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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Byzantine military manuals</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Treatises on military science produced in the Byzantine Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fighting_between_Byzantines_and_Arabs_Chronikon_of_Ioannis_Skylitzes,_end_of_13th_century..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fighting_between_Byzantines_and_Arabs_Chronikon_of_Ioannis_Skylitzes%2C_end_of_13th_century..jpg/200px-Fighting_between_Byzantines_and_Arabs_Chronikon_of_Ioannis_Skylitzes%2C_end_of_13th_century..jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fighting_between_Byzantines_and_Arabs_Chronikon_of_Ioannis_Skylitzes%2C_end_of_13th_century..jpg/300px-Fighting_between_Byzantines_and_Arabs_Chronikon_of_Ioannis_Skylitzes%2C_end_of_13th_century..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fighting_between_Byzantines_and_Arabs_Chronikon_of_Ioannis_Skylitzes%2C_end_of_13th_century..jpg/400px-Fighting_between_Byzantines_and_Arabs_Chronikon_of_Ioannis_Skylitzes%2C_end_of_13th_century..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Structural history</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a></li> <li>'Classical' Byzantine army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">themes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian-era army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">pronoia</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan-era army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">allagia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Domestic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Domestic">Grand Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratopedarches" title="Stratopedarches">Stratopedarches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protostrator" title="Protostrator">Protostrator</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Byzantine navy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Campaign history</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Lists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">revolts and civil wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">battles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Constantinople" title="List of sieges of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Strategy and tactics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_siege_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine siege warfare (page does not exist)">Siege warfare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_military_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine military architecture">Fortifications</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">Walls of Constantinople</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Military" title="Template:Byzantine Military"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Military" title="Template talk:Byzantine Military"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Military" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Military"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This article lists and briefly discusses the most important of many <a href="/wiki/Military_treatise" title="Military treatise">military treatises</a> on <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">military science</a> produced in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_military_manuals&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> was, for much of its history, one of the major powers of the medieval world. Continuing the institutions of the Roman Empire, throughout its history it was assailed on all sides by various numerically superior enemies. The empire therefore maintained its highly sophisticated military system from antiquity, which relied on discipline, training, knowledge of tactics and a well-organized support system. A crucial element in the maintenance and spreading of this military knowledge, along with traditional histories, were the various treatises and military manuals. These continued a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Greek-Hellenistic</a> warfare and tacticians that stretched back to <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Tacticus" title="Aeneas Tacticus">Aeneas Tacticus</a>, late Hellenistic military manuals adapted and applied for the needs and realities of the Byzantine army, most of them deriving from the wide corpus of ancient Greek and late Hellenistic authors, especially <a href="/wiki/Aelianus_Tacticus" title="Aelianus Tacticus">Aelian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Onasander" title="Onasander">Onasander</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to a lesser extent Aeneas<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pioneering scholars in the modern study of Byzantine military manuals include <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Haase" title="Friedrich Gottlob Haase">Friedrich Haase</a> (1808-67), Karl Konrad Müller (1854-1903), Rezső (Rudolf) Vári (1867-1940) and <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Dain" title="Alphonse Dain">Alphonse Dain</a> (1896-1964).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_military_manuals&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand-siphon_for_Greek_fire,_medieval_illumination_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hand-siphon_for_Greek_fire%2C_medieval_illumination_%28detail%29.jpg/200px-Hand-siphon_for_Greek_fire%2C_medieval_illumination_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hand-siphon_for_Greek_fire%2C_medieval_illumination_%28detail%29.jpg/300px-Hand-siphon_for_Greek_fire%2C_medieval_illumination_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hand-siphon_for_Greek_fire%2C_medieval_illumination_%28detail%29.jpg/400px-Hand-siphon_for_Greek_fire%2C_medieval_illumination_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine hand-siphon for projecting <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, illumination from the <i><a href="/wiki/Poliorcetica" title="Poliorcetica">Poliorcetica</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Byzantium" title="Hero of Byzantium">Hero of Byzantium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A large corpus of Byzantine military literature survives. Characteristically Byzantine manuals were first produced in the sixth century. They greatly proliferated in the tenth century, when the Byzantines embarked on their conquests in the East and the Balkans, but production abated after the early eleventh century. There is some evidence of similar works being written in the <a href="/wiki/Palaiologan_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaiologan era">Palaiologan era</a>, but with one exception, none survive.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Urbicius (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Οὐρβίκιος</span></span>) wrote a military pamphlet addressed to <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a> (r. 491–518). In the manuscripts it is transmitted as two independent tracts. First, the <i>Tacticon</i> is an epitome of the first part (chs. 1–32) of Arrian’s <i><a href="/wiki/Arrian#Tekhne.2FTechne_Taktika" title="Arrian">Ars Tactica</a> </i> (AD 136/7), a conventional treatment of an idealised Hellenistic infantry phalanx.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, the <i>Epitedeuma</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἐπιτήδευμα</span></span>) or 'Invention' is Urbicius’ own design for a type of portable <i><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">cheval de frise</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attribution to Urbicius of a third work, the so-called ‘<i>Cynegeticus</i>’, is spurious and results from confused scholarship in the 1930s. One manuscript (M) ascribes Maurice’s <i>Strategikon</i> to Urbicius, but this is demonstrably the copyist’s error.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The "Sixth-Century Byzantine Anonymous" or <i>Anonymus Byzantinus</i>: see below under Syrianus Magister</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Maurice" title="Strategikon of Maurice">Strategikon</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attributed to the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (r. 582–602) was compiled in the late sixth century. It is a large twelve-book compendium treating all aspects of contemporary land warfare. Derives much of its information from the late Hellenistic corpus of <a href="/wiki/Aelianus_Tacticus" title="Aelianus Tacticus">Aelian</a> and may have been a complete imitation of the latter, adapted to 6th century needs and realities. The author is especially concerned to clarify procedures for the deployment and tactics of cavalry, particularly in response to <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avar</a> victories in the 580s-590s. He favours indirect forms of combat - ambushes, ruses, nocturnal raids and skirmishing on difficult terrain - and he also exhibits a good understanding of military psychology and morale.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Book XI offers an innovative analysis of the fighting methods, customs and habitat of the Empire's most significant enemies, as well as recommendations for campaigning north of the Danube against the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, another strategic concern of the 590s. The <i>Strategikon</i> exercised a profound influence upon the subsequent Byzantine genre.</li> <li>The so-called <i>De Militari Scientia</i> or "Müller Fragment", an anonymous fragmentary tract, mostly comprising modified excerpts from Maurice's <i>Strategikon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internal evidence, including the addition of "Saracens" to the list of enemies, suggests a date around the mid-seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Syrianus Magister (formerly the "Sixth-Century Byzantine Anonymous" or <i>Anonymus Byzantinus</i>) wrote a large, wide-ranging military compendium employing <a href="/wiki/Aelianus_Tacticus" title="Aelianus Tacticus">Aelians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onasander" title="Onasander">Onosander</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>. Three substantial sections survive, which are transmitted independently in the manuscript tradition and have been edited in separate publications. Scholarship dating as far back as the seventeenth century has consistently recognised the textual unity of these three pieces, but errors in mid twentieth-century studies prolonged their separation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three components are: <ul><li>a treatise on land warfare under the modern titles <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Περὶ Στρατηγικῆς</span></span> or <i>De Re Strategica</i>, most recently published as "The Anonymous Byzantine Treatise on Strategy".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a treatise on military oratory under the modern title <i>Rhetorica Militaris</i>, long ascribed to the same "Anonymous".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <i>Naumachia</i> (Ναυμαχίαι), a treatise on naval warfare, which in the unique manuscript bears an ascription to a Syrianus Magister (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ναυμαχίαι Συριανοῦ Μαγίστρου</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>Recognition of the common authorship of all three sections necessarily assigns the entire compendium to Syrianus. A new edition of the complete compendium is reportedly in preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constituent parts of the compendium were traditionally dated to the sixth century, but the evidence is weak and all recent studies have identified features incompatible with late antiquity or more congruent with a date of composition in the ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ninth-century dating has been widely accepted in recent scholarship on the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <i>Problemata</i> of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI the Wise</a> (r. 886–912),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compiled ca. 890s, comprise excerpts of Maurice's <i>Strategikon</i> arranged in a question-and-answer format.<sup id="cite_ref-Antonopoulou_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonopoulou-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tactica_of_Emperor_Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise">Tactica</a></i> of Leo VI<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was written ca. 895-908. At its core is a re-edition of Maurice's <i>Strategikon</i>, often reproduced verbatim, and additional material drawn from Hellenistic military treatises, especially <a href="/wiki/Onasander" title="Onasander">Onasander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antonopoulou_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonopoulou-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it also includes expansions and modifications to reflect contemporary practice, especially against the Arabs and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, as well as chapters on naval warfare (<i>peri naumachias</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sylloge_Tacticorum" title="Sylloge Tacticorum">Sylloge Tacticorum</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">συλλογὴ τακτικῶν</span></span>), compiled in the early to mid 10th century, possibly during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is divided into two major sections: the first (chapters 1 to 56) draws upon various earlier authors and provides advice on generalship, battle formations and tactics, and siege warfare. The second half (chapters 57 to 102) deals with stratagems employed by past generals, drawing chiefly from ancient authors.<sup id="cite_ref-Sylloge_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sylloge-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, sections on contemporary warfare and comparison with earlier models (chapters 30-39 and 46-47) are also included, and were used as a basis for the later <i>Praecepta Militaria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sylloge_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sylloge-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Three_Treatises_on_Imperial_Military_Expeditions" title="Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions">Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions</a>", an appendix to the <i><a href="/wiki/De_Ceremoniis" title="De Ceremoniis">De Ceremoniis</a></i> of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/De_velitatione_bellica" title="De velitatione bellica">De velitatione bellica</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">περὶ παραδρομῆς</span></span>) attributed to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a> (r. 963–969), but actually written on his orders, possibly by his brother Leo.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an essay on light infantry and skirmishing warfare, written ca. 975 based on Phokas' notes on the cross-border raids and skirmishes between Byzantines and Arabs during the first half of the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Velitatione_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velitatione-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emphasis is on reconnaissance, the use of the terrain and night fighting, and instructions are provided on various scenarios, from countering raids or large-scale invasions to sieges.<sup id="cite_ref-Velitatione_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velitatione-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Praecepta_militaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Praecepta militaria">Praecepta militaria</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στρατηγικὴ ἔκθεσις καὶ σύνταξις Νικηφόρου δεσπότου</span></span>) of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a>, six chapters written in c. 965, which presents the army of the latter 10th century during the "Byzantine reconquest" in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-Praecepta_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Praecepta-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various operational scenarios are discussed; for a pitched battle, Phokas describes the use of a strong infantry formation that anchors the battle line and the use of heavy cavalry, especially <a href="/wiki/Cataphracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataphracts">cataphracts</a>, as the main striking force.<sup id="cite_ref-Praecepta_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Praecepta-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text also includes information on the setting up of camps, reconnaissance and the use of spies, as well as the army's religious ceremonies. The chapters are included and partially amended to account for the early 11th-century situation in the later <i>Tactica</i> of Nikephoros Ouranos.<sup id="cite_ref-Praecepta_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Praecepta-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Parangelmata Poliorcetica</i>, a manual on siege warfare, by the so-called <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Byzantium" title="Hero of Byzantium">Hero of Byzantium</a>, focused on the late Hellenistic polyercetics.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Ouranos#Ouranos'_Taktika" title="Nikephoros Ouranos">Tactica</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Ouranos" title="Nikephoros Ouranos">Nikephoros Ouranos</a>, one of the best generals of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a>, written ca. 1000. It draws upon the <i>Praecepta</i>, Leo VI's <i>Tactica</i> and other works, but also includes chapters from Ouranos' own experience on raiding and sieges.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Kekaumenos" title="Strategikon of Kekaumenos">Strategikon</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Kekaumenos" title="Kekaumenos">Kekaumenos</a>, written ca. 1075–1078. Not strictly a military manual, it contains general advice in military, administrative and household affairs, often illustrated by examples from 11th century events.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Enseignemens ou ordenances pour un seigneur qui a guerres et grans gouvernemens a faire</i></span> (<i>Instructions and Prescriptions for a Lord who has wars to fight and government to exercise</i>) was written by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I,_Marquess_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore I, Marquess of Montferrat">Theodore Palaiologos, Marquess of Montferrat</a>, initially in Greek at Constantinople in the mid-1320s; this Greek text is now lost. Theodore himself translated his work into Latin in the early 1330s; this Latin text is in turn mostly lost. An Old French version (from the Latin) that was produced by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Vignay" title="Jean de Vignay">Jean de Vignay</a> in the 1340s survives.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Theodore spent most of his life and military career in <a href="/wiki/Montferrat" title="Montferrat">Montferrat</a>, the text reflects the martial culture of northern Italy rather than Byzantine military traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_military_manuals&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Dain, <i>L’Histoire du texte d’Élien le Tacticien des origines à la Fin du Moyen Âge</i> (Paris 1946); P. Rance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35840787/_Maurice_s_Strategicon_and_the_Ancients_the_Late_Antique_Reception_of_Aelian_and_Arrian_in_P._RANCE_and_N.V._SEKUNDA_edd._Greek_Taktika._Ancient_Military_Writing_and_its_Heritage_Gdańsk_2017_217-255">"Maurice's <i>Strategicon</i> and the Ancients: the Late Antique Reception of Aelian and Arrian"</a> in P. Rance and N.V. Sekunda (edd.), <i>Greek Taktika. Ancient Military Writing and its Heritage</i> (Gdańsk 2017) 217–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Dain, <i>Les manuscrits d’Onésandros</i> (Paris 1930) 145–157; P. Rance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/49153533/_The_Ideal_of_the_Roman_General_in_Byzantium_the_Reception_of_Onasander_s_Strategikos_in_Byzantine_Military_Literature_in_Shaun_TOUGHER_and_Richard_EVANS_edd_Generalship_in_Ancient_Greece_Rome_and_Byzantium_Edinburgh_University_Press_2022_242_263_in_press_">"The Ideal of the Roman General in Byzantium: the Reception of Onasander's <i>Strategikos</i> in Byzantine Military Literature"</a>, in: S. Tougher and R. Evans (eds.), <i>Generalship in Ancient Greece, Rome and Byzantium</i> (Edinburgh 2022) 242–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Schindler, <i>Die Überlieferung der Strategemata des Polyainos</i> (Vienna 1973) 187–225; E.L. Wheeler, "Notes on a Stratagem of Iphicrates in Polyaenus and Leo <i>Tactica</i>", <i>Electrum</i> 19 (2012) 157–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Rance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34929322/_The_Reception_of_Aineias_Poliorketika_in_Byzantine_Military_Literature_in_M._PRETZLER_and_N._BARLEY_eds._Brills_Companion_to_Aineias_Tacticus_Leiden_Boston_2017_290–374">"The Reception of Aineias' <i>Poliorketika</i> in Byzantine Military Literature"</a> in M. Pretzler and N. Barley (eds.), <i>Brill's Companion to Aineias Tacticus</i> (Leiden/Boston 2017) 290-374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Rance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35840787/_Maurice_s_Strategicon_and_the_Ancients_the_Late_Antique_Reception_of_Aelian_and_Arrian_in_P._RANCE_and_N.V._SEKUNDA_edd._Greek_Taktika._Ancient_Military_Writing_and_its_Heritage_Gdańsk_2017_217-255">"Maurice's <i>Strategicon</i> and the Ancients: the Late Antique Reception of Aelian and Arrian"</a> in P. Rance and N.V. Sekunda (edd.), <i>Greek Taktika. Ancient Military Writing and its Heritage</i> (Gdańsk 2017) 217–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Rance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35960383/_Introduction_in_Philip_RANCE_and_Nicholas_V_SEKUNDA_edd_Greek_Taktika_Ancient_Military_Writing_and_its_Heritage_2017_9_64">"Introduction"</a> in P. Rance and N.V. Sekunda (edd.), <i>Greek</i> Taktika. <i>Ancient Military Writing and its Heritage</i> (Gdańsk 2017) 9–64 at 29–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartusis (1997), p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Förster (1877), ‘Studien zu den griechischen Taktikern’, <i>Hermes</i> 12:426–71 at 467–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Greatrex, H. Elton and R. Burgess (2005), ‘Urbicius’ <i>Epitedeuma</i>: an edition, translation and commentary’, <i><a href="/wiki/Byzantinische_Zeitschrift" title="Byzantinische Zeitschrift">Byzantinische Zeitschrift</a></i> 98:35–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Rance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duke.edu/web/classics/grbs/FTexts/47/Rance.pdf">The <i>Etymologicum Magnum</i> and the "Fragment of Urbicius"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614072632/http://duke.edu/web/classics/grbs/FTexts/47/Rance.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies</i> 47 (2007) 193–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.T. Dennis (ed.), <i>Das Strategikon des Maurikios</i>, Ger. trans. E. Gamillscheg (<a href="/wiki/CFHB" class="mw-redirect" title="CFHB">CFHB</a> 17] Vienna 1981); G.T. Dennis (Eng. trans.), <i>Maurice’s Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy</i> (Philadelphia 1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRóżycki2021" class="citation book cs1">Różycki, Łukasz (2021-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPFWzgEACAAJ&pg=PP5"><i>Battlefield Emotions in Late Antiquity: A Study of Fear and Motivation in Roman Military Treatises</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46255-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46255-7"><bdi>978-90-04-46255-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battlefield+Emotions+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Study+of+Fear+and+Motivation+in+Roman+Military+Treatises&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46255-7&rft.aulast=R%C3%B3%C5%BCycki&rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPFWzgEACAAJ%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. K. Müller 'Ein griechisches Fragment über Kriegswesen', <i>Festschrift für Ludwig Urlichs</i> (Würzburg 1880) 106–38. New edition with Italian translation: I. Eramo (ed.), <i>Appunti di tattica (De militari scientia). Testo critico, traduzione e commento</i> (Besançon 2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Rance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3676955/The_De_Militari_Scientia_or_Muller_Fragment_as_a_philological_resource._Latin_in_the_East_Roman_army_and_two_new_loanwords_in_Greek_palmarium_and_recala_Glotta._Zeitschrift_fur_griechische_und_lateinische_Sprache_86_2010_63-92">'The De Militari Scientia or Müller Fragment as a philological resource. Latin in the East Roman army and two new loanwords in Greek: palmarium and *recala'</a>, <i>Glotta. Zeitschrift für griechische und lateinische Sprache</i> 86 (2010) 63-92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See most recently F. Lammert, 'Die älteste erhaltene Schrift über Seetaktik und ihre Beziehung zum Anonymus Byzantinus des 6. Jahrhunderts, zu Vegetius und zu Aineias’ Strategika, <i>Klio</i> 33 (1940) 271–788; C. Zuckerman, 'The Compendium of Syrianus Magister', <i>Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik</i> 40 (1990) 209–224; S. Cosentino, "Syrianos’ Strategikon– a 9th-Century Source?", <i>Bizantinistica</i> 2 (2000) 243–80; P. Rance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3676997/The_Date_of_the_Military_Compendium_of_Syrianus_Magister_formerly_the_Sixth-Century_Anonymus_Byzantinus_Byzantinische_Zeitschrift_100.2_2007_701-737">The Date of the Military Compendium of Syrianus Magister (formerly the Sixth-Century Anonymus Byzantinus)</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Byzantinische_Zeitschrift" title="Byzantinische Zeitschrift">Byzantinische Zeitschrift</a></i> 100.2 (2007) 701-737</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.T. Dennis (ed.), <i>Three Byzantine Military Treatises</i> (<a href="/wiki/CFHB" class="mw-redirect" title="CFHB">CFHB</a> Series Washingtoniensis 25] Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 1985) 10–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. with Italian trans. by I. Eramo, <i>Siriano. Discorsi di guerra. Testo, traduzione e commento</i> (Bari 2010). This edition supersedes H. Köchly (ed.), <i>Rhetorica Militaris</i> (Δημηγορίαι προτρεπτικαὶ πρὸς ἀνδρείαν ἐκ διαφόρων ἀφορμῶν λαμβάνουσαι τὰς ὑποθέσεις) in: <i>Index Lectionum in Literarum Universitate Turicensi… habendarum</i> (Zurich 1855-56), 2 parts, which was based on defective secondary manuscripts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. with Eng. trans. by Pryor and Jeffreys (2006) 455–481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Zuckerman, 'The Compendium of Syrianus Magister', <i>Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik</i> 40 (1990) 209–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Baldwin, 'On the Date of the Anonymous ΠΕΡΙ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΙΚΗΣ', <i><a href="/wiki/Byzantinische_Zeitschrift" title="Byzantinische Zeitschrift">Byzantinische Zeitschrift</a></i> 81 (1988) 290–3; A.D. Lee and J. Shepard, 'A Double Life: Placing the Peri Presbeon', <i>Byzantinoslavica</i> 52 (1991) 15–39 esp. 25–30; S. Cosentino, 'Syrianos’ Strategikon– a 9th-Century Source?', <i>Bizantinistica</i> 2 (2000) 243-80; P. Rance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3676997/The_Date_of_the_Military_Compendium_of_Syrianus_Magister_formerly_the_Sixth-Century_Anonymus_Byzantinus_Byzantinische_Zeitschrift_100.2_2007_701-737">'The Date of the Military Compendium of Syrianus Magister (formerly the Sixth-Century Anonymus Byzantinus)'</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Byzantinische_Zeitschrift" title="Byzantinische Zeitschrift">Byzantinische Zeitschrift</a></i> 100.2 (2007) 701-737; L. Mecella, 'Die Überlieferung der Kestoi des Julius Africanus in den byzantinischen Textsammlungen zur Militärtechnik' in M. Wallraff and L. Mecella (edd.), <i>Die Kestoi des Julius Africanus und ihre Überlieferung</i> ([Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 165] Berlin/New York 2009) 85-144 at 96-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pryor and Jeffreys (2006) 180; McGeer (2008) 910; Sullivan (2010) 151-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Dain (ed.), <i>Leonis VI Sapientis Problemata</i> (Paris 1935)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonopoulou-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antonopoulou_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antonopoulou_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonopoulou1997" class="citation book cs1">Antonopoulou, Theodora (1997). <i>The Homilies of the Emperor Leo VI</i>. BRILL. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10814-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10814-1"><bdi>978-90-04-10814-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homilies+of+the+Emperor+Leo+VI&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10814-1&rft.aulast=Antonopoulou&rft.aufirst=Theodora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.T. Dennis (ed.), <i>The Taktika of Leo VI. Text, Translation and Commentary</i> ([CFHB 49] Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haldon (1999), pp. 109–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazhdan (1991), p. 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greek text: A. Dain (ed.), <i>Sylloge tacticorum quae olim Inedita Leonis Tactica dicebatur</i> (Paris 1938); Eng. trans.: G. Chatzelis and J. Harris, <i>A Tenth-Century Byzantine Military Manual: The Sylloge Tacticorum</i> (London 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sylloge-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sylloge_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sylloge_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazhdan (1991), p. 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis (1985), pp. 139–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Velitatione-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Velitatione_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velitatione_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazhdan (1991), p. 615</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Praecepta-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Praecepta_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Praecepta_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Praecepta_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazhdan (1991), p. 1709</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rance (2018) 257-260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Knowles (ed.), <i>Les Enseignements de Théodore Paléologue</i> (London 1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartusis (1997) 10–11; Haldon (1999) 5–6; Rance (2018) 264-268</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_military_manuals&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartusis1997" class="citation cs2">Bartusis, Mark C. (1997), <i>The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1620-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1620-2"><bdi>0-8122-1620-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Byzantine+Army%3A+Arms+and+Society+1204%E2%80%931453&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8122-1620-2&rft.aulast=Bartusis&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatzelis2019" class="citation cs2">Chatzelis, Georgios. (2019), <i>Byzantine Military Manuals as Literary Works and Practical Handbooks: The Case of the Tenth-Century </i>Sylloge Tacticorum<i><span></span></i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138596016" title="Special:BookSources/9781138596016"><bdi>9781138596016</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Military+Manuals+as+Literary+Works+and+Practical+Handbooks%3A+The+Case+of+the+Tenth-Century+Sylloge+Tacticorum&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138596016&rft.aulast=Chatzelis&rft.aufirst=Georgios.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis1985" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, George T. (1985). <i>Three Byzantine Military Treatises</i>. Washington DC: <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-140-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-140-8"><bdi>0-88402-140-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Byzantine+Military+Treatises&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-88402-140-8&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldon1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Haldon" title="John Haldon">Haldon, John</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5G1rV7tS79sC"><i>Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204</i></a>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-495-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-495-X"><bdi>1-85728-495-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare%2C+State+and+Society+in+the+Byzantine+World%2C+565%E2%80%931204&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85728-495-X&rft.aulast=Haldon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5G1rV7tS79sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesWaring2002" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Catherine; Waring, Judith (2002). <i>Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12096-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12096-9"><bdi>978-90-04-12096-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy%2C+Education+and+Manuscript+Transmission+in+Byzantium+and+Beyond&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12096-9&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Waring%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeer2008" class="citation book cs1">McGeer, Eric (2008). <i><span></span>'</i>Military Texts' in: E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon and R. Cormack (edd.),<i> The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies</i>. Oxford. pp. 907–914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Texts%27+in%3A+E.+Jeffreys%2C+J.+Haldon+and+R.+Cormack+%28edd.%29%2C+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Byzantine+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=907-914&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=McGeer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryor2006" class="citation book cs1">Pryor, John H. and Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006). <i>The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ. The Byzantine Navy ca 500 – 1204 </i>(The Medieval Mediterranean 62)<i><span></span></i>. Leiden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+%CE%94%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%9C%CE%A9%CE%9D.+The+Byzantine+Navy+ca+500+%E2%80%93+1204+%28The+Medieval+Mediterranean+62%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pryor&rft.aufirst=John+H.+and+Jeffreys%2C+Elizabeth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance2017" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Philip (2017). 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Edinburgh. pp. 242–263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideal+of+the+Roman+General+in+Byzantium%3A+the+Reception+of+Onasander%27s+Strategikos+in+Byzantine+Military+Literature%27+in%3A+S.+Tougher+and+R.+Evans+%28edd.%29%2C+Generalship+in+Ancient+Greece%2C+Rome+and+Byzantium&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=242-263&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Różycki, Łukasz (2021). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLY0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Battlefield+Emotions+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Study+of+Fear+and+Motivation+in+Roman+Military+Treatises%2C+Leiden%3A+Brill%2C+2021.&pg=PP4">Battlefield Emotions in Late Antiquity: A Study of Fear and Motivation in Roman Military Treatises</a></i>. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-46241-0.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2000" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Dennis F. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siegecraft00deni"><i>Siegecraft: Two Tenth-century Instructional Manuals</i></a></span>. Dumbarton Oaks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-270-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-270-6"><bdi>0-88402-270-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siegecraft%3A+Two+Tenth-century+Instructional+Manuals&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-88402-270-6&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Dennis+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiegecraft00deni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2010" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Dennis F. (2010). <i><span></span>'</i>Byzantine Military Manuals. Perceptions, practice and pedagogy' in: P. Stephenson (ed.),<i> The Byzantine World</i>. London. pp. 149–161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Military+Manuals.+Perceptions%2C+practice+and+pedagogy%27+in%3A+P.+Stephenson+%28ed.%29%2C+The+Byzantine+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=149-161&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Dennis+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Theotokis, Georgios - Sidiropoulos, Dimitrios (2021), Byzantine Military Rhetoric in the Ninth Century. A Translation of the Anonymi Byzantini Rhetorica Militaris, Routledge, ISBN 9780367902087</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1995" class="citation book cs1">Treadgold, Warren T. (1995). <i>Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3163-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3163-2"><bdi>0-8047-3163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+Its+Army%2C+284%E2%80%931081&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8047-3163-2&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrombley1997" class="citation conference cs1">Trombley, Frank (1997). "The <i>Taktika</i> of Nikephoros Ouranos and Military Encyclopaedism". <i>Pre-modern Encyclopaedic Texts: Proceedings of the Second COMERS Congress, Groningen, 1–4 July 1996</i>. BRILL. pp. 261–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10830-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10830-0"><bdi>90-04-10830-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Taktika+of+Nikephoros+Ouranos+and+Military+Encyclopaedism&rft.btitle=Pre-modern+Encyclopaedic+Texts%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Second+COMERS+Congress%2C+Groningen%2C+1%E2%80%934+July+1996&rft.pages=261-274&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10830-0&rft.aulast=Trombley&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+military+manuals" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire 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title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(717–1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1204–1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" 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