態。唔同意所有精神狀態都有意向性嘅哲學家會舉啲例子，好似痕、搔癢同痛楚可能係例外。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>根據<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="行為主義">行為主義</a>，精神狀態係對特定外部刺激作出某啲可以公開觀察到嘅行為反應嘅傾向。呢個觀點暗示精神現象唔係私密嘅內部狀態，而係可以像一般物理現象咁用經驗觀察到。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)" title="功能主義 (心靈哲學)">功能主義</a>同意精神狀態唔係靠心靈嘅確切內部構成，反而係從佢哋嘅功能角色嚟描述佢哋。同行為主義唔同，呢個角色唔單止局限於行為模式，仲包括其他因素。舉個例，<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%9B" title="痛">痛</a>嘅功能角色一部分係由佢同身體受傷嘅關係，同埋佢引起行為模式好似呻吟同其他精神狀態，好似想停止痛楚嘅慾望嚟決定。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="計算主義 (無呢版)">計算主義</a>係喺認知科學中突出嘅相似理論，佢將心靈定義為認知同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97" title="計算">計算</a>嘅資訊處理器。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外在主義 (無呢版)">外在主義</a>傘下嘅理論強調心靈對環境嘅依賴。根據呢個觀點，精神狀態同佢哋嘅內容至少部分係由外部環境決定。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 舉個例，有啲形式嘅內容外在主義認為一個信念係指涉一個對象定另一個可以取決於外部環境。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="延伸心靈論 (無呢版)">延伸心靈論</a>話外部環境唔單止影響心靈，仲係佢嘅一部分，好似日記簿或者計數機延伸咗心靈儲存同處理資訊嘅能力。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 密切相關嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="行動主義">行動主義</a>觀點認為精神過程涉及有機體同環境之間嘅互動。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同物質嘅關係"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E7.89.A9.E8.B3.AA.E5.98.85.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>同物質嘅關係</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 同物質嘅關係"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="心物問題"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E7.89.A9.E5.95.8F.E9.A1.8C"></span>心物問題</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 心物問題"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%89%A9%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心物問題 (無呢版)">心物問題</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dualism-vs-Monism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="心物問題嘅解決方法圖解" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dualism-vs-Monism.png/290px-Dualism-vs-Monism.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dualism-vs-Monism.png/435px-Dualism-vs-Monism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dualism-vs-Monism.png/580px-Dualism-vs-Monism.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>解決心物問題嘅唔同方法</figcaption></figure> <p>心物問題係指好難解釋心同物之間嘅普遍關係，例如諗嘢同腦部活動之間嘅關聯。雖然心同物有唔同嘅特性，但佢哋係會互相影響嘅，好似身體變化引起精神不適，又或者因為有意圖而郁到隻手咁。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 根據實體二元論，心或靈魂係獨立嘅實體，擁有精神狀態，而物質嘢就係另一種實體。呢個觀點意味住，至少理論上，心係可以無需身體而存在。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 屬性二元論係另一種二元論，佢話心同物唔係獨立嘅個體，而係同一個體嘅唔同屬性。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 相反，一元論嘅觀點就話現實只係由一種嘢組成。根據唯心主義，所有嘢都係精神嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢哋將物質嘢理解為精神結構，例如概念或感知。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 根據中性一元論，喺最根本嘅層面上，世界既唔係物理嘅，亦都唔係精神嘅，而係中性嘅。佢哋認為物理同精神嘅概念只係方便但膚淺嘅描述現實嘅方法。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺當代哲學中最有影響力嘅一元論觀點係物理主義，亦都叫做唯物主義，<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢話所有嘢都係物理嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 根據消除唯物主義，根本冇精神現象，即係話信念同慾望呢啲嘢唔係現實嘅一部分。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 還原物理主義者就持一個冇咁激進嘅立場：佢哋話精神狀態係存在嘅，但至少理論上可以完全用物理學嚟描述，唔使靠心理學呢啲特殊科學。例如，行為主義者嘗試用可觀察嘅行為嚟分析精神概念，唔使理會內部嘅精神狀態。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 類型同一論都屬於還原物理主義，佢話精神狀態就係腦部狀態。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 雖然非還原物理主義者都同意所有嘢都係物理嘅，但佢哋話精神概念係喺更抽象嘅層面描述物理現實，而呢個層面係物理學做唔到嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 根據功能主義，精神概念唔係描述物理實體嘅內部結構，而係描述系統內嘅功能角色。<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個觀點嘅一個後果就係心唔係淨係靠腦，而係可以由其他實現相應功能角色嘅系統嚟實現，可能包括電腦。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>意識嘅困難問題係心物問題嘅核心方面：佢挑戰嘅係解釋物理狀態點樣產生意識體驗。佢最大嘅困難喺於意識嘅主觀同質性，呢啲特性同一般嘅物理過程唔同。意識嘅困難問題同「容易問題」形成對比，「容易問題」係解釋意識嘅某啲方面係點樣運作嘅，例如知覺、記憶或學習。<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="腦部區域同過程"><span id=".E8.85.A6.E9.83.A8.E5.8D.80.E5.9F.9F.E5.90.8C.E9.81.8E.E7.A8.8B"></span>腦部區域同過程</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 腦部區域同過程"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>另一個研究心同物關係嘅方法係用經驗觀察嚟睇腦係點樣運作，同邊啲腦部區域同過程同特定嘅精神現象有關。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 腦係神經系統嘅中央器官，所有脊椎動物同大多數無脊椎動物都有腦。人腦特別複雜，由860億個神經元組成，呢啲神經元通過突觸相互溝通。<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 佢哋形成一個複雜嘅神經網絡，認知過程就係由佢哋嘅電同化學相互作用而產生。<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 人腦分為唔同嘅區域，每個區域都有唔同嘅功能。主要嘅區域有後腦、中腦同前腦。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 後腦同中腦負責好多同基本生存有關嘅生物功能，而高級精神功能，由思考到動機，主要都係喺前腦。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="顯示前額葉皮層嘅圖" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/220px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/330px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/440px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>大腦皮層分為唔同嘅區域，每個區域都有唔同嘅功能，例如負責執行功能嘅前額葉皮層（橙色部分）。</figcaption></figure> <p>好多主要精神現象嘅主要運作都喺前腦嘅特定區域。前額葉皮層負責執行功能，例如計劃、決策、解決問題同工作記憶。<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 感覺皮層嘅角色係處理同解釋感官信息，唔同嘅分區負責唔同嘅感官，例如視覺同聽覺區。海馬體嘅一個中心功能係形成同提取長期記憶。佢屬於邊緣系統，呢個系統通過杏仁核喺調節情緒方面扮演重要角色。運動皮層負責計劃、執行同控制自主運動。布洛卡區係一個專門負責語言產生嘅獨立區域。<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 唔同區域嘅活動仲會受到神經遞質嘅影響，神經遞質係信號分子，可以增強或抑制唔同類型嘅神經傳遞。例如，多巴胺影響動機同快感，而血清素影響情緒同食慾。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>腦部過程同心嘅密切關係可以喺腦部物理變化對心嘅影響中睇到。例如，服用精神活性藥物，好似咖啡因、抗抑鬱藥、酒精同迷幻藥，會短暫影響腦部化學，對心產生唔同嘅影響，由提高注意力到改變情緒，損害認知功能，甚至產生幻覺。<span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="yue" dir="ltr">引用錯誤 Closing <code></ref></code> missing for <code><ref></code> tag</span> 雖然而家普遍認為唔單止人類先有腦，好多動物都有某種程度嘅腦，但係究竟喺邊個時間點先有腦嘅出現，學界都冇共識。<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 腦嘅進化通常用自然選擇嚟解釋：如果啲遺傳變異帶嚟新嘅或者改善咗嘅腦力，例如更好嘅感知能力或者社交傾向，就會令佢哋喺生存同繁衍方面有優勢，從而更大機會將呢啲基因傳俾下一代。<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>最簡單嘅資訊處理能力可以追溯到40至35億年前最早期嘅生命形態，例如細菌同埋單細胞真核生物感應環境、儲存呢啲資訊同作出反應嘅能力。神經細胞喺多細胞生物出現嘅時候產生，大概係6億年前，用嚟處理同傳遞資訊。大約6至5.5億年前，進化出現咗分歧，分成放射對稱嘅生物<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，佢哋有環狀神經系統或者神經網絡，例如水母；同埋雙側對稱嘅生物，佢哋嘅神經系統傾向更加集中。大約5.4億年前，雙側對稱嘅生物再分成無脊椎動物同脊椎動物。所有脊椎動物，例如雀仔同哺乳類，都有中樞神經系統，包括一個複雜嘅腦，有專門化嘅功能；而無脊椎動物，例如蜆同昆蟲，要麼冇腦，要麼腦都係好簡單。<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 隨住脊椎動物嘅進化，佢哋嘅腦傾向變大，而唔同腦區嘅專門化程度亦都傾向增加。呢啲發展同四肢結構、感官器官同生活環境嘅改變有密切關係，腦區嘅大小同佢對生物嘅重要性有緊密嘅對應關係。<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 哺乳類進化嘅一個重要步驟係大約2億年前大腦皮層嘅發展，佢負責好多高階腦功能。<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>腦嘅相對大小喺靈長類（例如猴子）嘅發展中進一步增加，大約係6500萬年前，之後喺第一批人科動物出現嘅時候又再增加，大約係7至5百萬年前。<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 現代人類大約喺30萬至20萬年前出現。<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 有唔同理論解釋人類智能進化嘅過程。社會智能假說話人類腦嘅進化係因為社交生活變得更加重要，強調同同理心、知識傳遞同元認知有關嘅智力。生態智能假說就話增加智力能力嘅主要價值係可以更好咁應付複雜嘅自然環境，例如行為嘅靈活性、學習同使用工具。仲有其他建議嘅機制包括飲食改變帶嚟嘅影響（例如食高能量嘅嘢），同埋資訊處理速度同效率提高帶嚟嘅一般好處。<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="個人"><span id=".E5.80.8B.E4.BA.BA"></span>個人</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 個人"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>除咗腦喺歷史過程中嘅一般發展之外，仲有個人腦嘅發展。有啲個人變化因人而異，好似從經驗中學習，例如形成特定嘅記憶或者獲得特定嘅行為模式。另外一啲就係普遍嘅發展階段，大部分人都會經歷，例如經過幼兒期、青春期、成年期同老年期。<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢啲發展包括唔同領域，例如智力、感覺運動、語言、情感、社交同道德嘅發展。<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 有啲因素喺出世前就已經影響到腦嘅發展，例如營養、孕婦嘅壓力，同埋接觸到有害物質例如酒精。<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>幼兒期嘅特徵係快速發展，BB學會自主控制身體同埋喺最基本嘅層面上同環境互動。通常一歲左右，佢哋就會行路、認得熟悉嘅面孔，同埋講得出個別嘅字。<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺情感同社交層面，佢哋會同主要照顧者建立連結，同埋表達唔同嘅情感，由開心到嬲、驚同驚訝。<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 皮亞傑嘅理論將細路仔嘅認知發展分成四個階段。由出生到兩歲嘅感覺運動階段主要關注感官印象同運動活動，同時學習物體喺唔被觀察嘅時候都繼續存在。喺前運算階段（到七歲），細路仔學會用直觀嘅方式去理解同使用符號。喺具體運算階段（到十一歲），佢哋開始對實物運用邏輯推理，之後喺形式運算階段將呢種能力擴展到抽象概念同機率可能性。<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個時期塑造腦嘅其他重要過程包括社會化同文化適應，一開始係透過主要照顧者，之後就透過同輩同教育系統。<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>青春期嘅心理變化係由生理變化同面對唔同嘅社會環境同新期望引起。呢個時期一個重要嘅因素係自我概念嘅改變，可能會引發身份認同危機。呢個過程通常包括發展個性同獨立於父母，同時尋求同朋友同同輩嘅親密感同一致性。呢個時期嘅進一步發展包括推理能力嘅提升同形成有原則嘅道德觀。<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>腦喺成年期都會繼續變化，但係冇咁快同冇咁明顯。推理同解決問題嘅技能喺早期同中期成年階段會改善。有啲人會經歷中年轉型，可能會出現中年危機，表現為內心對個人身份認同嘅矛盾，通常伴隨焦慮、覺得自己冇乜成就，同埋意識到人生有限。智力功能喺晚期成年階段傾向下降，特別係學習複雜陌生任務嘅能力，之後仲會影響記憶力，而人就會變得更加內向同謹慎。<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="非人類"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E"></span>非人類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 非人類"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="動物"><span id=".E5.8B.95.E7.89.A9"></span>動物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 動物"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>而家普遍認為動物都有某種形式嘅腦，但係邊啲動物有腦同佢哋嘅腦同人類嘅腦有咩分別就有爭議。<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>如果將腦理解成一個好廣義嘅概念，即係處理資訊嘅能力，咁所有生物都有腦，包括昆蟲、植物同單細胞生物；<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 另一方面，有啲觀點就否定大部分或者全部非人類動物有腦，話佢哋缺乏關鍵嘅心智能力，例如抽象理性思維同符號語言。<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 動物腦嘅地位對倫理學嚟講好重要，因為呢個會影響我哋點樣對待動物，包括動物權嘅話題。<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>不連續觀點認為非人類動物嘅腦同人類嘅腦係根本上唔同嘅，通常指出人類有更高級嘅心智能力，例如思考、推理、同埋基於信念同慾望嚟做決定。<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個觀點反映咗傳統上好有影響力嘅立場，就係將人類定義為「理性動物」，同其他所有動物區分開嚟。<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 相反，連續觀點就強調相似性，認為人類增強嘅心智能力係程度上嘅差異，而唔係本質上嘅差異。呢個立場嘅主要考慮包括共同嘅進化起源、腦同神經系統層面嘅有機相似性，同埋可觀察到嘅行為，包括解決問題嘅技能、動物溝通，同埋對疼痛同愉悅嘅反應同表達。特別重要嘅問題係意識同感知能力，即係非人類動物有幾大程度上有主觀體驗世界嘅能力，同埋能唔能夠感受痛苦同歡樂。<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人工"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E5.B7.A5"></span>人工</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 人工"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">人工智能哲學</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turing_test_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="圖靈測試圖" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turing_test_diagram.png/220px-Turing_test_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turing_test_diagram.png/330px-Turing_test_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Turing_test_diagram.png/440px-Turing_test_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>圖靈測試嘅目的係判斷電腦能唔能夠模仿人類嘅語言行為到一個分唔出邊個係人邊個係電腦嘅程度。</figcaption></figure> <p>評估動物腦嘅一啲困難喺人工腦呢個話題上都有反映，即係實現人工智能嘅電腦系統應唔應該被認為係一種腦嘅形式。<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢個諗法同一啲腦性質嘅理論係一致嘅，例如功能主義同佢嘅概念，即係心智概念描述嘅係功能角色，呢啲功能角色喺生物腦度實現，但係原則上都可以喺人工裝置度實現。<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 圖靈測試係一個傳統上好有影響力嘅測試人工智能嘅程序：一個人同兩方交換訊息，一方係人類，另一方係電腦。如果分唔出邊個係人類邊個係電腦，咁就算呢部電腦通過咗測試。雖然而家有啲電腦程序可能會通過圖靈測試，但係單單呢樣嘢通常都唔會被接受為具有心智嘅決定性證據。<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 對於腦嘅其他方面，電腦能唔能夠原則上實現佢哋就更有爭議，例如慾望、感覺、意識同自由意志。<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>呢個問題經常透過弱人工智能同強人工智能嘅對比嚟討論。弱人工智能或者叫窄人工智能，局限於特定嘅心智能力或功能。佢專注於特定嘅任務或者一組窄嘅任務，例如自動駕駛、語音識別或者定理證明。強人工智能嘅目標，又叫人工通用智能，係創造一個完整嘅人工人，擁有人類所有嘅心智能力，包括意識、情感同理性。<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 強人工智能係咪可能實現仲有爭議；有影響力嘅反對論點包括約翰·希爾勒嘅中文房間論證同赫伯特·德雷福斯基於海德格爾哲學嘅批評。<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="精神健康同精神病"><span id=".E7.B2.BE.E7.A5.9E.E5.81.A5.E5.BA.B7.E5.90.8C.E7.B2.BE.E7.A5.9E.E7.97.85"></span>精神健康同精神病</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 精神健康同精神病"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="精神健康">精神健康</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="精神病">精神病</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理病理學 (無呢版)">心理病理學</a></div> <p>精神健康係一個心理狀態，喺呢個狀態入便，個人嘅精神能力都可以正常運作，達到內在平衡同埋幸福感。有啲理論家強調正面嘅特徵，好似個人實現潛能嘅能力、表達同調節情緒、應付逆境，同埋履行社會角色。相反，負面定義就將精神健康視為冇精神病嘅狀態。<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>精神病係一啲異常嘅思維、情緒或行為模式，唔單止偏離精神能力嘅平均表現，仲偏離咗佢應有嘅運作方式，通常仲會引起一啲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%9B%B0%E6%93%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精神困擾 (無呢版)">精神困擾</a>。呢啲規範嘅內容好有爭議，而且喺唔同文化之間都有分別。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="同性戀">同性戀</a>以前一直畀醫療專業人士視為精神病，直到20世紀末先至改變咗呢個觀點。<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OCD_handwash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="洗手相片" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OCD_handwash.jpg/220px-OCD_handwash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OCD_handwash.jpg/330px-OCD_handwash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OCD_handwash.jpg/440px-OCD_handwash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E7%97%87" title="強迫症">強迫症</a>係一種精神病，患者會因為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%B5%E5%85%A5%E6%80%A7%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="侵入性思想 (無呢版)">侵入性思想</a>引起嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="焦慮">焦慮</a>而執行<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="強迫行為">強迫行為</a>嘅儀式，例如過度洗手。</figcaption></figure> <p>精神病有好多種，每種都同唔同嘅功能失調有關。<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE%E7%97%87" title="焦慮症">焦慮症</a>會令人感到強烈同持續嘅恐懼，呢種恐懼同實際威脅唔成正比，仲會嚴重影響日常生活，好似<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社交恐懼症 (無呢版)">社交恐懼症</a>咁，就會對某啲社交場合產生無理嘅恐懼。焦慮症仲包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E7%97%87" title="強迫症">強迫症</a>，患者會因為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%B5%E5%85%A5%E6%80%A7%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="侵入性思想 (無呢版)">侵入性思想</a>而感到<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="焦慮">焦慮</a>，然後透過執行<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="強迫行為">強迫行為</a>嘅儀式嚟緩解呢種焦慮。<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="情緒病 (無呢版)">情緒病</a>會令人產生同外在環境唔相符嘅強烈情緒或者情緒波動，而且可以持續好耐。例如，患<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%81%E9%AC%B1%E7%97%87" title="躁鬱症">躁鬱症</a>嘅人會經歷極端嘅情緒波動，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%81%E7%8B%82" class="mw-redirect" title="躁狂">躁狂</a>狀態嘅亢奮到<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E9%AC%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="抑鬱">抑鬱</a>狀態嘅絕望。<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="人格障礙">人格障礙</a>嘅特徵係長期存在嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不適應 (無呢版)">不適應</a>行為模式，會嚴重影響正常生活，好似<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A6%84%E6%83%B3%E5%9E%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="妄想型人格障礙 (無呢版)">妄想型人格障礙</a>咁，會令患者無理由咁對其他人嘅動機產生深深嘅懷疑。<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E6%80%A7%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="精神病性障礙">精神病性障礙</a>係最嚴重嘅精神疾病之一，會令患者對現實產生扭曲嘅認知，出現<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E8%A6%BA" title="幻覺">幻覺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%84%E6%83%B3" title="妄想">妄想</a>，好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="精神分裂症">精神分裂症</a>咁。<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>其他障礙仲包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A2%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解離症 (無呢版)">解離症</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="飲食失調 (無呢版)">飲食失調</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>治療精神病有唔同方法，最適合嘅治療通常要視乎障礙類型、成因同埋患者嘅整體狀況。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="心理治療">心理治療</a>方法透過同治療師嘅個人互動嚟了解障礙，幫助患者改變佢哋嘅思維、感受同行為模式。<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="精神分析">精神分析</a>認為精神障礙嘅根源係意識同無意識之間嘅衝突。治療目標係要洞察無意識嘅衝突，從而解決佢哋。<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="認知行為療法 (無呢版)">認知行為療法</a>都重視洞察，但更加強調有意識嘅精神現象，識別同改變非理性信念同負面思維模式。<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行為療法 (無呢版)">行為療法</a>係一種相關嘅方法，佢依靠<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經典制約 (無呢版)">經典制約</a>嚟消除有害行為，而唔係改變思維模式。<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="人本主義心理學">人本主義療法</a>嘗試幫助人了解佢哋嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自我價值 (無呢版)">自我價值</a>，令佢哋有能力解決問題同發掘潛能。<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="藥物治療">藥物治療</a>透過使用藥物嚟改變同障礙有關嘅腦部化學物質，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E6%8A%91%E9%AC%B1%E8%97%A5" title="抗抑鬱藥">抗抑鬱藥</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E8%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗精神病藥 (無呢版)">抗精神病藥</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="情緒穩定劑 (無呢版)">情緒穩定劑</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE%E8%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗焦慮藥 (無呢版)">抗焦慮藥</a>。呢啲屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="精神科">精神科</a>嘅範疇，有時會同心理治療方法一齊使用。<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究領域同方法"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E9.A0.98.E5.9F.9F.E5.90.8C.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>研究領域同方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 研究領域同方法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有唔同嘅研究領域都會研究心靈，包括心理學、神經科學、哲學同埋認知科學。佢哋研究心靈嘅唔同方面，用唔同嘅方法嚟做研究。<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 研究心靈有好多難度，因為唔可以直接檢查、操控同埋測量佢。想繞過呢個問題去研究大腦又會帶嚟新嘅挑戰，主要係因為大腦作為神經網絡太過複雜，由數十億個神經元組成，每個神經元仲可以同多達一萬個其他神經元連接。<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="心理學"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8"></span>心理學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 心理學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a></div> <p>心理學係研究心靈同行為嘅科學。佢研究有意識同無意識嘅心理現象，包括知覺、記憶、感覺、思維、決策、智力同埋人格。佢仲會研究呢啲心理現象點樣表現喺可觀察到嘅行為模式度，呢啲行為模式又點樣受外在環境影響同埋學習塑造。<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 心理學係一個好闊嘅學科，包括好多分支。認知心理學研究高層次嘅心理活動，例如思考、解決問題、推理同埋概念形成。<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 生物心理學想了解心理活動背後嘅生理機制，同埋呢啲機制點樣受遺傳同環境影響。<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 發展心理學研究心靈由細到大嘅發展，而社會心理學就研究社會環境點樣影響心靈同行為。<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 仲有其他分支包括比較心理學、臨床心理學、教育心理學、職業心理學同埋神經心理學。<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>心理學家用好多唔同嘅方法嚟研究心靈。實驗方法會喺實驗室或者實地設置一個受控制嘅情況，改變自變量同埋測量佢哋對因變量嘅影響。呢個方法可以揾出變量之間嘅因果關係。舉個例，想知道有相似興趣嘅人（自變量）係咪更容易成為朋友（因變量），研究者可以將參與者分成相似同唔相似嘅組合。俾啲時間佢哋互動之後，再評估相似組合嘅成員係咪比唔相似組合嘅成員對彼此有更正面嘅態度。<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>相關方法研究兩個變量之間嘅關聯強度，但唔確立佢哋之間嘅因果關係。<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 問卷調查方法會俾參與者一堆問題，想搵出佢哋嘅心理態度、行為同其他相關因素。然後分析參與者點樣答問題，同埋唔同問題嘅答案之間有咩關係。<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 問卷調查通常會有好多參與者，相比之下個案研究就會深入研究一個或者少數幾個對象，通常係為咗研究罕見現象或者探索新領域。<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 仲有其他方法包括縱向研究、自然觀察同埋經驗現象學描述。<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="神經科學"><span id=".E7.A5.9E.E7.B6.93.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8"></span>神經科學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 神經科學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1206_FMRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="fMRI影像" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1206_FMRI.jpg/150px-1206_FMRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1206_FMRI.jpg/225px-1206_FMRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1206_FMRI.jpg/300px-1206_FMRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>功能性磁共振成像係一種神經影像技術，可以偵測到神經活動增加嘅腦區（橙色部分）。</figcaption></figure> <p>神經科學研究神經系統。佢主要研究中樞神經系統，特別係大腦，但都會研究負責連接中樞神經系統同四肢同器官嘅周圍神經系統。神經科學研究心理現象喺生理層面嘅實現。佢涵蓋唔同層次嘅分析；喺微觀層面，佢研究心靈嘅分子同細胞基礎，研究單個神經元嘅構成同互動；喺宏觀層面，佢分析整個大腦嘅結構同埋佢分成唔同功能區嘅情況。<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>神經影像技術係神經科學家最主要嘅研究方法。功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）測量同血流相關嘅大腦磁場變化。血流增加嘅區域表示相應嘅腦區特別活躍。正電子發射斷層掃描（PET）用放射性物質嚟偵測大腦嘅各種代謝變化。腦電圖（EEG）測量大腦嘅電活動，通常係喺頭皮放置電極，測量電極之間嘅電壓差。呢啲技術經常用嚟測量特定情況下嘅大腦變化，例如進行特定認知任務嘅時候。研究特定腦區受損嘅病人同實驗動物都可以得到重要嘅見解，可以評估受損區域嘅功能，同埋佢嘅缺失點樣影響大腦嘅其他部分。<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哲學"><span id=".E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>哲學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 哲學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心靈哲學">心靈哲學</a></div> <p>心靈哲學研究心理現象嘅本質同埋佢同物理世界嘅關係。佢想了解"心靈嘅特徵"，即係所有心理狀態共有嘅特徵。佢仲會研究唔同類型嘅心理現象嘅本質，例如信念、慾望、情緒、意向性同埋意識，同時探索佢哋之間嘅關係。心靈哲學仲會檢視心物問題嘅解決方案，例如二元論、唯心論同埋物理主義，評估支持同反對呢啲方案嘅論據。其他話題包括個人身份同埋自由意志。<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braininvat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="缸中腦思想實驗嘅圖解" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Braininvat.jpg/220px-Braininvat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Braininvat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>哲學家用思想實驗去探索心靈嘅本質同佢同物質嘅關係，例如想像如果超級電腦俾正常大腦接收到嘅電刺激俾缸中腦，缸中腦會點樣感受現實。</figcaption></figure> <p>雖然心靈哲學家都會喺研究中包括經驗考慮，但佢哋同心理學同神經科學唔同，佢哋會更加重視非經驗形式嘅研究。其中一個方法係概念分析，目的係通過分解概念嚟識別佢哋嘅語義部分，從而釐清"心靈"同"意圖"呢啲概念嘅意思。<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 思想實驗經常用嚟引發對抽象理論嘅直覺，評估佢哋嘅連貫性同合理性：哲學家想像一個同理論相關嘅情況，然後用反事實思考嚟評估呢個理論可能帶嚟嘅後果，好似瑪麗色彩科學家、哲學殭屍同埋缸中腦呢啲場景。<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 因為心靈嘅主觀性質，現象學方法都經常用嚟分析意識嘅結構，從第一人稱角度描述經驗。<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="認知科學"><span id=".E8.AA.8D.E7.9F.A5.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8"></span>認知科學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 認知科學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div> <p>認知科學係一個跨學科嘅研究，專注於心理過程。佢嘅目標係克服理解心智呢個複雜主題嘅挑戰，透過整合心理學、神經科學、哲學、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>等唔同領域嘅研究。唔同於呢啲學科，認知科學唔係一個統一嘅領域，而係一個合作努力。整合佢哋嘅見解有啲困難，因為每個學科都係用唔同嘅角度同抽象層次去探索心智，仲有唔同嘅研究方法得出結論。<sup id="cite_ref-auto_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>認知科學想克服呢啲困難，依賴一個統一嘅概念，將心智視為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%99%95%E7%90%86_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="信息處理 (心理學) (無呢版)">信息處理者</a>。即係講，心理過程被理解為計算，透過檢索、轉換、儲存同傳輸信息。舉個例，知覺就係從環境攞感官信息，再轉化成有意義嘅模式，俾其他心理過程用，例如計劃同決策。<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 認知科學會用唔同層次去描述同分析認知過程；最抽象嘅層次專注於過程應該解決嘅基本問題，仲有有機體點解需要解決啲問題；中間層次就會揭示<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="算法">算法</a>，即係一個正式嘅逐步程序去解決問題；至於最具體嘅層次，就會探討算法點樣通過生理變化去<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E7%8F%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實現 (無呢版)">實施</a>喺大腦層面。<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 另一種處理心智複雜性嘅方法，就係將心智分析為一個複雜系統，裡面有唔同嘅子系統，可以獨立研究。<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同其他領域嘅關係"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E9.A0.98.E5.9F.9F.E5.98.85.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>同其他領域嘅關係</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 同其他領域嘅關係"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>心靈同好多領域都有關係。喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="認識論">認識論</a>入面，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="其他心靈問題 (無呢版)">其他心靈問題</a>就係講點樣解釋我哋可以知道第二個人都有心靈。呢個問題嘅難處在於人哋可以直接體驗自己嘅心靈，但冇辦法同樣咁接觸其他人嘅心靈。根據一啲普遍嘅睇法，我哋要靠觀察其他人嘅行為，然後用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%9E%E6%AF%94%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="類比推理 (無呢版)">類比推理</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AF%E5%9B%A0%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="溯因推理">溯因推理</a>嚟推斷佢哋有心靈。<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 同呢個問題好有關係嘅係心理學入面嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理理論 (無呢版)">心理理論</a>，即係理解其他人有可能同自己唔同嘅信念、慾望、意圖同感受嘅能力。<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="人類學">人類學</a>對唔同文化點樣概念化心靈嘅本質同佢同世界嘅關係好感興趣。呢啲概念化影響到人哋點樣理解自己、經歷疾病，同解釋儀式做法係嘗試同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="靈體">靈體</a>溝通。有啲文化唔會將心靈同世界嚴格分開，認為諗嘢可以直接進入世界變成有益或者有害嘅力量。另一啲文化就會將心靈當做一種內在現象，冇超自然能力，同外在現實嚴格分開。<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="社會學">社會學</a>係一個相關嘅領域，研究心靈、社會同行為之間嘅聯繫。<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>心靈嘅概念喺唔同宗教入面都好重要。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教徒">佛教徒</a>話冇一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" title="無我">持久嘅自我</a>喺心理活動背後，佢哋將心靈分析成一個不斷變化嘅經驗流，有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%98%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五蘊 (無呢版)">五個方面或「蘊」</a>嘅特徵：<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2" title="色">物質形態</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="受 (無呢版)">感受</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="想 (無呢版)">知覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="行">意志</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="識 (無呢版)">意識</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 相反，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教徒 (無呢版)">印度教徒</a>就肯定有一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿特曼 (印度教) (無呢版)">永恆嘅自我</a>存在。喺一個好有影響力嘅比喻入面，人類嘅心靈比作一架馬車：馬係<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>，透過感官享樂引誘相當於韁繩嘅感官心靈，但係由代表<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="智慧">智慧</a>嘅馭者控制，而自我就係一個乘客。<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺傳統<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督教哲學 (無呢版)">基督教哲學</a>入面，心靈同靈魂好密切相連，係人類可能<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%86%E4%B8%96" title="來世">喺身體死亡之後</a>繼續存在嘅非物質方面。<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 伊斯蘭思想將<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%99%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="理智">心智</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AD%AF%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="魯赫 (無呢版)">精神</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%93%8B%E5%8B%92%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蓋勒布 (無呢版)">心</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="納夫斯 (無呢版)">自我</a>區分開嚟，認為佢哋係人類精神維度嘅互相關聯嘅方面。<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83_(%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心 (心智) (無呢版)">心智</a>嘅概念作為認知同情感生活嘅中心，包括思想、理解、意志、慾望同心情。<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>領域入面，學生嘅心靈透過知識、技能同品格特徵嘅傳遞而得到塑造，呢個過程係一種社會化同文化化。呢個目標係通過唔同嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教學方法 (無呢版)">教學方法</a>嚟實現，包括團體工作同個人學習之間嘅對比，同埋使用教學媒體。<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 以老師為中心嘅教育將老師定位為控制學習過程嘅中心權威，而喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A5%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E5%98%85%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="以學生為中心嘅學習 (無呢版)">以學生為中心嘅學習</a>入面，學生喺塑造課堂活動方面有更加主動嘅角色。<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 選擇最有效嘅方法嚟發展學習者嘅心靈係由唔同因素決定嘅，包括主題同學習者嘅年齡同技能水平。<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrenology1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="腦部功能嘅骨相學圖" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/180px-Phrenology1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/270px-Phrenology1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/360px-Phrenology1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%A8%E7%9B%B8%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="骨相學 (無呢版)">骨相學</a>係一種將心理功能同腦部區域聯繫起嚟嘅偽科學嘗試。</figcaption></figure> <p>心靈經常係<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="偽科學">偽科學</a>研究嘅主題。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%A8%E7%9B%B8%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="骨相學 (無呢版)">骨相學</a>係早期嘗試將心理功能同特定腦區聯繫起嚟嘅一種做法。雖然佢嘅核心主張，即係通過測量頭骨嘅凸起嚟預測心理特徵，冇通過科學檢驗，但係背後嘅想法，即係某啲心理功能喺大腦嘅特定區域有所定位，而家已經被廣泛接受。<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超心理學 (無呢版)">超心理學家</a>尋求發現同研究一系列<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="超自然">超自然</a>嘅心理能力，由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="千里眼 (無呢版)">千里眼</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89" title="心靈感應">心靈感應</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E8%87%B4%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心靈致動 (無呢版)">心靈致動</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="資料"><span id=".E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 資料"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">意向性同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意圖 (無呢版)">意圖</a>喺執行某個行動嘅計劃嘅意思要分開。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">呢兩個詞通常被視為同義詞，但有啲理論家會區分佢哋，認為唯物主義局限於物質，而物理主義係一個更廣泛嘅詞，包括額外嘅物理現象，好似力咁。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">包括水母同櫛水母。<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="疏仕"><span id=".E7.96.8F.E4.BB.95"></span>疏仕</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 疏仕"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 2, 6</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018i">American Psychological Association 2018i</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022a">HarperCollins 2022a</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2024">HarperCollins 2024</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFMorton2005">Morton 2005</a>, p. 603</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018i">American Psychological Association 2018i</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFPaivio2014">Paivio 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FaGYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR6">vi–vii</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 2–3, 5–6</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 5–8, 68–69</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFMcQueenMcQueen2010">McQueen & McQueen 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ho5KEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">135</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFMorton2005">Morton 2005</a>, p. 603</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFSharov2012">Sharov 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ5HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343">343–344</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2019">Carruthers 2019</a>, pp. ix, 29–30</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1998">Griffin 1998</a>, pp. 53–55</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStichWarfield2008">Stich & Warfield 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEGK_ZStddkC&pg=PR9">ix–x</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFPashler2013">Pashler 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu3aMe6kRowC&pg=PR29">xxix–xxx</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 14–17</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018j">American Psychological Association 2018j</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018i">American Psychological Association 2018i</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024">Merriam-Webster 2024</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, p. 7</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022b">HarperCollins 2022b</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 5, 31</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSwinburne1998">Swinburne 1998</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022c">HarperCollins 2022c</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024a">Merriam-Webster 2024a</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022d">HarperCollins 2022d</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, p. 16</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022e">HarperCollins 2022e</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024b">Merriam-Webster 2024b</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 273–274</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, p. 312</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024c">Merriam-Webster 2024c</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018i">American Psychological Association 2018i</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFUttal2020">Uttal 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSbxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT98">96–97</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, p. 4</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHoad1993">Hoad 1993</a>, p. 294</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1996">Smith 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pl0Cgb4IMKUC&pg=PA105">105</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFCresswell2010">Cresswell 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC&pg=PA275">275</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSansonese1994">Sansonese 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aUZBqTKTAfIC&pg=PA116">116</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFGiannopulu2019">Giannopulu 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8uJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">6</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2013">Olson 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7W7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT111">111–112</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 17–18</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFO'Madagain">O'Madagain</a>, Lead Section</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFBayne2022">Bayne 2022</a>, pp. 8–9</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 18–20</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBayne2022">Bayne 2022</a>, pp. 8–10</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFAudi1993">Audi 1993</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLzbG5VjscC&pg=PA167">167–168</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFKriegel2014">Kriegel 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICf-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA384">384</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSearle1991">Searle 1991</a>, pp. 45–47, 50</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFGillett1996">Gillett 1996</a>, pp. 191–192</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacob2023">Jacob 2023</a>, § 1. Why Is Intentionality So-called?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFO'Madagain">O'Madagain</a>, Lead Section</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFKriegel2015">Kriegel 2015</a>, p. 141</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFKim2011">Kim 2011</a>, pp. 23–25</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFKriegel2014">Kriegel 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICf-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA383">383–384</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFCrane1998">Crane 1998</a>, pp. 229–230</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2023">Levin 2023</a>, § 2.3 Behaviorism</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2023">Graham 2023</a>, § 1. What Is Behaviorism?, § 5. Why Be a Behaviorist</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham2000">Cunningham 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubdiw-ALgo0C&pg=PA40">40</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2023">Levin 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 1. What Is Functionalism?</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFPolger">Polger</a>, Lead Section</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham2000">Cunningham 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubdiw-ALgo0C&pg=PA40">40</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFRescorla2020">Rescorla 2020</a>, Lead Section, § 3. The Classical Computational Theory of Mind</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 2–3</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, pp. 3, 85</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFRowlandsLauDeutsch2020">Rowlands, Lau & Deutsch 2020</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Introduction</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSmith">Smith</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFRowlandsLauDeutsch2020">Rowlands, Lau & Deutsch 2020</a>, § 1. Introduction, § 3. Content Externalism</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSmith">Smith</a>, § 1. Hilary Putnam and Natural Kind Externalism</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFRowlandsLauDeutsch2020">Rowlands, Lau & Deutsch 2020</a>, § 1. Introduction, § 5. Extended Mind</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGreif2017">Greif 2017</a>, pp. 4311–4312</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFKiversteinFarinaClark2013">Kiverstein, Farina & Clark 2013</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFRowlandsLauDeutsch2020">Rowlands, Lau & Deutsch 2020</a>, § 7. Extended Mind and the 4E Mind</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFRowlands2009">Rowlands 2009</a>, pp. 53–56</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFKim2005">Kim 2005</a>, p. 608</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 11–12</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, pp. 3–4</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 34–36</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFKim2005">Kim 2005</a>, p. 608</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, pp. 13, 41–42</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 5, 202–203</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, p. 44</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, p. 5</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, pp. 44, 47–48</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFMarcum2008">Marcum 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1arGI9NZcAkC&pg=PA19">19</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFStoljar2010">Stoljar 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iqGLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, p. 68</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFStoljar2024">Stoljar 2024</a>, Lead Section</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, p. 48</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 71–72</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, pp. 75–76</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 72–73, 102–104</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, p. 148</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFRavenscroft2005">Ravenscroft 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1EAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">47</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFStoljar2024">Stoljar 2024</a>, § 2.2.1 Type Physicalism</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 129–130</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBigajWüthrich2015">Bigaj & Wüthrich 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bW9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA357">357</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2023">Levin 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, p. 62</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2023">Levin 2023</a>, § 1. What Is Functionalism?</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 136–137</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFWeisberg">Weisberg</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Stating the Problem</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBlackmore2013">Blackmore 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WycuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">33–35</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, pp. 39–40</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFOprisCasanovaLebedevPopescu2017">Opris et al. 2017</a>, pp. 69–70</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett2009">Barrett 2009</a>, pp. 326–327</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFPopescuOpris2017">Popescu & Opris 2017</a>, pp. 23–24</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFScanlonSanders2018">Scanlon & Sanders 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXR0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">178</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFYukalovSornette2014">Yukalov & Sornette 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMslBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">How Brains Make Decisions</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFAthreyaMouza2016">Athreya & Mouza 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc3BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">52–53</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSchoenbergMarshLerner2011">Schoenberg, Marsh & Lerner 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67SDJTaAIwIC&pg=PA60">60</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFBenarroch2021">Benarroch 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekwwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA437">437–438</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018f">American Psychological Association 2018f</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSchoenbergMarshLerner2011">Schoenberg, Marsh & Lerner 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67SDJTaAIwIC&pg=PA66">66</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonHuffman2019">Sanderson & Huffman 2019</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmfDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">59–61</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSaab2009">Saab 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFu-_qZiEN4C&pg=PA1">1–2</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFScanlonSanders2018">Scanlon & Sanders 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXR0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">178–180</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFAthreyaMouza2016">Athreya & Mouza 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc3BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">52–53</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFOprisCasanovaLebedevPopescu2017">Opris et al. 2017</a>, p. 70</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSchoenbergMarshLerner2011">Schoenberg, Marsh & Lerner 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67SDJTaAIwIC&pg=PA69">69–72</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFAthreyaMouza2016">Athreya & Mouza 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc3BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">52–53</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSchoenbergMarshLerner2011">Schoenberg, Marsh & Lerner 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67SDJTaAIwIC&pg=PA76">76–77</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFBenarroch2021">Benarroch 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekwwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA437">437–438</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFReisyan2015">Reisyan 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_3NCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">91–92</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018g">American Psychological Association 2018g</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, pp. 4–5</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFRoth2013">Roth 2013</a>, pp. 3–4</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoth2013">Roth 2013</a>, pp. 265–266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFRoth2013">Roth 2013</a>, pp. 265–266</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFErulkarLentz2024">Erulkar & Lentz 2024</a>, § Evolution and Development of the Nervous System</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, pp. 6–7</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFErulkarLentz2024">Erulkar & Lentz 2024</a>, § Evolution and Development of the Nervous System</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, p. 13</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFAboitizMontiel2007">Aboitiz & Montiel 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N4HB0Sw-4u8C&pg=PA7">7</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFAboitizMontiel2012">Aboitiz & Montiel 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ19UiDPosEC&pg=PA14">14–15</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFFinlayInnocentiScheich2013">Finlay, Innocenti & Scheich 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BsGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFJerison2013">Jerison 2013</a>, pp. 7–8</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, pp. 6–8</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFReyesSherwood2014">Reyes & Sherwood 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1kqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">12</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFWragg-Sykes2016">Wragg-Sykes 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbbjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">183</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, p. 9</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFWragg-Sykes2016">Wragg-Sykes 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbbjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">183</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFFaganDurrani2021">Fagan & Durrani 2021</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNFKEAAAQBAJ">3. Enter Homo Sapiens (c. 300,000 Years Ago and Later)</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFRoth2013">Roth 2013</a>, p. 3</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFHatfield2013">Hatfield 2013</a>, pp. 36–43</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFMandalaywalaFleenerMaestripieri2014">Mandalaywala, Fleener & Maestripieri 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ylzEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">28–29</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 171, 202, 342–343, 384</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 171–172, 184</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 131–132, 240</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFYeomansArnold2013">Yeomans & Arnold 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDL1eR1VrcIC&pg=PT31">31</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFOakley2004">Oakley 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSOCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 131–132</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFCoallCallanDickinsChisholm2015">Coall et al. 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg3QBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">57–58</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 345–346</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFAbel2003">Abel 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j77OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231">231–232</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 342–344, 347–348, 384</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFPacker2017">Packer 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5NBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">7–8</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSmitsmanCorbetta2011">Smitsman & Corbetta 2011</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WrqZaqtzgUC&pg=PA169">Action in Infancy – Perspectives, Concepts, and Challenges</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 131–132</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFPacker2017">Packer 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5NBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">7–8</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1975">Freeman 1975</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFjf4mUHqv4C&pg=PA114">114</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFDriscollEasterbrooks2007">Driscoll & Easterbrooks 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cOPNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA256">256</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, p. 384</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 349–350</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 566–572</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, p. 384</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFHarrell2018">Harrell 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQDFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA478">478–479</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 384–385</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 619–620, 625–626</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFBermanWeemsStickle2006">Berman, Weems & Stickle 2006</a>, pp. 285–292</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 124–125, 131–132</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, p. 385</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 633–638, 664</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 124–125, 131–132</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2019">Carruthers 2019</a>, pp. ix, 29–30</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1998">Griffin 1998</a>, pp. 53–55</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpradlinPorterfield2012">Spradlin & Porterfield 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aynUBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">17–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2019">Carruthers 2019</a>, pp. 29–30</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSteiner2014">Steiner 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHBEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">93</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2020">Thomas 2020</a>, pp. 999–1000</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2013">Griffin 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2uXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9">ix</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2019">Carruthers 2019</a>, p. ix</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2021">Fischer 2021</a>, pp. 28–29</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2021">Fischer 2021</a>, pp. 30–32</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFLurz">Lurz</a>, Lead Section</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2019pp:ix,_29–30">Carruthers & 2019 pp:ix, 29–30</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFPennHolyoakPovinelli2008">Penn, Holyoak & Povinelli 2008</a>, pp. 109–110</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFMelisMonsó2023">Melis & Monsó 2023</a>, pp. 1–2</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFRysiew2012">Rysiew 2012</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2021">Fischer 2021</a>, pp. 32–35</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFLurz">Lurz</a>, Lead Section</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1998">Griffin 1998</a>, pp. 53–55</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2019">Carruthers 2019</a>, pp. ix–x</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFPennHolyoakPovinelli2008">Penn, Holyoak & Povinelli 2008</a>, pp. 109–110</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFMcClelland2021">McClelland 2021</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=viQqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT81">81</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFFranklin1995">Franklin 1995</a>, pp. 1–2</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonPiccinini2024">Anderson & Piccinini 2024</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o68FEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA232">232–233</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2004">Carruthers 2004</a>, pp. 267–268</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2004">Carruthers 2004</a>, pp. 267–268</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2023">Levin 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 1. What Is Functionalism?</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSearle2004">Searle 2004</a>, p. 62</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFJaworski2011">Jaworski 2011</a>, pp. 136–137</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBiever2023">Biever 2023</a>, pp. 686–689</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2004">Carruthers 2004</a>, pp. 248–249, 269–270</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers2004">Carruthers 2004</a>, pp. 270–273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFChen2023">Chen 2023</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8vAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1141">1141</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBringsjordGovindarajulu2024">Bringsjord & Govindarajulu 2024</a>, § 8. Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFButz2021">Butz 2021</a>, pp. 91–92</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBringsjordGovindarajulu2024">Bringsjord & Govindarajulu 2024</a>, § 8. Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFFjelland2020">Fjelland 2020</a>, pp. 1–2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphyDonovanSmart2020">Murphy, Donovan & Smart 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=of75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">97–99, 103–104, 112</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 731–735</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 450–453</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 455–457</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 466–468</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 751–752</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 459–461</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 473–474, 476–477</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, p. 755</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, p. 466</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, p. 471</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 485–486</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFNoll2009">Noll 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzoJxps189IC&pg=PA122">122</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSharmaBranscum2020">Sharma & Branscum 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rC7yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122">122</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 480–481</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 468–469</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, p. 766</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 472–473</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 502–503</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 485–486</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 773–774</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 493–494</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 503–505</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 781–782</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 493, 495–496</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 508–509</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 789–790</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 508–509</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 502–503</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 784–785</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 499–500</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 505–506</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinNash2006">Bernstein & Nash 2006</a>, pp. 525–527</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFNairne2011">Nairne 2011</a>, pp. 487–490</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 774–779</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFPashler2013">Pashler 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu3aMe6kRowC&pg=PR29">xxix–xxx</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. xix, 12–13</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, p. 1</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFUttal2011">Uttal 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lAyVX1KVI1oC&pg=PA1">1–4</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 1–3</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 15–16</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2022">Dawson 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGeEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161">161–162</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 4–6</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHiggsCooperLee2019">Higgs, Cooper & Lee 2019</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkewDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3–4</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 4–8</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 4–6</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFThorntonGliga2020">Thornton & Gliga 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_h9HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">35</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFSharmaSharma1997">Sharma & Sharma 1997</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8k7kK_J_MM4C&pg=PA7">7–9</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross2020">Gross 2020</a>, pp. 4–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHood2013">Hood 2013</a>, pp. 1314–1315</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFDumont2008">Dumont 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5X2SK2DCgC&pg=PA17">17, 48</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFHowittCramer2011">Howitt & Cramer 2011</a>, pp. 16–17</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFDumont2008">Dumont 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5X2SK2DCgC&pg=PA17">17, 48</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFHowittCramer2011">Howitt & Cramer 2011</a>, pp. 11–12</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHowittCramer2011">Howitt & Cramer 2011</a>, pp. 232–233</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFDumont2008">Dumont 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5X2SK2DCgC&pg=PA27">27–28</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHowittCramer2011">Howitt & Cramer 2011</a>, pp. 232–233, 294–295</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFDumont2008">Dumont 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5X2SK2DCgC&pg=PA29">29–30</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFHowittCramer2011">Howitt & Cramer 2011</a>, pp. 220–221, 383–384</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFDumont2008">Dumont 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5X2SK2DCgC&pg=PA28">28</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 17–18</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFHellier2014">Hellier 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOTNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR31">31–32</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFMarcusJacobson2012">Marcus & Jacobson 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=II3lBwAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA3">3</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 17–18</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFEngelmannMulckhuyseTing2019">Engelmann, Mulckhuyse & Ting 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uC2jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159">159</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFScharff2008">Scharff 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mqcvrd7rKc0C&pg=PA270">270–271</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFHellier2014">Hellier 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOTNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR31">31–32</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFStichWarfield2008">Stich & Warfield 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEGK_ZStddkC&pg=PR9">ix–x</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFMandik2014">Mandik 2014</a>, pp. 1–4, 14</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFKind2018">Kind 2018</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2010-IA3">Lead Section</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFAdamsBeighley2015">Adams & Beighley 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DlU6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">54</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFStichWarfield2008">Stich & Warfield 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEGK_ZStddkC&pg=PR10">ix–xi</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFShaffer2015">Shaffer 2015</a>, pp. 555–556</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFAudi2006">Audi 2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/philosophy">§ Philosophical Methods</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBrownFehige2019">Brown & Fehige 2019</a>, Lead Section</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFGoffiRoux2011">Goffi & Roux 2011</a>, pp. 165, 168–169</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2018">Smith 2018</a>, Lead Section, § 1. What Is Phenomenology?, §6. Phenomenology and Philosophy of Mind</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2013">Smith 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6a03AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT358">335–336</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_115-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 2–3</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, pp. 3, 85</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, p. 2</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFSpruit2008">Spruit 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dM6T86QreYC&pg=PA203">203</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFFriedenbergSilvermanSpivey2022">Friedenberg, Silverman & Spivey 2022</a>, pp. 8–9</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, pp. 122–123</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBermúdez2014">Bermúdez 2014</a>, pp. 85, 129–130</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFKoenig2004">Koenig 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gi-PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274">274</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFAvramides2023">Avramides 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 1.4 Perceptual Knowledge of Other Minds</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFOvergaard2010">Overgaard 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-2646-0_14">255–258</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2018h">American Psychological Association 2018h</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFDunbar2007">Dunbar 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ly0TDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">30</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFLuhrmann2023">Luhrmann 2023</a>, Abstract, § Introduction, § Conclusion: The Understanding of Mind in the West Is Peculiar</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFToren2010">Toren 2010</a>, pp. 577–580, 582</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFBeatty2019">Beatty 2019</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranks2007">Franks 2007</a>, pp. 3055–3056</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFKarunamuni2015">Karunamuni 2015</a>, pp. 1–2</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFCoseru2017">Coseru 2017</a>, Lead Section; § 2.3 The Five Aggregates</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFLaine1998">Laine 1998</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFLaine1998">Laine 1998</a>, § Philosophy of Mind in the Upaniṣads</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFRao2002">Rao 2002</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21206593/">315–316</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFClarkLintsSmith2004">Clark, Lints & Smith 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H81iiiPtuGsC&pg=PA52">52–53</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFDuncanLoLordo2013">Duncan & LoLordo 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VDbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR16">xvi</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFRassool2021">Rassool 2021</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oobEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">74</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFRothman2021">Rothman 2021</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWbwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2010">2010</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFWong2023">Wong 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFHallAmes1998">Hall & Ames 1998</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFChazan2022">Chazan 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83925-3_3">15–16</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFBartlettBurton2007">Bartlett & Burton 2007</a>, pp. 81–85</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFMurphy2003">Murphy 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjqQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">5, 19–20</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFWangCranton2013">Wang & Cranton 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KNyeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143">143</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmaliana2017">Emaliana 2017</a>, pp. 59–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFBartlettBurton2007">Bartlett & Burton 2007</a>, pp. 81–85</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFMurphy2003">Murphy 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjqQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">5, 19–20</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFSysling2022">Sysling 2022</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIuFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA407">407</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFDixonShapiro2022">Dixon & Shapiro 2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T81kEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT126">5. Mind, Brain, and Morality</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFStairs1998">Stairs 1998</a>, Lead Section</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFHarperCollins2022">HarperCollins 2022</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="書源"><span id=".E6.9B.B8.E6.BA.90"></span>書源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 書源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1972394">.mw-parser-output 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.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbel2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abel, Ernest L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j77OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231">"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome"</a>. 出自 Blocker, Jack S.; Fahey, David M.; Tyrrell, Ian R. (編). <i>Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia</i> (英文). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-57607-834-1" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-57607-834-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-834-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fetal+Alcohol+Syndrome&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+Temperance+in+Modern+History%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-834-1&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=Ernest+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj77OEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFAboitizMontiel2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aboitiz, F.; Montiel, J. F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N4HB0Sw-4u8C&pg=PA7"><i>Origin and Evolution of the Vertebrate Telencephalon, with Special Reference to the Mammalian Neocortex</i></a> (英文). Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-3-540-49761-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-3-540-49761-5"><bdi>978-3-540-49761-5</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240502225336/https://books.google.com/books?id=N4HB0Sw-4u8C&pg=PA7">歸檔</a>喺2024-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2024-05-04</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+and+Evolution+of+the+Vertebrate+Telencephalon%2C+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Mammalian+Neocortex&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-49761-5&rft.aulast=Aboitiz&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Montiel%2C+J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN4HB0Sw-4u8C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFAboitizMontiel2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aboitiz, F.; Montiel, J. F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ19UiDPosEC&pg=PA14">"From Tetrapods to Primates: Conserved Developmental Mechanisms in Diverging Ecological Adaptations"</a>. 出自 Hofman, Michel A.; Falk, Dean (編). <i>Evolution of the Primate Brain: From Neuron to Behavior</i> (英文). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-444-53860-4" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-444-53860-4"><bdi>978-0-444-53860-4</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240502125247/https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ19UiDPosEC&pg=PA14">歸檔</a>喺2024-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2024-05-04</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Tetrapods+to+Primates%3A+Conserved+Developmental+Mechanisms+in+Diverging+Ecological+Adaptations&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Primate+Brain%3A+From+Neuron+to+Behavior&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53860-4&rft.aulast=Aboitiz&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Montiel%2C+J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZ19UiDPosEC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsBeighley2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adams, Fred; Beighley, Steve (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DlU6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">"The Mark of the Mental"</a>. 出自 Garvey, James (編). <i>The Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophy of Mind</i> (英文). Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-4742-4391-9" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-4742-4391-9"><bdi>978-1-4742-4391-9</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427122519/https://books.google.com/books?id=DlU6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">歸檔</a>喺2024-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-28</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mark+of+the+Mental&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-4391-9&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Beighley%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDlU6CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF美國心理學協會2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">美國心理學協會 (2018)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/imagination"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈想象力〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>想</span><span class="zit3">象力</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《APA 心理學詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">PA 心理學詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。美國心理學協會。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130032153/https://dictionary.apa.org/imagination">歸檔</a>喺2023-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-21</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E6%83%B3%E8%B1%A1%E5%8A%9B&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Fimagination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF美國心理學協會2018a" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">美國心理學協會 (2018a)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/emotion"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈情緒〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>情</span><span class="zit3">緒</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《APA 心理學詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">PA 心理學詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。美國心理學協會。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207200324/https://dictionary.apa.org/emotion">歸檔</a>喺2024-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-21</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Femotion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF美國心理學協會2018b" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">美國心理學協會 (2018b)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/attention"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈注意力〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>注</span><span class="zit3">意力</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《APA 心理學詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">PA 心理學詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。美國心理學協會。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240424173002/https://dictionary.apa.org/attention">歸檔</a>喺2024-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-21</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Fattention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF美國心理學協會2018c" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">美國心理學協會 (2018c)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/learning"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈學習〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>學</span><span class="zit3">習</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《APA 心理學詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">PA 心理學詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。美國心理學協會。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325124225/https://dictionary.apa.org/learning">歸檔</a>喺2023-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-21</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Flearning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF美國心理學協會2018d" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">美國心理學協會 (2018d)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/unconscious"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈無意識〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>無</span><span class="zit3">意識</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《APA 心理學詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">PA 心理學詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。美國心理學協會。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318232133/https://dictionary.apa.org/unconscious">歸檔</a>喺2023-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-21</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E7%84%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Funconscious&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF美國心理學協會2018e" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">美國心理學協會 (2018e)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/memory"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈記憶〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>記</span><span class="zit3">憶</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《APA 心理學詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">PA 心理學詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。美國心理學協會。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130033406/https://dictionary.apa.org/memory">歸檔</a>喺2023-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-21</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Fmemory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF美國心理學協會2018f" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">美國心理學協會 (2018f)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/brain"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈大腦〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>大</span><span class="zit3">腦</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《APA 心理學詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">PA 心理學詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。美國心理學協會。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422131043/https://dictionary.apa.org/brain">歸檔</a>喺2024-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Fbrain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF美國心理學協會2018g" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">美國心理學協會 (2018g)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/neurotransmitter"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈神經遞質〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>神</span><span class="zit3">經遞質</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《APA 心理學詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">PA 心理學詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。美國心理學協會。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423085637/https://dictionary.apa.org/neurotransmitter">歸檔</a>喺2024-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%81%9E%E8%B3%AA&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Fneurotransmitter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF美國心理學協會2018h" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">美國心理學協會 (2018h)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/theory-of-mind"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈心理理論〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>心</span><span class="zit3">理理論</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《APA 心理學詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">PA 心理學詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。美國心理學協會。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507133241/https://dictionary.apa.org/theory-of-mind">歸檔</a>喺2024-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2024-05-09</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Ftheory-of-mind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF美國心理學協會2018i" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">美國心理學協會 (2018i)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/mind"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈心靈〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>心</span><span class="zit3">靈</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《APA 心理學詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">PA 心理學詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。美國心理學協會。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920170428/https://dictionary.apa.org/mind">歸檔</a>喺2020-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2024-05-11</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Fmind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF美國心理學協會2018j" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">美國心理學協會 (2018j)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/psyche"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈心理〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>心</span><span class="zit3">理</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《APA 心理學詞典》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">PA 心理學詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。美國心理學協會。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509171944/https://dictionary.apa.org/psyche">歸檔</a>喺2024-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2024-05-11</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Fpsyche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonPiccinini2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anderson, Neal G.; Piccinini, Gualtiero (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o68FEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA233"><i>The Physical Signature of Computation: A Robust Mapping Account</i></a> (英文). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-883364-2" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-19-883364-2"><bdi>978-0-19-883364-2</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240506114607/https://books.google.com/books?id=o68FEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA233">歸檔</a>喺2024-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physical+Signature+of+Computation%3A+A+Robust+Mapping+Account&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-19-883364-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Neal+G.&rft.au=Piccinini%2C+Gualtiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do68FEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFAthreyaMouza2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Athreya, Balu H.; Mouza, Chrystalla (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc3BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52"><i>Thinking Skills for the Digital Generation: The Development of Thinking and Learning in the Age of Information</i></a> (英文). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-3-319-12364-6" title="Special:書本來源/978-3-319-12364-6"><bdi>978-3-319-12364-6</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422174001/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc3BDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">歸檔</a>喺2024-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Skills+for+the+Digital+Generation%3A+The+Development+of+Thinking+and+Learning+in+the+Age+of+Information&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-12364-6&rft.aulast=Athreya&rft.aufirst=Balu+H.&rft.au=Mouza%2C+Chrystalla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUc3BDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFAudi1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Audi, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLzbG5VjscC&pg=PA167"><i>The Structure of Justification</i></a> (英文). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-44612-9" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-521-44612-9"><bdi>978-0-521-44612-9</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511121604/https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLzbG5VjscC&pg=PA167">歸檔</a>喺2024-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2024-05-11</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Justification&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44612-9&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfLzbG5VjscC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFAudi2006" class="citation book cs1">Audi, Robert (2006). <span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈哲學〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>哲</span><span class="zit3">學</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>. 出自 Borchert, Donald M. (編). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/philosophy"><i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7: Oakeshott - Presupposition</i></a> (第2.版). Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-02-865787-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-02-865787-5"><bdi>978-0-02-865787-5</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214235128/https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/philosophy">歸檔</a>喺14 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy.+7%3A+Oakeshott+-+Presupposition&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale%2C+Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865787-5&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fphilosophy%2Fphilosophy-terms-and-concepts%2Fphilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFAvramides2023" class="citation web cs1">Avramides, Anita (2023)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/other-minds/"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈其他心靈〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>其</span><span class="zit3">他心靈</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《斯坦福哲學百科全書》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>斯</span><span class="zit3">坦福哲學百科全書</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。斯坦福大學形而上學研究實驗室。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523145926/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/other-minds/">歸檔</a>喺23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&rft.atitle=%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Avramides&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fother-minds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFAydede2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aydede, Murat (2017)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0151.xml"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈思維語言〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>思</span><span class="zit3">維語言</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《牛津書目》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>牛</span><span class="zit3">津書目</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (英文)。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195396577-0151">10.1093/OBO/9780195396577-0151</a>。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513102714/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0151.xml">歸檔</a>喺13 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E6%9B%B8%E7%9B%AE&rft.atitle=%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195396577-0151&rft.aulast=Aydede&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195396577%2Fobo-9780195396577-0151.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBall2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ball, Linden J. (2013). <span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈思考〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>思</span><span class="zit3">考</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>. 出自 Pashler, Harold (編). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu3aMe6kRowC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Mind</i></a> (英文). Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-4129-5057-2" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-4129-5057-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-5057-2</bdi></a>. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421082833/https://books.google.com/books?id=lu3aMe6kRowC">歸檔</a>喺2024-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2024-04-21</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Mind&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-5057-2&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Linden+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu3aMe6kRowC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2009" class="citation journal cs1">Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2009)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763392"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈心理學嘅未來：將心靈同大腦聯繫起嚟〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>心</span><span class="zit3">理學嘅未來：將心靈同大腦聯繫起嚟</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《心理科學透視》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>心</span><span class="zit3">理科學透視</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>4</b> (4): 326–339。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6924.2009.01134.x">10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01134.x</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (無呢版)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763392">2763392</a></span>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (無呢版)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19844601">19844601</a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%80%8F%E8%A6%96&rft.atitle=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%EF%BC%9A%E5%B0%87%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%90%8C%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E8%81%AF%E7%B9%AB%E8%B5%B7%E5%9A%9F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=326-339&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2763392%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19844601&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-6924.2009.01134.x&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Feldman&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2763392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bartlett, Gary (2018)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈當前狀態〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>當</span><span class="zit3">前狀態</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《加拿大哲學期刊》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>加</span><span class="zit3">拿大哲學期刊</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>48</b> (1): 1–17。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00455091.2017.1323531">10.1080/00455091.2017.1323531</a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%95%B6%E5%89%8D%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00455091.2017.1323531&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBartlettBurton2007" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Steve; Burton, Diana (2007)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《教育研究導論》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>教</span><span class="zit3">育研究導論</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (第2版)。Sage。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-4129-2193-0" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-4129-2193-0"><bdi>978-1-4129-2193-0</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2193-0&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Burton%2C+Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBayne2022" class="citation book cs1">Bayne, Tim (2022)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《心靈哲學：一個引言》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>心</span><span class="zit3">靈哲學：一個引言</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。Routledge。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-66984-9" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-415-66984-9"><bdi>978-0-415-66984-9</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E5%BC%95%E8%A8%80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66984-9&rft.aulast=Bayne&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>{{cite web |last1=Beatty |first1=Andrew |title=心理人類學 |url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0124.xml">https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0124.xml</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%B6%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="桶中腦">桶中腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%96%AA%E5%B1%8D" title="哲學喪屍">哲學喪屍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost in the machine">Ghost in the machine</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">維基書本度有本書關於呢個主題：<b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Consciousness_studies" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Consciousness studies">Consciousness studies</a></b></div></div> </div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><div style="clear:both;">搵更多有關<br /><b>Mind</b><br />喺<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:維基媒體兄弟計劃">維基媒體兄弟計劃</a>嘅嘢</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://zh-yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" title="搵維基辭典"><img alt="搵維基辭典" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;">維基辭典嘅<a href="https://zh-yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mind">字詞解釋</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" title="搵同享"><img alt="搵同享" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td>維基同享嘅<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Mind">媒體</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" title="搵維基新聞"><img alt="搵維基新聞" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> </td> <td>維基新聞嘅<a href="https://zh-yue.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Mind">新聞故事</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" title="搵維基語錄"><img alt="搵維基語錄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </td> <td>維基語錄嘅<a href="https://zh-yue.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mind">名言</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" title="搵維基文庫"><img alt="搵維基文庫" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> </td> <td>維基文庫嘅<a href="https://zh-yue.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mind">原始文獻</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" title="搵維基書本"><img alt="搵維基書本" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td>維基書本嘅<a href="https://zh-yue.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mind">教科書</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mind" title="搵維基學府"><img alt="搵維基學府" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" 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font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%8A%E7%8F%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="權現 (無呢版)">垂蹟神</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%83%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高僧 (無呢版)">高僧</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教宗派 (無呢版)">宗派</a> </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a 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(無呢版)">中觀派</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑜伽行派 (無呢版)">瑜伽行派</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台宗</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" title="禪宗">禪宗</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E6%BF%9F%E5%AE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨濟宗 (無呢版)">臨濟宗</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E6%B4%9E%E5%AE%97" title="曹洞宗">曹洞宗</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏佛教 (無呢版)">西藏佛教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E5%AE%97" title="真言宗">真言宗</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E4%BD%9B%E7%BF%92%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神佛習合 (無呢版)">神佛習合</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A9%97%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="修驗道 (無呢版)">修驗道</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新興宗教 (無呢版)">佛教系統嘅新興宗教</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap">修行 </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教修行 (無呢版)">一般修行</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="修行 (無呢版)">修行</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皈依 (無呢版)">皈依</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%A1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="信 (佛教) (無呢版)">信心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a 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title="冥想">冥想</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A2%E6%91%A9%E4%BB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奢摩他 (無呢版)">奢摩他</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內觀 (無呢版)">內觀</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佈施 (無呢版)">佈施</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E9%81%93%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三十七道品 (無呢版)">三十七道品</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E8%99%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四念處 (無呢版)">四念處</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E6%AD%A3%E5%8B%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四正勤 (無呢版)">四正勤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%A6%82%E6%84%8F%E8%B6%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四如意足 (無呢版)">四如意足</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五根 (無呢版)">五根</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五力 (無呢版)">五力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%83%E8%A6%BA%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="七覺支 (無呢版)">七覺支</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AB%E6%AD%A3%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="八正道 (無呢版)">八正道</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%A2%B5%E4%BD%8F" title="四梵住">四無量心</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%85%88%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="慈無量心 (無呢版)">慈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%82%B2%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="悲無量心 (無呢版)">悲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%9C%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喜無量心 (無呢版)">喜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8D%A8%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="捨無量心 (無呢版)">捨</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" 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class="new" title="尸羅 (無呢版)">戒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">中文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" class="extiw" title="zh:尸羅"><span lang="zh" dir="auto">尸羅</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三摩地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Samadhi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%91%A9%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三摩地 (無呢版)">定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi" class="extiw" title="en:Samadhi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Samadhi</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="般若" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Prajñā (Buddhism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若 (無呢版)">慧</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" class="extiw" title="en:Prajñā (Buddhism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prajñā (Buddhism)</span></a></span>）</span></span> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%92%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戒律 (無呢版)">戒律</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五戒 (無呢版)">五戒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菩薩戒 (無呢版)">四弘誓願</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E6%9C%A8%E5%8F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波羅提木叉 (無呢版)">出家戒律</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小乘佛教 (無呢版)">小乘佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="南傳佛教">上座部佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" 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font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%A8%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隨念 (無呢版)">隨念</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B8%E6%81%AF%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="數息觀 (無呢版)">安般守意</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部派佛教 (無呢版)">部派佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%81%E6%88%92%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="持戒波羅密 (無呢版)">持戒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ③ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%BA%E9%9B%A2%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="出離波羅密 (無呢版)">出離</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ④ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若波羅密 (無呢版)">智慧</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑤ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E9%80%B2%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精進波羅密 (無呢版)">精進</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑥ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%8D%E8%BE%B1%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="忍辱波羅密 (無呢版)">忍辱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑦ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真實波羅密 (無呢版)">真實</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑧ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%BA%E6%84%8F%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="決意波羅密 (無呢版)">決意</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑨ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%85%88%E6%84%9B%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="慈愛波羅密 (無呢版)">慈愛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑩ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E7%A9%A9%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平穩波羅密 (無呢版)">平穩</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A2%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="止觀 (無呢版)">止觀</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">六波羅密</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">① <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佈施波羅密 (無呢版)">佈施</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ② <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%81%E6%88%92%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="持戒波羅密 (無呢版)">持戒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ③ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%8D%E8%BE%B1%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="忍辱波羅密 (無呢版)">忍辱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ④ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E9%80%B2%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精進波羅密 (無呢版)">精進</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑤ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禪定波羅密 (無呢版)">禪定</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑥ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若波羅密 (無呢版)">般若（智慧）</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">十波羅密</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">⑦ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方便波羅密 (無呢版)">方便</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑧ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="願波羅密 (無呢版)">願</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑨ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9B%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="力波羅密 (無呢版)">力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑩ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%BA%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="智波羅密 (無呢版)">智</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" title="禪宗">最上乘禪佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%8B%E8%A9%B1%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="看話禪 (無呢版)">看話禪</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" title="禪宗">禪修行</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%83%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="參禪 (無呢版)">參禪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%8B%E8%A9%B1%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="看話禪 (無呢版)">看話・話頭</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公案 (無呢版)">公案</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%90%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坐禪 (無呢版)">坐禪</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap">以外 </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%98%E7%85%A7%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="默照禪 (無呢版)">默照禪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唸佛禪 (無呢版)">唸佛禪</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap">其他修行法 </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th id="西藏佛教" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏佛教 (無呢版)">西藏佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">怛特羅</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E8%8C%B6%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼茶羅 (無呢版)">曼茶羅</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">修行位階</a><br /><small>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解脫 (無呢版)">解脫</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>）</small> </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菩提 (無呢版)">覺者</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%81%9E%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聲聞佛 (無呢版)">聲聞佛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A3%E8%A6%BA%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緣覺佛 (無呢版)">緣覺佛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="菩薩">菩薩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a> </span> </p> 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%98%E5%B0%B8%E9%82%A3%E6%8F%AD%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拘尸那揭羅 (無呢版)">拘尸那揭羅（涅槃）</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%AF%BA" title="摩訶菩提寺">摩訶菩提寺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E6%A8%B9" title="菩提樹">菩提樹</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8D%E5%B1%B1" title="四大佛教名山">四大菩薩道場</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%87%BA%E5%B1%B1" title="五臺山">五臺山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%A8%E5%B5%8B%E5%B1%B1" title="峨嵋山">峨嵋山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%99%80%E5%B1%B1" title="普陀山">普陀山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E8%8F%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="九華山">九華山</a>》<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%8A%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熊野三山 (無呢版)">熊野三山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%87%8E%E5%B1%B1" title="高野山">高野山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E6%9B%86%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="延曆寺 (無呢版)">比叡山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%88%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="靈場 (無呢版)">靈場</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教修行 (無呢版)">修行</a>同生活 </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%83%A7%E6%9C%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="僧服 (無呢版)">袈裟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9B%86" title="佛曆">曆法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安居 (無呢版)">安居</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%B5%E7%8F%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="念珠 (無呢版)">念珠</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%BD%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛齋 (無呢版)">飲食</a> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%BD%8B" title="食齋">食齋</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真言 (無呢版)">真言</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="六字真言 (無呢版)">六字真言</a>》 </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap">其他 </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%A9%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教詩 (無呢版)">詩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教音樂 (無呢版)">音樂</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap">各地佛教 </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="中國佛教">中國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬來西亞佛教 (無呢版)">大馬</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="星加坡佛教 (無呢版)">星加坡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="越南佛教 (無呢版)">越南</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泰國佛教 (無呢版)">泰國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印尼佛教 (無呢版)">印尼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼泊爾佛教 (無呢版)">尼泊爾</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老撾佛教 (無呢版)">老撾</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄羅斯佛教 (無呢版)">俄國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙古佛教 (無呢版)">蒙古</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緬甸佛教 (無呢版)">緬甸</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟加拉國佛教 (無呢版)">孟加拉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不丹佛教 (無呢版)">不丹</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯里蘭卡佛教 (無呢版)">斯里蘭卡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度佛教 (無呢版)">印度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柬埔寨佛教 (無呢版)">柬埔寨</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臺灣佛教 (無呢版)">臺灣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏佛教 (無呢版)">西藏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韓國佛教 (無呢版)">韓國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中東佛教 (無呢版)">中東</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗佛教 (無呢版)">伊朗</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦佛教 (無呢版)">巴基斯坦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西洋佛教 (無呢版)">西洋</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國佛教 (無呢版)">美國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國佛教 (無呢版)">英國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國佛教 (無呢版)">法國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳洲佛教 (無呢版)">澳洲</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲佛教 (無呢版)">非洲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中美洲佛教 (無呢版)">中美洲</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教哲學 (無呢版)">哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教經濟學 (無呢版)">經濟學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教倫理學 (無呢版)">倫理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教無政府主義 (無呢版)">無政府主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛學 (無呢版)">佛學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教社會主義 (無呢版)">社會主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教神觀 (無呢版)">神</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%84%A1%E8%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十四無記 (無呢版)">十四無記</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E8%B8%90%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實踐佛教 (無呢版)">實踐佛教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教實在論 (無呢版)">實在論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿毘達磨 (無呢版)">阿毘達磨</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教倫理 (無呢版)">倫理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教原子論 (無呢版)">原子論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人間佛教 (無呢版)">人本主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%9C%AB%E6%97%A5%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教末日論 (無呢版)">末日論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教進化論 (無呢版)">進化論</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap">其他 </span></p> 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style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="心智">心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心所 (無呢版)">心所</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無明 (無呢版)">無明</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般涅槃 (無呢版)">般涅槃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煩惱 (無呢版)">煩惱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖人 (佛教) 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font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" title="無我">諸法無我</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三性 (無呢版)">三性</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三性 (無呢版)">善</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三性 (無呢版)">惡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三性 (無呢版)">無記</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E8%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三身 (無呢版)">三身</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法身 (無呢版)">法身</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%B1%E8%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="報身 (無呢版)">報身</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="化身">化身</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E7%BA%8C%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相續心 (無呢版)">相續心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD" title="業">業</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緣起 (無呢版)">緣起</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結 (佛教) (無呢版)">十結</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%93%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五蓋 (無呢版)">五蓋</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五根 (無呢版)">五根</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%98%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五蘊 (無呢版)">五蘊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%BC%8F%E5%90%8C%E7%84%A1%E6%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有漏同無漏 (無呢版)">有漏同無漏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E7%88%B2%E5%90%8C%E7%84%A1%E7%88%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有爲同無爲 (無呢版)">有爲同無爲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" title="輪迴">輪迴</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大究竟 (無呢版)">大究竟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%AA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罪 (佛教) (無呢版)">罪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若 (無呢版)">智慧</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%8C%E8%AB%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真俗二諦 (無呢版)">真俗二諦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真如 (無呢版)">真如</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" 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