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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_1936" title="المعاهدة البريطانية المصرية 1936 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المعاهدة البريطانية المصرية 1936" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Англо-египетски договор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Англо-египетски договор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_anglo-egipci_de_1936" title="Tractat anglo-egipci de 1936 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat anglo-egipci de 1936" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-egyptiske_traktat_af_1936" title="Anglo-egyptiske traktat af 1936 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anglo-egyptiske traktat af 1936" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-%C3%84gyptischer_Vertrag" title="Anglo-Ägyptischer Vertrag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anglo-Ägyptischer Vertrag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_anglo-egipcio_de_1936" title="Tratado anglo-egipcio de 1936 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado anglo-egipcio de 1936" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B3%DB%B6_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پیمان ۱۹۳۶ مصر-انگلیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیمان ۱۹۳۶ مصر-انگلیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_anglo-%C3%A9gyptien_de_1936" title="Traité anglo-égyptien de 1936 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité anglo-égyptien de 1936" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%B8-%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Անգլո-եգիպտական պայմանագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլո-եգիպտական պայմանագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Britania_Raya%E2%80%93Mesir_1936" title="Perjanjian Britania Raya–Mesir 1936 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjanjian Britania Raya–Mesir 1936" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattato_anglo-egiziano_del_1936" title="Trattato anglo-egiziano del 1936 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattato anglo-egiziano del 1936" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99_(1936)" title="ההסכם האנגלו-מצרי (1936) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ההסכם האנגלו-מצרי (1936)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المعاهده المصريه البريطانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المعاهده المصريه البريطانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="イギリス・エジプト同盟条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス・エジプト同盟条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliya-Misr_shartnomasi" title="Angliya-Misr shartnomasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Angliya-Misr shartnomasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_anglo-eg%C3%ADpcio_de_1936" title="Tratado anglo-egípcio de 1936 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado anglo-egípcio de 1936" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_(1936)" title="Англо-египетский договор (1936) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англо-египетский договор (1936)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-egyptiska_f%C3%B6rdraget_1936" title="Anglo-egyptiska fördraget 1936 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anglo-egyptiska fördraget 1936" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%94%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80_(1936)" title="Англо-єгипетський договір (1936) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англо-єгипетський договір (1936)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%94%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%81_1936%D8%A1" title="برطانوی۔مصری معاہدہ 1936ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برطانوی۔مصری معاہدہ 1936ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q617634#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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searchaux" style="display:none">1936 defence pact between the UK and the Kingdom of Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Bilateral treaty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">26 August 1936<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1936-08-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original<br />signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ratifiers</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"> <ul><li>United Kingdom</li> <li>Egypt</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936.pdf/page1-220px-Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936.pdf/page1-330px-Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936.pdf/page1-440px-Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936</b> (officially, <i>The Treaty of Alliance Between <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">His Majesty</a>, in Respect of the United Kingdom, and <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">His Majesty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Egypt" title="King of Egypt">King of Egypt</a></i>) was a treaty signed between the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>. </p><p>Under the terms of the treaty, the United Kingdom was required to withdraw all its troops from Egypt, except those necessary to protect the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and its surroundings, numbering 10,000 troops plus auxiliary personnel. Additionally, the United Kingdom would supply and train <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egypt's army</a> and assist in its defence in case of war. The treaty was to last for 20 years; it was negotiated in the <a href="/wiki/Zaafarana_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaafarana palace">Zaafarana palace</a>, signed in London on 26 August 1936 and ratified on 22 December. It was registered in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Series#League_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty Series">League of Nations Treaty Series</a> on 6 January 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_signing_-_18-November_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_signing_-_18-November_1936.jpg/220px-Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_signing_-_18-November_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_signing_-_18-November_1936.jpg/330px-Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_signing_-_18-November_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_signing_-_18-November_1936.jpg/440px-Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_signing_-_18-November_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1918, seven prominent Egyptians from the landed gentry and the legal profession, including <a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_Zaghlul" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'd Zaghlul">Sa'd Zaghlul</a>, formed a delegation, or <i><a href="/wiki/Wafd_Party" title="Wafd Party">wafd</a></i>, whose chief goal was the complete independence of Egypt from British rule. But when the <i>wafd</i> asked the British <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner</a> in Egypt if they could represent the country at the <a href="/wiki/1919_Paris_Peace_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="1919 Paris Peace Conference">1919 Paris Peace Conference</a>, he refused. As a result, the delegation organisers took their message of independence to the people of Egypt and this led to the founding of one of the most popular political parties in modern Egyptian history.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland,_Bunton_2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland,_Bunton_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wafdist leaders thought that the ideas of independence and <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> government were closely related and they had someone to model themselves after - the British. Following the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_1923" title="Egyptian Constitution of 1923">Egyptian Constitution of 1923</a> the <a href="/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="1923–24 Egyptian parliamentary election">1923–24 Egyptian parliamentary elections</a> were held. Many European-educated Egyptians believed that the mere existence of a constitution and a parliament would legitimise Egyptian claims for complete independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland,_Bunton_2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland,_Bunton_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But Egyptian democratic independence ran into many obstacles; the nature of the constitution gave many powers to the king, including the power to dissolve parliament. So the king used this constitutional power to get rid of parliament when they went against his wishes, culminating in many periods of royal rule. The British also continued to meddle in Egyptian politics, and they did not allow for a fully independent political apparatus to develop. Also the <i>Wafd</i> party and other minor political parties never created a coalition to stand together against the British, instead they held each other in contempt. The result of these obstacles was a constant struggle for power between the British-backed <a href="/wiki/King_Fuad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fuad I">King Fuad I</a>, and the <i>Wafd</i> party that sought complete independence from the British. </p><p>The intense desire for real independence was only partially fulfilled in 1936, when Britain agreed to renegotiate the 1922 declaration of independence, because of <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italian expansionism into Ethiopia</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland,_Bunton_2013_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland,_Bunton_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the pretexts for the treaty was the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">Second Italo-Abyssinian War</a>, which had started in 1935. <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk</a> feared that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italians</a> might invade Egypt or drag it into the fighting. The 1936 treaty did not resolve the question of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, which, under the terms of the existing Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899, stated that Sudan should be jointly governed by Egypt and Britain, but with real power remaining in British hands.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With rising tension in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the treaty expressly favoured maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>. The treaty, however, was not welcomed by Egyptian nationalists like the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Socialist Party">Arab Socialist Party</a>, who wanted full independence. It ignited a wave of demonstrations against the British and the <a href="/wiki/Wafd_Party" title="Wafd Party">Wafd Party</a>, which had supported the treaty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_signing">Treaty signing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Treaty signing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Treaty was signed in the Locarno Room at the Foreign Office building in London on 27 August 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-ttimes_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ttimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal signatories were Egyptian premier <a href="/wiki/Nahas_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahas Pasha">Nahas Pasha</a> and British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ttimes_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ttimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANTONIADIS_Palace_Second_site_of_Anglo-Egyptian_negotiations_on_the_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_(August_1936).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="ANTONIADIS Palace Second site of Anglo-Egyptian negotiations on the Anglo Egyptian treaty of 1936 (August 1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ANTONIADIS_Palace_Second_site_of_Anglo-Egyptian_negotiations_on_the_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_%28August_1936%29.jpg/220px-ANTONIADIS_Palace_Second_site_of_Anglo-Egyptian_negotiations_on_the_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_%28August_1936%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ANTONIADIS_Palace_Second_site_of_Anglo-Egyptian_negotiations_on_the_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_%28August_1936%29.jpg/330px-ANTONIADIS_Palace_Second_site_of_Anglo-Egyptian_negotiations_on_the_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_%28August_1936%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ANTONIADIS_Palace_Second_site_of_Anglo-Egyptian_negotiations_on_the_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_%28August_1936%29.jpg/440px-ANTONIADIS_Palace_Second_site_of_Anglo-Egyptian_negotiations_on_the_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_of_1936_%28August_1936%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Second site of the negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, August 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>Other signatories included <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Mahmoud_Pasha" title="Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha">Mahmoud Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Simon">Sir John Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Sidky" title="Ismail Sidky">Ismail Sidky Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makram_Ebeid_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Makram Ebeid Pasha">Makram Ebeid Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Lampson,_1st_Baron_Killearn" title="Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn">Sir Miles Lampson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amin_Osman" title="Amin Osman">Amin Osman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ttimes_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ttimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_provisions">Treaty provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treaty provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Removal of British military forces from the Egyptian cities to the Suez Canal area but British soldiers in Sudan remain unconditionally.</li> <li>The number of British troops in Egypt to number no more than 10 thousand soldiers and 400 pilots with the staff required for administrative and technical work in peacetime only, while during a state of war the UK has the right to increase the number.</li> <li>British forces are not transferred to new areas until new barracks are built.</li> <li>British troops remain in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> eight years from the date of the Treaty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">British air forces</a> remain in the camp in the Canal Zone and are entitled to use Egyptian air space and the same right is given to Egyptian aircraft.</li> <li>In case of war the Egyptian government is committed to provide all facilities and assistance to the British forces including the right to use Egyptian ports and airports and roads.</li> <li>After 20 years from the implementation of the Treaty parties it shall be determined if the presence of British troops is necessary as the Egyptian army may be able to guarantee shipping in the Suez Canal safely. Disagreements may be submitted to the League of Nations.</li> <li>Egypt has the right to demand the abolition of foreign privileges.</li> <li>Cancel all agreements and documents contrary to the provisions of this Treaty including the <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">February 28 statement</a></li> <li>The return of the Egyptian army to Sudan and the recognition of joint management with Britain.</li> <li>Freedom of Egypt to make treaties with foreign countries, provided that these are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Treaty.</li> <li>Exchange ambassadors with the United Kingdom.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 September 1945, after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Egyptian government demanded the modification of the treaty to terminate the British military presence, and also to allow the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jessup_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jessup-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, Britain agreed to withdraw all remaining troops in Egypt into the Suez Canal Zone.<sup id="cite_ref-canalzone_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canalzone-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, UK troops officially withdrew from all other Egyptian bases outside the Suez Canal Zone.<sup id="cite_ref-canalzone_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canalzone-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Wafd Party's victory in the boycotted <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_parliamentary_election,_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian parliamentary election, 1950">1950 election of Egypt</a>, the new Wafd government unilaterally abrogated the treaty in October 1951. Three years later, and with new government leadership under <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, the UK agreed to withdraw its troops in the Anglo–Egyptian Agreement of 1954; the British withdrawal was completed in June 1956. This date is seen as when Egypt gained full independence, although Nasser had already established an <a href="/wiki/Nasser#Nationalization_of_the_Suez_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">independent foreign policy</a> that caused tension with several <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western powers</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abrogation_of_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_11-2-1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Abrogation of Anglo Egyptian treaty 11-2-1952" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Abrogation_of_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_11-2-1952.jpg/220px-Abrogation_of_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_11-2-1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Abrogation_of_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_11-2-1952.jpg/330px-Abrogation_of_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_11-2-1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Abrogation_of_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_11-2-1952.jpg/440px-Abrogation_of_Anglo_Egyptian_treaty_11-2-1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>An Egyptian stamp issued for the abrogation of the treaty, February 1952</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the abrupt withdrawal of an offer by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to fund the building of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>, Egypt nationalised the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> on 26 July 1956,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ostensibly to pay for the dam, although in reality the Soviets provided most of the funding. The nationalisation was technically in violation of the international agreement that Nasser had signed on 19 October 1954, although he agreed to pay compensation to the shareholders. Some months later, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and Britain <a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Protocol of Sèvres">colluded</a> to overthrow Nasser,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> ensued. After international pressure and threats from the 2 new superpowers (the United States and the USSR), Britain, France and Israel were all forced to withdraw from Egypt, and the canal remained under Egyptian control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-cias.com/e.o/angl_tr_egyptian.htm">Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040216150736/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Canal/Treaty.html">The Anglo – Egyptian Alliance Treaty 1936</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Specific</dt></dl> <p>Cleveland, Bunton (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder: Westview Press. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>League of Nations Treaty Series</i>, vol. 173, pp. 402–431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleveland,_Bunton_2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland,_Bunton_2013_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland,_Bunton_2013_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland,_Bunton_2013_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleveland, Bunton (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder: Westview Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert O. Collins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zpShVWIxwIC&dq=%22Anglo-Egyptian+Condominium+Agreement%22+%221899%22&pg=PA33">A History of Modern Sudan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ttimes-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ttimes_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ttimes_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ttimes_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Newspapers&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=45&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=2&docId=GALE%7CCS169553686&docType=Article&sort=Pub+Date+Forward+Chron&contentSegment=ZTMA-MOD1&prodId=TTDA&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCS169553686&searchId=R1&userGroupName=wikipedia&inPS=true">"Egyptian Treaty"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. 22 August 1936<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Treaty&rft.date=1936-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fretrieve.do%3FtabID%3DNewspapers%26resultListType%3DRESULT_LIST%26searchResultsType%3DSingleTab%26hitCount%3D45%26searchType%3DBasicSearchForm%26currentPosition%3D2%26docId%3DGALE%257CCS169553686%26docType%3DArticle%26sort%3DPub%2BDate%2BForward%2BChron%26contentSegment%3DZTMA-MOD1%26prodId%3DTTDA%26pageNum%3D1%26contentSet%3DGALE%257CCS169553686%26searchId%3DR1%26userGroupName%3Dwikipedia%26inPS%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Egyptian+treaty+of+1936" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/27/historic-anglo-egyptian-treaty-signed-in-london-archive-1936">"Historic Anglo-Egyptian treaty signed in London – archive, 1936"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 27 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Historic+Anglo-Egyptian+treaty+signed+in+London+%E2%80%93+archive%2C+1936&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Faug%2F27%2Fhistoric-anglo-egyptian-treaty-signed-in-london-archive-1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Egyptian+treaty+of+1936" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jessup-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jessup_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessup1989" class="citation book cs1">Jessup, John E. (1989). <i>A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945-1985</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24308-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-24308-5"><bdi>0-313-24308-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronology+of+Conflict+and+Resolution%2C+1945-1985&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-313-24308-5&rft.aulast=Jessup&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Egyptian+treaty+of+1936" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canalzone-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canalzone_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canalzone_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/docs-middle-east-1930-1947-british-troops-egypt-1930-45/">"Middle East 1930 - 1947:British Troops in Egypt 1930 - 45"</a>. britishmilitaryhistory.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Middle+East+1930+-+1947%3ABritish+Troops+in+Egypt+1930+-+45&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk%2Fdocs-middle-east-1930-1947-british-troops-egypt-1930-45%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Egyptian+treaty+of+1936" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Suez crisis" <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics</i>. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ssfc0005/The%20Protocol%20of%20Sevres%201956%20Anatomy%20of%20a%20War%20Plot.html">The Protocol of Sèvres,1956: Anatomy of a War Plot</a> Published in <a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a>, 73:3 (1997), 509–530</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936">Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924110414/http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/treaties/TS1/1937/6">"Full Text of the Treaty"</a>. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/treaties/TS1/1937/6">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+Text+of+the+Treaty&rft.pub=Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fresources%2Fen%2Fpdf%2Ftreaties%2FTS1%2F1937%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Egyptian+treaty+of+1936" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeAd8HSdgvk">Video</a> of the treaty signing</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Suezmax">Suezmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manzala" title="Lake Manzala">Lake Manzala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Timsah" title="Lake Timsah">Lake Timsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bitter_Lake" title="Great Bitter Lake">Great Bitter Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFlia_Canal" title="Ismaïlia Canal">Ismaïlia Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constructions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Said_Lighthouse" title="Port Said Lighthouse">Port Said Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Bridge" title="Suez Canal Bridge">Suez Canal Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ferdan_Railway_Bridge" title="El Ferdan Railway Bridge">El Ferdan Railway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hamdi_Tunnel" title="Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel">Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_overhead_powerline_crossing" title="Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing">Power line crossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expansion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Area_Development_Project" title="Suez Canal Area Development Project">Area Development Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Area_Development_Project#New_Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal Area Development Project">New Suez Canal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lessepsian_migration" title="Lessepsian migration">Lessepsian migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lessepsian_migrant_species" title="List of Lessepsian migrant species">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroopolite_Gulf" title="Heroopolite Gulf">Heroopolite Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_of_the_Pharaohs" title="Canal of the Pharaohs">Canal of the Pharaohs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27%C3%89tudes_du_Canal_de_Suez" title="Société d'Études du Canal de Suez">Société d'études du Canal de Suez</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Suez_Canal_obstruction" title="2021 Suez Canal obstruction">Obstruction by <i>Ever Given</i></a> (2021)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French/UK operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Company">Suez Canal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople" title="Convention of Constantinople">Convention of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Suez_Canal" title="Raid on the Suez Canal">Raid on the Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Suez_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Suez Crisis">Timeline</a>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketeer_(1956)" title="Operation Musketeer (1956)">Operation Musketeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tarnegol" title="Operation Tarnegol">Operation Tarnegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Telescope" title="Operation Telescope">Operation Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Protocol of Sèvres">Protocol of Sèvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 118">United Nations Security Council Resolution 118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_119" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 119">United Nations Security Council Resolution 119</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936&oldid=1253939203">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936&oldid=1253939203</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1936_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:1936 in the United Kingdom">1936 in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1936_in_Egypt" 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