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1.3 Statistics of American viewpoints and analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics_of_American_viewpoints_and_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2005_survey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_survey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 2005 survey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_survey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 After 2005 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023–2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023–2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 2023–2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023–2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitism_within_the_African-American_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitism_within_the_African-American_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Antisemitism within the African-American community </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antisemitism_within_the_African-American_community-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Antisemitism within the African-American community subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Antisemitism_within_the_African-American_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holocaust_denial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holocaust_denial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Holocaust denial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holocaust_denial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitic_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitic_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Antisemitic organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antisemitic_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Antisemitic organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Antisemitic_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_nationalists_and_white_supremacists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_nationalists_and_white_supremacists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 White nationalists and white supremacists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_nationalists_and_white_supremacists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Baptists-against-jews.jpg/220px-Baptists-against-jews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Baptists-against-jews.jpg/330px-Baptists-against-jews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Baptists-against-jews.jpg/440px-Baptists-against-jews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>A protest against Jews, held by the <a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a> has <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">long existed</a> in the United States. Most Jewish community relations agencies in the United States draw distinctions between <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, which is measured in terms of attitudes and behaviors, and the security and status of <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a>, which are both measured by the occurrence of specific incidents. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> data shows that in every year since 1991, Jews were the most frequent victims of religiously motivated <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The number of hate crimes against Jews may be underreported, as in the case for many other targeted groups.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> According to a survey which was conducted by the Anti-Defamation League in 2019, antisemitism is rejected by a majority of Americans, with 79% of them lauding Jews' cultural contributions to the nation. The same poll found that 19% of Americans adhered to the longstanding <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">antisemitic canard</a> that Jews co-control <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>,<a href="#cite_note-adl-poll-3">[3]</a> while 31% agreed with the statement "Jewish employers go out of their way to hire other Jews".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In 2023, the Biden administration launched<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a>, and in 2024, the <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> (together with 35 other countries) released non-binding global guidelines for countering antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-State-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In August 2024, the US <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> announced that it had allocated $454.5 million for the 2024 fiscal year to securing Jewish religious institutions in light of rising antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-homelandgrant-9">[9]</a> This is a $150 million increase from the 2023 budget.<a href="#cite_note-homelandgrant-9">[9]</a> According to an August 2024 survey by the Combat Antisemitism Movement, 3.5 million Jews in America have experienced antisemitism since the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>. Of the 1,075 American Jews interviewed, 28% claimed to have heard that "Jews care too much about money", 25% heard "Jews control the world", 14% heard "American Jews care more about Israel than about the US", and 13% heard "the Holocaust did not happen" or its "severity has been exaggerated".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>'s 2023 statistics state that antisemitic incidents accounted for 68% of all religion-based hate crimes, a 63% bump vis-à-vis 2022, while the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> (AJC) said that it was "likely much lower" than the actual number as hate crimes had been "widely underreported across the country".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion to Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a 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<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_viewpoints_on_Jews_and_antisemitism">American viewpoints on Jews and antisemitism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: American viewpoints on Jews and antisemitism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic trope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots_of_American_attitudes_towards_Jews_and_Jewish_history_in_America">Roots of American attitudes towards Jews and Jewish history in America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roots of American attitudes towards Jews and Jewish history in America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History of antisemitism in the United States</a></div> Historian Britt Tevis argues that, "Handlin and Higham’s ideas (especially Higham’s) remain influential, and many American Jewish historians continue to present antisemitism as largely insignificant, momentary, primarily social."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Krefetz (1985) asserts that antisemitism in the 1980s seems "rooted less in <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">religion</a> or contempt and more rooted in envy, jealousy and fear" of Jewish affluence, and the hidden power of "<a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Jewish money</a>".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Historically, antisemitic attitudes and rhetoric have tended to increase whenever the United States has faced a serious economic crisis,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> as well as during moments of political and social uncertainty and fear, such as with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#United_States" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration#United_States" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigration</a> organizing in the early twentieth century, the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a>-affiliated <a href="/wiki/German-American_Bund" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American Bund">German-American Bund</a> in the 1930s, and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communist</a> political movement during the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Academic David Greenberg has written in <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>, "Extreme <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> always contained an antisemitic component: Radical, alien Jews, in their <a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">demonology</a>, orchestrated the Communist conspiracy." He also has argued that, in the years which followed <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, some groups on "<a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">the American right</a> remained closely tied to the unvarnished antisemites of the '30s who railed against the 'Jew Deal'", a bigoted term which was used against the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> measures of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-slate-17">[17]</a> American antisemites have viewed the fraudulent text <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> as a real reference to a supposed Jewish cabal which was out to subvert and ultimately destroy the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-beck-18">[18]</a> Both the association of Jews with Communism and the fixation on a Jewish cabal purported in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion are conspiracies transplanted to the American context from European modernity: in a moment of economic revolution and socialist politics rising in contexts across Europe, conservative leaders from Christian Russia to interwar Great Britain manipulated a public fear of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> to scapegoat Jewish populations for strategic political gain.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a>" theme, a version of the broader <a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">white genocide conspiracy theory</a>, was stressed by people who highlighted the supposed threat of <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrants</a> replacing <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> who were born in the country.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the 1920s and 1930s, antisemitic activists were led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> and other figures like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">William Dudley Pelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a>, and some of them were also members of organizations like the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Nationalist_Crusade" title="Christian Nationalist Crusade">Christian Nationalist Crusade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a>. They promulgated <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">canards</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Antisemitism" title="List of conspiracy theories">various interrelated conspiracy theories</a> that widely spread the fear that, through an evil transnational network, Jews were working for the destruction or replacement of <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> along with the fear that Jews were working for the destruction or replacement of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christianity in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropes_and_stereotypes">Tropes and stereotypes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tropes and stereotypes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic trope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></div> The most persistent form of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> has consisted of a series of widely circulated <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">tropes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">stereotypes</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> are portrayed as being socially, religiously, and economically unacceptable to American life, because of their inferiority to white Christian society or because of conspiratorial thinking in which Jews are accused of plotting to undermine the racial and economic hierarchies which make up the <a href="/wiki/Historical_racial_and_ethnic_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States">historical fabric</a> of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">American society</a>. As a whole, the Jewish people were looked down upon. They were taught to believe that they were unwanted, they were <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalized</a> by American society and they were considered a menace to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Martin Marger wrote, "A set of distinct and consistent negative stereotypes, some of which can be traced as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a>, has been applied to <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> David Schneder wrote, "Three large clusters of traits are part of the Jewish stereotype (Wuthnow, 1982). First, [American] Jews are seen as being powerful and manipulative. Second, they are accused of dividing their loyalties between the United States and Israel. A third set of traits concerns Jewish materialistic values, aggressiveness, clannishness."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Stereotypes of Jewish people share some of the same content as <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Asians" title="Stereotypes of Asians">stereotypes of Asians</a>: perceived disloyalty, power, intelligence, and dishonesty overlap. The similarity between the content of stereotypes of Jews and the content of stereotypes of Asians may stem from the fact that many immigrant Jews and many immigrant Asians both developed a merchant role, a role which was also historically held by many <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora_in_Southeast_Africa" title="Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa">Indians in East Africa</a>, where the content of stereotypes of them resembles the content of <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_East_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States">stereotypes of Asians</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">antisemitic tropes</a> which have been cited by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League_of_B%27nai_B%27rith" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) in its studies of U.S. social trends include the claims that "Jews have too much power in the business world," "Jews are more willing to use shady practices to get what they want," and "Jews always like to be at the head of things." Another issue that garners attention is the assertion that Jews have an excessive amount of influence on <a href="/wiki/American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="American cinema">American cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_news_media" class="mw-redirect" title="American news media">news media</a>. Put together, these lines of thinking about Jews demonstrate a common trend in the history of both American and global antisemitism—the inflation of stereotypes of Jews into a theory about how power (politics, economics, media, etc.) functions in society, an irrational theory that deflects responsibility for social ills away from actual authorities and leaders and onto minority Jewish communities.<a href="#cite_note-November-27">[27]</a> In contemporary <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> and right-wing circles, these tropes of power-hungry Jews sometimes manifest through coded references to "globalists," accusations that liberal agendas are the sole product of prominent Jews, and conspiracy theories (such as <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a>) that can be linked to the medieval <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a> against Jews.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics_of_American_viewpoints_and_analysis">Statistics of American viewpoints and analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Statistics of American viewpoints and analysis">edit</a>]</div> Polls and studies point to a steady decrease in antisemitic attitudes, beliefs, and manifestations among the American public.<a href="#cite_note-November-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Post-Holocaust_and_Anti-Semitism-29">[29]</a> A 1992 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League_of_B%27nai_B%27rith" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) showed that about 20% of Americans—between 30 and 40 million adults—held antisemitic views, a considerable decline from the total of 29% found in 1964. However, another survey by the same organization concerning antisemitic incidents showed that the curve has risen without interruption since 1986.<a href="#cite_note-Post-Holocaust_and_Anti-Semitism-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_survey">2005 survey</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2005 survey">edit</a>]</div> The number of Americans holding antisemitic views declined markedly six years later when another ADL study classified only 12 percent of the population—between 20 and 25 million adults, as "most antisemitic." Confirming the findings of previous surveys, both studies also found that African Americans were significantly more likely than whites to hold antisemitic views, with 34 percent of blacks classified as "most antisemitic," compared to 9 percent of whites in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Post-Holocaust_and_Anti-Semitism-29">[29]</a> The 2005 Survey of American Attitudes Towards Jews in America, a national poll of 1,600 American adults conducted in March 2005, found that 14% of Americans—or nearly 35 million adults—hold views about Jews that are "unquestionably antisemitic," compared to 17% in 2002, In 1998, the number of Americans with hardcore antisemitic beliefs had dropped to 12% from 20% in 1992. The 2005 survey found "35 percent of foreign-born <a href="/wiki/Hispanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics">Hispanics</a> (down from 44% [in 2002])" and 36 percent of <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-Americans</a> hold strong antisemitic beliefs, four times more than the 9 percent for whites."<a href="#cite_note-2005-ADL-survey-30">[30]</a> The 2005 Anti-Defamation League survey includes data on <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> attitudes, with 29% being most antisemitic (as opposed as 9% for whites and 36% for blacks), being born in the United States lessened the prevalence of that attitude: 35% of foreign-born Hispanics and only 19% of those born in the US.<a href="#cite_note-2005-ADL-survey-30">[30]</a> The survey findings come at a time of increased antisemitic activity in America. The 2004 ADL Audit of Antisemitic Incidents reported that antisemitic incidents reached their highest level in nine years. A total of 1,821 antisemitic incidents were reported in 2004, an increase of 17% over the 1,557 incidents reported during 2003.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> "What concerns us is that many of the gains we had seen in building a more tolerant and accepting America seem not to have taken hold as firmly as we had hoped," said Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director. "While there are many factors at play, the findings suggest that antisemitic beliefs endure and resonate with a substantial segment of the population, nearly 35 million people." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_2005">After 2005</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After 2005">edit</a>]</div> In 2007 an <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> report recounted that past ABC polls across several years have tended to find that about 6% of Americans self-report prejudice against Jews as compared to about 25% being against <a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> and about 10% against <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic Americans</a>. The report also remarked that a full 34% of Americans reported having "some racist feelings" in general as a self-description.<a href="#cite_note-abc-32">[32]</a> A 2009 study which was titled "Modern Anti-Semitism and Anti-Israeli Attitudes", published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Personality and Social Psychology">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</a> in 2009, tested a new theoretical model of antisemitism among Americans in the Greater New York area with three experiments. The research team's theoretical model proposed that <a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">mortality salience</a> (reminding people that they will someday die) increases antisemitism and that antisemitism is often expressed as anti-Israel attitudes. The first experiment showed that mortality salience led to higher levels of antisemitism and lower levels of support for Israel. The study's methodology was designed to tease out antisemitic attitudes that are concealed by polite people. The second experiment showed that mortality salience caused people to perceive Israel as very important, but did not cause them to perceive any other country this way. The third experiment showed that mortality salience led to a desire to punish Israel for human rights violations but not to a desire to punish Russia or India for identical human rights violations. According to the researchers, their results "suggest that Jews constitute a unique cultural threat to many people's worldviews, that antisemitism causes hostility to Israel, and that hostility to Israel may feed back to increase antisemitism." Furthermore, "those claiming that there is no connection between antisemitism and hostility toward Israel are wrong."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The 2011 Survey of American Attitudes Toward Jews in America released by the ADL found that the recent <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">world economic recession</a> increased some antisemitic viewpoints among Americans. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_H._Foxman" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham H. Foxman">Abraham H. Foxman</a>, the organization's national director, argued, "It is disturbing that with all of the strides we have made in becoming a more tolerant society, antisemitic beliefs continue to hold a vice-grip on a small but not insubstantial segment of the American public." Specifically, the polling found that 19% of Americans answered "probably true" to the assertion that "Jews have too much control/influence on Wall Street" while 15% concurred with the related statement that Jews seem "more willing to use shady practices" in business. Nonetheless, the survey generally reported positive attitudes for most Americans, the majority of those who were surveyed expressed <a href="/wiki/Philo-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo-Semitic">philo-Semitic</a> sentiments such as 64% agreeing that Jews have contributed much to U.S. social culture.<a href="#cite_note-adl-poll-3">[3]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> declared himself to be a supporter of Israel and American Jews. Trump signed the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13899" title="Executive Order 13899">Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> However, a 2019 survey by the Jewish Electorate Institute found that 73% of American Jews feel less secure since the <a href="/wiki/Election_of_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Election of Donald Trump">election of Donald Trump</a> to the presidency. Since 2016, antisemitic attacks against synagogues have contributed to this fear. The 2019 survey found that combatting antisemitism is a priority issue in domestic politics among American Jews, including <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> A 2004 poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a> concluded that Americans are much more concerned today about antisemitism than they were twenty years ago, and that American Jews are much more likely to have experienced and report mistreatment as a result of being Jewish than other groups.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023–2024">2023–2024</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2023–2024">edit</a>]</div> A September 2024 survey showed that 3.5 million adult American Jews – about one third of American Jews – experienced some form of antisemitism in the year following the <a href="/wiki/October_7_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas-led attacks of 7 October 2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> According to a report published by <a href="/wiki/Florida_Attorney_General" title="Florida Attorney General">Florida Attorney-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Moody" title="Ashley Moody">Ashley Moody</a>, the number of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Florida" title="Antisemitism in Florida">antisemitic crimes in Florida</a> increased by 94% in 2023 compared to 2022. These crimes occurred on campuses, in places of worship, and in other areas. Moody also called to action: "To protect Jewish Americans, we took action – calling for a zero-tolerance policy for hate crimes and urging Florida college and university police chiefs to protect Jewish students and other religious groups".<a href="#cite_note-:2-39">[39]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Executive_Office_of_Public_Safety_and_Security" title="Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security">Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate Crimes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> 2023 report, the number of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Florida" title="Antisemitism in Florida">antisemitic crimes in Florida</a> increased by 70% in 2023 compared to 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:2-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antisemitism_within_the_African-American_community">Antisemitism within the African-American community</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antisemitism within the African-American community">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African_American%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="African American–Jewish relations">African American–Jewish relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism#Black_nationalism_and_antisemitism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism § Black nationalism and antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-Palestinian_solidarity" title="Black-Palestinian solidarity">Black-Palestinian solidarity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam and antisemitism</a></div> Surveys which were conducted by the ADL in 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2013 all found that an overwhelming majority of <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a> who were questioned rejected antisemitism and they generally expressed the same kinds of tolerant viewpoints as other <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> who were also surveyed. For example, the results of the ADL's 2009 study revealed that 28% of African-Americans who were surveyed expressed antisemitic views while a 72% majority did not. However, those three surveys all revealed that negative attitudes towards Jews were stronger among African-Americans than they were among the general population at large.<a href="#cite_note-presentation-40">[40]</a> According to earlier ADL research, dating back to 1964, the trend that African-Americans are significantly more likely to hold antisemitic beliefs across all education levels than <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> has remained unchanged over the years. Nonetheless, the percentage of the population which holds a negative opinion of Jews has also waned considerably in the black community during this period. In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a> published the article "<a href="/wiki/Negroes_Are_Anti-Semitic_Because_They%27re_Anti-White" title="Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White">Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White</a>" in which the <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> author <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a> sought to explain the prevalence of black antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> An ADL poll from 1992 stated that 37% of African-Americans surveyed displayed antisemitism;<a href="#cite_note-November-27">[27]</a> in contrast, a poll from 2011 found that only 29% did so.<a href="#cite_note-presentation-40">[40]</a> The more education people have the less antisemitic they are. In 1998 among blacks with no college education, 43% fell into the most antisemitic group (versus 18% of the general population) compared to only 27% among blacks with some college education and just 18% among blacks with a four-year college degree (versus 5% of people in the general population with a four-year college degree).<a href="#cite_note-November-27">[27]</a> At all educational levels, Blacks were more likely than whites to accept anti-Jewish stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> fellow <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Kirchick" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamie Kirchick">Jamie Kirchick</a> said in 2018 that antisemitism has been a particular problem in parts of America's black community since the split between the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and the more radical <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a> of the late 1960s. Kirchick says that leaders on the political left continue to foment antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-44">[44]</a> A 2019 study found that 28% of African Americans believed that they were seeing more Black people that they personally knew express antisemitism than in the past.<a href="#cite_note-research-45">[45]</a> In the same study, 19% of African Americans believed that Jewish people were impeding Black progress in America.<a href="#cite_note-research-45">[45]</a> Four percent (4%) of African Americans self-identified as being <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-research-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> Prominent members of the African-American community have spoken out against antisemitism, including <a href="/wiki/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar" title="Kareem Abdul-Jabbar">Kareem Abdul-Jabbar</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zach_Banner" title="Zach Banner">Zach Banner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In December 2022, taking a joint stand against increasing instances of <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a> and antisemitism in the United States, African-American leaders New York City Mayor <a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a>, Reverends <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Tillard" title="Conrad Tillard">Conrad Tillard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vista_Equity_Partners" title="Vista Equity Partners">Vista Equity Partners</a> CEO and <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Smith_(investor)" title="Robert F. Smith (investor)">Robert F. Smith</a>, joined Jewish leaders Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shmuley_Boteach" title="Shmuley Boteach">Shmuley Boteach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Wiesel" title="Elisha Wiesel">Elisha Wiesel</a>, and jointly hosted 15 Days of Light, celebrating <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a> in a unifying holiday ceremony at Carnegie Hall.<a href="#cite_note-auto-48">[48]</a> Sharpton said: "There is never a time more needed than now for Blacks and Jews to remember the struggle that we've gone through. You can't fight for anybody if you don't fight for everybody. I cannot fight for Black rights if I don't fight for Jewish rights ... because then it becomes a matter of self-aggrandizement rather than fighting for humanity. It's easy for Blacks to stand up for racism. It's easy for Jews to stand up to antisemitism. But if you want to really be a leader, you got to speak as a Black against antisemitism and antisemites, and you got to speak as a Jew against racism."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto13a-50">[50]</a> Smith said: "When we unify the souls of our two communities, we can usher in light to banish the darkness of racism, bigotry, and antisemitism."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-49">[49]</a> Prominent African-American figures such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> have received widespread condemnation for propagating antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holocaust_denial">Holocaust denial</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Holocaust denial">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Austin_App" title="Austin App">Austin App</a>, a <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German-American</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Salle_University" title="La Salle University">La Salle University</a> professor of <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_literature" title="Middle English literature">medieval English literature</a>, is considered the first major American Holocaust denier.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> App wrote extensively in newspapers and periodicals, and he also wrote a couple of books which detailed his defense of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>. App's work inspired the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a>, a California center which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Willis Carto</a> in 1978 with the sole purpose of denying the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> One of the newer forms of antisemitism is the denial of the Holocaust by <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">negationist</a> historians and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The results of a survey which was conducted in 2020 revealed that close to two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Gen Z adults</a> were not aware that 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> 24% of them believed that the Holocaust might be a myth or that accounts of it are exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antisemitic_organizations">Antisemitic organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antisemitic organizations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_nationalists_and_white_supremacists">White nationalists and white supremacists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: White nationalists and white supremacists">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (May 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Party_flag.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Knights_Party_flag.PNG/250px-Knights_Party_flag.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Knights_Party_flag.PNG/330px-Knights_Party_flag.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Knights_Party_flag.PNG/500px-Knights_Party_flag.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the Knights Party, the political branch of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan</figcaption></figure> There are a number of antisemitic organizations in the United States, some of them violent, which espouse <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">religious antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">racial antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism#United_States" title="White nationalism">white nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#United_States" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>. They include <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a> Churches, <a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a>, and many other organizations. Several <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faithful_Word_Baptist_Church" title="Faithful Word Baptist Church">Faithful Word Baptist Church</a>, also preach <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">antisemitic messages</a>. The largest neo-Nazi organizations in the United States are the National Nazi Party and the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a>. Adopting the look and emblems of <a href="/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead">white power skinheads</a>, many members of these antisemitic groups shave their heads and tattoo themselves with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Nazi symbols</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> <a href="/wiki/Runic_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic insignia of the Schutzstaffel">insignias</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Heil_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Heil Hitler">Heil Hitler</a>". Additionally, antisemitic groups march and preach antisemitic messages throughout America.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Although most American Jews are of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">European descent</a> and 80% to 90% of them identify as white (as noted by Ilana Kaufman of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Relations_Council" title="Jewish Community Relations Council">Jewish Community Relations Council</a>), <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalists</a> hate the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">ethnic diversity</a> that Jews represent.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: African Americans">edit</a>]</div> Writing in neoconservative magazine <a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> fellow <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Kirchick" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamie Kirchick">Jamie Kirchick</a> said in 2018 that antisemitism has been a particular problem in parts of America's black community since the split between the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and the more radical <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a> of the late 1960s. Kirchick says that leaders on the political left continue to foment antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-44">[44]</a> A 2019 study found that 28% of African Americans believed that they were seeing more Black people that they personally knew express antisemitism than in the past.<a href="#cite_note-research-45">[45]</a> In the same study, 19% of African Americans believed that Jewish people were impeding Black progress in America.<a href="#cite_note-research-45">[45]</a> Four percent (4%) of African Americans self-identified as being <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-research-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nation_of_Islam">Nation of Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nation of Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam and antisemitism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a></div> A number of Jewish organizations, Christian organizations, Muslim organizations, and academics consider the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> antisemitic. Specifically, they claim that the Nation of Islam has engaged in revisionist and antisemitic interpretations of the Holocaust and exaggerates the role of Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] In December 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a> put the NOI's leader <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a> on its list of the ten most prominent antisemites in the world. He was the only American to make it onto the list. The organization cited statements that he had made in October of that year in which he claimed that "Jews control the media" and "Jews are the most violent of people".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Farrakhan has denied charges of antisemitism, but in his denial, he included a reference to "<a href="/wiki/Serpent_seed" title="Serpent seed">Satanic Jews</a>" and in another speech referred to Jews as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_parasite" title="Jewish parasite">termites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> After he was banned from <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, he denied being a "hater" but admitted that Facebook's designation of him as a "dangerous individual" was correct.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antisemitism_on_college_campuses">Antisemitism on college campuses </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Antisemitism on college campuses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities and antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_Israel#United_States" title="Academic boycott of Israel">Academic boycott of Israel § United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Qatari involvement in higher education in the United States">Qatari involvement in higher education in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_and_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism and higher education in the United States">Antisemitism and higher education in the United States</a></div> Many Jewish intellectuals who fled from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a> in the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Emigration_of_Jews_from_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe#United_States" title="Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">immigrated to the United States</a>. There, they hoped to continue their academic careers, but barring a scant few, they found little acceptance in elite institutions in <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Depression-era America</a> with its undercurrent of antisemitism. Instead, they <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities#Jewish_refugees" title="Historically black colleges and universities">found work in historically black colleges</a> and universities in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AAR-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoch-1983-65">[65]</a> On April 3, 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">U.S. Commission on Civil Rights</a> announced its finding that incidents of antisemitism are a "serious problem" on college campuses throughout the United States. The Commission recommended for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Civil_Rights" title="Office for Civil Rights">Office for Civil Rights</a> to protect college students from antisemitism by vigorous enforcement of Title VI of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. It further recommended for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> to clarify that Title VI applies to discrimination against Jewish students.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In February 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_D._Brandeis_Center_for_Human_Rights_Under_Law" title="Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law">Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Connecticut)" title="Trinity College (Connecticut)">Trinity College</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> presented the results of a national survey of American Jewish college students. The survey had a 10–12% response rate and did not claim to be representative. The report showed that 54% of the 1,157 self-identified Jewish students at 55 campuses nationwide who took part in the online survey reported having experienced or witnessed antisemitism on their campuses during the Spring semester of the last academic year. A 2017 report by <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University#Steinhardt_Social_Research_Institute" title="Brandeis University">Steinhardt Social Research Institute</a> indicated that most Jewish students never experience anti-Jewish remarks or physical attacks. The study, "Limits to Hostility," notes that even though it is often reported in the news, actual antisemitic hostility remains rare on most campuses and is seldom encountered by Jewish students.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The study attempted to document the student experience at the campus level, adding detail to previous national-level surveys.<a href="#cite_note-LimitsOfHostility-69">[69]</a>: 5  The report summary highlights the finding that antisemitism exists on campus, but "Jewish students do not think their campus is hostile to Jews." The National Demographic Survey of American Jewish College Students provided a snapshot of the type, context, and location of antisemitism as it was experienced by a large national sample of Jewish students on university and four-year college campuses.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Inside Higher Ed focused on the more surprising findings of the report, like the fact that high rates of antisemitism were also reported at institutions regardless of their location or type, and the data collected after the survey suggests that discrimination occurs during low-level, everyday interpersonal activities, and Jewish students feel that their reports of antisemitism are largely ignored by the administration.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> However, not all of the reception was positive, and <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a> argued that the study documented only a snapshot in time, rather than a trend; it did not survey a representative sample of Jewish college students; and it was flawed by allowing students to define antisemitism and thus the term open to interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In September 2021, in collaboration with the Cohen Group, the Brandeis Center conducted a poll of American Jewish fraternity and sorority members. The survey found that more than 65% of the respondents had experienced or were familiar with an antisemitic attack in the previous 120 days. Nearly half of the respondents felt the need to hide their Jewish identity out of fear.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The October 7, 2023 Israel–Hamas conflict has significantly impacted the prevalence of antisemitism on college campuses across the United States. Many Jewish students and organizations have reported an increase in harassment, discrimination, and intimidation during and after protests linked to the conflict. Examples include instances of swastika graffiti on campus property, the assault of students for expressing pro-Israel views, and overall increases in antisemitic acts, especially on college campuses.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADL2023-76">[76]</a> These incidents have intensified debates over free speech and the responsibilities of universities to address hate speech. Reports from the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) highlight a marked increase in antisemitic incidents following October 7, 2023. The ADL documented 5,204 antisemitic incidents in the months following the conflict, a sum greater than the total amount of incidents from all of 2022. On college campuses, incidents spiked by 321%, totaling 922 reported cases. Fifty-two percent of post-October 7 incidents referenced Israel, Zionism, or Palestine. Despite the focus on these geopolitical issues, antisemitic incidents unrelated to Israel also increased by 65% year-over-year, underscoring the widespread nature of the problem.<a href="#cite_note-ADL2023-76">[76]</a> In January 2025, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> settled two civil rights lawsuits alleging inadequate protection of Jewish students from antisemitism on campus. As part of the settlement, Harvard adopted the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) definition of antisemitism in its nondiscrimination policies. The agreement also included commitments to provide expert training on antisemitism for staff and students, clarify that targeting Zionists constitutes harassment, and an undisclosed monetary payment. While Harvard denied any wrongdoing, this settlement highlights increasing attention to antisemitism within U.S. higher education. The adoption of the IHRA definition remains controversial, with supporters advocating for its comprehensive approach to combating antisemitism and critics warning against potential restrictions on free speech.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hate_crimes">Hate crimes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hate crimes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_antisemitic_incidents_in_the_United_States" title="List of antisemitic incidents in the United States">List of antisemitic incidents in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_Jewish_institutions" title="List of attacks on Jewish institutions">List of attacks on Jewish institutions in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_American_Jews" title="Lynching of American Jews">Lynching of American Jews</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li>Private residence (22%)</li> <li>College campus (7%)</li> <li>Jewish institution / school (11%)</li> <li>Non-Jewish school (12%)</li> <li>Public area (35%)</li> <li>Private building / area (12%)</li> <li>Cemetery (1%)</li> </ol> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#fc8d59;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Cemetery (1%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#1b7837;color:#000" title="Private residence (22%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#1b7837;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.095turn)" title="Private residence (22%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.220turn)" title="College campus (7%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.290turn)" title="Jewish institution / school (11%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.330turn)" title="Jewish institution / school (11%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#762a83;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.400turn)" title="Non-Jewish school (12%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#762a83;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.450turn)" title="Non-Jewish school (12%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:#af8dc3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.520turn)" title="Public area (35%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:#af8dc3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.620turn)" title="Public area (35%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#e7d4e8;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.870turn)" title="Private building / area (12%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#e7d4e8;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.920turn)" title="Private building / area (12%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> In April 2019, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) reported that antisemitism in the U.S. was at "near‑historic levels," with 1,879 attacks recorded against individuals and institutions during 2018, "the third‑highest year on record since the ADL started tracking such data in the 1970s."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> This followed data from earlier in the decade which showed a multi-year slide in antisemitism, including a 19% decline in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> During the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Knockout_game" title="Knockout game">knockout game</a> spate of violent assaults, all reported "knockout" assaults in New York City targeted Jews.<a href="#cite_note-nbcpolar-82">[82]</a> ABC <a href="/wiki/Nightline" title="Nightline">Nightline</a> reported that New York City police believed that antisemitism was likely to be a motive in the attacks, as all eight victims were identified as Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-nightline-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) organizes <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports" title="Uniform Crime Reports">Uniform Crime Reports</a> (UCR) which are designed to collect and evaluate statistics of offenses which are committed in the U.S. In 2014, 1,140 victims of anti-religious <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Hate crime laws in the United States">hate crimes</a> were listed, of which 56.8% were motivated by offenders' anti-Jewish biases. 15,494 law enforcement agencies contributed to the UCR analysis.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, Jews were the most likely of any group, religious or otherwise, to be targeted for hate crimes in the U.S. in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> 2016,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that Jews were the most targeted in proportion to their population size in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-89">[89]</a> and they were the second-most targeted individuals after LGBT individuals in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">NYPD</a> reported a 75% increase in the amount of <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> graffiti between 2016 and 2018, with an uptick observed after the Pittsburgh shooting. Out of 189 hate crimes in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 2018, 150 featured swastikas.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> On February 1, 2019, graffiti which read "fucking Jews" was found on the wall of a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in LA.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> festivities in December 2019, a number of attacks committed in New York were possibly motivated by antisemitism, including a <a href="/wiki/Monsey_Hanukkah_stabbing" title="Monsey Hanukkah stabbing">mass stabbing in Monsey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-28dec2019-93">[93]</a> In 2018 and 2019, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> in the United States was reported to have increased compared to previous years according to statistics collected by both the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>. These statistics include both violent antisemitic attacks on Jews and cases of harassment.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> 2019 saw a spate of attacks in which pedestrians wearing identifiably Jewish clothing were assaulted, beaten and often knocked to the ground by an assailant or group of assailants, many of whom shouted antisemitic slurs.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The assailants were black and Hispanic.<a href="#cite_note-AR1-99">[99]</a> One assailant, Tiffany Harris, who was released without bail after attacking a Jewish woman, attacked three other Jewish women the very next day; all of the victims were dressed in distinctively Jewish clothing.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Although the Williamsburg and Crown Heights neighborhoods of Brooklyn where most of the assaults have taken place are experiencing gentrification, no similar assaults have been reported on the gentrifiers, although their clothing makes them easy to identify.<a href="#cite_note-AR1-99">[99]</a> In May 2021, there was an upsurge of violent assaults on Jews in the United States at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Gaza conflict</a>, according to the Secure Community Network and Network Contagion Research Institute.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2023, antisemitic hate crimes accounted for almost half of the total hate crimes committed in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In July 2024, a New York City Jew wrote about feeling threatened in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> after being assaulted in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In August 2024, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> announced that it had allocated $454.5 million for the 2024 fiscal year to securing Jewish religious institutions in light of rising antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-homelandgrant-9">[9]</a> This is a $150 million increase from the 2023 budget.<a href="#cite_note-homelandgrant-9">[9]</a> Also in August 2024, <a href="/wiki/AIPAC" title="AIPAC">AIPAC</a>'s headquarters in Washington, D.C. were vandalized by anti‑Israel activists.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> This happened around the same time as swastikas were graffitied throughout a NYC neighborhood,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and four Maryland schools were vandalized with anti‑Israel and antisemitic graffiti.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York Police Department</a> reported 19 antisemitic incidents in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in August 2024 alone,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> with a total of 117 incidents between January and the end of September 2024, a 74% increase from the same period the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In September 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> reported that there was a 63% increase in antisemitic incidents in the U.S. in 2023 from the previous year, for a total of an all-time high of 1,832 recorded incidents.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Antisemitism has also been reported during the <a href="/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses" title="2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses">2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> as well as complaints about antisemitism in various public school districts.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting">2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_Life_%E2%80%93_Or_L%27Simcha_synagogue_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tree_of_Life_%E2%80%93_Or_L%27Simcha_synagogue_facade.jpg/220px-Tree_of_Life_%E2%80%93_Or_L%27Simcha_synagogue_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tree_of_Life_%E2%80%93_Or_L%27Simcha_synagogue_facade.jpg/330px-Tree_of_Life_%E2%80%93_Or_L%27Simcha_synagogue_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tree_of_Life_%E2%80%93_Or_L%27Simcha_synagogue_facade.jpg/440px-Tree_of_Life_%E2%80%93_Or_L%27Simcha_synagogue_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>People paying their respects at a memorial to the victims of the Tree of Life synagogue</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> was a terrorist attack in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">mass shooting</a>, which took place at the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_%E2%80%93_Or_L%27Simcha_Congregation" title="Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation">Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill" title="Squirrel Hill">Squirrel Hill</a> neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The congregation, along with New Light Congregation and Congregation Dor Hadash, which also worshipped in the building, was attacked during <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> <a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">morning services</a> on October 27, 2018. The perpetrator killed eleven people and wounded six. It was the deadliest attack ever on the Jewish community in the United States. A lone suspect, identified as 46-year-old Robert Gregory Bowers, was arrested at the scene. In 2023, he was tried in federal court and sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_Poway_synagogue_shooting">2019 Poway synagogue shooting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2019 Poway synagogue shooting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a></div> The Poway synagogue shooting occurred on April 27, 2019, at <a href="/wiki/Chabad_of_Poway" title="Chabad of Poway">Chabad of Poway</a> synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Poway,_California" title="Poway, California">Poway, California</a>. It came on the last day of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> holiday, which fell on a <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. Armed with an <a href="/wiki/AR-15%E2%80%93style_rifle" title="AR-15–style rifle">AR-15–style rifle</a>, the gunman, John Earnest, a <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christianity" title="Conservative Christianity">Christian traditionalist</a>, fatally shot one woman and injured three other persons, including the synagogue's rabbi. A month before the shooting, Earnest had attempted to burn down a mosque in <a href="/wiki/Escondido,_California" title="Escondido, California">Escondido</a>. In September 2021, Earnest was sentenced by a state court to life in prison without the possibility of parole.<a href="#cite_note-Kimball2019-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_Jersey_City_shooting">2019 Jersey City shooting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2019 Jersey City shooting">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">2019 Jersey City shooting</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Jersey_City_shooting&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JCKosherMrkt.MLKDr.Greenville.JC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JCKosherMrkt.MLKDr.Greenville.JC.jpg/220px-JCKosherMrkt.MLKDr.Greenville.JC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JCKosherMrkt.MLKDr.Greenville.JC.jpg/330px-JCKosherMrkt.MLKDr.Greenville.JC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JCKosherMrkt.MLKDr.Greenville.JC.jpg/440px-JCKosherMrkt.MLKDr.Greenville.JC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Khal Adas Greenville and JC Kosher Supermarket (August 2019)</figcaption></figure> On December 10, 2019, a shooting took place at a <a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">kosher</a> grocery store in the <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Jersey_City" title="Greenville, Jersey City">Greenville section</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a>. Three people were killed at the store by two assailants, David N. Anderson and Francine Graham. The assailants also wounded one customer and two police officers before being killed by police during an ensuing shootout. A Jersey City Police Department detective had also been shot and killed by the assailants at a nearby cemetery just before the grocery store attack.<a href="#cite_note-2019_Jersey_City_shooting_NYT12dec2019-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-2019_Jersey_City_shooting_WSJ11dec2019-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-2019_Jersey_City_shooting_NJ.com15dec2019-119">[119]</a> Anderson, who identified as a <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hebrew Israelite">Black Hebrew Israelite</a>, had a history of posting <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> and anti-law enforcement messages on social media; <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_Jersey" title="Attorney General of New Jersey">Attorney General of New Jersey</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurbir_Grewal" title="Gurbir Grewal">Gurbir Grewal</a> stated that evidence indicated that the attacks were <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">acts of hate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">domestic terrorism</a> which were fueled by antisemitism and <a href="/wiki/Anti-police_sentiment" title="Anti-police sentiment">anti-police sentiment</a>. Authorities believe that a much larger attack had been planned, but it was thwarted by the police detective's intervention at the cemetery. The shooting was part of a <a href="/wiki/List_of_antisemitic_incidents_in_the_United_States" title="List of antisemitic incidents in the United States">wave of violent attacks against Jews in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2019_Jersey_City_shooting_Adely-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Los_Angeles_shooting">2023 Los Angeles shooting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2023 Los Angeles shooting">edit</a>]</div> In February 2023, 28-year-old Jaime Tran shot two Jewish men when they were leaving religious services at two separate synagogues in the same predominantly Jewish neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. According to the police, the victims were carried to a hospital in stable condition. Tran was arrested by police and admitted he shot the men for being Jewish. Tran, who often posted far-right antisemitic content online, may be sentenced to life in prison.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_New_Jersey_arson_attacks">2023 New Jersey arson attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2023 New Jersey arson attacks">edit</a>]</div> In June 2023, four Jewish homes were set on fire, one of which was destroyed completely, and fourteen others were sprayed with antisemitic graffiti including <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo‑Nazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a> symbols in <a href="/wiki/Toms_River,_New_Jersey" title="Toms River, New Jersey">Toms River, New Jersey</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> family was targeted too. The perpetrator of these attacks, Ronald "Ron" Carr, 35, from nearby <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Manchester Township, New Jersey">Manchester</a>, told the police that he acted to "save the neighborhood" from Jews, who "are ruining the world" and "should be a dying breed".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> He was sentenced to seven years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_incidents">Other incidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other incidents">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maugham_Elementary_School_Adolf_Hitler_assignment_controversy">Maugham Elementary School Adolf Hitler assignment controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Maugham Elementary School Adolf Hitler assignment controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maugham_Elementary_School_Adolf_Hitler_assignment_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maugham Elementary School Adolf Hitler assignment controversy">Maugham Elementary School Adolf Hitler assignment controversy</a></div> In early April 2021,<a href="#cite_note-:02-128">[128]</a> a fifth-grade teacher at Maugham Elementary School, a <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">grammar school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tenafly,_New_Jersey" title="Tenafly, New Jersey">Tenafly, New Jersey</a>, instructed a 5th grade student to dress up as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and write a first-person essay from the perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">leader</a> touting his "accomplishments" as a part of a class assignment.<a href="#cite_note-:1-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-133">[133]</a> The student wrote a biography of Hitler that glorified the Nazi leader, stated that Hitler's "greatest accomplishment was uniting a great mass of German and Austrian people" in his support, framed <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> in a positive light, and added that Hitler was "pretty great".<a href="#cite_note-:23-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-135">[135]</a> The student's essay was displayed publicly within the school's hallway during the month of April.<a href="#cite_note-:02-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-138">[138]</a> In May 2021, the details of the school assignment became known to the public, leading to outrage in the community, which has a substantial <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-:02-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-139">[139]</a> After initially defending the teacher and the school's actions and asserting that "it is unfair to judge any student or teacher in this matter",<a href="#cite_note-:8-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[142]</a> the board of <a href="/wiki/Tenafly_Public_Schools" title="Tenafly Public Schools">Tenafly Public Schools</a> suspended the teacher and the principal of the school with pay in June 2021 and opened an investigation into the incident.<a href="#cite_note-:6-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-134">[134]</a> Following the investigation, the teacher resigned and the principle was reinstated.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_aftermath_of_Hurricane_Helene">In the aftermath of Hurricane Helene</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In the aftermath of Hurricane Helene">edit</a>]</div> In October 2024, in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Helene" title="Hurricane Helene">Hurricane Helene</a>, there were complains of online posts containing antisemitic rhetoric and threatening violence against FEMA officials have surfaced in the aftermath of the storm.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesHelene-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPostHelene-147">[147]</a> Many were disturbed at the speed at which these false claims were spread.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesHelene-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPostHelene-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_21st_century_violent_attacks_(in_chronological_order)">List of 21st century violent attacks (in chronological order)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: List of 21st century violent attacks (in chronological order)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_antisemitic_incidents_in_the_United_States" title="List of antisemitic incidents in the United States">List of antisemitic incidents in the United States</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_Jewish_Federation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Seattle_Jewish_Federation.jpg/250px-Seattle_Jewish_Federation.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Seattle_Jewish_Federation.jpg/375px-Seattle_Jewish_Federation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Seattle_Jewish_Federation.jpg/500px-Seattle_Jewish_Federation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Flowers outside the Jewish Federation building in Seattle, Washington, a memorial to the victims of the 2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_Life_Synagogue_Memorials_10-30-2018_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tree_of_Life_Synagogue_Memorials_10-30-2018_01.jpg/250px-Tree_of_Life_Synagogue_Memorials_10-30-2018_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tree_of_Life_Synagogue_Memorials_10-30-2018_01.jpg/500px-Tree_of_Life_Synagogue_Memorials_10-30-2018_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Memorials to victims outside the Tree of Life synagogue in 2018</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ariel_Sellouk" title="Murder of Ariel Sellouk">Murder of Ariel Sellouk</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Jewish_Federation_shooting" title="Seattle Jewish Federation shooting">Seattle Jewish Federation shooting</a> at the Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle building in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington by Naveed Haq. <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Waechter" title="Pamela Waechter">One dead</a> and six others injured.</li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_shooting" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Overland_Park_shootings" title="2014 Overland Park shootings">2014 Overland Park shootings</a> at the Jewish Community Center of Greater Kansas City and Village Shalom in <a href="/wiki/Overland_Park,_Kansas" title="Overland Park, Kansas">Overland Park, Kansas</a> by former <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Klansman</a> <a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.</a> Three people died in the shooting.</li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Blaze_Bernstein" title="Murder of Blaze Bernstein">Murder of Blaze Bernstein</a> at Borrego Park in <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County, California</a> by <a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a> (AWD) member Samuel Woodard in <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County, California</a>.</li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_-_Or_L%27Simcha_Congregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life - Or L'Simcha Congregation">Tree of Life - Or L'Simcha Congregation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a> user Robert Bowers in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>. Eleven dead and six others injured.</li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Chabad_of_Poway" title="Chabad of Poway">Chabad of Poway</a> by John Timothy Earnest in <a href="/wiki/Poway,_California" title="Poway, California">Poway, California</a>. One dead and six others injured.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">2019 Jersey City shooting</a> at JC Kosher Supermarket by <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a> David Anderson and Francine Graham in <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a>. Five dead and three others injured (including perpetrators)</li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Monsey_Hanukkah_stabbing" title="Monsey Hanukkah stabbing">Monsey Hanukkah stabbing</a> at Forshay Road in <a href="/wiki/Monsey,_New_York" title="Monsey, New York">Monsey, New York</a> by Black Hebrew Israelites member Grafton E. Thomas. Five injured. Three months after the attack, 72-year-old victim Josef Neumann died from his wounds.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Joseph_Borgen" title="Attack on Joseph Borgen">2021 – Beating of Joseph Borgen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a> – Kippah-wearing American called a "dirty Jew", pepper‑sprayed, concussed, bludgeoned, and kicked by several pro‑Palestinian demonstrators.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Colleyville_synagogue_hostage_crisis" title="Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis">Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis</a> – Four hostages including the Rabbi taken at a synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Colleyville,_Texas" title="Colleyville, Texas">Colleyville, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colleyville-151">[151]</a></li> <li>2024 – A pro-Palestinian rally taking place outside a Synagogue in Los Angeles, California turned into a chaotic street violence with pro-Israel counterprotesters.<a href="#cite_note-CNNLA-152">[152]</a> Several officials, including President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, have criticized the incident as antisemitic.<a href="#cite_note-CNNLA-152">[152]</a> A Jewish woman was beaten at the scene.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> At least two lawsuits have been filed against the protest groups, alleging that they violated the law by blocking people from attending a religious event.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li>2024 – A visibly Jewish man was attacked while walking down the street in <a href="/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma" title="Norman, Oklahoma">Norman, Oklahoma</a> by a man who called him a "dirty Jew". The victim was taken to the hospital suffering from bruises and a cerebral hemorrhage, making international news.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> However, the Norman Police Department later stated that obtained video footage depicted "significant disagreement" with this narrative and that the "reporting party, initially reported as the victim" of a hate crime was shown on video to actually be the "aggressor," who engaged an individual in a series of "mutual combat."<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Jewish">Jewish portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a>, worldwide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_by_country#United_States" title="Antisemitism by country">Antisemitism by country § United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Gaza_war#United_States" title="Antisemitism during the Gaza war">Antisemitism during the Gaza war § United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline of antisemitism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_US_higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in US higher education">Antisemitism in US higher education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism#United_States" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities and antisemitism § United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism#United_States" title="History of antisemitism">History of antisemitism § United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History of antisemitism in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">History of the Jews in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">History of the Jews during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Israel_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany">Holocaust inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Holocaust trivialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Holocaust uniqueness debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States and the Holocaust</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_antisemitic_incidents_in_the_United_States" title="List of antisemitic incidents in the United States">List of antisemitic incidents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_Jewish_institutions_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of attacks on Jewish institutions in the United States">List of attacks on Jewish institutions in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_American_Jews" title="Lynching of American Jews">Lynching of American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#United_States" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism (politics) § United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_in_United_States_politics" title="Nativism in United States politics">Nativism in United States politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_of_antisemitism" title="Normalization of antisemitism">Normalization of antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States#Jewish_Americans" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States § Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_backlash#United_States" title="White backlash">White backlash § United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight#United_States" title="White flight">White flight § United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism#United_States" title="White nationalism">White nationalism § United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#United_States" title="White supremacy">White supremacy § United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right (United States)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics#United_States" title="Far-right politics">Far-right politics § United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in North America § United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_United_States" title="Fascism in the United States">Fascism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism#United_States" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing terrorism § United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Religious discrimination in the United States">Religious discrimination in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia#United_States" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia § United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/adl-urges-action-after-fbi-reports-jews-were-target-of-most-religion-based-hate">"ADL Urges Action After FBI Reports Jews Were Target of Most Religion-Based Hate Crimes in 2018"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=US+to+spend+record+%24454+million+securing+religious+institutions+as+antisemitism+spikes&rft.date=2024-08-28&rft.aulast=Hajdenberg&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fus-to-spend-record-454-million-securing-religious-institutions-as-antisemitism-spikes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-823415">"Antisemitism in US at all-time high as American Jews report 'explosion of hate'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024. <q>A total of 10,000 antisemitic incidents were recorded in the US since October 7 - the highest number of incidents in the ADL's history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Antisemitism+in+US+at+all-time+high+as+American+Jews+report+%27explosion+of+hate%27&rft.date=2024-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Farticle-823415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/3-5-million-us-jews-experienced-antisemitism-since-oct-7-hamas-attack-survey-finds">"3.5 million US Jews experienced antisemitism since Oct. 7 Hamas attack, survey finds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. 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Retrieved October 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=3.5+million+US+Jews+experienced+antisemitism+since+Oct.+7+Hamas+attack%2C+survey+finds&rft.date=2024-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2F3-5-million-us-jews-experienced-antisemitism-since-oct-7-hamas-attack-survey-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.org/news/ajc-warns-staggering-fbi-hate-crimes-data-likely-represents-under-reporting-of-anti-jewish">"AJC Warns: Staggering FBI Hate Crimes Data Likely Represents Under-Reporting of Anti-Jewish Hate Crimes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a>. September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024. <q>With the FBI reporting that hate crimes against Jews increased a staggering 63% year over year, from 1,124 in 2022 to 1,832 in 2023, AJC recognizes that the actual numbers of incidents is likely greater, as hate crimes are widely underreported across the country. Despite Jews only accounting for 2% of the U.S. population, the community was the target of 68% of religiously motivated hate crimes committed in 2023.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+Committee&rft.atitle=AJC+Warns%3A+Staggering+FBI+Hate+Crimes+Data+Likely+Represents+Under-Reporting+of+Anti-Jewish+Hate+Crimes&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.org%2Fnews%2Fajc-warns-staggering-fbi-hate-crimes-data-likely-represents-under-reporting-of-anti-jewish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-821419">"Jewish community most targeted religious group, new FBI hate crime report says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024. <q>"Despite Jews only accounting for 2% of the US population, the community was the target of 68% of religiously motivated hate crimes committed in 2023," AJC said in a statement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Jewish+community+most+targeted+religious+group%2C+new+FBI+hate+crime+report+says&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fantisemitism%2Farticle-821419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/new-fbi-data-reflects-record-high-number-anti-jewish-hate-crimes">"New FBI Data Reflects Record-High Number of Anti-Jewish Hate Crimes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>. September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024. <q>Although Jews only make up around 2 percent of the U.S. population, reported single-bias anti-Jewish hate crimes comprised 15 percent of all hate crimes and 68 percent of all reported religion-based hate crimes in 2023, which is consistent with patterns from prior years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.atitle=New+FBI+Data+Reflects+Record-High+Number+of+Anti-Jewish+Hate+Crimes&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fresources%2Fpress-release%2Fnew-fbi-data-reflects-record-high-number-anti-jewish-hate-crimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/antisemitic-hate-crimes-in-us-surged-63-in-2023-to-all-time-high-of-1832-fbi">"Antisemitic hate crimes in US surged 63% in 2023, to all-time high of 1,832 – FBI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024. <q>Antisemitic incidents were 15% of all hate crimes in 2023, and 68% of all religion-based hate crimes, according to the data — even though Jews only make up some 2% of the US population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Antisemitic+hate+crimes+in+US+surged+63%25+in+2023%2C+to+all-time+high+of+1%2C832+%E2%80%93+FBI&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fantisemitic-hate-crimes-in-us-surged-63-in-2023-to-all-time-high-of-1832-fbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishinsider.com/2024/09/fbi-reports-record-high-antisemitic-hate-crimes-in-2023-up-63-from-2022">"FBI reports record-high antisemitic hate crimes in 2023, up 63% from 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Insider" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Insider">Jewish Insider</a>. 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Retrieved 15 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OU+Daily&rft.atitle=Norman+police+deny+hate+crime+intent+in+Campus+Corner+fight%2C+say+video+shows+%27mutual+combat%27&rft.date=2024-09-25&rft.aulast=Lele&rft.aufirst=Ismael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oudaily.com%2Fnews%2Fnorman-police-deny-hate-crime-intent-campus-corner-fight-video-shows-mutual-combat%2Farticle_be164576-79b4-11ef-874b-0b03f24431e8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States#Further_reading" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History of antisemitism in the United States § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. Hate Groups in America: a Record of Bigotry and Violence, (2nd ed, Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hategroupsinamer00bnai/page/n2/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Buckley, William F. In Search of Anti-Semitism, New York: Continuum, 1992</li> <li>Dershowitz, Alan M. Chutzpah 1st ed., Boston: Little, Brown, 1991</li> <li>Dinnerstein, Leonard. Antisemitism in America, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJLHrb-o5E0C&dq=Antisemitism+America&pg=PR19">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Dinnerstein" title="Leonard Dinnerstein">Dinnerstein, Leonard</a> Uneasy at Home: Antisemitism and the American Jewish Experience, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.</li> <li>Dobkowski, Michael N. The Tarnished Dream: The Basis of American Anti-Semitism (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979, a major scholarly study <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarnisheddreamba0000dobk">online</a></li> <li>Dolan, Edward F. Anti-Semitism, New York: F. Watts, 1985.</li> <li>Extremism on the Right: A Handbook New revised edition, New York: Anti Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1988.</li> <li>Flynn, Kevin J. and Gary Gerhardt The Silent Brotherhood: Inside America's Racist Underground, New York: Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan, c1989</li> <li>Gerber, David A., ed. Anti-Semitism in American History (U of Illinois Press, 1986), essays by experts.</li> <li>Ginsberg, Benjamin The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State, (U of Chicago Press, 1993)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Handlin" title="Oscar Handlin">Handlin, Oscar</a>, and Mary F. Handlin. Danger in Discord: Origins of Anti-Semitism in the United States (Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1948), highly influential short study by a leading historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dudeman5685_yahoo_DD">online</a></li> <li>Higham, John. "Anti-Semitism in the Gilded Age: A Reinterpretation," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 43 (1957): 559–78 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902273">online</a>.</li> <li>Higham, John. "Social discrimination against Jews in America, 1830-1930." Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 47.1 (1957): 1-33; Along with Handlin, the most influential early study says Tevis (2021).</li></ul> <pre><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43059004">online</a> </pre> <ul><li>Jaher, Frederic Cople A Scapegoat in the Wilderness: The Origins and Rise of Anti-Semitism in America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994</li> <li>Lang, Susan S. Extremist Groups in America, (New York: F. Watts, 1990).</li> <li>Lee, Albert Henry Ford and the Jews, (New York: Stein and Day, 1980).</li> <li>Levinger, Lee J. Anti-Semitism in the United States: Its history and causes (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/73221">online</a></li> <li>Lipstadt, Deborah E. Antisemitism: Here and Now (2019)</li> <li>Mart, Michelle. "Constructing a universal ideal: anti-Semitism, American Jews, and the founding of Israel." Modern Judaism 20.2 (2000): 181–208.</li> <li>Rausch, David A. Fundamentalist-evangelicals and Anti-semitism (Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1993).</li> <li>Ridgeway, James <a href="/wiki/Blood_in_the_Face" title="Blood in the Face">Blood in the Face</a>: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads and the Rise of a New White Culture, (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1990).</li> <li>Shapiro, Edward S. "The Approach of War: Congressional Isolationism and Anti-Semitism, 1939–1941." American Jewish History 74.1 (1984): 45–65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homefrontwwii.ferrellhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/SHAPIRO-anti-semitism-in-Congress-1984-20-p.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Volkman, Ernest A Legacy of Hate: Anti-Semitism in America, New York: F. Watts, 1982</li> <li>Weiner, Deborah R. "Insiders and Outsiders: Jewish-Gentile Relations in Baltimore during the Interwar Era' Maryland Historical Magazine 110#4 (2015) pp. 463-488 in 19203 and 1930s</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Brackman, Harold David. "The attack on Jewish Hollywood: A chapter in the history of modern American Anti-Semitism." Modern Judaism 20.1 (2000): 1–19.</li> <li>Carr, Steven Alan. Hollywood and Anti-Semitism: A Cultural History up to World War II, (Cambridge University Press 2001).</li> <li>Dinnerstein, Leonard. "Anti-Semitism exposed and attacked, 1945–1950." American Jewish History 71.1 (1981): 134–149. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/37651/summary">online</a></li> <li>Gerber, David A. "Leonard Dinnerstein (1934–2019): The Historian and His Subject." American Jewish History 105.1 (2021): 235–245. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/804161/summary">online</a></li> <li>Goldman, Eric A. "Gentleman's Agreement and Crossfire: Films That Took on Anti-Semitism in 1947 (The 1940s)." in The American Jewish Story through Cinema (University of Texas Press, 2021) pp. 50–96.</li> <li>Hirsch, Herbert and Jack D. Spiro, eds. Persistent Prejudice: Perspectives on Anti-Semitism (George Mason University Press, 1988)</li> <li>Levinson, Daniel J., and R. Nevitt Sanford. "A scale for the measurement of anti-Semitism." Journal of Psychology 17.2 (1944): 339–370.</li></ul> <ul><li>Lipstadt, Deborah E. Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, (1993)</li> <li>Roth, Philip <a href="/wiki/The_Plot_Against_America" title="The Plot Against America">The Plot Against America</a>, (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), a novel about 1940s</li></ul> <ul><li>Short, K. R. M. "Hollywood fights anti-Semitism, 1940-1945." in Film & Radio Propaganda in World War II (Routledge, 2021) pp. 146–172.</li> <li>Tevis, Britt P. "Trends in the Study of Antisemitism in United States History." American Jewish History 105.1 (2021): 255–284. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/804163/summary">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Tobin" title="Gary Tobin">Tobin, Gary A.</a> and Sharon L. Sassler Jewish Perceptions of Antisemitism, New York: Plenum Press, c1988</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430102625/http://bostonreview.net/BR34.3/malhotra_margalit.php">State of the Nation: Anti-Semitism and the economic crisis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Malhotra" title="Neil Malhotra">Neil Malhotra</a> and Yotam Margalit in <a href="/wiki/Boston_Review" title="Boston Review">Boston Review</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_antisemitic_incidents_in_the_United_States" title="List of antisemitic incidents in the United States">List of incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_American_Jews" title="Lynching of American Jews">Lynchings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bierfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Bierfield">Samuel Bierfield</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Surasky" title="Abraham Surasky">Abraham Surasky</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a> (1915)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Lazarus_Averbuch" title="Death of Lazarus Averbuch">Death of Lazarus Averbuch</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massena_blood_libel" title="Massena blood libel">Massena blood libel</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Nazi_rally_at_Madison_Square_Garden" title="1939 Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden">1939 Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_Case" title="Knickerbocker Case">Knickerbocker Case</a> (1945–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Jew_count" title="Nixon Jew count">Nixon Jew count</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Neal_Rosenblum" title="Murder of Neal Rosenblum">Murder of Neal Rosenblum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Brooklyn_Bridge_shooting" title="1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting">1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Empire_State_Building_shooting" title="1997 Empire State Building shooting">1997 Empire State Building shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Los_Angeles_International_Airport_shooting" title="2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting">2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ariel_Sellouk" title="Murder of Ariel Sellouk">Murder of Ariel Sellouk</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Los_Angeles_bomb_plot" title="2005 Los Angeles bomb plot">2005 Los Angeles bomb plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Manhattan_terrorism_plot" title="2011 Manhattan terrorism plot">2011 Manhattan terrorism plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jewish_Community_Center_bomb_threats" title="2017 Jewish Community Center bomb threats">2017 Jewish Community Center bomb threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Bergen_County_eruv_controversy" title="2017–2018 Bergen County eruv controversy">2017–18 Bergen County eruv controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Blaze_Bernstein" title="Murder of Blaze Bernstein">Murder of Blaze Bernstein</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">2019 Jersey City shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsey_Hanukkah_stabbing" title="Monsey Hanukkah stabbing">Monsey Hanukkah stabbing</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Joseph_Borgen" title="Attack on Joseph Borgen">Attack on Joseph Borgen</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_synagogue_arson" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin synagogue arson">Austin synagogue arson</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Matt_Greenman" title="Attack on Matt Greenman">Attack on Matt Greenman</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_US_higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in US higher education">Higher education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quotas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish quotas">Jewish quotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_United_States_Congress_hearing_on_antisemitism" title="2023 United States Congress hearing on antisemitism">2023 Congressional hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_at_Columbia_University" title="Antisemitism at Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism_on_Campus" title="Anti-Zionism on Campus">Anti-Zionism on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Believer_(2001_film)" title="The Believer (2001 film)">The Believer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_36" title="Berlin 36">Berlin 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Line_2:_The_New_Face_of_Anti-Semitism_on_Campus" title="Crossing the Line 2: The New Face of Anti-Semitism on Campus">Crossing the Line 2: The New Face of Anti-Semitism on Campus</a></li> <li>Gentlemen's Agreement (<a href="/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Agreement_(novel)" title="Gentleman's Agreement (novel)">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Agreement" title="Gentleman's Agreement">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocols_of_Zion_(film)" title="Protocols of Zion (film)">Protocols of Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_studies" title="Antisemitism studies">Academic study</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism" title="Journal for the Study of Antisemitism">Journal for the Study of Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Antisemitism" title="Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism">Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Global_Antisemitism_and_Policy" title="Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy">Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Program_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism" title="Yale Program for the Study of Antisemitism">Yale Program for the Study of Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMCHA_Initiative" title="AMCHA Initiative">AMCHA Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Catholics_to_Fight_Anti-Semitism" title="Committee of Catholics to Fight Anti-Semitism">Committee of Catholics to Fight Anti-Semitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagin_the_Jew" title="Fagin the Jew">Fagin the Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAS" title="HIAS">HIAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Anti-Nazi_League" title="Hollywood Anti-Nazi League">Hollywood Anti-Nazi League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StopAntisemitism" title="StopAntisemitism">StopAntisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13899" title="Executive Order 13899">Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Envoy_to_Monitor_and_Combat_Antisemitism" title="Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism">Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Nazism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_of_antisemitism" title="Normalization of antisemitism">Normalization of antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By jurisdiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Connecticut" title="Antisemitism in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Florida" title="Antisemitism in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Maryland" title="Antisemitism in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Jersey" title="Antisemitism in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Virginia" title="Antisemitism in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Antisemitism in Washington, D.C.">Washington, 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