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In English it was often referred to as the '''Soviet Army.'''{{efn|{{lang-rus|Советская армия|Sovetskaya armiya}}}} Until 25 February 1946, it was known as the '''[[Red Army]].'''<ref>Established by decree on 15 (28) January 1918 "to protect the population, territorial integrity and civil liberties in the territory of the Soviet state."</ref> In Russian, the term ''armiya'' (army) was often used to cover the [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] first in traditional Soviet order of precedence; the Ground Forces, second; the [[Soviet Air Defense Forces|Air Defence Forces]], third, the [[Soviet Air Forces|Air Forces]], fourth, and the [[Soviet Navy]], fifth, among the branches of the Soviet Armed Forces as a whole.{{sfn|Suvorov|1982|p=51}} After the [[Soviet Union]] [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|ceased to exist]] in December 1991, the Ground Forces remained under the command of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] until it was formally abolished on 14 February 1992. The Soviet Ground Forces were principally succeeded by the [[Russian Ground Forces|Ground Forces]] of the [[Russian Federation]] in Russian territory; beyond, many units and formations were taken over by the [[post-Soviet states]]; some were withdrawn to Russia, and some dissolved amid conflict, notably in the [[Caucasus]]. ==After World War II== At [[Aftermath of World War II|the end]] of [[World War II]] the Red Army had over 500 rifle [[Division (military)|divisions]] and about a tenth that number of tank formations.{{sfn|Urban|1985}} Their war experience gave the Soviets such faith in tank forces that the infantry force was cut significantly. A total of 130 rifle divisions were disbanded in the Groups of Forces in Eastern Europe in summer 1945, as well as [[2nd Guards Airborne Division]], and by the end of 1946, another 193 rifle divisions ceased to exist.{{sfn|Feskov et al 2013|pages=146, 147}} Five or more rifle divisions disbanded contributed to the formation of [[NKVD]] convoy divisions, some used for escorting Japanese [[prisoners of war]]. The [[Tank corps (Soviet)|Tank Corps]] of the late war period were converted to tank divisions, and from 1957 the rifle divisions were converted to motor rifle divisions (MRDs). MRDs had three motorized rifle [[regiment]]s and a tank regiment, for a total of ten motor rifle [[battalion]]s and six tank battalions; tank divisions had the proportions reversed. The Land Forces Main Command was created for the first time in March 1946. [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] [[Georgy Zhukov]] became Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces in March 1946, but was quickly succeeded by [[Ivan Konev]] in July 1946.{{sfn|Feskov et al|2013|page=119}} By September 1946, the army decreased from 5 million soldiers to 2.7 million in the Soviet Union and from 2 million to 1.5 million in Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=P. Leffler |first=Melvyn |author-link=Melvyn P. Leffler |date=1 March 1985 |title=Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945–1952 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article/71/4/807/755479 |journal=[[The Journal of American History]] |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=811 |doi=10.2307/1888505 |jstor=1888505 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Four years later the Main Command was disbanded, an organisational gap that "probably was associated in some manner with the [[Korean War]]".{{sfn|Scott|Scott|1979|p=142}} The Main Command was reformed in 1955. On February 24, 1964, the Defense Council of the Soviet Union decided to disband the Ground Forces Main Command, with almost the same wording as in 1950 (the corresponding order of the USSR Minister of Defense on disbandment was signed on March 7, 1964). Its functions were transferred to the General Staff, while the chiefs of the combat arms and specialised forces came under the direct command of the [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)|Minister of Defence]].<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Nikolai|last=Kormiltsev|author-link=Nikolai Kormiltsev |title=The main command of the Ground Forces: history and modernity |magazine=Military History |issue=7 |year=2005 |pages=3–8}}</ref> The Main Command was then recreated again in November 1967.{{sfn|Tsouras|1994|pages=121, 172}} Army General [[Ivan Pavlovsky (general)|Ivan Pavlovsky]] was appointed Commander-in-Chief of Ground Forces with effect from 5 November 1967.{{sfn|Feskov et al|2013|page=119}} From 1945 to 1948, the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] were reduced from about 11.3&nbsp;million to about 2.8&nbsp;million men,{{sfn|Odom|1998|p=39}} a demobilisation controlled first, by increasing the number of [[military district]]s to 33, then reduced to 21 in 1946.{{sfn|Scott|Scott|1979|p=176}} The personnel strength of the Ground Forces was reduced from 9.8&nbsp;million to 2.4&nbsp;million.<ref name=b1>''Armed Forces of the Russian Federation – Land Forces'', Agency Voeninform of the Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation (2007) p. 14</ref>{{verify source|reason=What is Voeninform? Not mentioned anywhere else on Wikipedia. Source impossible to identify for verification from this citation|date=May 2023}} To establish and secure the USSR's eastern European geopolitical interests, Red Army troops who liberated [[eastern Europe]] from [[National Socialism|Nazi]] rule in 1945 remained in place to secure pro-Soviet régimes in Eastern Europe and to protect against attack from Europe. Elsewhere, they may have assisted the [[NKVD]] in suppressing anti-Soviet resistance in [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Western Ukraine]] (1941–1955) and the [[Forest Brothers]] in the three [[Baltic states]].{{sfn|Feskov et al|2013|page=99}} Soviet troops, including the [[39th Army (Soviet Union)|39th Army]], remained at [[Port Arthur naval base|Port Arthur]] and [[Dalian]] on the northeast Chinese coast until 1955. Control was then handed over to the new Chinese communist government. Within the Soviet Union, the troops and formations of the Ground Forces were divided among the military districts. There were 32 of them in 1945. Sixteen districts remained from the mid-1970s to the end of the USSR (see table). Yet, the greatest Soviet Army concentration was in the [[Group of Soviet Forces in Germany]], which suppressed the anti-Soviet [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany]]. East European Groups of Forces were the [[Northern Group of Forces]] in Poland, and the [[Southern Group of Forces]] in [[Hungary]], which put down the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]. In 1958, Soviet troops were withdrawn from [[Soviet occupation of Romania|Romania]]. The [[Central Group of Forces]] in Czechoslovakia was established after [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|Warsaw Pact intervention against the Prague Spring]] of 1968. In 1969, in the far east of the Soviet Union, the [[Sino-Soviet border conflict]] (1969) prompted establishment of a 16th military district, the Central Asian Military District, at [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]], Kazakhstan.{{sfn|Scott|Scott|1979|p=176}} ==Cold War== [[File:US Army tanks face off against Soviet tanks, Berlin 1961.jpg|thumb|right|US tanks and Soviet tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, October 1961]] From 1947 to 1989, Western intelligence agencies estimated that the Soviet Ground Forces' strength remained c. 2.8&nbsp;million to c. 5.3&nbsp;million men.{{sfn|Odom|1998|p=39}} In 1989 the Ground Forces had two million men.{{sfn|Zickel|Keefe|1991|page=705}} To maintain those numbers, Soviet law required a three-year military service obligation from every able man of military age, until 1967, when the Ground Forces reduced it to a two-year draft obligation.{{sfn|Scott|Scott|1979|p=305}} By the 1970s, the change to a two-year system seems to have created the hazing practice known as ''[[dedovshchina]]'', "rule of the grandfathers", which destroyed the status of most NCOs.{{sfn|Odom|1998|pages=47–48, 286-289}} Instead the Soviet system relied very heavily on junior officers.{{sfn|Odom|1998|pages=290–291}} Soviet Armed Forces life could be "grim and dangerous": a Western researcher talking to former Soviet officers was told, in effect that this was because they did not "value human life".{{sfn|Odom|1998|page=48}} By the middle of the 1980s, the Ground Forces contained [[List of Soviet Army divisions 1989–91|about 210 divisions]]. About three-quarters were motor rifle divisions and the remainder tank divisions.{{sfn|Orr|2003|page=1}} There were also a large number of artillery divisions, separate artillery brigades, engineer formations, and other combat support formations. However, only relatively few formations were fully war ready. By 1983, Soviet divisions were divided into either "Ready" or "Not Ready" categories, each with three subcategories.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Defense Intelligence Agency |date=6 September 1983 |title=Warsaw Pact: Division Categorization DIA IAPPR 102-83 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85m00364r001101610004-1 |access-date=2022-09-26 |location=United States |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> The internal military districts usually contained only one or two fully Ready divisions, with the remainder lower strength formations. The Soviet system anticipated a war preparation period which would bring the strength of the Ground Forces up to about three million.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|1987|page=34}} Soviet planning for most of the [[Cold War]] period would have seen [[Army (Soviet Army)|Armies]] of four to five divisions operating in [[Front (Soviet Army)|Fronts]] made up of around four armies (and roughly equivalent to Western [[Army Group]]s). On 8 February 1979, the first of the new High Commands, for the Far East, was created at [[Ulan-Ude]] in Buryatia under [[Army General (Soviet rank)|Army General]] [[Vasily Petrov (marshal)|Vasily Petrov]].{{sfn|Feskov et al|2013|page=90}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holm |first=Michael |date=1 January 2015 |title=High Command of the Far East |url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/gkv/gkvdv.htm |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991: Organisation and Order of Battle}}</ref> In September 1984, three more were established to control multi-Front operations in Europe (the Western and South-Western Strategic Directions) and at [[Baku]] to supervise three southern military districts.{{sfn|Feskov et al|2013|pages=91-93}} Western analysts expected these new headquarters to control multiple Fronts in time of war, and usually a Soviet Navy Fleet. From the 1950s to the 1980s the branches ("rods") of the Ground Forces included the [[Motor_Rifle_Troops_(Soviet_Union)|Motor Rifle Troops]]; the [[Soviet Airborne Forces]], from April 1956 to March 1964; Air Assault Troops ({{ill|Airborne Assault Formations of the Ground Forces of the USSR|ru|Десантно-штурмовые формирования Сухопутных войск СССР}}, from 1968 to August 1990); the [[Russian Tank Troops|Tank Troops]]; the {{ill|Rocket Forces and Artillery (Soviet Union)|ru|Ракетные войска и артиллерия СССР|lt=Rocket Forces and Artillery}} ({{lang|ru|Ракетные войска и артиллерия СССР}}, from 1961); [[Army Aviation]] (see [[:ru:Армейская авиация Российской Федерации]]), until December 1990; [[Soviet Army Signal Corps|Signals Troops]]; the [[Engineer Troops (Soviet Union)|Engineer Troops]]; the [[Air Defence Troops of the Ground Forces]]; the Chemical Troops; and the Rear of the Ground Forces.{{sfn|Feskov et al|2004|page=21}} In 1955, the Soviet Union established the [[Warsaw Pact]] with its Eastern European socialist allies, solidifying military coordination between Soviet forces and their socialist counterparts. The Ground Forces created and directed the Eastern European armies in its image for the remainder of the Cold War, shaping them for a potential confrontation with the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO). After 1956, [[Nikita Khrushchev]], [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary of the Communist Party]], reduced the Ground Forces to build up the [[Strategic Rocket Forces]], emphasizing the armed forces' [[nuclear weapon|nuclear]] capabilities. He removed Marshal [[Georgy Zhukov]] from the [[Politburo]] in 1957 for opposing these reductions in the Ground Forces.{{sfn|Suvorov|1982|p=36}} Nonetheless, Soviet forces possessed too few theater-level nuclear weapons to fulfill war-plan requirements until the mid-1980s.{{sfn|Odom|1998|p=69}} The [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|General Staff]] maintained plans to invade Western Europe whose massive scale was only made publicly available after German researchers gained access to files of the East German [[National People's Army]] following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Odom|1998|p=72–80}}<ref>[http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/colltopic4328.html?lng=en&id=14916 Parallel History Project], and the documentation on the associated Polish exercise, [[Seven Days to the River Rhine]], 1979.{{full citation needed|date=May 2023}} See also [[Beatrice Heuser|Heuser, Beatrice]], "Warsaw Pact Military Doctrines in the 1970s and 1980s: Findings in the East German Archives", ''Comparative Strategy'', October–December 1993, pp. 437–457</ref> === Korean War === The Red Army advanced into [[North Korea|northern Korea]] in 1945 after the end of [[World War II]], with the intention of aiding in the process of rebuilding the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Charles K. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605327300 |title=The North Korean revolution, 1945-1950 |date=2003 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-6880-3 |location=Ithaca |oclc=605327300}}</ref> Marshals [[Kirill Meretskov]] and [[Terenty Shtykov|Terentii Shtykov]] explained to [[Joseph Stalin]] the necessity of Soviet help in building infrastructure and industry in northern Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cable No. 121973, Meretskov and Shytkov to Cde. Stalin |via=Wilson Center Digital Archive |url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/cable-no-121973-meretskov-and-shytkov-cde-stalin |access-date=2023-04-20}}</ref> Additionally, the Soviets aided in the creation of the [[Korean People's Army|North Korean People's Army]] and [[Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force|Korean People's Air Force]]. The Soviets believed it would be strategic to the Soviet Union to support Korea's growth directly. When northern Korea eventually wished to invade [[South Korea]] in 1950, [[Kim Il Sung]] traveled to Moscow to gain approval from Stalin. It was granted with full support, leading to the full-scale invasion of South Korea on June 25.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ciphered Telegram No. 9849, Gromyko to the Soviet Ambassador, Pyongyang |via=Wilson Center Digital Archive |url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/ciphered-telegram-no-9849-gromyko-soviet-ambassador-pyongyang |access-date=2023-04-20}}</ref> === Vietnam War === [[File:Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png|thumb|[[Leonid Brezhnev]] (left) was the Soviet Union's [[Leaders of the Soviet Union|leader]] during the Vietnam War.]] Soviet ships in the [[South China Sea]] gave vital early warnings to PAVN/VC forces in South Vietnam. The Soviet intelligence ships would pick up American [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress|B-52 bombers]] flying from [[United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands|Okinawa]] and [[Guam]]. Their airspeed and direction would be noted and then relayed to the [[Central Office for South Vietnam]], North Vietnam's southern headquarters. Using airspeed and direction, COSVN analysts would calculate the bombing target and tell any assets to move "perpendicularly to the attack trajectory." These advance warnings gave them time to move out of the way of the bombers, and, while the bombing runs caused extensive damage, because of the early warnings from 1968 to 1970 they did not kill a single military or civilian leader in the headquarters complexes.<ref name="Truong p. 1682">{{cite book |last1=Truong |first1=Nhu Tang |title=A Vietcong memoir |last2=Chanoff |first2=David |last3=Doan |first3=Van-Toai |date=1985 |publisher=Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich |isbn=978-0-15-193636-6 |location=San Diego |page=168}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]] supplied North Vietnam with medical supplies, arms, tanks, planes, helicopters, artillery, anti-aircraft missiles and other military equipment. Soviet crews fired Soviet-made [[surface-to-air missile]]s at U.S. [[F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantoms]], which were shot down over [[Thanh Hóa]] in 1965. Over a dozen Soviet soldiers lost their lives in this conflict. Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, [[Russia|Russian Federation]] officials acknowledged that the Soviet Union had stationed up to 3,000 troops in Vietnam during the war.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Soviet Involvement in the Vietnam War |url=http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=180 |publisher=historicaltextarchive.com |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> [[File:Учителя_и_ученики._Фото,_сделанное_весной_1965_г._в_зенитно-ракетном_учебном_центре_во_Вьетнаме.jpg|left|thumb|Soviet anti-air instructors and North Vietnamese crewmen in the spring of 1965 at an anti-aircraft training center in Vietnam]] Some Russian sources give more specific numbers: Between 1953 and 1991, the hardware donated by the Soviet Union included 2,000 tanks, 1,700 [[Armoured personnel carrier|APCs]], 7,000 artillery guns, over 5,000 anti-aircraft guns, 158 surface-to-air missile launchers, and 120 helicopters. During the war, the Soviets sent North Vietnam annual arms shipments worth $450&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sarin |first1=Oleg |url=https://archive.org/details/alienwarssovietu00sari |title=Alien Wars: The Soviet Union's Aggressions Against the World, 1919 to 1989 |last2=Dvoretsky |first2=Lev |publisher=Presidio Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-89141-421-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/alienwarssovietu00sari/page/93 93–4] |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{Rp|364–371}} From July 1965 to the end of 1974, fighting in Vietnam was observed by some 6,500 officers and generals, as well as more than 4,500 soldiers and sergeants of the Soviet Armed Forces. In addition, Soviet military schools and academies began training Vietnamese soldiers—in all more than 10,000 military personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soviet rocketeer: After our arrival in Vietnam, American pilots refused to fly |url=http://rus.ruvr.ru/2010/01/29/3985810.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082418/http://rus.ruvr.ru/2010/01/29/3985810.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |access-date=26 May 2010 |publisher=rus.ruvr |language=ru}}</ref> The [[KGB]] had also helped develop the [[signals intelligence]] (SIGINT) capabilities of the North Vietnamese, through an operation known as Vostok (also known as Phương Đông, meaning "Orient" and named after the [[Vostok 1]]).<ref name="MP2">{{Cite web |last=Pribbenow |first=Merle |date=December 2014 |title=The Soviet-Vietnamese Intelligence Relationship during the Vietnam War: Cooperation and Conflict |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/CWIHP_Working_Paper_73_Soviet-Vietnamese_Intelligence_Relationship_Vietnam_War_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412060039/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/CWIHP_Working_Paper_73_Soviet-Vietnamese_Intelligence_Relationship_Vietnam_War_0.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> The Vostok program was a [[counterintelligence]] and [[espionage]] program. These programs were pivotal in detecting and defeating CIA and South Vietnamese commando teams sent into North Vietnam, as they were detected and captured.<ref name="MP2" /> The Soviets helped the [[Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam)|Ministry of Public Security]] recruit foreigners within high-level diplomatic circles among the Western-allies of the US, under a clandestine program known as "B12,MM" which produced thousands of high-level documents for nearly a decade, including targets of B-52 strikes.<ref name="MP2" /> In 1975, the SIGINT services had broken information from Western US-allies in Saigon, determining that the US would not intervene to save South Vietnam from collapse.<ref name="MP2" /> === Soviet-Afghan War === In 1979, the Soviet Union [[Soviet–Afghan War|invaded Afghanistan]] to prop up its puppet government, provoking a 10-year [[Afghan mujahideen]] guerrilla resistance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ro'i |first=Yaacov |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1258040790 |title=The Bleeding Wound: The Soviet War in Afghanistan and the Collapse of the Soviet System |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-5036-2874-8 |location=Stanford, California |oclc=1258040790}}</ref> Between 850,000 and 1.5 million civilians were killed<ref name="Khalidi">{{cite journal|first=Noor Ahmad|last=Khalidi|year=1991|title=Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War: 1978–1987|journal=[[Central Asian Survey]]|volume=10|pages=101–126|number=3|url=http://www.nonel.pu.ru/erdferkel/khalidi.pdf|doi=10.1080/02634939108400750|pmid=12317412}}</ref><ref name="Sliwinski">{{Cite book |last=Sliwinski |first=Marek |title=Le génocide Khmer Rouge: une analyse démographique |publisher=[[L'Harmattan]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-2-7384-3525-5 |pages=42–43, 48 |trans-title=The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis|language=fr}}</ref> and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees, mostly to [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Afghans in Iran|Iran]]. Prior to the arrival of Soviet troops, the pro-Soviet [[Nur Mohammad Taraki]] government took power in a 1978 coup and initiated a series of radical modernization reforms throughout the country.<ref name="law.upenn.edu">{{cite web |last=Bennett |first=Andrew |year=1999 |url=http://law.upenn.edu/~ekohlman/afghanistan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614165958/http://law.upenn.edu/~ekohlman/afghanistan.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-14 |publisher=Penn State University |title=A bitter harvest: Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and its effects on Afghan political movements |access-date=February 4, 2007}}</ref>{{self-published inline|reason=Not peer reviewed|date=May 2023}} Vigorously suppressing any opposition from among the traditional Muslim Afghans, the government arrested thousands and executed as many as 27,000 political prisoners. By April 1979 large parts of the country were in open rebellion and by December the government had lost control of territory outside of the cities.<ref name=kepel-2002-138>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris.|page=138|isbn=9781845112578 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&dq=kepel+%22the+party+had+lost+control+of+all+but+the+cities%22&pg=PA138|accessdate=14 July 2015|ref=none}}</ref> In response to Afghan government requests, the Soviet government under leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] first sent covert troops to advise and support the Afghan government, but, on December&nbsp;24, 1979, began the first [[#1979: Soviet deployment|deployment]] of the [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|40th Army]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7883532.stm |title=Timeline: Soviet war in Afghanistan |work=[[BBC News]] |date=February 17, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2009}}</ref> Arriving in the capital [[Kabul]] on December 27, they staged a [[Operation Storm-333|coup]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8428701.stm|title=How Soviet troops stormed Kabul palace|date=27 December 2009|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=1 July 2013}}</ref> killing the president [[Hafizullah Amin]], and installing a rival socialist [[Babrak Karmal]], who was viewed as more moderate and fit to lead the nation.<ref name="kepel-2002-138"/> While the Soviet government initially hoped to secure Afghanistan's towns and road networks, stabilize the communist regime, and withdraw from the region within the span of one year, they experienced major difficulties in the region, due to rough terrain and fierce guerrilla resistance. Soviet presence would reach near 115,000 troops by the mid-1980s, and the complications of the war increased, causing a high amount of military, economic, and political cost.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Afghan guerrillas' fierce resistance stalemates Soviets and puppet regime |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0707/070754.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref> After [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet general secretary]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] realized the economic, diplomatic, and human toll the war was placing on the Soviet Union, he announced the withdrawal of six regiment of troops (about 7,000 men) on 28 July 1986.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schofield |first=Carey |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28798156 |title=The Russian elite: inside Spetsnaz and the airborne forces |date=1993 |publisher=Greenhill |isbn=1-85367-155-X |location=London |oclc=28798156}}</ref> In January 1988 Foreign Minister [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] announced that it was hoped that "1988 would be the last year of the Soviet troops stay"; the forces pulled out in the bitter winter cold of January–February 1989. ==== Military costs ==== The cost for the military due to the war is estimated to have been roughly 15 billion rubles in 1989. The combat casualties estimates at 30,000–35,000. During 1984–1985, more than 300 aircraft were lost, and thus a significant military cost of the war is attributed to air operations. Since the first year, the government spend roughly 2.5–3.0% of the yearly military budget on funding the war in Afghanistan, increasing steadily in cost until its peak in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Costs of Soviet Involvement in Afghanistan |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000499320.pdf |location=United States |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> The Soviet Army also suffered from deep losses in morale and public approval due to the conflict and its failure. Many injured and disabled veterans of the war returned to the Soviet Union facing public scrutiny and difficulty re-entering civilian society, creating a new social group known as "[[Afghan–Soviet War|Afgantsy]]". These men would become influential in popular culture and politics of the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Konovalov |first=Valerii |title=Afghan Veterans in Siberia |journal=Radio Liberty Report on the USSR |volume=1 |issue=#21}}</ref> ====Military districts==== The extent military districts in 1990 were:{{sfn|Schofield|1991|pages=236–237}} * [[Leningrad Military District]] * [[Belorussian Military District]] * [[Baltic Military District]] * [[Carpathian Military District]] * [[Kiev Military District]] * [[Odessa Military District]] * [[Moscow Military District]] * [[Volga-Urals Military District]] * [[North Caucasus Military District]] * [[Transcaucasian Military District]] * [[Turkestan Military District]] * [[Siberian Military District]] * [[Transbaikal Military District]] * [[Far Eastern Military District]] * [[Central Asian Military District]] (dissolved in 1988 with the Volga and Urals Military Districts merged around 1991) == Dissolution of the Soviet Union == [[File:Soviet soldier DN-SC-92-04942.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Russian soldier of the [[2nd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division]] in Moscow, January 1992, a few weeks after the dissolution of the USSR. He is wearing the Soviet winter [[Afghanka]] uniform.]] From 1985 to 1991, General Secretary Gorbachev attempted to reduce the strain the Soviet Armed Forces placed on the USSR's [[economy]]. Gorbachev slowly reduced the size of the Armed Forces, including through a unilateral force reduction announcement of 500,000 in December 1988.{{sfn|Odom|1998|pages=273-278}} A total of 50,000 personnel were to come from Eastern Europe, the forces in Mongolia (totaling five divisions and 75,000 troops) were to be reduced, but the remainder was to come from units inside the Soviet Union. There were major problems encountered in trying to organise the return of 500,000 personnel into civilian life, including where the returned soldiers were to live, housing, jobs, and training assistance. Then the developing withdrawals from [[Czechoslovakia]] and [[Hungary]] and the changes implicit in the [[Conventional Forces in Europe]] treaty began to create more disruption. The withdrawals became extremely chaotic; there was significant hardship for officers and their families, and "large numbers of weapons and vast stocks of equipment simply disappeared through theft, misappropriation and the black market."{{sfn|Odom|1998|page=278}} In February 1989, Defence Minister [[Dmitri Yazov]] outlined five major planned changes in ''[[Izvestiya]],'' the Soviet official [[newspaper of record]].{{sfn|Odom|1998|page=161}} First, the combined arms formations, divisions and armies, would be reorganised, and as a result division numbers would be reduced almost by half; second, tank regiments would be removed from all the motor rifle (mechanised infantry) divisions in East Germany and Czechoslovakia, and tank divisions would also lose a tank regiment; air assault and river crossing units would be removed from both Eastern Germany and Czechoslovakia; fourth, defensive systems and units would rise in number under the new divisional organisation; and finally the troop level in the European part of the USSR would drop by 200,000, and by 60,000 in the southern part of the country. A number of motor-rifle formations would be converted into machine gun and artillery forces intended for defensive purposes only. Three-quarters of the troops in Mongolia would be withdrawn and disbanded, including all the air force units there. The Armed Forces were extensively involved in the 19–21 August [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt]] to depose President Gorbachev.{{sfn|Odom|1998|pages=305-346}} Commanders despatched tanks into Moscow, yet the coup failed. On 8 December 1991, the presidents of [[Russia]], [[Belarus]], and [[Ukraine]] formally dissolved the USSR, and then constituted the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS). Soviet President Gorbachev resigned on 25 December 1991; the next day, the Supreme Soviet dissolved itself, officially dissolving the USSR on 26 December 1991. During the next 18 months, inter-republican political efforts to transform the Army of the Soviet Union into the CIS Armed Forces failed; eventually, the forces stationed in the republics formally became the militaries of the respective republican governments. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the Ground Forces dissolved and the fifteen Soviet [[successor state]]s divided their assets among themselves. The divide mostly occurred along a regional basis, with Soviet soldiers from Russia becoming part of the new [[Russian Ground Forces]], while Soviet soldiers originating from [[Kazakhstan]] became part of the new [[Kazakh Armed Forces]]. As a result, the bulk of the Soviet Ground Forces, including most of the [[Scud]] and [[Scaleboard]] [[surface-to-surface missile]] (SSM) forces, became incorporated in the [[Russian Ground Forces]]. 1992 estimates showed five SSM brigades with 96 missile vehicles in [[Belarus]] and 12 SSM brigades with 204 missile vehicles in [[Ukraine]], compared to 24 SSM brigades with over 900 missile vehicles under Russian Ground Forces' control, some in other former Soviet republics.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|1992|pages=72, 86, 96}} By the end of 1992, most remnants of the Soviet Army in former Soviet Republics had disbanded or dispersed. Forces garrisoned in Eastern Europe (including the [[Baltic states]]) gradually returned home between 1992 and 1994. This [[List of Soviet Army divisions 1989–91|list of Soviet Army divisions]] sketches some of the fates of the individual parts of the Ground Forces. In mid-March 1992, Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]] appointed himself as the new Russian minister of defence, marking a crucial step in the creation of the new [[Russian Armed Forces]], comprising the bulk of what was left of the Soviet Armed Forces. The last vestiges of the old Soviet command structure were finally dissolved in June 1993, when the paper [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] Military Headquarters was reorganized as a staff for facilitating CIS military cooperation.{{sfn|Matlock|1995}} In the next few years, the former Soviet Ground Forces withdrew from central and Eastern Europe (including the [[Baltic states]]), as well as from the newly independent post-Soviet republics of [[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. Now-[[Russian Ground Forces]] remained in [[Tajikistan]], [[Transcaucasus Military District|Georgia]] and [[Russian military presence in Transnistria|Transnistria]] (in [[Moldova]]). === Post-dissolution influence === After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, a considerable number of weapons were transferred to the national forces of emerging states on the periphery of the former Soviet Union, such as [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Tajikistan]].{{sfn|Hamm|2011}} Similarly, weapons and other military equipment were also left behind in the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan]] in 1989.{{sfn|Hamm|2011}} Some of these items were sold on the black market or through weapons merchants, whereof, in turn, some ended up in [[terrorist]] organizations such as [[al-Qaeda]].{{sfn|Hamm|2011}} A 1999 book argued that the greatest opportunity for terrorist organizations to procure weapons was in the former Soviet Union.<ref>Lee, Rensselaer (1999) Smuggling Armageddon: The Nuclear Black Market in the Former Soviet Union and Europe. New York: St. Martin's Press, cited in Hamm, Crimes Committed by Terrorist Groups, 2011, p8.</ref> In 2007, the [[World Bank]] estimated that out of the 500&nbsp;million total firearms available worldwide, 100&nbsp;million were of the [[Kalashnikov family]], and 75&nbsp;million were [[AKM]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/13/000016406_20070413145045/Rendered/PDF/wps4202.pdf|title=Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper No. 10.: Weaponomics: The Global Market for Assault Rifles|last=Killicoat|first=Phillip|date=April 2007|publisher=Oxford University|page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709194637/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/13/000016406_20070413145045/Rendered/PDF/wps4202.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2016|work=World Bank|access-date=3 April 2010}}</ref> However, only about 5&nbsp;million of these were manufactured in the former USSR.<ref>Valerii N. Shilin; Charlie Cutshaw (1 March 2000). ''Legends and reality of the AK: a behind-the-scenes look at the history, design, and impact of the Kalashnikov family of weapons''. Paladin Press. {{ISBN|978-1-58160-069-8}}</ref> ==Equipment== [[File:Soviet big 7.jpg|right|thumb|A U.S. assessment of the seven most important items of Soviet combat equipment in 1981]] [[File:October Revolution celebration 1983 3.png|thumb|270px|Soviet Army T-72A tanks during the 1983 October Revolution celebration in Moscow]] {{Further|List of equipment of the Soviet Ground Forces|list of tanks of the Soviet Union}} In 1990 and 1991, the Soviet Ground Forces were estimated to possess the following equipment. The 1991 estimates are drawn from the [[IISS]] Military Balance and follow the [[Conventional Forces in Europe]] data exchange which revealed figures of November 1990. * about 54,400 [[main battle tank]]s as of 1 June 1991, including 5,400 [[T-80]]/-M 9, 9,000 [[T-72]]L/M, 4,900 [[T-64]], 8,500 [[T-62]], 10,600 [[T-54/55]], and a further 16,000 in store east of the [[Ural Mountains]] beyond the [[Conventional Forces in Europe]] treaty area, types unknown.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|1991|page=37}} * About 1,000 [[PT-76]] light amphibious tanks as of 1 June 1991, including about 410 inside the CFE treaty area.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|1991|page=37}} * over 50,000 [[armored personnel carrier]]s as of 1 June 1991, including [[BTR-80]], [[BTR-70]], [[BTR-60]], [[BTR-D]], [[BTR-50]], [[BTR-152]], and 4,500 [[MT-LB]].{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|1991|page=37}} * about 28,000 armoured infantry fighting vehicles (AIFV), including [[BMP-1]], [[BMP-2]], [[BMP-3]], about a total of 3,000 [[BMD-1]], [[BMD-2]], and [[BMD-3]]. Over 16,500 AIFV were inside the CFE treaty area.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|1991|page=37}} * 8,000 reconnaissance vehicles as of 1 June 1991 including 2,500 [[BRDM-2]].{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|1991|page=37}} * 33,000 towed artillery pieces, including 4,379 [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|D-30]], 1,175 [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]], 1,700 [[152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)|D-20]], 598 [[152 mm howitzer 2A65|2A65]], 1,007 [[152 mm gun 2A36|2A36]], 857 [[152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)|D-1]], 1,693 [[152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)|ML-20]], 1,200 [[122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)|M-30]], 478 [[203 mm howitzer M1931 (B-4)|B-4]] howitzers and [[D-74 122 mm field gun|D-74]], [[85 mm anti-tank gun D-48|D-48]], [[85 mm divisional gun D-44|D-44]], [[100 mm anti-tank gun T-12|T-12]], and [[100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)|BS-3]] field/anti-tank guns. * about 9,000 self-propelled howitzers, including 2,751 [[2S1 Gvozdika|2S1]], 2,325 [[2S3 Akatsiya|2S3]], 507 [[2S5 Giatsint-S|2S5]], 347 [[2S7 Pion|2S7]], 430 [[2S4 Tyulpan|2S4]], 20 [[2S19 Msta|2S19]], 108 [[152 mm SpGH DANA]], [[ASU-85]] (including for [[Soviet Airborne Forces]]), and [[2S9 Nona|2S9]]. * 8,000 rocket artillery pieces, of which about 2,330 were inside the CFE treaty area,{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|1991|page=37}} including [[BM-21]], 818 [[BM-27]], 123 [[BM-30]], 18 [[BM-24]], [[TOS-1]], [[BM-25 (MRL)|BM-25]], and [[BM-14]] multiple rocket launchers. * [[Scud]], [[OTR-21 Tochka]], [[OTR-23 Oka]], and [[9K52 Luna-M]] tactical ballistic missiles. * 1,350 [[2K11 Krug]], 850 [[2K12 Kub]], 950 [[9K33 Osa]], 430 [[9K31 Strela-1]], 300 [[Buk missile system]], 70 [[S-300 (missile)]], 860 [[9K35 Strela-10]], 20 [[Tor missile system]], 130 [[9K22 Tunguska]], [[ZSU-23-4]], and [[ZSU-57-2]] army air defense vehicles. * 12,000 towed anti-aircraft guns estimated in 1989.{{sfn|Zickel|Keefe|1991|page=708}} Types included [[ZU-23]], [[ZPU]]-1/2/4, 57mm [[AZP S-60]], [[25 mm automatic air defense gun M1940 (72-K)|25mm 72-K]], [[37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)|61-K]], [[85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)|52-K]], and [[100 mm air defense gun KS-19|KS-19]]. * 4,500 helicopters as of 1 June 1991, including some 2,050 armed helicopters, of which 340 were reported as [[Mil Mi-8]]; 290 [[Mil Mi-17]]; 1,420 [[Mil Mi-24]]; some experimental [[Mil Mi-28]] "Havocs;" some 1,510 transport, of which 450 were reported as [[Mil Mi-6]]; 1,000 Mi-8; 50 [[Mil Mi-26]] heavy; and 10 [[Mil Mi-10]] heavy; 200 Mi-8 [[electronic warfare]] helicopters, including "Hip-G" and "Hip-K"; 680 general-purpose helicopters including 600 [[Mil Mi-2]] and 80 [[Mil Mi-8]].{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|1991|page=37}} The [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] reported in 1992 that the USSR had previously had over 20,000 tanks, 30,000 armoured combat vehicles, at least 13,000 artillery pieces, and just under 1,500 helicopters.<ref>{{cite web|author=SIPRI|author-link=SIPRI|title=Post Cold War Security in and for Europe|url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/FS/SIPRIFS9212.pdf|date=December 1992|access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> ==Commanders-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces== [[File:Военный Билет СССР.jpg|thumb|Soviet Army conscript's military service book.#1, Place of birth,#2 Nationality (i.e. [[ethnicity]]), #3 Party affiliation (i.e. the year of joining the [[CPSU]]), #4 Year of entering the [[Komsomol]], #5 Education, #6 Main specialty, #7 Marital status. (Document number and the name are removed)]] {{main|Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces}} * [[Georgy Zhukov]], from 21 March 1946{{sfn|Feskov et al|2013|page=119}} * [[Ivan Konev]], 1946–50 * position of commander of ground forces did not exist from 1950 to 1955 * [[Ivan Konev]], 1955–56 * [[Rodion Malinovsky]], 1956–57 * [[Andrei Grechko]], 1957–60 * [[Vasily Chuikov]], 1960–64 * position of commander of ground forces did not exist from 1964 to 1967 * Ivan Pavlovsky, 1967–80 * [[Vasily Petrov (marshal)|Vasiliy Petrov]], 1980–85 * [[Yevgeny Ivanovsky]], 1985–89 * [[Valentin Varennikov]], January 1989 until 30 August 1991 * [[Vladimir Semyonov (general)|Vladimir Semyonov]] became Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces on 31 August 1991, and remained in that post until 30 November 1996. ==See also== * [[Formations of the Soviet Army]] * [[Military history of the Soviet Union]] * [[Military ranks of the Soviet Union]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} === Bibliography === * {{cite book |title=The Soviet Army in the Years of the 'Cold War' (1945–1991) |last=Feskov |first=V.I. |author2=K.A. Kalashnikov |author3=V.I. Golikov |year=2004 |publisher=Tomsk University Press |location=[[Tomsk]]|isbn=5-7511-1819-7 |ref={{sfnref|Feskov et al|2004}} }} * {{Cite book|url=http://vital.lib.tsu.ru/vital/access/manager/Repository/vtls:000479812?f0=sm_creator%3A%22%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%22|title=Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской|last1=Feskov|first1=V.I.|last2=Golikov|first2=V.I.|last3=Kalashnikov|first3=K.A.|last4=Slugin|first4=S.A.|publisher=Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing|year=2013|isbn=9785895035306|location=Tomsk|language=ru|trans-title=The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces|ref={{sfnRef|Feskov et al|2013}}}} * {{Cite web |last=Hamm |title=Crimes Committed by Terrorist Groups: Theory, Research and Prevention {{!}} Office of Justice Programs |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/crimes-committed-terrorist-groups-theory-research-and-prevention |year=2011 |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=www.ojp.gov}} * [[Beatrice Heuser|Heuser, Beatrice]], 'Warsaw Pact Military Doctrines in the 1970s and 1980s: Findings in the East German Archives,' Comparative Strategy, October–December 1993, pp.&nbsp;437–457. *{{cite book|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|title=The Military Balance 1992–93|publisher=[[Brassey's]] for the IISS|place=Tavistock Street, London|date=1992|isbn=}} *{{cite book|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|title=The Military Balance 1991-92|publisher=[[Brassey's]] for the IISS|place=Tavistock Street, London|date=1991|isbn=0-08-041324-2}} *{{cite book|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|title=The Military Balance 1987-88|publisher=[[Brassey's]] for the IISS|place=Tavistock Street, London|date=1987|isbn=}} * {{cite book|last=Isby |first=David C.|title=Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army|publisher=Jane's Publishing Company|year=1988}} * {{cite book|last=Matlock|first=Jack F.|author-link=Jack F. Matlock Jr.|title=Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-9oAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-679-41376-9}} * {{cite book|first=William E.|last=Odom|author-link=William Eldridge Odom|title=The Collapse of the Soviet Military|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New Haven and London|date=1998}} * {{cite report|last= Orr |first= Michael|title= The Russian Ground Forces and Reform 1992–2002 |publisher= [[Conflict Studies Research Centre]] |docket= D67 |date=2003 |url= http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/russian/D67 |access-date = 2010-09-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101219112430/http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/russian/D67 |archive-date= 2010-12-19|url-status = dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schofield |first=Carey |title=The Russian Elite: inside Spetsnaz and the Airborne Forces |publisher=Greenhill Books/Lionel Leventhal, Limited |year=1993 |isbn=9781853671555}} * {{cite book |title=Inside the Soviet Army|last=Schofield |first=Carey |year=1991 |publisher=Headline Book Publishing PLC |location=London |isbn=0-7472-0418-7 }} * {{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=Harriet Fast|last2=Scott|first2=William Fontaine|title=The armed forces of the USSR|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado|year=1979|isbn=978-0-89158-276-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/armedforcesofuss00scot/page/142 142]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/armedforcesofuss00scot/}} * {{cite book|first=Viktor|last=Suvorov|author-link=Viktor Suvorov|title=[[Inside the Soviet Army]]|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|MacMillan]] |date=1982}} * {{cite book|last=Tsouras|first=Peter G.|title=Changing Orders: The Evolution of the World's Armies, 1945 to the Present|place=New York|publisher=Facts on File|year=1994}} * {{cite book|last=Tsouras|first=Vladyslav B.|title=Red Alert: Structure of Soviet Infantry Regiment|place=New York|publisher=Safar Publishing on File|year=2024}} * {{cite book|last=Urban|first=Mark L.|author-link=Mark Urban|title=Soviet land power|publisher=Ian Allan |location=London |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7110-1442-8}} * {{cite book|last1=Zickel |first1=Raymond E |last2=Keefe |first2=Eugene K |title=Soviet Union: a country study|publisher=Library Of Congress. Federal Research Division |place=Washington, D.C.|date=1991|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90025756/ }} For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. === Further reading === * Roy Allison, "Military Forces in the Soviet Successor States," [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]], London, 1993. * {{cite book |last1=Durie |first1=William |title=The British Garrison Berlin 1945 - 1994: nowhere to go ... a pictorial historiography of the British Military occupation / presence in Berlin |date=2012 |publisher=Vergangenheitsverlag ([[:de:Vergangenheitsverlag|de]]) |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-86408-068-5 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/978161722 |language=English |oclc=978161722}} * David M. Glantz (2010) The Development of the Soviet and Russian Armies in Context, 1946–2008: A Chronological and Topical Outline, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 23, No.1, 2010, 27–235, DOI: 10.1080/13518040903578429. This chronological and topical outline describes the institutional and doctrinal evolution of the Soviet and Russian Armies from 1946 through 2009 within the broad context of vital political, economic, and social developments and a wide range of important international and national occurrences. Its intent is to foster further informed discussion of the subject. Each of the article's sub-sections portrays military developments in the Soviet or Russian Armies during one of the eight postwar periods Soviet and Russian military scholars, themselves, routinely identify as distinct stages in the development and evolution of their Armed Forces. * [[Andrei Grechko]] (1977). ''[https://archive.org/details/armedforcesussrgrechko The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union]''. English-language Soviet book put out by [[Progress Publishers]]. * A.Y. Kheml (1972). ''[https://archive.org/details/educationofthesovietsoldier Education of the Soviet Soldier: Party-Political Work in the Soviet Armed Forces]''. English-language Soviet book put out by [[Progress Publishers]]. == External links == * {{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=The Readiness of Soviet Ground Forces, Interagency Intelligence Memorandum 82-10012|url=https://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1700321/1982-11-01a.pdf|date=November 1982|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101001019/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1700321/1982-11-01a.pdf|url-status=dead}} * [http://www.opoccuu.com/sa69.htm Soviet Army rank insignia] * [https://archive.org/details/ASafeguardOfPeace ''A Safeguard of Peace. Soviet Armed Forces: History, Foundations, Mission''] * [http://www.ww2.dk/new/newindex.htm Soviet Armed Forces 1945–1991] * [https://paris1814.com/tankmuseum/uniform WW2 Soviet Army tank crew uniform and insignia] {{Armies of Russia}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Soviet Army| ]] [[Category:Disbanded armies]] [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1946]] [[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1991]] [[Category:1946 establishments in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:About" title="Template:About">Template:About</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:About&action=edit" 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