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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Poetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Fasti</i> (poem)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_(Ovidius)" title="Fasti (Ovidius) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fasti (Ovidius)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastos" title="Fastos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fastos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fasti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_(v%C3%A6rk_af_Ovid)" title="Fasti (værk af Ovid) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fasti (værk af Ovid)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_(Ovid)" title="Fasti (Ovid) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fasti (Ovid)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastos" title="Fastos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fastos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastoak_(poema)" title="Fastoak (poema) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fastoak (poema)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_(%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1)" title="فاستی (شعر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاستی (شعر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastes" title="Fastes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fastes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%89%EC%82%AC%EB%A0%A5" title="행사력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="행사력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_(Ovidio)" title="Fasti (Ovidio) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fasti (Ovidio)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פסטיבלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסטיבלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_(Ovidius)" title="Fasti (Ovidius) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fasti (Ovidius)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_(Ovidius)" title="Fasti (Ovidius) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fasti (Ovidius)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E6%9A%A6" title="祭暦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="祭暦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_(Ovid)" title="Fasti (Ovid) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fasti (Ovid)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastos_(Ov%C3%ADdio)" title="Fastos (Ovídio) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fastos (Ovídio)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_(%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Фасты (Овидий) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фасты (Овидий)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_(Ovidije)" title="Fasti (Ovidije) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fasti (Ovidije)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_(dikt)" title="Fasti (dikt) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fasti (dikt)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1236235#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="View the 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Latin poem by Ovid (8 AD)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_090.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_090.jpg/350px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_090.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_090.jpg/525px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_090.jpg/700px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6030" data-file-height="4868" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Tiepolo</a>'s <i>Triumph of <a href="/wiki/Flora_(mythology)" title="Flora (mythology)">Flora</a></i> (c. 1743), a scene based on the <i>Fasti</i>, Book 4<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Fasti</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Fāstī</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[faːstiː]</a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the <a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">Calendar</a>"), sometimes translated as <i><b>The Book of Days</b></i> or <i><b>On the Roman Calendar</b></i>, is a six-book <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin poem</a> written by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> and published in AD 8. Ovid is believed to have left the <i>Fasti</i> incomplete when he was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a> by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in 8 AD. Written in <a href="/wiki/Elegiac_couplet" title="Elegiac couplet">elegiac couplets</a> and drawing on conventions of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a> and Latin <a href="/wiki/Didactic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic poetry">didactic poetry</a>, the <i>Fasti</i> is structured as a series of eye-witness reports and interviews by the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first-person</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">vates</a></i> ("poet-prophet" or "bard") with <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Roman deities</a>, who explain the origins of <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival#Ancient_Roman_religious_festivals" title="Religious festival">Roman holidays</a> and associated customs—often with multiple <a href="/wiki/Aetiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetiology">aetiologies</a>. The poem is a significant, and in some cases unique, source of fact in studies of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">religion in ancient Rome</a>; and the influential anthropologist and <a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">ritualist</a> <a href="/wiki/J.G._Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="J.G. Frazer">J.G. Frazer</a> translated and annotated the work for the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> series. Each book covers one month, January through June, of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a>, and was written several years after <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> replaced the old system of Roman time-keeping with what would come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. </p><p>The popularity and reputation of the <i>Fasti</i> has fluctuated more than that of any of Ovid's other works. The poem was widely read in the 15th–18th centuries, and influenced a number of mythological paintings in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">Western art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as scholar <a href="/wiki/Carole_E._Newlands" title="Carole E. Newlands">Carole E. Newlands</a> has observed, throughout the 20th century "anthropologists and students of Roman religion … found it full of errors, an inadequate and unreliable source for Roman cultic practice and belief. Literary critics have generally regarded the <i>Fasti</i> as an artistic failure."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewlands19952_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewlands19952-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1980s, however, the poem enjoyed a revival of scholarly interest and a subsequent reappraisal; it is now regarded as one of Ovid's major works,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been published in several new English translations. Ovid was exiled from Rome for his subversive treatment of Augustus, yet the <i>Fasti</i> continues this treatment—which has led to the emergence of an argument in academia for treating the <i>Fasti</i> as a politically weighted work. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only the six books which concern the first six months of the year are extant. It may be that Ovid never finished it, that the remaining half is simply lost, or that only six books were intended. Ovid apparently worked on the poem while he was in exile at Tomis. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tristia" title="Tristia">Tristia</a></i>, a collection of elegiac letters on the poet's exile, mentions the <i>Fasti</i>, and that its completion had been interrupted by his banishment from Rome. Ovid also mentions that he had written the entire work, and finished revising six books. However, no ancient source quotes even a fragment from the supposedly six missing books. </p><p>The <i>Fasti</i> is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, a high-ranking member of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">family</a>. These circumstances have led some to speculate that the poem was written on religious, <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a> themes in order to improve Ovid's standing with the rulers of Rome and secure his release from exile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetic_models">Poetic models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Poetic models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest classical calendrical poem which might have inspired Ovid is the <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, which includes mythological lore, astronomical observations, and an agricultural calendar. For the astronomical sections, Ovid was preceded by <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>' <i>Phaenomena</i> as well as lost poetry on constellations and probably <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>' adaptation of Aratus (<i>Fasti</i> 1.17–27). The most significant influence on Ovid were the Roman <i>fasti</i>, the Roman calendrical lists, which included dates, notices of festivals, ritual prohibitions and proscriptions, anniversaries of important events, and sometimes aetiological material. Ovid often mentions consulting these calendars, such as his reference at 1.11 to <i>pictos fastos</i> and his references to the actual annotation marks of the calendar. The most important of these calendars for Ovid were probably the <i>Fasti Praenestini</i>, a contemporary calendar constructed and annotated by the grammarian <a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a>, whose fragments include much ritual material that can be found in Ovid's poem.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of putting these calendars into verse however, seems to be a uniquely Ovidian concept.<sup id="cite_ref-ghb_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides his use of calendars and astronomical poetry, Ovid's multi-generic, digressive narrative and learned poem depends on the full range of ancient poetry and prose. In this, one of the most important works for Ovid was <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>' <i>Aetia</i>; the use of divine interlocutors, elegiac meter, various generic registers, and a focus on explaining the origins of customs and festivals are all significant features of Callimachus' work. The Fourth Book of <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>, who claimed to be the Roman Callimachus, might also be a model since it also deals with aetiologies of Roman customs and myths. His etymologizing implies an interest in Roman antiquarianism, particularly the works of <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a> on etymology and Roman religion. He similarly makes use of much Roman history writing, which must include lost historical poetry as well as the annal tradition (Ovid says in the prologue that one of his sources are ancient annals (<i>annalibus ... priscis</i> (1.7)). In his longer narrative sections, Ovid makes use of tragedy, epic poetry, elegy, and Hellenistic mythological poems. For some episodes, the sources Ovid used are untraceable. On the Roman side, Ovid particularly focuses on and employs <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i>, most notably in the long section on Anna in Book 3. As in the <i>Metamorphoses</i>, Ovid's use of Virgil is multifaceted; he often prefers to invert or abbreviate Virgil's episodes. Ovid will regularly deliberately pass over material covered in the <i>Aeneid</i> and expand a small section or a neglected episode into an elaborate narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The poem is an extensive treatment on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">fasti</a></i>. Each of its separate books discusses one month of the Roman calendar, beginning with January. It contains some brief <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical</a> notes, but its more significant portions discuss the religious festivals of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a>, the rites performed upon them, and their <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythological</a> explanations. These explanations preserve much mythological and religious lore that would have otherwise been lost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_(Book_1)"><span id="January_.28Book_1.29"></span>January (Book 1)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: January (Book 1)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first book opens with a prologue which contains a dedication (1–62) of the poem to <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, Ovid's <a href="/wiki/Recusatio" title="Recusatio">recusatio</a>, and a description of the poem's theme as the Roman calendar, festivals, and annual astronomical events, followed by a discussion of <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa</a>'s invention of the Roman calendar. The first episode (63–294) is an interview between the poet and the god <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a> about the details of his nature as primal creator (<a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a>), history, iconography, and festival on the Kalends of January. The second long episode (317–456) describes the <a href="/wiki/Agonalia" title="Agonalia">Agonalia</a>, the aetiologies of sacrificial animals, the story of <a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a>, and the story of <a href="/wiki/Lotis_(mythology)" title="Lotis (mythology)">Lotis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a>. The third episode (461–636) for the <a href="/wiki/Carmentalia" title="Carmentalia">Carmentalia</a> discusses the exile of <a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">Evander</a> to Latium, the prophecy of his mother <a href="/wiki/Carmentis" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmentis">Carmentis</a> about <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>, and the myth of <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cacus" title="Cacus">Cacus</a>, ending with the praise of the family of Augustus. The end of the book talks about the festival of <a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a> (637–650), the movable <a href="/wiki/Sementivae" title="Sementivae">Sementivae</a> with a prayer for agricultural productivity (655–704), and the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a> (709–724). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February_(Book_2)"><span id="February_.28Book_2.29"></span>February (Book 2)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: February (Book 2)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ovid opens book 2 with an etymological derivation of February from <i>februa</i> (instruments of purification) (1–54). He continues relating several shorter narratives, including the stories of <a href="/wiki/Arion" title="Arion">Arion</a> and the dolphin (79–118), Augustus' assumption of the title <i>pater patriae</i> (119-148), the myth of <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(mythology)" title="Callisto (mythology)">Callisto</a> (153–192), the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Fabii" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabii">Fabii</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cremera" title="Battle of the Cremera">battle of the Cremera</a> (193–242), and the fable of the constellations of the Raven, Snake, and Crater (243–266). The next long section in the book discusses the festival of the <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a> (267–474). The poet aetiologizes the nakedness of the Luperci with a story of Faunus' sexual humiliation when he tries to rape Hercules dressed as <a href="/wiki/Omphale" title="Omphale">Omphale</a> and the story of Remus' defeat of cattle rustlers. The narrative of the she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus is also included. Lines 475–532 describe Romulus' transformation into <a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a>, which is followed by the narrative of Lara in connection to the <a href="/wiki/Feralia" title="Feralia">Feralia</a> (533–616). The final extensive section describing the <a href="/wiki/Regifugium" title="Regifugium">Regifugium</a> describes the legends associated with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Tarquins" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarquins">Tarquins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucretia" title="Lucretia">Lucretia</a>'s rape and suicide, and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Brutus</a>' revenge (685–855). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_(Book_3)"><span id="March_.28Book_3.29"></span>March (Book 3)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: March (Book 3)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third book is dedicated by Ovid to <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, the patron of the month; in connection to the god, the poet narrates the rape of <a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Silvia</a>, the birth and discovery of Romulus and Remus, and ends with a discussion of March as the former first month of the year (1–166). Next, the poet interviews Mars who tells the story of <a href="/wiki/The_rape_of_the_Sabine_women" class="mw-redirect" title="The rape of the Sabine women">the rape of the Sabine women</a> to explain why women worship him, and of Numa's capture of Jupiter and the gift of the ritual shields, the <i>ancilia</i> and the introduction of the <i>salii</i> (167–398). Next Ovid relates two short narratives, the story of Romulus' <a href="/wiki/Asylum_(antiquity)" title="Asylum (antiquity)">asylum</a> and the temple of Jupiter Veiovis (429–458) and Ariadne's complaint of unfaithfulness to Bacchus and subsequent katasterism of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ariadne%27s_crown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ariadne's crown (page does not exist)">Ariadne's crown</a> (459–516). A long section describes the feast of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a> on the Ides, focusing on the story of the Vergilian Anna's escape from Carthage and journey to Italy where she becomes the river <a href="/wiki/Numicius" class="mw-redirect" title="Numicius">Numicius</a>, the legend of Anna's deceit of Mars when he attempted to woo Minerva, and ending with a note on the murder of Caesar (523–710). The end of the month includes the legends of Bacchus' discovery of honey for the <a href="/wiki/Liberalia" title="Liberalia">Liberalia</a> (713–808), a prayer to Minerva for the <a href="/wiki/Quinquatrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquatrus">Quinquatrus</a> (809–848), and the story of <a href="/wiki/Phrixus" title="Phrixus">Phrixus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helle_(mythology)" title="Helle (mythology)">Helle</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Tubilustrium" title="Tubilustrium">Tubilustrium</a> (849–878). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April_(Book_4)"><span id="April_.28Book_4.29"></span>April (Book 4)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: April (Book 4)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>April begins with the appearance of Venus, who chides Ovid for his abandonment of erotic elegy; Ovid goes on to trace the genealogy of the Roman kings and Augustus from Venus and ends with a celebration of Venus as the goddess of creation (1–132). The first long episode of the book is the festival of the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Mater" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Mater">Magna Mater</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ludi_Megalenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludi Megalenses">Ludi Megalenses</a>. For this festival Ovid recounts the birth of <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>'s children, the castration of <a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a>, the goddess' transfer to Rome, and the story of <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Quinta" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudia Quinta">Claudia Quinta</a> (179–375). The next narrative, which is the longest and most elaborate in the <i>Fasti</i> describes the <a href="/wiki/Cerealia" title="Cerealia">Cerealia</a> and the rape of Persephone, the wandering of Ceres, and the return of Persephone to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a> (393–620). The next extended section is regarding the festival of the <a href="/wiki/Parilia" title="Parilia">Parilia</a> which includes agricultural prayers, aetiologies of customs, and the story of the founding augury and death of Remus (721–862). The final sections tell the story of <a href="/wiki/Mezentius" title="Mezentius">Mezentius</a> in connection to the <a href="/wiki/Vinalia" title="Vinalia">Vinalia</a> (863–900) and include an agricultural prayer on the <a href="/wiki/Robigalia" title="Robigalia">Robigalia</a> (901–942). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_(Book_5)"><span id="May_.28Book_5.29"></span>May (Book 5)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: May (Book 5)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This book opens with the presentation by the Muses of three etymologies for the name of the month: the goddess Maiestas, the Roman elders (<i>maiores</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Maia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia (mythology)">Maia</a> the mother of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> (1–110). Ovid is unable to decide on a correct etymology. In the next section the goddess <a href="/wiki/Flora_(mythology)" title="Flora (mythology)">Flora</a> appears and discusses her origin, her help in Juno's conceiving of a child, and the political origin of her games (159–378). The next notable narrative discusses the rituals of the <a href="/wiki/Lemuria_(festival)" title="Lemuria (festival)">Lemuria</a> and the funeral of Remus (419–490). The birth of Orion from the urine (<i>ouron</i>) of the gods comes next (493–544). This is followed by the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mars_Ultor" title="Temple of Mars Ultor">Temple of Mars Ultor</a> (545–598), the end of human sacrifice at Rome (603–662), the worship of Mercury (663–692), and the death of <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Pollux</a> (693–720). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_(Book_6)"><span id="June_.28Book_6.29"></span>June (Book 6)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: June (Book 6)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sixth book begins with a prologue in which the goddesses Juno and Juventas (<a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a>) dispute over which goddess the month is named after (1–100). Ovid goes on to relate the story of the affair of Carna, the goddess of hinges, and Janus as well as the story of how Proca was defended from murderous owls by Cranae (101–195). The next large narrative is the discussion of iconography and aetiology of the <a href="/wiki/Vestalia" title="Vestalia">Vestalia</a>, the festival of Vesta. The cosmic identification of Vesta with the earth, the story of Priapus' attempted rape, the origin of the altar of Jupiter Pistoris (of the bakers) in the Gallic invasion of Rome, and the rescue of the <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a> by Metellus in a fire at the temple are recounted (249–468). A short astronomical notice precedes the long discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Matralia" class="mw-redirect" title="Matralia">Matralia</a> in which Ovid explains the origin of the cult of <a href="/wiki/Mater_Matuta" title="Mater Matuta">Mater Matuta</a> who as <a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a> journeyed to Italy and was made a goddess (473–569). This is followed by the story of the murder of King <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a>, a lover of Mater Matuta. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_Quinquatrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesser Quinquatrus (page does not exist)">Lesser Quinquatrus</a>' legend follows about the exile and return of Roman flute players (649–710). The final notable episodes of the poem are the punishment of <a href="/wiki/Aesculapius" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesculapius">Aesculapius</a> (733–762) and the praise of <a href="/wiki/Marcia_(given_name)" title="Marcia (given name)">Marcia</a> by Clio (797–812). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missing_books">Missing books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Missing books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Ovid mentions he had written twelve books, no verified ancient text has been discovered with even a quotation from the alleged books for July through December (books 7 to 12).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1504 the eccentric humanist and classical text collector <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Celtes" title="Conrad Celtes">Conrad Celtes</a> claimed to have discovered the missing books in a German monastery. He wrote a letter about the books to the Venetian publisher <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a>, who insisted on seeing them himself before signing a contract.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purported missing verses had actually been composed by an 11th-century monk, were known to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> and had allegedly informed a popular harvest festival under the reign of <a href="/wiki/John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes" title="John III Doukas Vatatzes">John III Doukas Vatatzes</a>, but even so, many contemporaries of Celtes believed him, and classical scholars continued to write about the existence of the missing books until well into the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_responses">Critical responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Critical responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Carole E. Newlands wrote in 1995 that the poem had suffered by comparison with other works of Ovid,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewlands19953_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewlands19953-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Fasti</i> has since come to be "widely acclaimed as the final masterwork of the poet from Sulmo."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the chief concerns that has occupied readers of the poem is its political message and its relationship with the Augustan household. The work contains much material on Augustus, his relatives, and the imperial cult, as signalled in the preface by his address to Germanicus that explains that he will find "festivals pertaining to your house; often the names of your father and grandfather will meet you on the page." (1.9–10) </p><p>A current trend in <i>Fasti</i> scholarship has been towards the reading of Ovid's voice in the poem as subversive and cynical. Carole Newlands has read the poem as particularly subversive of the regime and imperial propaganda; she believes that several passages point to the problem of curtailed free speech and artistic freedom under the empire without an influential patron to protect artists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewlands1995_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewlands1995-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She points out that Ovid seems to use divine interlocutors and especially divine disagreements to avoid authority and responsibility for the poem's statements, that there is an inherent and destabilizing tension with the presence of traditional Roman <i>matronae</i> in an elegiac poem (an erotic genre and meter), and that Ovid often uses astronomical notices and undermining narrative juxtapositions as a way of subverting seemingly <a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">encomiastic</a> episodes. </p><p>Earlier scholars posited that the imperial festivals are actually the central focus of the poem embedded in an elaborated frame of charming stories which serve to draw attention to the "serious" imperial narratives — a concept which Herbert-Brown argues against while taking a less subversifying position than Newlands. Herbert-Brown argues that Ovid's main consideration is versifying the calendar; although some sections may be subversive, Herbert-Brown believes that for the most part Ovid's poem harmonizes with imperial ideology in an attempt to gain favor with the imperial household from exile. Seemingly problematic passages reflect mythological ambiguities that Ovid is playing with rather than subversion of the imperial family, and his burlesque treatments of religion are part of an established Roman attitude. An architectural framework is posited by Herbert-Brown who feels that the poem is structured around the great contemporary architectural monuments of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-ghb_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetics">Poetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Poetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other readers have chosen to focus on the <a href="/wiki/Poetics" title="Poetics">poetics</a> of the <i>Fasti</i> rather than political themes. Murgatroyd's work has particularly focused on the cinematic style of Ovid's work, which he shows employs elaborate and often highly subtle devices to create a vivid picture within a confined narrative. Murgatroyd particularly looks at Ovid's relationships with other authors, notably Livy (from whom Ovid is at pains to distinguish his poetic rather than historical enterprise) and Virgil, and traces how Ovid uses their narratives to construct his own identity in relation to his predecessors in a spirit of friendly competition. He has also traced the progression of Ovid's narrator through the divine interviews from a seemingly naive and somewhat overwhelmed poet to a full-fledged <i>vates</i> who ends up in command of the narrative process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/T.P._Wiseman" class="mw-redirect" title="T.P. Wiseman">T.P. Wiseman</a>, <i>The Myths of Rome</i> (University of Exeter Press, 2004), pp. 1–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPinkster2018" class="citation book cs1">Pinkster, Harm, ed. (2018). <i>Woordenboek Latijn/Nederlands</i> (7th revised ed.). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789463720519" title="Special:BookSources/9789463720519"><bdi>9789463720519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woordenboek+Latijn%2FNederlands.&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=7th+revised&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789463720519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasti+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman, <i>The Myths of Rome</i>, p 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewlands19952-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewlands19952_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewlands1995">Newlands 1995</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeveneNelis2002" class="citation book cs1">Levene, David S.; Nelis, Damien P., eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H_i0UKDft1QC&pg=PA195"><i>Clio and the Poets: Augustan Poetry and the Traditions of Ancient Historiography</i></a>. BRILL. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004117822" title="Special:BookSources/9004117822"><bdi>9004117822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clio+and+the+Poets%3A+Augustan+Poetry+and+the+Traditions+of+Ancient+Historiography&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9004117822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH_i0UKDft1QC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasti+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusgrove2000" class="citation book cs1">Musgrove, Margaret Worsham, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TIcTh38bBIQC"><i>The Student's Ovid: Selections from the Metamorphoses</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806132205" title="Special:BookSources/0806132205"><bdi>0806132205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Ovid%3A+Selections+from+the+Metamorphoses&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0806132205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTIcTh38bBIQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasti+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/praenestini.html">"Fasti Praenestini (Praeneste calendar)"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Fasti+Praenestini+%28Praeneste+calendar%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2F~grout%2Fencyclopaedia_romana%2Fcalendar%2Fpraenestini.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasti+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghb-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghb_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghb_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert-Brown1994" class="citation book cs1">Herbert-Brown, Geraldine (1994). <i>Ovid and the Fasti: An Historical Study</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid+and+the+Fasti%3A+An+Historical+Study&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Herbert-Brown&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasti+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murgatroyd, P. <i>Mythical and Legendary Narrative in Ovid's Fasti</i> (Leiden, 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurel Fulkerson, Ovid: A Poet on the Margins. Bloomsbury, 2016, p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher S. Wood, Forgery, Replica, Fiction: Temporalities of German Renaissance Art. University Of Chicago Press, 2008, p.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angela Fritsen, Antiquarian Voices: The Roman Academy and the Commentary Tradition on Ovid’s Fasti (Text and Context). Ohio State University Press, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewlands19953-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewlands19953_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewlands1995">Newlands 1995</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvid2004" class="citation book cs1">Ovid (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zS6L1dA_z8AC"><i>Fasti</i></a>. Translated by Boyle, Anthony; Woodard, Roger. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin UK">Penguin UK</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141913339" title="Special:BookSources/0141913339"><bdi>0141913339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fasti&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0141913339&rft.au=Ovid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzS6L1dA_z8AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasti+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewlands1995-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewlands1995_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewlands1995">Newlands 1995</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewlands1995" class="citation book cs1">Newlands, Carole Elizabeth (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/playingwithtimeo00newl_0"><i>Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801430801" title="Special:BookSources/0801430801"><bdi>0801430801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+with+Time%3A+Ovid+and+the+Fasti&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0801430801&rft.aulast=Newlands&rft.aufirst=Carole+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplayingwithtimeo00newl_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasti+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonykline.co.uk/PITBR/Latin/Fastihome.htm">English translation</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._S._Kline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. S. Kline (page does not exist)">A. S. Kline</a> (2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/FASTAM/F0-Intro.html">French translation with notes</a> by Anne-Marie Boxus and Jacques Poucet (2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8738">Project Gutenburg (original text in Latin)</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Fasti&author=NASO&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Fasti</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Ibis_(Ovid)" title="Ibis (Ovid)">Ibis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae" title="Medicamina Faciei Femineae">Medicamina Faciei Femineae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_Poet_Ovid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Latin_Poet_Ovid.jpg/47px-Latin_Poet_Ovid.jpg" decoding="async" width="47" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Latin_Poet_Ovid.jpg/71px-Latin_Poet_Ovid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Latin_Poet_Ovid.jpg/94px-Latin_Poet_Ovid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Heroides" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028323793">IdRef</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030785561">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&oldid=1253372340">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasti_(poem)&oldid=1253372340</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poetry_by_Ovid" title="Category:Poetry by Ovid">Poetry by 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