CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Soviet Army - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c5f0523d-eb8b-4b8e-8b1c-803a38e2b682","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Soviet_Army","wgTitle":"Soviet Army","wgCurRevisionId":1256292833,"wgRevisionId":1256292833,"wgArticleId":13824438,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Russian-language text","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from May 2023","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from March 2017","Use dmy dates from August 2020","Military articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia","All pages needing factual verification", "Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2023","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from May 2023","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Soviet Army","Disbanded armies","Military units and formations established in 1946","Military units and formations disestablished in 1991","1946 establishments in the Soviet Union","1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Soviet_Army","wgRelevantArticleId":13824438,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q43456","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG/1200px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG/800px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG/640px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Soviet Army - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Soviet_Army rootpage-Soviet_Army skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Soviet+Army" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Soviet+Army" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Soviet+Army" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Soviet+Army" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cold War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Korean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet-Afghan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet-Afghan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Soviet-Afghan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet-Afghan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Military costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Military districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dissolution of the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dissolution of the Soviet Union subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-dissolution_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-dissolution_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Post-dissolution influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-dissolution_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Soviet_Ground_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Soviet_Ground_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commanders-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Soviet_Ground_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soviet Army</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="الجيش السوفيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجيش السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovet_Ordusu" title="Sovet Ordusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sovet Ordusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Совет Армияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Совет Армияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Савецкая Армія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Савецкая Армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C4%9Btsk%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Sovětská armáda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sovětská armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetarmee" title="Sowjetarmee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sowjetarmee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5ukogude_armee" title="Nõukogude armee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nõukogude armee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σοβιετικός Στρατός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοβιετικός Στρατός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Sovi%C3%A9tico" title="Ejército Soviético – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército Soviético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soveta_armeo" title="Soveta armeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Soveta armeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="نیروی زمینی شوروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی زمینی شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_terre_sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Armée de terre soviétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée de terre soviétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8_%EC%9C%A1%EA%B5%B0" title="소련 육군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소련 육군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Soviet" title="Angkatan Darat Soviet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Darat Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetskaja_Armija" title="Sovetskaja Armija – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sovetskaja Armija" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padomju_armija" title="Padomju armija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Padomju armija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietin%C4%97_armija" title="Sovietinė armija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sovietinė armija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szovjet_Hadsereg" title="Szovjet Hadsereg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szovjet Hadsereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Darat_Soviet" title="Tentera Darat Soviet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Darat Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E9%80%A3%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8A%E8%BB%8D" title="ソ連地上軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソ連地上軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovet_Armiyasi" title="Sovet Armiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sovet Armiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Radziecka" title="Armia Radziecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Armia Radziecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Sovi%C3%A9tico" title="Exército Soviético – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército Soviético" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_Sovietic%C4%83" title="Armata Sovietică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Armata Sovietică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Советская армия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Советская армия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushtria_Sovjetike" title="Ushtria Sovjetike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ushtria Sovjetike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietska_arm%C3%A1da" title="Sovietska armáda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sovietska armáda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetska_armada" title="Sovjetska armada – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sovjetska armada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetska_armija" title="Sovjetska armija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sovjetska armija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="กองทัพบกโซเวียต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองทัพบกโซเวียต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyet_Kara_Kuvvetleri" title="Sovyet Kara Kuvvetleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyet Kara Kuvvetleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Радянська армія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радянська армія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%A5c_qu%C3%A2n_X%C3%B4_Vi%E1%BA%BFt" title="Lục quân Xô Viết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lục quân Xô Viết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="蘇聯陸軍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘇聯陸軍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43456#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Soviet_Army" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Soviet_Army" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Soviet_Army" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&oldid=1256292833" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Soviet_Army&id=1256292833&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSoviet_Army"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSoviet_Army"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Soviet_Army&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Army_of_the_Soviet_Union" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43456" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Land warfare branch of the Soviet Armed Forces (1946–1992)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Soviet Army between 1946 and 1991. For the Soviet Army from 1918 to 1946, see <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Советская армия">the corresponding article</a> in Russian</b>.  <i><small>(February 2014)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fru.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F&sl=ru&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Russian article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Советская армия]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ru|Советская армия}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Soviet_Army" title="Talk:Soviet Army">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Soviet Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Советская армия</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="1905" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Soviet Army cockade</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">25 February 1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">14 February 1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-sort-value="Soviet Union"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> (1946–1991)</li><li><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a></i> (1991–1992)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ground_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground warfare">Land warfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>3,668,075 active (1991), peak 14,332,483 in 1945</li><li>4,129,506 reserve (1991), peak 17,383,291 in 1945</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">"Red Army"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">За нашу Советскую Родину!</span></span><br /><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Za nashu Sovetskuyu Rodinu!</i></span><br />"For our Soviet Motherland!"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data">Red and yellow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em">About 55,000 tanks (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em">Over 70,000 armored personnel carriers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em">24,000 infantry fighting vehicles</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em">33,000 towed artillery pieces</li><li style="text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em">9,000 self-propelled howitzers</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_anti-Communist_insurgencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies">Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Red_Army_Badge.svg/170px-Red_Army_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Red_Army_Badge.svg/255px-Red_Army_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Red_Army_Badge.svg/340px-Red_Army_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#798050; color:white"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet Army</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces" title="Soviet Air Defence Forces">Air Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Air Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#798050; color:white"> Ranks of the Soviet Military</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military ranks of the Soviet Union">Military ranks of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#798050; color:white"> History of the Soviet Military</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_military_ranks" title="History of Russian military ranks">History of Russian military ranks</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_military" title="Template:Soviet military"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_military" title="Template talk:Soviet military"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_military" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet military"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">сухопутные войска</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Sovetskiye sukhoputnye voyska</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">land warfare</a> <a href="/wiki/Service_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Service branch">service branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> from 1946 to 1992. In English it was often referred to as the <b>Soviet Army.</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 25 February 1946, it was known as the <b><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russian, the term <i>armiya</i> (army) was often used to cover the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a> first in traditional Soviet order of precedence; the Ground Forces, second; the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Defense Forces">Air Defence Forces</a>, third, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Air Forces</a>, fourth, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a>, fifth, among the branches of the Soviet Armed Forces as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuvorov198251_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuvorov198251-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">ceased to exist</a> in December 1991, the Ground Forces remained under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> until it was formally abolished on 14 February 1992. The Soviet Ground Forces were principally succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> in Russian territory; beyond, many units and formations were taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>; some were withdrawn to Russia, and some dissolved amid conflict, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">the end</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the Red Army had over 500 rifle <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> and about a tenth that number of tank formations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrban1985_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban1985-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their war experience gave the Soviets such faith in tank forces that the infantry force was cut significantly. A total of 130 rifle divisions were disbanded in the Groups of Forces in Eastern Europe in summer 1945, as well as <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="2nd Guards Airborne Division">2nd Guards Airborne Division</a>, and by the end of 1946, another 193 rifle divisions ceased to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al_2013146,_147_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al_2013146,_147-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five or more rifle divisions disbanded contributed to the formation of <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> convoy divisions, some used for escorting Japanese <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tank_corps_(Soviet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank corps (Soviet)">Tank Corps</a> of the late war period were converted to tank divisions, and from 1957 the rifle divisions were converted to motor rifle divisions (MRDs). MRDs had three motorized rifle <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> and a tank regiment, for a total of ten motor rifle <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> and six tank battalions; tank divisions had the proportions reversed. </p><p>The Land Forces Main Command was created for the first time in March 1946. <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> became Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces in March 1946, but was quickly succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a> in July 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013119_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 1946, the army decreased from 5 million soldiers to 2.7 million in the Soviet Union and from 2 million to 1.5 million in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later the Main Command was disbanded, an organisational gap that "probably was associated in some manner with the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979142_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979142-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Main Command was reformed in 1955. On February 24, 1964, the Defense Council of the Soviet Union decided to disband the Ground Forces Main Command, with almost the same wording as in 1950 (the corresponding order of the USSR Minister of Defense on disbandment was signed on March 7, 1964). Its functions were transferred to the General Staff, while the chiefs of the combat arms and specialised forces came under the direct command of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Soviet_Union)" title="Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)">Minister of Defence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Main Command was then recreated again in November 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsouras1994121,_172_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsouras1994121,_172-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Army General <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlovsky_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Pavlovsky (general)">Ivan Pavlovsky</a> was appointed Commander-in-Chief of Ground Forces with effect from 5 November 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013119_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1945 to 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> were reduced from about 11.3 million to about 2.8 million men,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199839_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199839-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a demobilisation controlled first, by increasing the number of <a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">military districts</a> to 33, then reduced to 21 in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979176_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979176-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The personnel strength of the Ground Forces was reduced from 9.8 million to 2.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="What is Voeninform? Not mentioned anywhere else on Wikipedia. Source impossible to identify for verification from this citation (May 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To establish and secure the USSR's eastern European geopolitical interests, Red Army troops who liberated <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">eastern Europe</a> from <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">Nazi</a> rule in 1945 remained in place to secure pro-Soviet régimes in Eastern Europe and to protect against attack from Europe. Elsewhere, they may have assisted the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> in suppressing anti-Soviet resistance in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a> (1941–1955) and the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a> in the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201399_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201399-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet troops, including the <a href="/wiki/39th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="39th Army (Soviet Union)">39th Army</a>, remained at <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur_naval_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Arthur naval base">Port Arthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a> on the northeast Chinese coast until 1955. Control was then handed over to the new Chinese communist government. </p><p>Within the Soviet Union, the troops and formations of the Ground Forces were divided among the military districts. There were 32 of them in 1945. Sixteen districts remained from the mid-1970s to the end of the USSR (see table). Yet, the greatest Soviet Army concentration was in the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany" title="Group of Soviet Forces in Germany">Group of Soviet Forces in Germany</a>, which suppressed the anti-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1953 in East Germany">Uprising of 1953 in East Germany</a>. East European Groups of Forces were the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Group_of_Forces" title="Northern Group of Forces">Northern Group of Forces</a> in Poland, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Group_of_Forces" title="Southern Group of Forces">Southern Group of Forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, which put down the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>. In 1958, Soviet troops were withdrawn from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Group_of_Forces" title="Central Group of Forces">Central Group of Forces</a> in Czechoslovakia was established after <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact intervention against the Prague Spring</a> of 1968. In 1969, in the far east of the Soviet Union, the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a> (1969) prompted establishment of a 16th military district, the Central Asian Military District, at <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Alma-Ata</a>, Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979176_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979176-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks,_Berlin_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/220px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/330px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/440px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>US tanks and Soviet tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, October 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1947 to 1989, Western intelligence agencies estimated that the Soviet Ground Forces' strength remained c. 2.8 million to c. 5.3 million men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199839_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199839-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989 the Ground Forces had two million men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZickelKeefe1991705_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZickelKeefe1991705-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To maintain those numbers, Soviet law required a three-year military service obligation from every able man of military age, until 1967, when the Ground Forces reduced it to a two-year draft obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979305_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979305-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1970s, the change to a two-year system seems to have created the hazing practice known as <i><a href="/wiki/Dedovshchina" title="Dedovshchina">dedovshchina</a></i>, "rule of the grandfathers", which destroyed the status of most NCOs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199847–48,_286–289_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199847–48,_286–289-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead the Soviet system relied very heavily on junior officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom1998290–291_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998290–291-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet Armed Forces life could be "grim and dangerous": a Western researcher talking to former Soviet officers was told, in effect that this was because they did not "value human life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199848_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199848-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the middle of the 1980s, the Ground Forces contained <a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Army_divisions_1989%E2%80%9391" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Soviet Army divisions 1989–91">about 210 divisions</a>. About three-quarters were motor rifle divisions and the remainder tank divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrr20031_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr20031-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also a large number of artillery divisions, separate artillery brigades, engineer formations, and other combat support formations. However, only relatively few formations were fully war ready. By 1983, Soviet divisions were divided into either "Ready" or "Not Ready" categories, each with three subcategories.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The internal military districts usually contained only one or two fully Ready divisions, with the remainder lower strength formations. The Soviet system anticipated a war preparation period which would bring the strength of the Ground Forces up to about three million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies198734_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies198734-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet planning for most of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> period would have seen <a href="/wiki/Army_(Soviet_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army (Soviet Army)">Armies</a> of four to five divisions operating in <a href="/wiki/Front_(Soviet_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front (Soviet Army)">Fronts</a> made up of around four armies (and roughly equivalent to Western <a href="/wiki/Army_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group">Army Groups</a>). On 8 February 1979, the first of the new High Commands, for the Far East, was created at <a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a> in Buryatia under <a href="/wiki/Army_General_(Soviet_rank)" title="Army General (Soviet rank)">Army General</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Petrov_(marshal)" title="Vasily Petrov (marshal)">Vasily Petrov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201390_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201390-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1984, three more were established to control multi-Front operations in Europe (the Western and South-Western Strategic Directions) and at <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> to supervise three southern military districts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201391–93_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201391–93-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western analysts expected these new headquarters to control multiple Fronts in time of war, and usually a Soviet Navy Fleet. </p><p>From the 1950s to the 1980s the branches ("rods") of the Ground Forces included the <a href="/wiki/Motor_Rifle_Troops_(Soviet_Union)" title="Motor Rifle Troops (Soviet Union)">Motor Rifle Troops</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a>, from April 1956 to March 1964; Air Assault Troops (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Airborne_Assault_Formations_of_the_Ground_Forces_of_the_USSR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airborne Assault Formations of the Ground Forces of the USSR (page does not exist)">Airborne Assault Formations of the Ground Forces of the USSR</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Десантно-штурмовые формирования Сухопутных войск СССР">ru</a>]</span>, from 1968 to August 1990); the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Tank_Troops" title="Russian Tank Troops">Tank Troops</a>; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocket_Forces_and_Artillery_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocket Forces and Artillery (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Rocket Forces and Artillery</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Ракетные войска и артиллерия СССР">ru</a>]</span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Ракетные войска и артиллерия СССР</span></span>, from 1961); <a href="/wiki/Army_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Aviation">Army Aviation</a> (see <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Армейская авиация Российской Федерации">ru:Армейская авиация Российской Федерации</a>), until December 1990; <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army_Signal_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Army Signal Corps">Signals Troops</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Engineer_Troops_(Soviet_Union)" title="Engineer Troops (Soviet Union)">Engineer Troops</a>; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Defence_Troops_of_the_Ground_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Defence Troops of the Ground Forces (page does not exist)">Air Defence Troops of the Ground Forces</a>; the Chemical Troops; and the Rear of the Ground Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al200421_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al200421-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, the Soviet Union established the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> with its Eastern European socialist allies, solidifying military coordination between Soviet forces and their socialist counterparts. The Ground Forces created and directed the Eastern European armies in its image for the remainder of the Cold War, shaping them for a potential confrontation with the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO). After 1956, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party</a>, reduced the Ground Forces to build up the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a>, emphasizing the armed forces' <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a> capabilities. He removed Marshal <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> in 1957 for opposing these reductions in the Ground Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuvorov198236_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuvorov198236-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Soviet forces possessed too few theater-level nuclear weapons to fulfill war-plan requirements until the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199869_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199869-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a> maintained plans to invade Western Europe whose massive scale was only made publicly available after German researchers gained access to files of the East German <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a> following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199872–80_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199872–80-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Red Army advanced into <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">northern Korea</a> in 1945 after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with the intention of aiding in the process of rebuilding the country.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshals <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Meretskov" title="Kirill Meretskov">Kirill Meretskov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terenty_Shtykov" title="Terenty Shtykov">Terentii Shtykov</a> explained to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> the necessity of Soviet help in building infrastructure and industry in northern Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Soviets aided in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">North Korean People's Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Air_and_Anti-Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force">Korean People's Air Force</a>. The Soviets believed it would be strategic to the Soviet Union to support Korea's growth directly. When northern Korea eventually wished to invade <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> in 1950, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> traveled to Moscow to gain approval from Stalin. It was granted with full support, leading to the full-scale invasion of South Korea on June 25.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png/220px-Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png/330px-Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png/440px-Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> (left) was the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of the Soviet Union">leader</a> during the Vietnam War.</figcaption></figure> <p>Soviet ships in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> gave vital early warnings to PAVN/VC forces in South Vietnam. The Soviet intelligence ships would pick up American <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52 bombers</a> flying from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Okinawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>. Their airspeed and direction would be noted and then relayed to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Office_for_South_Vietnam" title="Central Office for South Vietnam">Central Office for South Vietnam</a>, North Vietnam's southern headquarters. Using airspeed and direction, COSVN analysts would calculate the bombing target and tell any assets to move "perpendicularly to the attack trajectory." These advance warnings gave them time to move out of the way of the bombers, and, while the bombing runs caused extensive damage, because of the early warnings from 1968 to 1970 they did not kill a single military or civilian leader in the headquarters complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Truong_p._1682_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truong_p._1682-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> supplied North Vietnam with medical supplies, arms, tanks, planes, helicopters, artillery, anti-aircraft missiles and other military equipment. Soviet crews fired Soviet-made <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> at U.S. <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantoms</a>, which were shot down over <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Thanh Hóa">Thanh Hóa</a> in 1965. Over a dozen Soviet soldiers lost their lives in this conflict. Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> officials acknowledged that the Soviet Union had stationed up to 3,000 troops in Vietnam during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE,_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_1965_%D0%B3._%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%2C_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_1965_%D0%B3._%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%2C_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_1965_%D0%B3._%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8._%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%2C_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_1965_%D0%B3._%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Soviet anti-air instructors and North Vietnamese crewmen in the spring of 1965 at an anti-aircraft training center in Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Russian sources give more specific numbers: Between 1953 and 1991, the hardware donated by the Soviet Union included 2,000 tanks, 1,700 <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">APCs</a>, 7,000 artillery guns, over 5,000 anti-aircraft guns, 158 surface-to-air missile launchers, and 120 helicopters. During the war, the Soviets sent North Vietnam annual arms shipments worth $450 million.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 364–371">: 364–371 </span></sup> From July 1965 to the end of 1974, fighting in Vietnam was observed by some 6,500 officers and generals, as well as more than 4,500 soldiers and sergeants of the Soviet Armed Forces. In addition, Soviet military schools and academies began training Vietnamese soldiers—in all more than 10,000 military personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> had also helped develop the <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> (SIGINT) capabilities of the North Vietnamese, through an operation known as Vostok (also known as Phương Đông, meaning "Orient" and named after the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-MP2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vostok program was a <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> program. These programs were pivotal in detecting and defeating CIA and South Vietnamese commando teams sent into North Vietnam, as they were detected and captured.<sup id="cite_ref-MP2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets helped the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam)">Ministry of Public Security</a> recruit foreigners within high-level diplomatic circles among the Western-allies of the US, under a clandestine program known as "B12,MM" which produced thousands of high-level documents for nearly a decade, including targets of B-52 strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-MP2_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, the SIGINT services had broken information from Western US-allies in Saigon, determining that the US would not intervene to save South Vietnam from collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-MP2_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet-Afghan_War">Soviet-Afghan War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soviet-Afghan War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">invaded Afghanistan</a> to prop up its puppet government, provoking a 10-year <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> guerrilla resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 850,000 and 1.5 million civilians were killed<sup id="cite_ref-Khalidi_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalidi-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sliwinski_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sliwinski-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees, mostly to <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran" title="Afghans in Iran">Iran</a>. </p><p>Prior to the arrival of Soviet troops, the pro-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Nur_Mohammad_Taraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur Mohammad Taraki">Nur Mohammad Taraki</a> government took power in a 1978 coup and initiated a series of radical modernization reforms throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-law.upenn.edu_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.upenn.edu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (May 2023)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Vigorously suppressing any opposition from among the traditional Muslim Afghans, the government arrested thousands and executed as many as 27,000 political prisoners. By April 1979 large parts of the country were in open rebellion and by December the government had lost control of territory outside of the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-kepel-2002-138_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kepel-2002-138-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Afghan government requests, the Soviet government under leader <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> first sent covert troops to advise and support the Afghan government, but, on December 24, 1979, began the first <a href="#1979:_Soviet_deployment">deployment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/40th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="40th Army (Soviet Union)">40th Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arriving in the capital <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> on December 27, they staged a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm-333" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Storm-333">coup</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killing the president <a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin" title="Hafizullah Amin">Hafizullah Amin</a>, and installing a rival socialist <a href="/wiki/Babrak_Karmal" title="Babrak Karmal">Babrak Karmal</a>, who was viewed as more moderate and fit to lead the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-kepel-2002-138_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kepel-2002-138-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Soviet government initially hoped to secure Afghanistan's towns and road networks, stabilize the communist regime, and withdraw from the region within the span of one year, they experienced major difficulties in the region, due to rough terrain and fierce guerrilla resistance. Soviet presence would reach near 115,000 troops by the mid-1980s, and the complications of the war increased, causing a high amount of military, economic, and political cost.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> realized the economic, diplomatic, and human toll the war was placing on the Soviet Union, he announced the withdrawal of six regiment of troops (about 7,000 men) on 28 July 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1988 Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a> announced that it was hoped that "1988 would be the last year of the Soviet troops stay"; the forces pulled out in the bitter winter cold of January–February 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_costs">Military costs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cost for the military due to the war is estimated to have been roughly 15 billion rubles in 1989. The combat casualties estimates at 30,000–35,000. During 1984–1985, more than 300 aircraft were lost, and thus a significant military cost of the war is attributed to air operations. Since the first year, the government spend roughly 2.5–3.0% of the yearly military budget on funding the war in Afghanistan, increasing steadily in cost until its peak in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Army also suffered from deep losses in morale and public approval due to the conflict and its failure. Many injured and disabled veterans of the war returned to the Soviet Union facing public scrutiny and difficulty re-entering civilian society, creating a new social group known as "<a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Soviet War">Afgantsy</a>". These men would become influential in popular culture and politics of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_districts">Military districts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extent military districts in 1990 were:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchofield1991236–237_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofield1991236–237-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District" title="Leningrad Military District">Leningrad Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belorussian_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Belorussian Military District">Belorussian Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Military_District" title="Baltic Military District">Baltic Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Military_District" title="Carpathian Military District">Carpathian Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Military_District" title="Kiev Military District">Kiev Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa_Military_District" title="Odessa Military District">Odessa Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga-Urals_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga-Urals Military District">Volga-Urals Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Military_District" title="North Caucasus Military District">North Caucasus Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Military_District" title="Transcaucasian Military District">Transcaucasian Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Military_District" title="Turkestan Military District">Turkestan Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Military_District" title="Siberian Military District">Siberian Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transbaikal_Military_District" title="Transbaikal Military District">Transbaikal Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Military_District" title="Far Eastern Military District">Far Eastern Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Military_District" title="Central Asian Military District">Central Asian Military District</a> (dissolved in 1988 with the Volga and Urals Military Districts merged around 1991)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dissolution of the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_soldier_DN-SC-92-04942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Soviet_soldier_DN-SC-92-04942.jpg/200px-Soviet_soldier_DN-SC-92-04942.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Soviet_soldier_DN-SC-92-04942.jpg/300px-Soviet_soldier_DN-SC-92-04942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Soviet_soldier_DN-SC-92-04942.jpg/400px-Soviet_soldier_DN-SC-92-04942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption>A Russian soldier of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Tamanskaya_Motor_Rifle_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division">2nd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division</a> in Moscow, January 1992, a few weeks after the dissolution of the USSR. He is wearing the Soviet winter <a href="/wiki/Afghanka" title="Afghanka">Afghanka</a> uniform.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1985 to 1991, General Secretary Gorbachev attempted to reduce the strain the Soviet Armed Forces placed on the USSR's <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>. </p><p>Gorbachev slowly reduced the size of the Armed Forces, including through a unilateral force reduction announcement of 500,000 in December 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom1998273–278_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998273–278-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 50,000 personnel were to come from Eastern Europe, the forces in Mongolia (totaling five divisions and 75,000 troops) were to be reduced, but the remainder was to come from units inside the Soviet Union. There were major problems encountered in trying to organise the return of 500,000 personnel into civilian life, including where the returned soldiers were to live, housing, jobs, and training assistance. Then the developing withdrawals from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and the changes implicit in the <a href="/wiki/Conventional_Forces_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional Forces in Europe">Conventional Forces in Europe</a> treaty began to create more disruption. The withdrawals became extremely chaotic; there was significant hardship for officers and their families, and "large numbers of weapons and vast stocks of equipment simply disappeared through theft, misappropriation and the black market."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom1998278_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998278-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1989, Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Yazov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Yazov">Dmitri Yazov</a> outlined five major planned changes in <i><a href="/wiki/Izvestiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Izvestiya">Izvestiya</a>,</i> the Soviet official <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">newspaper of record</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom1998161_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998161-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, the combined arms formations, divisions and armies, would be reorganised, and as a result division numbers would be reduced almost by half; second, tank regiments would be removed from all the motor rifle (mechanised infantry) divisions in East Germany and Czechoslovakia, and tank divisions would also lose a tank regiment; air assault and river crossing units would be removed from both Eastern Germany and Czechoslovakia; fourth, defensive systems and units would rise in number under the new divisional organisation; and finally the troop level in the European part of the USSR would drop by 200,000, and by 60,000 in the southern part of the country. A number of motor-rifle formations would be converted into machine gun and artillery forces intended for defensive purposes only. Three-quarters of the troops in Mongolia would be withdrawn and disbanded, including all the air force units there. </p><p>The Armed Forces were extensively involved in the 19–21 August <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a> to depose President Gorbachev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom1998305–346_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998305–346-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commanders despatched tanks into Moscow, yet the coup failed. On 8 December 1991, the presidents of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> formally dissolved the USSR, and then constituted the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS). Soviet President Gorbachev resigned on 25 December 1991; the next day, the Supreme Soviet dissolved itself, officially dissolving the USSR on 26 December 1991. During the next 18 months, inter-republican political efforts to transform the Army of the Soviet Union into the CIS Armed Forces failed; eventually, the forces stationed in the republics formally became the militaries of the respective republican governments. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the Ground Forces dissolved and the fifteen Soviet <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor states</a> divided their assets among themselves. The divide mostly occurred along a regional basis, with Soviet soldiers from Russia becoming part of the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Ground Forces</a>, while Soviet soldiers originating from <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> became part of the new <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh Armed Forces">Kazakh Armed Forces</a>. As a result, the bulk of the Soviet Ground Forces, including most of the <a href="/wiki/Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scaleboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaleboard">Scaleboard</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile" title="Surface-to-surface missile">surface-to-surface missile</a> (SSM) forces, became incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Ground Forces</a>. 1992 estimates showed five SSM brigades with 96 missile vehicles in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and 12 SSM brigades with 204 missile vehicles in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, compared to 24 SSM brigades with over 900 missile vehicles under Russian Ground Forces' control, some in other former Soviet republics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199272,_86,_96_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199272,_86,_96-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1992, most remnants of the Soviet Army in former Soviet Republics had disbanded or dispersed. Forces garrisoned in Eastern Europe (including the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>) gradually returned home between 1992 and 1994. This <a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Army_divisions_1989%E2%80%9391" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Soviet Army divisions 1989–91">list of Soviet Army divisions</a> sketches some of the fates of the individual parts of the Ground Forces. </p><p>In mid-March 1992, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> appointed himself as the new Russian minister of defence, marking a crucial step in the creation of the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a>, comprising the bulk of what was left of the Soviet Armed Forces. The last vestiges of the old Soviet command structure were finally dissolved in June 1993, when the paper <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> Military Headquarters was reorganized as a staff for facilitating CIS military cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatlock1995_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatlock1995-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the next few years, the former Soviet Ground Forces withdrew from central and Eastern Europe (including the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>), as well as from the newly independent post-Soviet republics of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. Now-<a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Ground Forces</a> remained in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasus_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasus Military District">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_presence_in_Transnistria" title="Russian military presence in Transnistria">Transnistria</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-dissolution_influence">Post-dissolution influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-dissolution influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, a considerable number of weapons were transferred to the national forces of emerging states on the periphery of the former Soviet Union, such as <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm2011_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm2011-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, weapons and other military equipment were also left behind in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm2011_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm2011-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these items were sold on the black market or through weapons merchants, whereof, in turn, some ended up in <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm2011_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm2011-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1999 book argued that the greatest opportunity for terrorist organizations to procure weapons was in the former Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimated that out of the 500 million total firearms available worldwide, 100 million were of the <a href="/wiki/Kalashnikov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalashnikov family">Kalashnikov family</a>, and 75 million were <a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKMs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only about 5 million of these were manufactured in the former USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_big_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soviet_big_7.jpg/220px-Soviet_big_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soviet_big_7.jpg/330px-Soviet_big_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soviet_big_7.jpg/440px-Soviet_big_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2253" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. assessment of the seven most important items of Soviet combat equipment in 1981</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:October_Revolution_celebration_1983_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/October_Revolution_celebration_1983_3.png/270px-October_Revolution_celebration_1983_3.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/October_Revolution_celebration_1983_3.png/405px-October_Revolution_celebration_1983_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/October_Revolution_celebration_1983_3.png/540px-October_Revolution_celebration_1983_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Army T-72A tanks during the 1983 October Revolution celebration in Moscow</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Soviet_Ground_Forces" title="List of equipment of the Soviet Ground Forces">List of equipment of the Soviet Ground Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tanks_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tanks of the Soviet Union">list of tanks of the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>In 1990 and 1991, the Soviet Ground Forces were estimated to possess the following equipment. The 1991 estimates are drawn from the <a href="/wiki/IISS" class="mw-redirect" title="IISS">IISS</a> Military Balance and follow the <a href="/wiki/Conventional_Forces_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional Forces in Europe">Conventional Forces in Europe</a> data exchange which revealed figures of November 1990. </p> <ul><li>about 54,400 <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tanks</a> as of 1 June 1991, including 5,400 <a href="/wiki/T-80" title="T-80">T-80</a>/-M 9, 9,000 <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a>L/M, 4,900 <a href="/wiki/T-64" title="T-64">T-64</a>, 8,500 <a href="/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62</a>, 10,600 <a href="/wiki/T-54/55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54/55">T-54/55</a>, and a further 16,000 in store east of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/Conventional_Forces_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional Forces in Europe">Conventional Forces in Europe</a> treaty area, types unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>About 1,000 <a href="/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a> light amphibious tanks as of 1 June 1991, including about 410 inside the CFE treaty area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>over 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored personnel carrier">armored personnel carriers</a> as of 1 June 1991, including <a href="/wiki/BTR-80" title="BTR-80">BTR-80</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTR-70" title="BTR-70">BTR-70</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTR-60" title="BTR-60">BTR-60</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTR-D" title="BTR-D">BTR-D</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTR-50" title="BTR-50">BTR-50</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTR-152" title="BTR-152">BTR-152</a>, and 4,500 <a href="/wiki/MT-LB" title="MT-LB">MT-LB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>about 28,000 armoured infantry fighting vehicles (AIFV), including <a href="/wiki/BMP-1" title="BMP-1">BMP-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP-2" title="BMP-2">BMP-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP-3" title="BMP-3">BMP-3</a>, about a total of 3,000 <a href="/wiki/BMD-1" title="BMD-1">BMD-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMD-2" title="BMD-2">BMD-2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BMD-3" title="BMD-3">BMD-3</a>. Over 16,500 AIFV were inside the CFE treaty area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8,000 reconnaissance vehicles as of 1 June 1991 including 2,500 <a href="/wiki/BRDM-2" title="BRDM-2">BRDM-2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>33,000 towed artillery pieces, including 4,379 <a href="/wiki/122_mm_howitzer_2A18_(D-30)" title="122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)">D-30</a>, 1,175 <a href="/wiki/130_mm_towed_field_gun_M1954_(M-46)" title="130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)">M-46</a>, 1,700 <a href="/wiki/152_mm_towed_gun-howitzer_M1955_(D-20)" class="mw-redirect" title="152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)">D-20</a>, 598 <a href="/wiki/152_mm_howitzer_2A65" class="mw-redirect" title="152 mm howitzer 2A65">2A65</a>, 1,007 <a href="/wiki/152_mm_gun_2A36" class="mw-redirect" title="152 mm gun 2A36">2A36</a>, 857 <a href="/wiki/152_mm_howitzer_M1943_(D-1)" title="152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)">D-1</a>, 1,693 <a href="/wiki/152_mm_howitzer-gun_M1937_(ML-20)" title="152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)">ML-20</a>, 1,200 <a href="/wiki/122_mm_howitzer_M1938_(M-30)" title="122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)">M-30</a>, 478 <a href="/wiki/203_mm_howitzer_M1931_(B-4)" title="203 mm howitzer M1931 (B-4)">B-4</a> howitzers and <a href="/wiki/D-74_122_mm_field_gun" title="D-74 122 mm field gun">D-74</a>, <a href="/wiki/85_mm_anti-tank_gun_D-48" title="85 mm anti-tank gun D-48">D-48</a>, <a href="/wiki/85_mm_divisional_gun_D-44" title="85 mm divisional gun D-44">D-44</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_mm_anti-tank_gun_T-12" title="100 mm anti-tank gun T-12">T-12</a>, and <a href="/wiki/100_mm_field_gun_M1944_(BS-3)" title="100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)">BS-3</a> field/anti-tank guns.</li> <li>about 9,000 self-propelled howitzers, including 2,751 <a href="/wiki/2S1_Gvozdika" title="2S1 Gvozdika">2S1</a>, 2,325 <a href="/wiki/2S3_Akatsiya" title="2S3 Akatsiya">2S3</a>, 507 <a href="/wiki/2S5_Giatsint-S" title="2S5 Giatsint-S">2S5</a>, 347 <a href="/wiki/2S7_Pion" title="2S7 Pion">2S7</a>, 430 <a href="/wiki/2S4_Tyulpan" title="2S4 Tyulpan">2S4</a>, 20 <a href="/wiki/2S19_Msta" class="mw-redirect" title="2S19 Msta">2S19</a>, 108 <a href="/wiki/152_mm_SpGH_DANA" title="152 mm SpGH DANA">152 mm SpGH DANA</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASU-85" title="ASU-85">ASU-85</a> (including for <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a>), and <a href="/wiki/2S9_Nona" title="2S9 Nona">2S9</a>.</li> <li>8,000 rocket artillery pieces, of which about 2,330 were inside the CFE treaty area,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/BM-21" class="mw-redirect" title="BM-21">BM-21</a>, 818 <a href="/wiki/BM-27" class="mw-redirect" title="BM-27">BM-27</a>, 123 <a href="/wiki/BM-30" class="mw-redirect" title="BM-30">BM-30</a>, 18 <a href="/wiki/BM-24" title="BM-24">BM-24</a>, <a href="/wiki/TOS-1" title="TOS-1">TOS-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/BM-25_(MRL)" class="mw-redirect" title="BM-25 (MRL)">BM-25</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BM-14" title="BM-14">BM-14</a> multiple rocket launchers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a>, <a href="/wiki/OTR-21_Tochka" title="OTR-21 Tochka">OTR-21 Tochka</a>, <a href="/wiki/OTR-23_Oka" title="OTR-23 Oka">OTR-23 Oka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/9K52_Luna-M" title="9K52 Luna-M">9K52 Luna-M</a> tactical ballistic missiles.</li> <li>1,350 <a href="/wiki/2K11_Krug" title="2K11 Krug">2K11 Krug</a>, 850 <a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">2K12 Kub</a>, 950 <a href="/wiki/9K33_Osa" title="9K33 Osa">9K33 Osa</a>, 430 <a href="/wiki/9K31_Strela-1" title="9K31 Strela-1">9K31 Strela-1</a>, 300 <a href="/wiki/Buk_missile_system" title="Buk missile system">Buk missile system</a>, 70 <a href="/wiki/S-300_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-300 (missile)">S-300 (missile)</a>, 860 <a href="/wiki/9K35_Strela-10" title="9K35 Strela-10">9K35 Strela-10</a>, 20 <a href="/wiki/Tor_missile_system" title="Tor missile system">Tor missile system</a>, 130 <a href="/wiki/9K22_Tunguska" class="mw-redirect" title="9K22 Tunguska">9K22 Tunguska</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZSU-23-4" class="mw-redirect" title="ZSU-23-4">ZSU-23-4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ZSU-57-2" title="ZSU-57-2">ZSU-57-2</a> army air defense vehicles.</li> <li>12,000 towed anti-aircraft guns estimated in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZickelKeefe1991708_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZickelKeefe1991708-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Types included <a href="/wiki/ZU-23" class="mw-redirect" title="ZU-23">ZU-23</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZPU" title="ZPU">ZPU</a>-1/2/4, 57mm <a href="/wiki/AZP_S-60" title="AZP S-60">AZP S-60</a>, <a href="/wiki/25_mm_automatic_air_defense_gun_M1940_(72-K)" title="25 mm automatic air defense gun M1940 (72-K)">25mm 72-K</a>, <a href="/wiki/37_mm_automatic_air_defense_gun_M1939_(61-K)" title="37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)">61-K</a>, <a href="/wiki/85_mm_air_defense_gun_M1939_(52-K)" title="85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)">52-K</a>, and <a href="/wiki/100_mm_air_defense_gun_KS-19" class="mw-redirect" title="100 mm air defense gun KS-19">KS-19</a>.</li> <li>4,500 helicopters as of 1 June 1991, including some 2,050 armed helicopters, of which 340 were reported as <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mil Mi-8</a>; 290 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mil Mi-17</a>; 1,420 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-24" title="Mil Mi-24">Mil Mi-24</a>; some experimental <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-28" title="Mil Mi-28">Mil Mi-28</a> "Havocs;" some 1,510 transport, of which 450 were reported as <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-6" title="Mil Mi-6">Mil Mi-6</a>; 1,000 Mi-8; 50 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-26" title="Mil Mi-26">Mil Mi-26</a> heavy; and 10 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-10" title="Mil Mi-10">Mil Mi-10</a> heavy; 200 Mi-8 <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a> helicopters, including "Hip-G" and "Hip-K"; 680 general-purpose helicopters including 600 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-2" title="Mil Mi-2">Mil Mi-2</a> and 80 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mil Mi-8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a> reported in 1992 that the USSR had previously had over 20,000 tanks, 30,000 armoured combat vehicles, at least 13,000 artillery pieces, and just under 1,500 helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Soviet_Ground_Forces">Commanders-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commanders-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Army conscript's military service book.#1, Place of birth,#2 Nationality (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>), #3 Party affiliation (i.e. the year of joining the <a href="/wiki/CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPSU">CPSU</a>), #4 Year of entering the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a>, #5 Education, #6 Main specialty, #7 Marital status. (Document number and the name are removed)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>, from 21 March 1946<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013119_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a>, 1946–50</li> <li>position of commander of ground forces did not exist from 1950 to 1955</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a>, 1955–56</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a>, 1956–57</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Andrei Grechko</a>, 1957–60</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Vasily Chuikov</a>, 1960–64</li> <li>position of commander of ground forces did not exist from 1964 to 1967</li> <li>Ivan Pavlovsky, 1967–80</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Petrov_(marshal)" title="Vasily Petrov (marshal)">Vasiliy Petrov</a>, 1980–85</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Ivanovsky" title="Yevgeny Ivanovsky">Yevgeny Ivanovsky</a>, 1985–89</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Varennikov" title="Valentin Varennikov">Valentin Varennikov</a>, January 1989 until 30 August 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Semyonov_(general)" title="Vladimir Semyonov (general)">Vladimir Semyonov</a> became Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces on 31 August 1991, and remained in that post until 30 November 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formations_of_the_Soviet_Army" title="Formations of the Soviet Army">Formations of the Soviet Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military ranks of the Soviet Union">Military ranks of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Советская армия</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Sovetskaya armiya</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199137_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1991">International Institute for Strategic Studies 1991</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas2013" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel (20 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKS6CwAAQBAJ&q=Sovetskaya+Sukhoputnye+Voyska&pg=PA4"><i>World War II Soviet Armed Forces (3): 1944–45</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-635-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-635-6"><bdi>978-1-84908-635-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Soviet+Armed+Forces+%283%29%3A+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-635-6&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKS6CwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSovetskaya%2BSukhoputnye%2BVoyska%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Established by decree on 15 (28) January 1918 "to protect the population, territorial integrity and civil liberties in the territory of the Soviet state."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuvorov198251-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuvorov198251_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuvorov1982">Suvorov 1982</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban1985-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrban1985_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUrban1985">Urban 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al_2013146,_147-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al_2013146,_147_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeskov_et_al_2013">Feskov et al 2013</a>, pp. 146, 147.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFFeskov_et_al_2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013119-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013119_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013119_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al2013119_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeskov_et_al2013">Feskov et al 2013</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Leffler1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">P. Leffler, Melvyn</a> (1 March 1985). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jah/article/71/4/807/755479">"Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945–1952"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History" title="The Journal of American History">The Journal of American History</a></i>. <b>71</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 811. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1888505">10.2307/1888505</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1888505">1888505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Strategy%2C+Diplomacy%2C+and+the+Cold+War%3A+The+United+States%2C+Turkey%2C+and+NATO%2C+1945%E2%80%931952&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=811&rft.date=1985-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1888505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1888505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=P.+Leffler&rft.aufirst=Melvyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjah%2Farticle%2F71%2F4%2F807%2F755479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979142-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979142_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKormiltsev2005" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kormiltsev" title="Nikolai Kormiltsev">Kormiltsev, Nikolai</a> (2005). "The main command of the Ground Forces: history and modernity". <i>Military History</i>. No. 7. pp. 3–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History&rft.atitle=The+main+command+of+the+Ground+Forces%3A+history+and+modernity&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3-8&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kormiltsev&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsouras1994121,_172-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsouras1994121,_172_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsouras1994">Tsouras 1994</a>, pp. 121, 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199839-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199839_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199839_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979176-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979176_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979176_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Armed Forces of the Russian Federation – Land Forces</i>, Agency Voeninform of the Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation (2007) p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201399-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201399_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeskov_et_al2013">Feskov et al 2013</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZickelKeefe1991705-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZickelKeefe1991705_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZickelKeefe1991">Zickel & Keefe 1991</a>, p. 705.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979305-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottScott1979305_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScottScott1979">Scott & Scott 1979</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199847–48,_286–289-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199847–48,_286–289_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, pp. 47–48, 286–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998290–291-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom1998290–291_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, pp. 290–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199848-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199848_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr20031-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrr20031_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrr2003">Orr 2003</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefense_Intelligence_Agency1983" class="citation web cs1">Defense Intelligence Agency (6 September 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85m00364r001101610004-1">"Warsaw Pact: Division Categorization DIA IAPPR 102-83"</a>. United States: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warsaw+Pact%3A+Division+Categorization+DIA+IAPPR+102-83&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=1983-09-06&rft.au=Defense+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocument%2Fcia-rdp85m00364r001101610004-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies198734-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies198734_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1987">International Institute for Strategic Studies 1987</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201390-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201390_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeskov_et_al2013">Feskov et al 2013</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm2015" class="citation web cs1">Holm, Michael (1 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/gkv/gkvdv.htm">"High Command of the Far East"</a>. <i>Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991: Organisation and Order of Battle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Armed+Forces+1945-1991%3A+Organisation+and+Order+of+Battle&rft.atitle=High+Command+of+the+Far+East&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Farmy%2Fgkv%2Fgkvdv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201391–93-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al201391–93_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeskov_et_al2013">Feskov et al 2013</a>, pp. 91–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al200421-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeskov_et_al200421_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeskov_et_al2004">Feskov et al 2004</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuvorov198236-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuvorov198236_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuvorov1982">Suvorov 1982</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199869-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199869_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199872–80-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199872–80_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, p. 72–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/colltopic4328.html?lng=en&id=14916">Parallel History Project</a>, and the documentation on the associated Polish exercise, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a>, 1979.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Heuser" title="Beatrice Heuser">Heuser, Beatrice</a>, "Warsaw Pact Military Doctrines in the 1970s and 1980s: Findings in the East German Archives", <i>Comparative Strategy</i>, October–December 1993, pp. 437–457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2003" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Charles K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605327300"><i>The North Korean revolution, 1945-1950</i></a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6880-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-6880-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/605327300">605327300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Korean+revolution%2C+1945-1950&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F605327300&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6880-3&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F605327300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/cable-no-121973-meretskov-and-shytkov-cde-stalin">"Cable No. 121973, Meretskov and Shytkov to Cde. Stalin"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span> – via Wilson Center Digital Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cable+No.+121973%2C+Meretskov+and+Shytkov+to+Cde.+Stalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fdocument%2Fcable-no-121973-meretskov-and-shytkov-cde-stalin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/ciphered-telegram-no-9849-gromyko-soviet-ambassador-pyongyang">"Ciphered Telegram No. 9849, Gromyko to the Soviet Ambassador, Pyongyang"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span> – via Wilson Center Digital Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ciphered+Telegram+No.+9849%2C+Gromyko+to+the+Soviet+Ambassador%2C+Pyongyang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fdocument%2Fciphered-telegram-no-9849-gromyko-soviet-ambassador-pyongyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truong_p._1682-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Truong_p._1682_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruongChanoffDoan1985" class="citation book cs1">Truong, Nhu Tang; Chanoff, David; Doan, Van-Toai (1985). <i>A Vietcong memoir</i>. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-193636-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-193636-6"><bdi>978-0-15-193636-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vietcong+memoir&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-15-193636-6&rft.aulast=Truong&rft.aufirst=Nhu+Tang&rft.au=Chanoff%2C+David&rft.au=Doan%2C+Van-Toai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=180">"Soviet Involvement in the Vietnam War"</a>. historicaltextarchive.com. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Soviet+Involvement+in+the+Vietnam+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricaltextarchive.com%2Fsections.php%3Faction%3Dread%26artid%3D180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarinDvoretsky1996" class="citation book cs1">Sarin, Oleg; Dvoretsky, Lev (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alienwarssovietu00sari"><i>Alien Wars: The Soviet Union's Aggressions Against the World, 1919 to 1989</i></a></span>. Presidio Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alienwarssovietu00sari/page/93">93–4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-421-6"><bdi>978-0-89141-421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alien+Wars%3A+The+Soviet+Union%27s+Aggressions+Against+the+World%2C+1919+to+1989&rft.pages=93-4&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89141-421-6&rft.aulast=Sarin&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.au=Dvoretsky%2C+Lev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falienwarssovietu00sari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082418/http://rus.ruvr.ru/2010/01/29/3985810.html">"Soviet rocketeer: After our arrival in Vietnam, American pilots refused to fly"</a> (in Russian). rus.ruvr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rus.ruvr.ru/2010/01/29/3985810.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+rocketeer%3A+After+our+arrival+in+Vietnam%2C+American+pilots+refused+to+fly&rft.pub=rus.ruvr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frus.ruvr.ru%2F2010%2F01%2F29%2F3985810.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MP2_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP2_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP2_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP2_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPribbenow2014" class="citation web cs1">Pribbenow, Merle (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412060039/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/CWIHP_Working_Paper_73_Soviet-Vietnamese_Intelligence_Relationship_Vietnam_War_0.pdf">"The Soviet-Vietnamese Intelligence Relationship during the Vietnam War: Cooperation and Conflict"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/CWIHP_Working_Paper_73_Soviet-Vietnamese_Intelligence_Relationship_Vietnam_War_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet-Vietnamese+Intelligence+Relationship+during+the+Vietnam+War%3A+Cooperation+and+Conflict&rft.date=2014-12&rft.aulast=Pribbenow&rft.aufirst=Merle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCWIHP_Working_Paper_73_Soviet-Vietnamese_Intelligence_Relationship_Vietnam_War_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRo'i2022" class="citation book cs1">Ro'i, Yaacov (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1258040790"><i>The Bleeding Wound: The Soviet War in Afghanistan and the Collapse of the Soviet System</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2874-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2874-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-2874-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1258040790">1258040790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bleeding+Wound%3A+The+Soviet+War+in+Afghanistan+and+the+Collapse+of+the+Soviet+System&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1258040790&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-2874-8&rft.aulast=Ro%27i&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1258040790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalidi-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1991" class="citation journal cs1">Khalidi, Noor Ahmad (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nonel.pu.ru/erdferkel/khalidi.pdf">"Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War: 1978–1987"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Survey" title="Central Asian Survey">Central Asian Survey</a></i>. <b>10</b> (3): 101–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634939108400750">10.1080/02634939108400750</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12317412">12317412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Demographic+Consequences+of+War%3A+1978%E2%80%931987&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=101-126&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634939108400750&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12317412&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Noor+Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nonel.pu.ru%2Ferdferkel%2Fkhalidi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sliwinski-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sliwinski_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSliwinski1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sliwinski, Marek (1995). <i>Le génocide Khmer Rouge: une analyse démographique</i> [<i>The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis</i>] (in French). <a href="/wiki/L%27Harmattan" title="L'Harmattan">L'Harmattan</a>. pp. 42–43, 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-3525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-3525-5"><bdi>978-2-7384-3525-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+g%C3%A9nocide+Khmer+Rouge%3A+une+analyse+d%C3%A9mographique&rft.pages=42-43%2C+48&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-3525-5&rft.aulast=Sliwinski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law.upenn.edu-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-law.upenn.edu_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1999" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Andrew (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614165958/http://law.upenn.edu/~ekohlman/afghanistan.pdf">"A bitter harvest: Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and its effects on Afghan political movements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Penn State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.upenn.edu/~ekohlman/afghanistan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+bitter+harvest%3A+Soviet+intervention+in+Afghanistan+and+its+effects+on+Afghan+political+movements&rft.pub=Penn+State+University&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.upenn.edu%2F~ekohlman%2Fafghanistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kepel-2002-138-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kepel-2002-138_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kepel-2002-138_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&dq=kepel+%22the+party+had+lost+control+of+all+but+the+cities%22&pg=PA138"><i>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112578" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112578"><bdi>9781845112578</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781845112578&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLvTNk75hUoC%26dq%3Dkepel%2B%2522the%2Bparty%2Bhad%2Blost%2Bcontrol%2Bof%2Ball%2Bbut%2Bthe%2Bcities%2522%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7883532.stm">"Timeline: Soviet war in Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 17 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Soviet+war+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F7883532.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8428701.stm">"How Soviet troops stormed Kabul palace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 27 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+Soviet+troops+stormed+Kabul+palace&rft.date=2009-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F8428701.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0707/070754.html">"Afghan guerrillas' fierce resistance stalemates Soviets and puppet regime"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Afghan+guerrillas%27+fierce+resistance+stalemates+Soviets+and+puppet+regime&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1983%2F0707%2F070754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1993" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Carey (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28798156"><i>The Russian elite: inside Spetsnaz and the airborne forces</i></a>. London: Greenhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-155-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-155-X"><bdi>1-85367-155-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28798156">28798156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+elite%3A+inside+Spetsnaz+and+the+airborne+forces&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28798156&rft.isbn=1-85367-155-X&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F28798156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000499320.pdf">"The Costs of Soviet Involvement in Afghanistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Costs+of+Soviet+Involvement+in+Afghanistan&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FDOC_0000499320.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonovalov" class="citation journal cs1">Konovalov, Valerii. "Afghan Veterans in Siberia". <i>Radio Liberty Report on the USSR</i>. <b>1</b> (#21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Liberty+Report+on+the+USSR&rft.atitle=Afghan+Veterans+in+Siberia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=%2321&rft.aulast=Konovalov&rft.aufirst=Valerii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofield1991236–237-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchofield1991236–237_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1991">Schofield 1991</a>, pp. 236–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998273–278-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom1998273–278_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, pp. 273–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998278-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom1998278_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998161-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom1998161_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998305–346-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom1998305–346_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, pp. 305–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199272,_86,_96-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies199272,_86,_96_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1992">International Institute for Strategic Studies 1992</a>, pp. 72, 86, 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatlock1995-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatlock1995_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatlock1995">Matlock 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm2011-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm2011_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm2011_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm2011_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamm2011">Hamm 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Rensselaer (1999) Smuggling Armageddon: The Nuclear Black Market in the Former Soviet Union and Europe. New York: St. Martin's Press, cited in Hamm, Crimes Committed by Terrorist Groups, 2011, p8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillicoat2007" class="citation web cs1">Killicoat, Phillip (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709194637/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/13/000016406_20070413145045/Rendered/PDF/wps4202.pdf">"Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper No. 10.: Weaponomics: The Global Market for Assault Rifles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Bank</i>. Oxford University. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/13/000016406_20070413145045/Rendered/PDF/wps4202.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Post-Conflict+Transitions+Working+Paper+No.+10.%3A+Weaponomics%3A+The+Global+Market+for+Assault+Rifles&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2007-04&rft.aulast=Killicoat&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2FWDSContentServer%2FWDSP%2FIB%2F2007%2F04%2F13%2F000016406_20070413145045%2FRendered%2FPDF%2Fwps4202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valerii N. Shilin; Charlie Cutshaw (1 March 2000). <i>Legends and reality of the AK: a behind-the-scenes look at the history, design, and impact of the Kalashnikov family of weapons</i>. Paladin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-069-8">978-1-58160-069-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZickelKeefe1991708-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZickelKeefe1991708_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZickelKeefe1991">Zickel & Keefe 1991</a>, p. 708.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSIPRI1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/SIPRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SIPRI">SIPRI</a> (December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/FS/SIPRIFS9212.pdf">"Post Cold War Security in and for Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Post+Cold+War+Security+in+and+for+Europe&rft.date=1992-12&rft.au=SIPRI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FFS%2FSIPRIFS9212.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeskov_et_al2004" class="citation book cs1">Feskov, V.I.; K.A. Kalashnikov; V.I. Golikov (2004). <i>The Soviet Army in the Years of the 'Cold War' (1945–1991)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a>: Tomsk University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7511-1819-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-7511-1819-7"><bdi>5-7511-1819-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Army+in+the+Years+of+the+%27Cold+War%27+%281945%E2%80%931991%29&rft.place=Tomsk&rft.pub=Tomsk+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=5-7511-1819-7&rft.aulast=Feskov&rft.aufirst=V.I.&rft.au=K.A.+Kalashnikov&rft.au=V.I.+Golikov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeskov_et_al2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vital.lib.tsu.ru/vital/access/manager/Repository/vtls:000479812?f0=sm_creator%3A%22%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%22"><i>Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской</i></a> [<i>The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces</i>] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785895035306" title="Special:BookSources/9785895035306"><bdi>9785895035306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%3A+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9&rft.place=Tomsk&rft.pub=Scientific+and+Technical+Literature+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9785895035306&rft.aulast=Feskov&rft.aufirst=V.I.&rft.au=Golikov%2C+V.I.&rft.au=Kalashnikov%2C+K.A.&rft.au=Slugin%2C+S.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvital.lib.tsu.ru%2Fvital%2Faccess%2Fmanager%2FRepository%2Fvtls%3A000479812%3Ff0%3Dsm_creator%253A%2522%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%252C%2B%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%2B%25D0%2598%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamm2011" class="citation web cs1">Hamm (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/crimes-committed-terrorist-groups-theory-research-and-prevention">"Crimes Committed by Terrorist Groups: Theory, Research and Prevention | Office of Justice Programs"</a>. <i>www.ojp.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ojp.gov&rft.atitle=Crimes+Committed+by+Terrorist+Groups%3A+Theory%2C+Research+and+Prevention+%7C+Office+of+Justice+Programs&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Hamm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ojp.gov%2Fncjrs%2Fvirtual-library%2Fabstracts%2Fcrimes-committed-terrorist-groups-theory-research-and-prevention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Heuser" title="Beatrice Heuser">Heuser, Beatrice</a>, 'Warsaw Pact Military Doctrines in the 1970s and 1980s: Findings in the East German Archives,' Comparative Strategy, October–December 1993, pp. 437–457.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1992" class="citation book cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (1992). <i>The Military Balance 1992–93</i>. Tavistock Street, London: <a href="/wiki/Brassey%27s" title="Brassey's">Brassey's</a> for the IISS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+1992%E2%80%9393&rft.place=Tavistock+Street%2C+London&rft.pub=Brassey%27s+for+the+IISS&rft.date=1992&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1991" class="citation book cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (1991). <i>The Military Balance 1991-92</i>. Tavistock Street, London: <a href="/wiki/Brassey%27s" title="Brassey's">Brassey's</a> for the IISS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-041324-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-041324-2"><bdi>0-08-041324-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+1991-92&rft.place=Tavistock+Street%2C+London&rft.pub=Brassey%27s+for+the+IISS&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-08-041324-2&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1987" class="citation book cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (1987). <i>The Military Balance 1987-88</i>. Tavistock Street, London: <a href="/wiki/Brassey%27s" title="Brassey's">Brassey's</a> for the IISS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+1987-88&rft.place=Tavistock+Street%2C+London&rft.pub=Brassey%27s+for+the+IISS&rft.date=1987&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsby1988" class="citation book cs1">Isby, David C. (1988). <i>Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army</i>. Jane's Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+and+Tactics+of+the+Soviet+Army&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Isby&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatlock1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Matlock, Jack F.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l-9oAAAAMAAJ"><i>Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41376-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41376-9"><bdi>978-0-679-41376-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autopsy+on+an+Empire%3A+The+American+Ambassador%27s+Account+of+the+Collapse+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-41376-9&rft.aulast=Matlock&rft.aufirst=Jack+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl-9oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdom1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Eldridge_Odom" title="William Eldridge Odom">Odom, William E.</a> (1998). <i>The Collapse of the Soviet Military</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Soviet+Military&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Odom&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr2003" class="citation report cs1">Orr, Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219112430/http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/russian/D67">The Russian Ground Forces and Reform 1992–2002</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Studies_Research_Centre" title="Conflict Studies Research Centre">Conflict Studies Research Centre</a>. D67. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/russian/D67">the original</a> on 19 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Ground+Forces+and+Reform+1992%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=Conflict+Studies+Research+Centre&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.da.mod.uk%2Fcolleges%2Farag%2Fdocument-listings%2Frussian%2FD67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1993" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Carey (1993). <i>The Russian Elite: inside Spetsnaz and the Airborne Forces</i>. Greenhill Books/Lionel Leventhal, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853671555" title="Special:BookSources/9781853671555"><bdi>9781853671555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Elite%3A+inside+Spetsnaz+and+the+Airborne+Forces&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books%2FLionel+Leventhal%2C+Limited&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781853671555&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Carey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1991" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Carey (1991). <i>Inside the Soviet Army</i>. London: Headline Book Publishing PLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7472-0418-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7472-0418-7"><bdi>0-7472-0418-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Soviet+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Headline+Book+Publishing+PLC&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7472-0418-7&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Carey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottScott1979" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William Fontaine (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armedforcesofuss00scot/"><i>The armed forces of the USSR</i></a></span>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armedforcesofuss00scot/page/142">142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89158-276-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89158-276-2"><bdi>978-0-89158-276-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+armed+forces+of+the+USSR&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-89158-276-2&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Harriet+Fast&rft.au=Scott%2C+William+Fontaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmedforcesofuss00scot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuvorov1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Suvorov" title="Viktor Suvorov">Suvorov, Viktor</a> (1982). <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Soviet_Army" title="Inside the Soviet Army">Inside the Soviet Army</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">MacMillan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Soviet+Army&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Suvorov&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsouras1994" class="citation book cs1">Tsouras, Peter G. (1994). <i>Changing Orders: The Evolution of the World's Armies, 1945 to the Present</i>. New York: Facts on File.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Orders%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+World%27s+Armies%2C+1945+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Tsouras&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsouras2024" class="citation book cs1">Tsouras, Vladyslav B. (2024). <i>Red Alert: Structure of Soviet Infantry Regiment</i>. New York: Safar Publishing on File.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Alert%3A+Structure+of+Soviet+Infantry+Regiment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Safar+Publishing+on+File&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Tsouras&rft.aufirst=Vladyslav+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Urban" title="Mark Urban">Urban, Mark L.</a> (1985). <i>Soviet land power</i>. London: Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-1442-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-1442-8"><bdi>978-0-7110-1442-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+land+power&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-1442-8&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZickelKeefe1991" class="citation book cs1">Zickel, Raymond E; Keefe, Eugene K (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/90025756/"><i>Soviet Union: a country study</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Library Of Congress. Federal Research Division.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Union%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Library+Of+Congress.+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Zickel&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E&rft.au=Keefe%2C+Eugene+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F90025756%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span> For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Roy Allison, "Military Forces in the Soviet Successor States," <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a>, London, 1993.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurie2012" class="citation book cs1">Durie, William (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/978161722"><i>The British Garrison Berlin 1945 - 1994: nowhere to go ... a pictorial historiography of the British Military occupation / presence in Berlin</i></a>. Berlin: Vergangenheitsverlag (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergangenheitsverlag" class="extiw" title="de:Vergangenheitsverlag">de</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86408-068-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86408-068-5"><bdi>978-3-86408-068-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/978161722">978161722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Garrison+Berlin+1945+-+1994%3A+nowhere+to+go+...+a+pictorial+historiography+of+the+British+Military+occupation+%2F+presence+in+Berlin&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Vergangenheitsverlag+%28de%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F978161722&rft.isbn=978-3-86408-068-5&rft.aulast=Durie&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F978161722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>David M. Glantz (2010) The Development of the Soviet and Russian Armies in Context, 1946–2008: A Chronological and Topical Outline, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 23, No.1, 2010, 27–235, DOI: 10.1080/13518040903578429. This chronological and topical outline describes the institutional and doctrinal evolution of the Soviet and Russian Armies from 1946 through 2009 within the broad context of vital political, economic, and social developments and a wide range of important international and national occurrences. Its intent is to foster further informed discussion of the subject. Each of the article's sub-sections portrays military developments in the Soviet or Russian Armies during one of the eight postwar periods Soviet and Russian military scholars, themselves, routinely identify as distinct stages in the development and evolution of their Armed Forces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Andrei Grechko</a> (1977). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armedforcesussrgrechko">The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union</a></i>. English-language Soviet book put out by <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>.</li> <li>A.Y. Kheml (1972). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationofthesovietsoldier">Education of the Soviet Soldier: Party-Political Work in the Soviet Armed Forces</a></i>. English-language Soviet book put out by <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency1982" class="citation web cs1">Central Intelligence Agency (November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101001019/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1700321/1982-11-01a.pdf">"The Readiness of Soviet Ground Forces, Interagency Intelligence Memorandum 82-10012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1700321/1982-11-01a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Readiness+of+Soviet+Ground+Forces%2C+Interagency+Intelligence+Memorandum+82-10012&rft.date=1982-11&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foia.cia.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocument_conversions%2F1700321%2F1982-11-01a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opoccuu.com/sa69.htm">Soviet Army rank insignia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASafeguardOfPeace"><i>A Safeguard of Peace. Soviet Armed Forces: History, Foundations, Mission</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/newindex.htm">Soviet Armed Forces 1945–1991</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paris1814.com/tankmuseum/uniform">WW2 Soviet Army tank crew uniform and insignia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armies_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armies_of_Russia" title="Template:Armies of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armies_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Armies of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armies_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armies of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armies_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armies of Russia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Principality of Moscow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rynda" title="Rynda">Rynda</a> 1380–1698</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landed_Army" title="Landed Army">Landed Army</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army of the Tsardom of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">Streltsy</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550</span>–1721</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Regiments" title="New Order Regiments">New Order Regiments</a> 1648–98</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Army of Peter the Great">Army of Peter the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_army_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Toy army of Peter the Great">Toy army of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> 1721–1917</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_(1917)" title="Russian Army (1917)">Russian Army (1917)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> 1918–23</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> 1918–22</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> 1922–46</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet Army</a> 1946–92</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS Armed Forces</a> 1991–93</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a> 1992–present<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43456#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43456#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43456#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149461875">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1044473-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83167516">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sovětský svaz. Sovetskaja Armija"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20041101001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268363005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&oldid=1256292833">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&oldid=1256292833</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Army" title="Category:Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disbanded_armies" title="Category:Disbanded armies">Disbanded armies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_established_in_1946" title="Category:Military units and formations established in 1946">Military units and formations established in 1946</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_disestablished_in_1991" title="Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1991">Military units and formations disestablished in 1991</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_establishments_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1946 establishments in the Soviet Union">1946 establishments in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_disestablishments_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union">1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from May 2023">Articles with incomplete citations from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_March_2017" title="Category:EngvarB from March 2017">EngvarB from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2020">Use dmy dates from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_articles_needing_translation_from_Russian_Wikipedia" title="Category:Military articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia">Military articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_May_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from May 2023">Articles with self-published sources from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 05:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-n88bh","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.996","walltime":"1.163","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8945,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":170795,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15199,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":194246,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1008.920 1 -total"," 21.26% 214.453 1 Template:Infobox_military_unit"," 20.11% 202.887 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.65% 188.114 1 Template:Infobox"," 15.15% 152.823 25 Template:Cite_book"," 13.95% 140.754 46 Template:Sfn"," 8.44% 85.134 6 Template:Lang"," 8.33% 84.040 1 Template:Soviet_military"," 7.96% 80.339 1 Template:Sidebar"," 7.32% 73.879 2 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.631","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19319468,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDefense_Intelligence_Agency1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeskov_et_al2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeskov_et_al2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamm2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolm2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsby1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillicoat2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonovalov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKormiltsev2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatlock1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdom1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrr2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._Leffler1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPribbenow2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRo\u0026#039;i2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSIPRI1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarinDvoretsky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFScottScott1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSliwinski1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuvorov1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruongChanoffDoan1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsouras1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsouras2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrban1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZickelKeefe1991\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Armies of Russia\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CIS\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand Russian\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox military unit\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang-rus\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 46,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Soviet military\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-rsg59","timestamp":"20241128021623","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Soviet Army","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Army","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43456","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43456","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-10-20T16:15:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T05:27:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2b\/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0.JPG","headline":"1946-1992 ground warfare branch of the Soviet Armed Forces"}</script> </body> </html>