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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_Theodosius_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_Theodosius_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Church of Theodosius II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_Theodosius_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_Justinian_I_(current_structure)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_Justinian_I_(current_structure)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Church of Justinian I (current structure) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_Justinian_I_(current_structure)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosque_(1453–1935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosque_(1453–1935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Mosque (1453–1935) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosque_(1453–1935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renovation_of_1847–1849" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renovation_of_1847–1849"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Renovation of 1847–1849 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renovation_of_1847–1849-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Istanbul_(1918–1923)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Istanbul_(1918–1923)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Occupation of Istanbul (1918–1923) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Istanbul_(1918–1923)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museum_(1935–2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum_(1935–2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Museum (1935–2020) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum_(1935–2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reversion_to_mosque_(2018–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reversion_to_mosque_(2018–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Reversion to mosque (2018–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reversion_to_mosque_(2018–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Floor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Floor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narthex_and_portals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narthex_and_portals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Narthex and portals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narthex_and_portals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Upper gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Dome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buttresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buttresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Buttresses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buttresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minarets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minarets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Minarets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minarets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_elements_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_elements_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Notable elements and decorations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_elements_and_decorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable elements and decorations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_elements_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loggia_of_the_Empress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loggia_of_the_Empress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Loggia of the Empress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loggia_of_the_Empress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lustration_urns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lustration_urns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Lustration urns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lustration_urns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marble_Door" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marble_Door"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Marble Door </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marble_Door-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nice_Door" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nice_Door"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Nice Door </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nice_Door-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_Gate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_Gate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Imperial Gate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_Gate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wishing_column" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wishing_column"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Wishing column </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wishing_column-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Viking inscription </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mosaics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mosaics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mosaics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mosaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th-century_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 19th-century restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 20th-century restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_Gate_mosaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_Gate_mosaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Imperial Gate mosaic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_Gate_mosaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southwestern_entrance_mosaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwestern_entrance_mosaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Southwestern entrance mosaic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwestern_entrance_mosaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apse_mosaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apse_mosaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Apse mosaics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apse_mosaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emperor_Alexander_mosaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emperor_Alexander_mosaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Emperor Alexander mosaic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emperor_Alexander_mosaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empress_Zoe_mosaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empress_Zoe_mosaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Empress Zoe mosaic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empress_Zoe_mosaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comnenus_mosaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comnenus_mosaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Comnenus mosaic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comnenus_mosaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deësis_mosaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deësis_mosaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Deësis mosaic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deësis_mosaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_tympanum_mosaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_tympanum_mosaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Northern tympanum mosaics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_tympanum_mosaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dome_mosaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dome_mosaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Dome mosaic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dome_mosaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other burials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_influenced_by_the_Hagia_Sophia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_influenced_by_the_Hagia_Sophia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Works influenced by the Hagia Sophia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_influenced_by_the_Hagia_Sophia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hagia Sophia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" > 126 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuseujid_Aya_Sophia" title="Meuseujid Aya Sophia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meuseujid Aya Sophia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Sophia" title="Aya Sophia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aya Sophia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%8C%8A%E1%8B%AB_%E1%88%B6%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%AB" title="ሃጊያ ሶፊያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃጊያ ሶፊያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="آيا صوفيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آيا صوفيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sofiya_d%27Istambul" title="Santa Sofiya d'Istambul – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Santa Sofiya d'Istambul" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D._%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A1_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_(%D4%BF._%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD)" title="Ս. Սոֆիա տաճար (Կ. Պոլիս) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ս. Սոֆիա տաճար (Կ. Պոլիս)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sof%C3%ADa" title="Santa Sofía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Santa Sofía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marangatu_Sof%C3%ADa" title="Marangatu Sofía – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Marangatu Sofía" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Айя София – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Айя София" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayasofiya" title="Ayasofiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ayasofiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آیاصوفیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آیاصوفیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আয়া সোফিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আয়া সোফিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Айя Суфия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Айя Суфия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Сафійскі сабор (Канстанцінопаль) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сафійскі сабор (Канстанцінопаль)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Сафійскі сабор (Канстантынопаль) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сафійскі сабор (Канстантынопаль)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Света София (Константинопол) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Света София (Константинопол)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja_Sofija" title="Aja Sofija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aja Sofija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santez-Sofia_(Istanbul)" title="Santez-Sofia (Istanbul) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Santez-Sofia (Istanbul)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8F-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Айя-София – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Айя-София" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sofia_(Istanbul)" title="Santa Sofia (Istanbul) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Santa Sofia (Istanbul)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia" title="Hagia Sofia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hagia Sofia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%AF%DE%8A%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="އާޔާސޯފިޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އާޔާސޯފިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7)" title="Αγία Σοφία (Κωνσταντινούπολη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγία Σοφία (Κωνσταντινούπολη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sof%C3%ADa" title="Santa Sofía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Santa Sofía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia" title="Hagia Sofia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hagia Sofia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sofia" title="Santa Sofia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Santa Sofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ایا صوفیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایا صوفیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Sophie_(Constantinople)" title="Sainte-Sophie (Constantinople) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sainte-Sophie (Constantinople)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia_(Istanb%C3%BBl)" title="Hagia Sofia (Istanbûl) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hagia Sofia (Istanbûl)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia" title="Hagia Sofia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hagia Sofia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexa_de_Santa_Sof%C3%ADa_de_Istambul" title="Igrexa de Santa Sofía de Istambul – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexa de Santa Sofía de Istambul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%95%BC_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84" title="아야 소피아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아야 소피아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_(%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC)" title="Սուրբ Սոֆիայի տաճար (Ստամբուլ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ Սոֆիայի տաճար (Ստամբուլ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="हागिया सोफिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हागिया सोफिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja_Sofija" title="Aja Sofija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aja Sofija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia_(Konstantinoplo)" title="Hagia Sofia (Konstantinoplo) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hagia Sofia (Konstantinoplo)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia,_Istanbul" title="Hagia Sofia, Istanbul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hagia Sofia, Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86gisif" title="Ægisif – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ægisif" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sofia_(Istanbul)" title="Santa Sofia (Istanbul) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Santa Sofia (Istanbul)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="איה סופיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איה סופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Ki%C9%96e%C9%96eu_Ke%C9%96eya%C9%A3_wondu_%C9%96%C9%A9%C9%A3a" title="Sophie Kiɖeɖeu Keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩɣa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sophie Kiɖeɖeu Keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩɣa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აია-სოფიას ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აია-სოფიას ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Айя София – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Айя София" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayasofya" title="Ayasofya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ayasofya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8F-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Айя-София – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Айя-София" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancta_Sophia_(Constantinopolis)" title="Sancta Sophia (Constantinopolis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sancta Sophia (Constantinopolis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93t%C4%81_Sofija" title="Svētā Sofija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētā Sofija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia" title="Hagia Sofia – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hagia Sofia" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofijos_soboras" title="Sofijos soboras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sofijos soboras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Szophia" title="Hagia Szophia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hagia Szophia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Црква Света Софија (Истанбул) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црква Света Софија (Истанбул)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഹഗിയ സോഫിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹഗിയ സോഫിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="हागिया सोफिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हागिया सोफिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="აია-სოფიაშ ოხიდა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აია-სოფიაშ ოხიდა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ايا صوفيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايا صوفيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Sophia" title="Aya Sophia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aya Sophia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Софийн цогчин дуган – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Софийн цогчин дуган" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဟာဂီယာ ဆိုဖီယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟာဂီယာ ဆိုဖီယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ह्यागिया सोफिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ह्यागिया सोफिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A4%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="アヤソフィア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヤソフィア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Айя Софи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Айя Софи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia" title="Hagia Sofia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hagia Sofia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia" title="Hagia Sofia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hagia Sofia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofiya_ibodatxonasi" title="Sofiya ibodatxonasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sofiya ibodatxonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਆਈਆ ਸੋਫ਼ੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਈਆ ਸੋਫ਼ੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آیا صوفیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آیا صوفیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اياصوفيه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اياصوفيه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sofia" title="Santa Sofia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Santa Sofia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Sofya" title="Aya Sofya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Aya Sofya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia_din_Istanbul" title="Hagia Sofia din Istanbul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hagia Sofia din Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Sophiya" title="Aya Sophiya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aya Sophiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Храм Божой Премудрости – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Храм Божой Премудрости" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Собор Святой Софии (Константинополь) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Собор Святой Софии (Константинополь)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Айыы Суоппуйа собора – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Айыы Суоппуйа собора" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajasofja" title="Ajasofja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ajasofja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="හජියා සොෆියා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හජියා සොෆියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia" title="Hagia Sofia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hagia Sofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagija_Sofija" title="Hagija Sofija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hagija Sofija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaa_sofiya" title="Ayaa sofiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ayaa sofiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئایاسۆفیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایاسۆفیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аја Софија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аја Софија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja_Sofija" title="Aja Sofija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aja Sofija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Sopia" title="Aya Sopia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aya Sopia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia" title="Hagia Sofia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hagia Sofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sofia" title="Hagia Sofia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hagia Sofia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hagia Sophia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="ஹேகியா சோபியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹேகியா சோபியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Sufya" title="Aya Sufya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aya Sufya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Айя Суфия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Айя Суфия" 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28°58′48″E / 41.00833°N 28.98000°E / 41.00833; 28.98000</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mosque and former church in Istanbul, Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hagia Sophia (disambiguation)">Hagia Sophia (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_dedicated_to_Holy_Wisdom" title="List of churches dedicated to Holy Wisdom">List of churches dedicated to Holy Wisdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Rome#Churches" title="Sophia of Rome">Sophia of Rome#Churches</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hagia Sophia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="Turkish"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Ayasofya (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li><li>Ἁγία Σοφία (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>)</li><li>Sancta Sapientia (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/300px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/450px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/600px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5514" data-file-height="3681" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Hagia Sophia Church was built in AD 537, with <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a> added in the 15th–16th centuries when it became a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_ca4c4f35d1872cabcc4c7b8273af28fe686152a3"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hagia_Sophia&revid=1276452108&groups=_ca4c4f35d1872cabcc4c7b8273af28fe686152a3" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hagia_Sophia&revid=1276452108&groups=_ca4c4f35d1872cabcc4c7b8273af28fe686152a3 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hagia_Sophia&params=41_00_30_N_28_58_48_E_type:landmark_region:TR-34">41°00′30″N 28°58′48″E / 41.00833°N 28.98000°E / 41.00833; 28.98000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Fatih" title="Fatih">Fatih</a>, Istanbul, Turkey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius_of_Tralles" title="Anthemius of Tralles">Anthemius of Tralles</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> church (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 360 AD–1204; 1261–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> church (1204–1261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> (1453–1934; 2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museum</a> (1935–2020)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">Ashlar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_brick" title="Roman brick">Roman brick</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">82 m (269 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">73 m (240 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">55 m (180 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Beginning date</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 346</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completion date</th><td class="infobox-data">360; 1665 years ago (360)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dedicated date</th><td class="infobox-data">15 February 360</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Restored date</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>415</li><li>23 February 532 – 27 February 537</li><li>1847–1849</li><li>2002–2006</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dedicated to</th><td class="infobox-data">The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Wisdom" title="Holy Wisdom">Holy Wisdom</a>, a reference to the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">second</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">person</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a><a href="#cite_note-CurtaHolt2016-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Areas_of_Istanbul" title="Historic Areas of Istanbul">Historic Areas of Istanbul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356">356</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1985 (9th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Hagia Sophia (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Ayasofya; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Ἁγία Σοφία, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Hagía Sophía; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Sancta Sapientia; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Holy_Wisdom" title="Holy Wisdom">Holy Wisdom</a>'), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Μεγάλο Τζαμί της Αγίας Σοφίας), is a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a> serving as a major cultural and historical site in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey. The last of three church buildings to be successively erected on the site by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, it was completed in AD 537, becoming the world's largest interior space and among <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">the first</a> to employ a fully <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentive</a> dome. It is considered the epitome of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a><a href="#cite_note-BAT-3">[3]</a> and is said to have "changed the history of architecture".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes22-4">[4]</a> The site was an Eastern rite church from AD 360 to 1453, except for a brief time as a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Latin Catholic</a> church between the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204 and 1261.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, it served as a mosque until 1935, when it became a museum, before being redesignated as a mosque in 2020. The current structure was built by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> as the Christian <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> of Constantinople between 532–537 and was designed by the Greek <a href="/wiki/List_of_geometers" title="List of geometers">geometers</a> <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthemius_of_Tralles" title="Anthemius of Tralles">Anthemius of Tralles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It was formally called the Church of God's Holy Wisdom, (Greek: Ναὸς τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας, romanized: Naòs tês Hagías toû Theoû Sophías)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamm20102-8">[8]</a> the third church of the same name to occupy the site, as the prior one had been destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika riots</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople</a>, it remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a> was completed in 1520. Hagia Sophia became the quintessential model for <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Eastern Orthodox church architecture</a>, and its architectural style was emulated by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman mosques</a> a thousand years later.<a href="#cite_note-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996-9">[9]</a> The Hagia Sophia served as an architectural inspiration for many other religious buildings including the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panagia_Ekatontapiliani" title="Panagia Ekatontapiliani">Panagia Ekatontapiliani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Mosque</a>, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a>, the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque" title="Rüstem Pasha Mosque">Rüstem Pasha Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha_Complex" title="Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex">Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex</a>. As the religious and spiritual centre of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> for nearly one thousand years, the church was <a href="/wiki/Consecrations_in_Eastern_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrations in Eastern Christianity">dedicated</a> to <a href="/wiki/Holy_Wisdom" title="Holy Wisdom">Holy Wisdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ja4712-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Binns20022-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKenzieGraham19982-12">[12]</a> The church has been described as "holding a unique position in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996-9">[9]</a> and as "an architectural and cultural icon of Byzantine and Eastern Orthodox civilization".<a href="#cite_note-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-M130-14">[14]</a> It was where the <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Cerularius" title="Michael I Cerularius">Michael I Cerularius</a> was officially delivered by <a href="/wiki/Humbert_of_Silva_Candida" title="Humbert of Silva Candida">Humbert of Silva Candida</a>, the envoy of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Pope Leo IX</a> in 1054, an act considered the start of the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a>. In 1204, it was converted during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> into a Catholic cathedral under the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>, before being restored to the Eastern Orthodox Church upon the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261. <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Dandolo" title="Enrico Dandolo">Enrico Dandolo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">doge of Venice</a> who led the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> and the 1204 <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a>, was buried in the church. After the fall of Constantinople to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1453,<a href="#cite_note-mw1122-15">[15]</a> it was <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">converted to a mosque</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">principal mosque</a> of Istanbul until the 1616 construction of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html2-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-archnet.org2-17">[17]</a> The patriarchate moved to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a>, which became the city's cathedral. The complex remained a mosque until 1931, when it was closed to the public for four years. It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum under the <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular</a> Republic of Turkey, and the building was Turkey's most visited tourist attraction as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a> annulled the 1934 decision to establish the museum, and the Hagia Sophia was reclassified as a mosque. The decision was highly controversial, sparking divided opinions and drawing condemnation from the Turkish opposition, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Byzantine_Studies" title="International Association of Byzantine Studies">International Association of Byzantine Studies</a>, as well as numerous international leaders, while several Muslim leaders in Turkey and other countries welcomed its conversion. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_Constantius_II">Church of Constantius II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Church of Constantius II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia,_Constantinople,_Turkey,_ca._1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Hagia_Sophia%2C_Constantinople%2C_Turkey%2C_ca._1897.jpg/220px-Hagia_Sophia%2C_Constantinople%2C_Turkey%2C_ca._1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Hagia_Sophia%2C_Constantinople%2C_Turkey%2C_ca._1897.jpg/330px-Hagia_Sophia%2C_Constantinople%2C_Turkey%2C_ca._1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Hagia_Sophia%2C_Constantinople%2C_Turkey%2C_ca._1897.jpg/440px-Hagia_Sophia%2C_Constantinople%2C_Turkey%2C_ca._1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="2571" /></a><figcaption>Hagia Sophia, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey, ca. 1897.</figcaption></figure> The first church on the site was known as the Magna Ecclesia (Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία, Megálē Ekklēsíā, 'Great Church')<a href="#cite_note-mw84-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Great_Church-20">[20]</a> because of its size compared to the sizes of the contemporary churches in the city.<a href="#cite_note-ja4712-10">[10]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a>, the church was <a href="/wiki/Consecrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated">consecrated</a> on 15 February 360, during the reign of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 337–361) by the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> bishop <a href="/wiki/Eudoxius_of_Antioch" title="Eudoxius of Antioch">Eudoxius of Antioch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ja472-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019c-22">[22]</a> It was built next to the area where the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace</a> was being developed. According to the 5th-century ecclesiastical historian <a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates of Constantinople</a>, the emperor Constantius had <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 346 "constructed the Great Church alongside that called Irene which because it was too small, the emperor's father [Constantine] had enlarged and beautified".<a href="#cite_note-Mainstone-1997-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-ja472-21">[21]</a> A tradition which is not older than the 7th or 8th century reports that the edifice was built by Constantius' father, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine the Great</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 306–337).<a href="#cite_note-ja472-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Miletus" title="Hesychius of Miletus">Hesychius of Miletus</a> wrote that Constantine built Hagia Sophia with a wooden roof and removed 427 (mostly pagan) statues from the site.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The 12th-century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a> reconciles the two opinions, writing that Constantius had repaired the edifice consecrated by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a>, after it had collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-ja472-21">[21]</a> Since Eusebius was the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of Constantinople from 339 to 341, and Constantine died in 337, it seems that the first church was erected by Constantius.<a href="#cite_note-ja472-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2021-10_img22_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img22_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/220px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img22_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img22_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/330px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img22_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img22_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/440px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img22_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7019" data-file-height="5264" /></a><figcaption>View of the dome interior</figcaption></figure> The nearby <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a> ("Holy Peace") church was completed earlier and served as cathedral until the Great Church was completed. Besides Hagia Irene, there is no record of major churches in the city-centre before the late 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019c-22">[22]</a> Rowland Mainstone argued the 4th-century church was not yet known as Hagia Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The church is known to have had a timber roof, curtains, columns, and an entrance that faced west.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019c-22">[22]</a> It likely had a <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> and is described as being shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Roman circus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This may mean that it had a U-shaped plan like the basilicas of <a href="/wiki/Santi_Marcellino_e_Pietro_al_Laterano" title="Santi Marcellino e Pietro al Laterano">San Marcellino e Pietro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le mura">Sant'Agnese fuori le mura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019c-22">[22]</a> However, it may also have been a more conventional three-, four-, or five-aisled basilica, perhaps resembling the original <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019c-22">[22]</a> The building was likely preceded by an <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a>, as in the later churches on the site.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ken_Dark" title="Ken Dark">Ken Dark</a> and Jan Kostenec, a further remnant of the 4th century basilica may exist in a wall of alternating brick and stone banded masonry immediately to the west of the Justinianic church.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019d-28">[28]</a> The top part of the wall is constructed with bricks stamped with brick-stamps dating from the 5th century, but the lower part is of constructed with bricks typical of the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019d-28">[28]</a> This wall was probably part of the <a href="/wiki/Propylaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Propylaeum">propylaeum</a> at the west front of both the Constantinian and Theodosian Great Churches.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019d-28">[28]</a> The building was accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptistery</a> and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeuophylakion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeuophylakion (page does not exist)">skeuophylakion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019c-22">[22]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeum</a>, perhaps with an <a href="/wiki/Martyrium" title="Martyrium">martyrium</a> above it, was discovered before 1946, and the remnants of a brick wall with traces of marble revetment were identified in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019d-28">[28]</a> The hypogeum was a tomb which may have been part of the 4th-century church or may have been from the pre-Constantinian city of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019d-28">[28]</a> The skeuophylakion is said by <a href="/wiki/Palladius_of_Galatia" title="Palladius of Galatia">Palladius</a> to have had a circular floor plan, and since some U-shaped basilicas in Rome were funerary churches with attached circular mausolea (the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Constantina" title="Mausoleum of Constantina">Mausoleum of Constantina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Helena" title="Mausoleum of Helena">Mausoleum of Helena</a>), it is possible it originally had a funerary function, though by 405 its use had changed.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019d-28">[28]</a> A later account credited a woman called Anna with donating the land on which the church was built in return for the right to be buried there.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019d-28">[28]</a> Excavations on the western side of the site of the first church under the propylaeum wall reveal that the first church was built atop a road about 8 m (26 ft) wide.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019d-28">[28]</a> According to early accounts, the first Hagia Sophia was built on the site of an ancient pagan temple,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> although there are no artefacts to confirm this.<a href="#cite_note-Ellington-32">[32]</a> The Patriarch of Constantinople <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> came into a conflict with Empress <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudoxia" title="Aelia Eudoxia">Aelia Eudoxia</a>, wife of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 383–408), and was sent into exile on 20 June 404. During the subsequent riots, this first church was largely burnt down.<a href="#cite_note-ja472-21">[21]</a> Palladius noted that the 4th-century skeuophylakion survived the fire.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> According to Dark and Kostenec, the fire may only have affected the main basilica, leaving the ancillary buildings intact.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_Theodosius_II">Church of Theodosius II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Church of Theodosius II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Szophia_-_Isztambul,_2014.10.23_(14).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hagia_Szophia_-_Isztambul%2C_2014.10.23_%2814%29.JPG/260px-Hagia_Szophia_-_Isztambul%2C_2014.10.23_%2814%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hagia_Szophia_-_Isztambul%2C_2014.10.23_%2814%29.JPG/390px-Hagia_Szophia_-_Isztambul%2C_2014.10.23_%2814%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hagia_Szophia_-_Isztambul%2C_2014.10.23_%2814%29.JPG/520px-Hagia_Szophia_-_Isztambul%2C_2014.10.23_%2814%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Theodosian capital for a <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">column</a>, one of the few remains of the church of Theodosius II</figcaption></figure> A second church on the site was ordered by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 402–450), who inaugurated it on 10 October 415.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Notitia_Urbis_Constantinopolitanae" title="Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae">Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae</a>, a fifth-century list of monuments, names Hagia Sophia as Magna Ecclesia, 'Great Church', while the former cathedral Hagia Irene is referred to as Ecclesia Antiqua, 'Old Church'. At the time of Socrates of Constantinople around 440, "both churches [were] enclosed by a single wall and served by the same clergy".<a href="#cite_note-Mainstone-1997-23">[23]</a> Thus, the complex would have encompassed a large area including the future site of the <a href="/wiki/Sampson_the_Hospitable" title="Sampson the Hospitable">Hospital of Samson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> If the fire of 404 destroyed only the 4th-century main basilica church, then the 5th century Theodosian basilica could have been built surrounded by a complex constructed primarily during the fourth century.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> During the reign of Theodosius II, the emperor's elder sister, the Augusta <a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 414–453) was challenged by the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 10 April 428 – 22 June 431).<a href="#cite_note-Gregory-2005a-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-2005b-36">[36]</a> The patriarch denied the Augusta access to the sanctuary of the "Great Church", likely on 15 April 428.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory-2005b-36">[36]</a> According to the anonymous Letter to Cosmas, the virgin empress, a promoter of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, Mother of Jesus">cult of the Virgin Mary</a> who habitually partook in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> at the sanctuary of Nestorius's predecessors, claimed right of entry because of her equivalent position to the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> – the Virgin Mary – "having given birth to God".<a href="#cite_note-Krawiec-2008-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-2005b-36">[36]</a> Pulcheria along with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Pope Celestine I</a> and Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a> had Nestorius overthrown, condemned at the ecumenical council, and exiled.<a href="#cite_note-Krawiec-2008-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-2005a-35">[35]</a> The area of the western entrance to the Justinianic Hagia Sophia revealed the western remains of its Theodosian predecessor, as well as some fragments of the Constantinian church.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> German archaeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfons_Maria_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfons Maria Schneider (page does not exist)">Alfons Maria Schneider</a> began conducting <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavations" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological excavations">archaeological excavations</a> during the mid-1930s, publishing his final report in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> Excavations in the area that had once been the 6th-century atrium of the Justinianic church revealed the monumental western entrance and atrium, along with columns and sculptural fragments from both 4th- and 5th-century churches.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> Further digging was abandoned for fear of harming the structural integrity of the Justinianic building, but parts of the excavation trenches remain uncovered, laying bare the foundations of the Theodosian building. The basilica was built by architect Rufinus.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The church's main entrance, which may have had gilded doors, faced west, and there was an additional entrance to the east.<a href="#cite_note-Mainstone-1997b-40">[40]</a> There was a central <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> and likely an upper gallery, possibly employed as a <a href="/wiki/Matroneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Matroneum">matroneum</a> (women's section).<a href="#cite_note-Mainstone-1997b-40">[40]</a> The exterior was decorated with elaborate carvings of rich Theodosian-era designs, fragments of which have survived, while the floor just inside the portico was embellished with polychrome mosaics.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> The surviving carved gable end from the centre of the western façade is decorated with a cross-roundel.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> Fragments of a <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> of <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> with 12 lambs representing the <a href="/wiki/12_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="12 apostles">12 apostles</a> also remain; unlike Justinian's 6th-century church, the Theodosian Hagia Sophia had both colourful floor mosaics and external decorative sculpture.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> At the western end, surviving stone fragments of the structure show there was <a href="/wiki/Vaulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaulting">vaulting</a>, at least at the western end.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> The Theodosian building had a monumental propylaeum hall with a portico that may account for this vaulting, which was thought by the original excavators in the 1930s to be part of the western entrance of the church itself.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> The propylaeum opened onto an atrium which lay in front of the basilica church itself. Preceding the propylaeum was a steep monumental staircase following the contours of the ground as it sloped away westwards in the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Strategion" title="Strategion">Strategion</a>, the Basilica, and the harbours of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> This arrangement would have resembled the steps outside the atrium of the Constantinian <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Old St Peter's Basilica">Old St Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> Near the staircase, there was a cistern, perhaps to supply a fountain in the atrium or for worshippers to wash with before entering.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> The 4th-century skeuophylakion was replaced in the 5th century by the present-day structure, a <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a> constructed of banded masonry in the lower two levels and of plain brick masonry in the third.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> Originally this rotunda, probably employed as a treasury for liturgical objects, had a second-floor internal gallery accessed by an external spiral staircase and two levels of niches for storage.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> A further row of windows with marble window frames on the third level remain bricked up.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> The gallery was supported on monumental <a href="/wiki/Console_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Console (architecture)">consoles</a> with carved <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> designs, similar to those used on the late 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Leo" title="Column of Leo">Column of Leo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> A large <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a> of the skeuophylakion's western entrance – bricked up during the Ottoman era – was discovered inside the rotunda when it was archaeologically cleared to its foundations in 1979, during which time the brickwork was also <a href="/wiki/Repointed" class="mw-redirect" title="Repointed">repointed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> The skeuophylakion was again restored in 2014 by the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Foundations_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate General of Foundations (Turkey)">Vakıflar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019e-33">[33]</a> A fire started during the tumult of the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika Revolt</a>, which had begun nearby in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a>, and the second Hagia Sophia was burnt to the ground on 13–14 January 532. The court historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> wrote:<a href="#cite_note-Loeb-1940-41">[41]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">And by way of shewing that it was not against the Emperor alone that they [the rioters] had taken up arms, but no less against God himself, unholy wretches that they were, they had the hardihood to fire the Church of the Christians, which the people of Byzantium call "Sophia", an epithet which they have most appropriately invented for God, by which they call His temple; and God permitted them to accomplish this impiety, foreseeing into what an object of beauty this shrine was destined to be transformed. So the whole church at that time lay a charred mass of ruins.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Procopius, De aedificiis, I.1.21–22</cite></div></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Remains of the Theodosian Hagia Sophia</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Column and capital with a Greek cross"><img alt="Column and capital with a Greek cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_002.jpg/135px-Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_002.jpg/202px-Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_002.jpg/270px-Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Column and capital with a <a href="/wiki/Greek_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek cross">Greek cross</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porphyry column; column capital; impost block"><img alt="Porphyry column; column capital; impost block" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_3.jpg/120px-Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_3.jpg/180px-Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_3.jpg/240px-Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a> column; column capital; <a href="/wiki/Impost_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Impost block">impost block</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soffits and cornice"><img alt="Soffits and cornice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_007.jpg/200px-Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_007.jpg/300px-Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_007.jpg/400px-Hagia_Sophia_Theodosius_2007_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soffits and <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19Lato.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodosian capital"><img alt="Theodosian capital" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19Lato.jpg/200px-CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19Lato.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19Lato.jpg/300px-CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19Lato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19Lato.jpg/400px-CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19Lato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1259" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Theodosian capital</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodosian capital for a pilaster, one of the few remains of the church of Theodosius II"><img alt="Theodosian capital for a pilaster, one of the few remains of the church of Theodosius II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19.jpg/200px-CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19.jpg/300px-CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19.jpg/400px-CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Theodosian capital for a <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilaster</a>, one of the few remains of the church of Theodosius II</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soffits"><img alt="Soffits" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_17.jpg/200px-Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_17.jpg/300px-Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_17.jpg/400px-Theodosius%27s_Hagia_Sophia_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Soffit" title="Soffit">Soffits</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_Justinian_I_(current_structure)">Church of Justinian I (current structure)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Church of Justinian I (current structure)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Sophia,_Constantinopolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A reddish building topped by a large dome and surrounded by smaller domes and four towers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg/250px-Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg/375px-Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg/500px-Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6270" data-file-height="3631" /></a><figcaption>Originally a church, later a mosque, the 6th-century Hagia Sophia (532–537) by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian the Great</a> was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a> (1507) in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:38-manasses-chronicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/38-manasses-chronicle.jpg/250px-38-manasses-chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/38-manasses-chronicle.jpg/375px-38-manasses-chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/38-manasses-chronicle.jpg/500px-38-manasses-chronicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Construction of church depicted in codex Manasses Chronicle (14th century)</figcaption></figure> On 23 February 532, only a few weeks after the destruction of the second basilica, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> inaugurated the construction of a third and entirely different basilica, larger and more majestic than its predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Justinian appointed two architects, mathematician <a href="/wiki/Anthemius_of_Tralles" title="Anthemius of Tralles">Anthemius of Tralles</a> and geometer and engineer <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a>, to design the building.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Construction of the church began in 532 during the short tenure of Phocas as <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaldellis-2013-45">[45]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Lydian" title="John the Lydian">John the Lydian</a>, Phocas was responsible for funding the initial construction of the building with 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Roman_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman pound">Roman pounds</a> of gold, but he was dismissed from office in October 532.<a href="#cite_note-John_Lydus-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaldellis-2013-45">[45]</a> John the Lydian wrote that Phocas had acquired the funds by moral means, but <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus" title="Evagrius Scholasticus">Evagrius Scholasticus</a> later wrote that the money had been obtained unjustly.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaldellis-2013-45">[45]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kaldellis" title="Anthony Kaldellis">Anthony Kaldellis</a>, both of Hagia Sophia's architects named by Procopius were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical school">school</a> of the pagan philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius of Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaldellis-2013-45">[45]</a> It is possible that both they and John the Lydian considered Hagia Sophia a great temple for the supreme <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">deity</a> who manifestated through light and the sun. John the Lydian describes the church as the "<a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">temenos</a> of the Great God" (Greek: τὸ τοῦ μεγάλου θεοῦ Τέμενος, romanized: tò toû megálou theoû Témenos).<a href="#cite_note-John_Lydus-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaldellis-2013-45">[45]</a> Originally the exterior of the church was covered with <a href="/wiki/Stone_veneer" title="Stone veneer">marble veneer</a>, as indicated by remaining pieces of marble and surviving attachments for lost panels on the building's western face.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019-48">[48]</a> The white marble <a href="/wiki/Cladding_(construction)" title="Cladding (construction)">cladding</a> of much of the church, together with <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilding</a> of some parts, would have given Hagia Sophia a shimmering appearance quite different from the brick- and plaster-work of the modern period, and would have significantly increased its visibility from the sea.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019-48">[48]</a> The cathedral's interior surfaces were sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purple <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a>, and gold mosaics. The exterior was clad in <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> that was tinted yellow and red during the 19th-century restorations by the <a href="/wiki/Fossati_brothers" title="Fossati brothers">Fossati</a> architects.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The construction is described by Procopius in On Buildings (<a href="/wiki/Late_Greek" title="Late Greek">Greek</a>: Περὶ κτισμάτων, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Peri ktismatōn, Latin: De aedificiis).<a href="#cite_note-Loeb-1940-41">[41]</a> Columns and other marble elements were imported from throughout the Mediterranean, although the columns were once thought to be <a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">spoils</a> from cities such as Rome and Ephesus.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Even though they were made specifically for Hagia Sophia, they vary in size.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> More than ten thousand people were employed during the construction process. This new church was contemporaneously recognized as a major work of architecture. Outside the church was an elaborate array of monuments around the bronze-plated <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Justinian" title="Column of Justinian">Column of Justinian</a>, topped by an equestrian statue of the emperor which dominated the <a href="/wiki/Augustaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustaeum">Augustaeum</a>, the open square outside the church which connected it with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace</a> complex through the <a href="/wiki/Chalke_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalke Gate">Chalke Gate</a>. At the edge of the Augustaeum was the <a href="/wiki/Milion" title="Milion">Milion</a> and the Regia, the first stretch of Constantinople's main thoroughfare, the <a href="/wiki/Mese_(Constantinople)" title="Mese (Constantinople)">Mese</a>. Also facing the Augustaeum were the enormous Constantinian <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a>, and the Justinianic civic basilica under which was the vast <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a>. On the opposite side of Hagia Sophia was the former cathedral, Hagia Irene. Procopius lauded the Justinianic building, writing in De aedificiis:<a href="#cite_note-Loeb-1940-41">[41]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... the Emperor Justinian built not long afterwards a church so finely shaped, that if anyone had enquired of the Christians before the burning if it would be their wish that the church should be destroyed and one like this should take its place, shewing them some sort of model of the building we now see, it seems to me that they would have prayed that they might see their church destroyed forthwith, in order that the building might be converted into its present form.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Procopius, De aedificiis, I.1.22–23</cite></div></blockquote> Upon seeing the finished building, the Emperor reportedly said: "Solomon, I have surpassed thee".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Justinian and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Menas" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Menas">Patriarch Menas</a> inaugurated the new basilica on 27 December 537, 5 years and 10 months after construction started, with much pomp.<a href="#cite_note-mw86-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies, such as <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronations</a>. The basilica offered <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">sanctuary from persecution</a> to criminals, although there was disagreement about whether Justinian had intended for murderers to be eligible for asylum.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20131203_Istanbul_130.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/20131203_Istanbul_130.jpg/220px-20131203_Istanbul_130.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/20131203_Istanbul_130.jpg/330px-20131203_Istanbul_130.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/20131203_Istanbul_130.jpg/440px-20131203_Istanbul_130.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Basket capitals and verd antique and marble columns. The basket capitals of the building are carved with <a href="/wiki/Monograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Monograms">monograms</a> of the names Justinian (Greek: ᾽Ιουστινιανός, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Ioustinianós) and Thedora (Θεοδώρα, Theodṓra) and their imperial titles "βασιλεύς, <a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileús</a>" and "αὐγούστα, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">augoústa</a>".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> Earthquakes in 553 and on <a href="/wiki/557_Constantinople_earthquake" title="557 Constantinople earthquake">557</a> caused cracks in the main dome and eastern <a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">semi-dome</a>. According to the Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>, during a subsequent earthquake in 558,<a href="#cite_note-Jan_1-58">[58]</a> the eastern semi-dome collapsed, destroying the <a href="/wiki/Ambon_(liturgy)" title="Ambon (liturgy)">ambon</a>, altar, and <a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(architecture)" title="Ciborium (architecture)">ciborium</a>. The collapse was due mainly to the excessive <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">bearing load</a> and to the enormous <a href="/wiki/Shear_strength" title="Shear strength">shear load</a> of the dome, which was too flat.<a href="#cite_note-mw86-53">[53]</a> These caused the deformation of the piers which sustained the dome.<a href="#cite_note-mw86-53">[53]</a> Justinian ordered an immediate restoration. He entrusted it to Isidorus the Younger, who used lighter materials. The entire vault had to be taken down and rebuilt 20 Byzantine feet (6.25 m or 20.5 ft) higher than before, giving the building its current interior height of 55.6 m (182 ft).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Moreover, Isidorus changed the dome type, erecting a ribbed dome with <a href="/wiki/Pendentives" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendentives">pendentives</a> whose diameter was between 32.7 and 33.5 m.<a href="#cite_note-mw86-53">[53]</a> Under Justinian's orders, eight <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian columns</a> were disassembled from <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople around 560.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> This reconstruction, which gave the church its present 6th-century form, was completed in 562. The poet <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Silentiary" title="Paul the Silentiary">Paul the Silentiary</a> composed an <a href="/wiki/Ekphrasis" title="Ekphrasis">ekphrasis</a>, or long visual poem, for the re-dedication of the basilica presided over by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Eutychius_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople">Patriarch Eutychius</a> on 24 December 562.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> According to the history of the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicephorus I of Constantinople">Nicephorus I</a> and the chronicler <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a>, various liturgical vessels of the cathedral were melted down on the order of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 610–641) during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hurbanič-2019-63">[63]</a> Theophanes states that these were made into gold and silver coins, and a tribute was paid to the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hurbanič-2019-63">[63]</a> The Avars attacked the extramural areas of Constantinople in 623, causing the Byzantines to move the "garment" relic (Ancient Greek: ἐσθής, romanized: esthḗs) of Mary, mother of Jesus to Hagia Sophia from its usual shrine of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Theotokos_of_Blachernai" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Theotokos of Blachernai">Church of the Theotokos</a> at <a href="/wiki/Blachernae" title="Blachernae">Blachernae</a> just outside the <a href="/wiki/Theodosian_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosian Walls">Theodosian Walls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> On 14 May 626, the <a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a>, an elite body of soldiers, protested in Hagia Sophia against a planned increase in bread prices.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The Persians under <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> and the Avars together laid the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(626)" title="Siege of Constantinople (626)">siege of Constantinople</a> in 626; according to the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a>, on 2 August 626, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Syncellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Syncellus">Theodore Syncellus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a> of Hagia Sophia, was among those who negotiated unsuccessfully with the <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a> of the Avars.<a href="#cite_note-Hurbanič-2019b-66">[66]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a>, attributed by existing <a href="/wiki/Manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuscripts">manuscripts</a> to Theodore Syncellus and possibly delivered on the anniversary of the event, describes the translation of the Virgin's garment and its ceremonial re-translation to Blachernae by the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Sergius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sergius I of Constantinople">Sergius I</a> after the threat had passed.<a href="#cite_note-Hurbanič-2019b-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20131203_Istanbul_100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/20131203_Istanbul_100.jpg/220px-20131203_Istanbul_100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/20131203_Istanbul_100.jpg/330px-20131203_Istanbul_100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/20131203_Istanbul_100.jpg/440px-20131203_Istanbul_100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a><figcaption>Polychrome marble <a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">revetment</a> on the wall of the gallery</figcaption></figure> In 726, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo the Isaurian</a> issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images, ordering the army to destroy all icons – ushering in the period of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine iconoclasm</a>. At that time, all religious pictures and statues were removed from the Hagia Sophia. Following a brief hiatus during the reign of Empress <a href="/wiki/Irene_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene (empress)">Irene</a> (797–802), the iconoclasts returned. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 829–842) had two-winged bronze doors with his <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monograms</a> installed at the southern entrance of the church.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The basilica suffered damage, first in a great fire in 859, and again in an earthquake in 869 that caused the collapse of one of the half-domes.<a href="#cite_note-Sakar-2014-69">[69]</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> ordered repair of the tympanas, arches, and vaults.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/De_Ceremoniis" title="De Ceremoniis">De Ceremoniis</a> ("Book of Ceremonies"), the emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 913–959) wrote a detailed account of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch. Early in the 10th century, the pagan ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> sent emissaries to his neighbors to learn about Judaism, Islam, and Roman and Orthodox Christianity. After visiting Hagia Sophia his emissaries reported back: "We were led into a place where they serve their God, and we did not know where we were, in heaven or on earth."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In the 940s or 950s, probably around 954 or 955, after the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(941)" title="Rus'–Byzantine War (941)">Rus'–Byzantine War</a> of 941 and the death of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">Grand Prince of Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I">Igor I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 912–945), his widow <a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Olga of Kiev</a> – regent for her infant son <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I" title="Sviatoslav I">Sviatoslav I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 945–972) – visited the emperor Constantine VII and was received as queen of the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Rus'</a> in Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-Poppe-1992-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kazhdan-2005-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> She was probably baptized in Hagia Sophia's baptistery, taking the name of the reigning augusta, <a href="/wiki/Helena_Lecapena" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena Lecapena">Helena Lecapena</a>, and receiving the titles <a href="/wiki/Zoste_patrikia" title="Zoste patrikia">zōstē patrikía</a> and the styles of <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archontissa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemon">hegemon</a> of the Rus'.<a href="#cite_note-Kazhdan-2005-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poppe-1992-72">[72]</a> Her baptism was an important step towards the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Kievan_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Kievan Rus'">Christianization of the Kievan Rus'</a>, though the emperor's treatment of her visit in De caerimoniis does not mention baptism.<a href="#cite_note-Kazhdan-2005-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poppe-1992-72">[72]</a> According to an early 14th-century source, the second church in Kiev, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia%27s_Cathedral,_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv">Saint Sophia's</a>, was founded in <a href="/wiki/Anno_mundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno mundi">anno mundi</a> 6460 in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a>, or <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 952.<a href="#cite_note-Fennell-2013-75">[75]</a> The name of this future cathedral of Kiev probably commemorates Olga's baptism.<a href="#cite_note-Fennell-2013-75">[75]</a> After an earthquake in 989 collapsed the western dome arch, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> asked for the Armenian architect <a href="/wiki/Trdat_the_Architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Trdat the Architect">Trdat</a>, creator of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Ani" title="Cathedral of Ani">Cathedral of Ani</a>, to direct the repairs.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> He erected again and reinforced the fallen dome arch, and rebuilt the west side of the dome with 15 dome ribs.<a href="#cite_note-mw87-77">[77]</a> The extent of the damage required six years of repair and reconstruction; the church was re-opened on 13 May 994. At the end of the reconstruction, the church's decorations were renovated, including the addition of four immense paintings of cherubs; a new depiction of Christ on the dome; a burial cloth of Christ shown on Fridays, and on the <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> a new depiction of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, between the apostles Peter and Paul.<a href="#cite_note-ma287-78">[78]</a> On the great side arches were painted the prophets and the teachers of the church.<a href="#cite_note-ma287-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_(15468276434).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/220px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/330px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/440px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the verd column</figcaption></figure> In 1181, the daughter of the emperor Manuel I, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Komnene_(daughter_of_Manuel_I)" title="Maria Komnene (daughter of Manuel I)">Maria Comnena</a>, and her husband, the <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)#Byzantine_Empire" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Renier_of_Montferrat" title="Renier of Montferrat">Renier of Montferrat</a>, fled to Hagia Sophia at the culmination of their dispute with the empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a>, regent for her son, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexius_II_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexius II Comnenus">Alexius II Comnenus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Choniates-1984a-79">[79]</a> Maria Comnena and Renier occupied the cathedral with the support of the patriarch, refusing the imperial administration's demands for a peaceful departure.<a href="#cite_note-Choniates-1984a-79">[79]</a> According to Niketas Choniates, they "transformed the sacred courtyard into a military camp", garrisoned the entrances to the complex with locals and mercenaries, and despite the strong opposition of the patriarch, made the "house of prayer into a den of thieves or a well-fortified and precipitous stronghold", while "all the dwellings adjacent to Hagia Sophia and adjoining the Augusteion were demolished by [Maria's] men".<a href="#cite_note-Choniates-1984a-79">[79]</a> A battle ensued in the Augustaion and around the <a href="/wiki/Milion" title="Milion">Milion</a>, during which the defenders fought from the "gallery of the Catechumeneia (also called the Makron)" facing the Augusteion, from which they eventually retreated and took up positions in the exonarthex of Hagia Sophia itself.<a href="#cite_note-Choniates-1984a-79">[79]</a> At this point, "the patriarch was anxious lest the enemy troops enter the temple, with unholy feet trample the holy floor, and with hands defiled and dripping with blood still warm plunder the all-holy dedicatory offerings".<a href="#cite_note-Choniates-1984a-79">[79]</a> After a successful sally by Renier and his knights, Maria requested a truce, the imperial assault ceased, and an amnesty was negotiated.<a href="#cite_note-Choniates-1984a-79">[79]</a> Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a> compared the preservation of the cathedral to the efforts made by the 1st-century emperor <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> to avoid the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">siege of Jerusalem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Choniates-1984a-79">[79]</a> Choniates reports that in 1182, a white <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawk</a> wearing <a href="/wiki/Jess_(falconry)" title="Jess (falconry)">jesses</a> was seen to fly from the east to Hagia Sophia, flying three times from the "building of the Thōmaitēs" (a basilica erected on the southeastern side of the Augustaion) to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_the_Kathisma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palace of the Kathisma (page does not exist)">Palace of the Kathisma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace</a>, where new emperors were <a href="/wiki/Acclamation" title="Acclamation">acclaimed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Choniates-1984b-80">[80]</a> This was supposed to presage the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronicus I Comnenus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1183–1185).<a href="#cite_note-Choniates-1984b-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3._Part_of_the_domes_of_Hagia_Sophia,_Istanbul,_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/3._Part_of_the_domes_of_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/220px-3._Part_of_the_domes_of_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/3._Part_of_the_domes_of_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/330px-3._Part_of_the_domes_of_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/3._Part_of_the_domes_of_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/440px-3._Part_of_the_domes_of_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The hexapterygon (six-winged angel) on the north-east pendentive (upper left), whose face was discovered and then covered back by the Fossati brothers after restoration works in the 19th century. It was uncovered again in 2009 (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HagiaSophia_Dome_(pixinn.net).jpg" class="extiw" title="c:File:HagiaSophia Dome (pixinn.net).jpg">annotations</a>).</figcaption></figure> Choniates writes that in 1203, during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, the emperors <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelus" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac II Angelus">Isaac II Angelus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexius_IV_Angelus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexius IV Angelus">Alexius IV Angelus</a> stripped Hagia Sophia of all gold ornaments and silver oil-lamps to pay off the Crusaders who had ousted <a href="/wiki/Alexius_III_Angelus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexius III Angelus">Alexius III Angelus</a> and helped Isaac return to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> in 1204, the church was further ransacked and desecrated by the Crusaders, as described by Choniates, though he did not witness the events in person. According to his account, Hagia Sophia was stripped of its remaining metal ornaments, its altar was smashed into pieces, and a "woman laden with sins" sang and danced on the <a href="/wiki/Synthronon" title="Synthronon">synthronon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Magoulias-1984-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> He adds that mules and donkeys were brought into the cathedral's sanctuary to carry away the spoils, and that one of them slipped on the marble floor and was accidentally disembowelled, further contaminating the place.<a href="#cite_note-Magoulias-1984-82">[82]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ali ibn al-Athir</a>, whose treatment of the Sack of Constantinople was probably dependent on a Christian source, the Crusaders massacred some clerics who had surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Much of the interior was damaged and would not be repaired until its return to Orthodox control in 1261.<a href="#cite_note-Ellington-32">[32]</a> The sack of Hagia Sophia, and Constantinople in general, remained a sore point in <a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Latin_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin occupation">Latin occupation</a> of Constantinople (1204–1261), the church became a Latin Catholic cathedral. <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin I of Constantinople">Baldwin I of Constantinople</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1204–1205) was crowned emperor on 16 May 1204 in Hagia Sophia in a ceremony which closely followed Byzantine practices. <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Dandolo" title="Enrico Dandolo">Enrico Dandolo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Doge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> who commanded the sack and invasion of the city in 1204, is buried inside the church, probably in the upper eastern <a href="/wiki/Gallery_(theatre)" title="Gallery (theatre)">gallery</a>. In the 19th century, an Italian restoration team placed a <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> marker, frequently mistaken as being a medieval artifact, near the probable location and is still visible. The original tomb was destroyed by the Ottomans during the conversion of the church into a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Upon the capture of Constantinople in 1261 by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> and the emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaeologus" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael VIII Palaeologus">Michael VIII Palaeologus</a>, (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1261–1282), the church was in a dilapidated state. In 1317, emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronicus_II_Palaeologus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronicus II Palaeologus">Andronicus II Palaeologus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1282–1328) ordered four new <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Greek language">Medieval Greek</a>: Πυραμίδας, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Medieval_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Medieval Greek">romanized</a>: Pyramídas) to be built in the eastern and northern parts of the church, financing them with the inheritance of his late wife, <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene of Montferrat</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr>1314).<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> New cracks developed in the dome after the earthquake of October 1344, and several parts of the building collapsed on 19 May 1346. Repairs by architects <a href="/wiki/George_Synadenos_Astras" title="George Synadenos Astras">Astras</a> and Peralta began in 1354.<a href="#cite_note-Sakar-2014-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> On 12 December 1452, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Isidore of Kiev</a> proclaimed in Hagia Sophia the long-anticipated ecclesiastical union between the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches as decided at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> and decreed by the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Union_with_the_Greeks" title="Bull of Union with the Greeks">Laetentur Caeli</a>, though it would be short-lived. The union was unpopular among the Byzantines, who had already expelled the Patriarch of Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_III_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory III of Constantinople">Gregory III</a>, for his pro-union stance. A new patriarch was not installed until after the Ottoman conquest. According to the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Doukas_(historian)" title="Doukas (historian)">Doukas</a>, the Hagia Sophia was tainted by these Catholic associations, and the anti-union Orthodox faithful avoided the cathedral, considering it to be a haunt of <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> and a "Hellenic" temple of <a href="/wiki/Roman_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman paganism">Roman paganism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Doukas also notes that after the Laetentur Caeli was proclaimed, the Byzantines dispersed discontentedly to nearby venues where they drank toasts to the <a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a> icon, which had, according to late Byzantine tradition, interceded to save them in the former <a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieges of Constantinople">sieges of Constantinople</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Iskander%27s_Tale_on_the_Taking_of_Tsargrad" title="Nestor Iskander's Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad">Nestor Iskander's Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad</a>, the Hagia Sophia was the focus of an alarming <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omen</a> interpreted as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> abandoning Constantinople on 21 May 1453, in the final days of the Siege of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-Philippides-2011-92">[92]</a> The sky lit up, illuminating the city, and <blockquote>many people gathered and saw on the Church of the Wisdom, at the top of the window, a large flame of fire issuing forth. It encircled the entire neck of the church for a long time. The flame gathered into one; its flame altered, and there was an indescribable light. At once it took to the sky. ... The light itself has gone up to heaven; the gates of heaven were opened; the light was received; and again they were closed.<a href="#cite_note-Philippides-2011-92">[92]</a></blockquote> The eventual fall of Constantinople had long been predicted in <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-2012-93">[93]</a> Hagia Sophia is mentioned in a hagiography of uncertain date detailing the life of the Eastern Orthodox saint <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Fool" title="Andrew the Fool">Andrew the Fool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rydén-1974-94">[94]</a> The text is self-attributed to Nicephorus, a priest of Hagia Sophia, and contains a description of the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end time</a> in the form of a dialogue, in which the interlocutor, upon being told by the saint that Constantinople will be sunk in a flood and that "the waters as they gush forth will irresistibly deluge her and cover her and surrender her to the terrifying and immense sea of the abyss", says "some people say that the Great Church of God will not be submerged with the city but will be suspended in the air by an invisible power".<a href="#cite_note-Rydén-1974-94">[94]</a> The reply is given that "When the whole city sinks into the sea, how can the Great Church remain? Who will need her? Do you think God dwells in temples made with hands?"<a href="#cite_note-Rydén-1974-94">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Constantine" title="Column of Constantine">Column of Constantine</a>, however, is prophesied to endure.<a href="#cite_note-Rydén-1974-94">[94]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Laonicus_Chalcocondyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Laonicus Chalcocondyles">Laonicus Chalcocondyles</a>, Hagia Sophia was a refuge for the population during the city's capture.<a href="#cite_note-Philippides-2011b-95">[95]</a> Despite the ill-repute and empty state of Hagia Sophia after December 1452, Doukas writes that after the Theodosian Walls were breached, the Byzantines took refuge there as the Turks advanced through the city.<a href="#cite_note-Philippides-2011b-95">[95]</a> He attributes their change of heart to a prophecy.<a href="#cite_note-Philippides-2011b-95">[95]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What was the reason that compelled all to flee to the Great Church? They had been listening, for many years, to some pseudo-soothsayers, who had declared that the city was destined to be handed over to the Turks, who would enter in large numbers and would massacre the Romans as far as the Column of Constantine the Great. After this an angel would descend, holding his sword. He would hand over the kingdom, together with the sword, to some insignificant, poor, and humble man who would happen to be standing by the Column. He would say to him: "Take this sword and avenge the Lord's people." Then the Turks would be turned back, would be massacred by the pursuing Romans, and would be ejected from the city and from all places in the west and the east and would be driven as far as the borders of Persia, to a place called the Lone Tree ... That was the cause for the flight into the Great Church. In one hour that famous and enormous church was filled with men and women. An innumerable crowd was everywhere: upstairs, downstairs, in the courtyards, and in every conceivable place. They closed the gates and stood there, hoping for salvation.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Doukas, XXXIX.18</cite></div></blockquote> In accordance with the traditional custom of the time, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> allowed three full days of unbridled pillage in the city shortly after it was captured. This period saw the destruction of many Orthodox churches;<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Hagia Sophia itself was looted as the invaders believed it to contain the greatest treasures of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Nicol_a_2-97">[97]</a> Shortly after the defence of the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">Walls of Constantinople</a> collapsed and the victorious Ottoman troops entered the city, the pillagers and looters made their way to the Hagia Sophia and battered down its doors before storming inside.<a href="#cite_note-Runciman-1965b-98">[98]</a> Once the three days passed, Mehmed was to claim the city's remaining contents for himself.<a href="#cite_note-Runciman-1965-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> However, by the end of the first day, he proclaimed that the looting should cease as he felt profound sadness when he toured the city.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Runciman-1965-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calian-102">[102]</a> Throughout the siege of Constantinople, the trapped people of the city participated in the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> and the Prayer of the Hours at the Hagia Sophia, and the church was a refuge for many of those who were unable to contribute to the city's defence, including women, children, elderly, the sick and the wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Runciman_2.5-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicol_b_1-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calian-102">[102]</a> As they were trapped in the church, the many congregants and other refugees became spoils-of-war to be divided amongst the triumphant invaders. The building was desecrated and looted, and those who sought shelter within the church were enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-Nicol_a_2-97">[97]</a> While most of the elderly and the infirm, injured, and sick were killed, the remainder (mainly teenage males and young boys) were chained and sold into <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">slavery in the Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Runciman-1965b-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calian-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosque_(1453–1935)">Mosque (1453–1935)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mosque (1453–1935)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey-3052_(2216463731).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Turkey-3052_%282216463731%29.jpg/220px-Turkey-3052_%282216463731%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Turkey-3052_%282216463731%29.jpg/330px-Turkey-3052_%282216463731%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Turkey-3052_%282216463731%29.jpg/440px-Turkey-3052_%282216463731%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The mihrab located in the apse where the altar used to stand, pointing towards Mecca. The two giant candlesticks flanking the mihrab were brought in from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a> by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> fell to the attacking Ottoman forces on 29 May 1453. <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mehmed_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mehmed II">Sultan Mehmed II</a> entered the city and performed the <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Friday prayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">khutbah</a> (sermon) in Hagia Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The church's priests and religious personnel continued to perform Christian rites, prayers, and ceremonies until they were compelled to stop by the invaders.<a href="#cite_note-Runciman-1965b-98">[98]</a> When Mehmed and his entourage entered the church, he ordered that it be converted into a mosque immediately. One of the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ʿulamāʾ</a> (Islamic scholars) present climbed onto the church's ambo and recited the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a> ("There is no god but Allah, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is his messenger"), thus marking the <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Muslim_places_of_worship_into_mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques">conversion of the church into a mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Mehmed is reported to have taken a sword to a soldier who tried to pry up one of the paving slabs of the Proconnesian marble floor.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-2007-107">[107]</a> As described by Western visitors before 1453, such as the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoban</a> nobleman <a href="/wiki/Pero_Tafur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero Tafur">Pero Tafur</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Buondelmonti" title="Cristoforo Buondelmonti">Cristoforo Buondelmonti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> the church was in a dilapidated state, with several of its doors fallen from their hinges. Mehmed II ordered a renovation of the building. Mehmed attended the first Friday prayer in the mosque on 1 June 1453.<a href="#cite_note-mb288-110">[110]</a> Aya Sofya became the first imperial mosque of Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-ne13-111">[111]</a> Most of the existing houses in the city and the area of the future <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> were endowed to the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> From 1478, 2,360 shops, 1,300 houses, 4 <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>, 30 <a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">boza</a> shops, and 23 shops of sheep heads and trotters gave their income to the foundation.<a href="#cite_note-bo145-112">[112]</a> Through the imperial charters of 1520 and 1547, shops and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul" title="Grand Bazaar, Istanbul">Grand Bazaar</a> and other markets were added to the foundation.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> Before 1481, a small <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> was erected on the southwest corner of the building, above the stair tower.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> Mehmed's successor <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1481–1512) later built another minaret at the northeast corner.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> One of the minarets collapsed after the <a href="/wiki/1509_Istanbul_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1509 Istanbul earthquake">earthquake of 1509</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> and around the middle of the 16th century they were both replaced by two diagonally opposite minarets built at the east and west corners of the edifice.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> In 1498, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Bonsignori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernardo Bonsignori (page does not exist)">Bernardo Bonsignori</a> was the last Western visitor to Hagia Sophia to report seeing the ancient Justinianic floor; shortly afterwards the floor was covered over with carpet and not seen again until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-2007-107">[107]</a> In the 16th century, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1520–1566) brought two colossal candlesticks from his <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe#1526–1566:_Conquest_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">conquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> and placed them on either side of the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a>. During Suleiman's reign, the mosaics above the <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> and imperial gates depicting Jesus, Mary, and various Byzantine emperors were covered by whitewash and plaster, which were removed in 1930 under the Turkish Republic.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Fountain_IMG_8022_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Istanbul_Fountain_IMG_8022_1920.jpg/220px-Istanbul_Fountain_IMG_8022_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Istanbul_Fountain_IMG_8022_1920.jpg/330px-Istanbul_Fountain_IMG_8022_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Istanbul_Fountain_IMG_8022_1920.jpg/440px-Istanbul_Fountain_IMG_8022_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Fountain (Şadırvan) for ritual ablutions</figcaption></figure> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1566–1574), the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by Ottoman architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>, who was also an earthquake engineer.<a href="#cite_note-earthquake-114">[114]</a> In addition to strengthening the historic Byzantine structure, Sinan built two additional large minarets at the western end of the building, the original sultan's lodge and the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">türbe</a> (mausoleum) of Selim II to the southeast of the building in 1576–1577. In order to do that, parts of the Patriarchate at the south corner of the building were pulled down the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> Moreover, the golden <a href="/wiki/Crescent#In_the_Islamic_World" title="Crescent">crescent</a> was mounted on the top of the dome,<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> and a respect zone 35 <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_units_of_measurement" title="Ottoman units of measurement">arşın</a> (about 24 m) wide was imposed around the building, leading to the demolition of all houses within the perimeter.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> The türbe became the location of the tombs of 43 Ottoman princes.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1574–1595) imported two large <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Urns" class="mw-redirect" title="Urns">urns</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bergama" title="Bergama">Bergama</a>) and placed them on two sides of the nave.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> In 1594 Mimar (court architect) <a href="/wiki/Davud_A%C4%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Davud Ağa">Davud Ağa</a> built the türbe of Murad III, where the Sultan and his <a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">valide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safiye_Sultan_(wife_of_Murad_III)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safiye Sultan (wife of Murad III)">Safiye Sultan</a> were buried.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> The octagonal mausoleum of their son <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1595–1603) and his valide was built next to it in 1608 by royal architect Dalgiç Mehmet Aĝa.<a href="#cite_note-mw93-115">[115]</a> His son <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1617–1618, 1622–1623) converted the baptistery into his türbe.<a href="#cite_note-mw93-115">[115]</a> In 1717, under the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1703–1730), the crumbling plaster of the interior was renovated, contributing indirectly to the preservation of many mosaics, which otherwise would have been destroyed by mosque workers.<a href="#cite_note-mw93-115">[115]</a> It was usual for the mosaic's <a href="/wiki/Tesserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesserae">tesserae</a>—believed to be <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismans</a>—to be sold to visitors.<a href="#cite_note-mw93-115">[115]</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a> ordered the restoration of the building in 1739 and added a <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">medrese</a> (a Koranic school, subsequently the library of the museum), an <a href="/wiki/Imaret" title="Imaret">imaret</a> (soup kitchen for distribution to the poor) and a library, and in 1740 he added a <a href="/wiki/Sadirvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadirvan">Şadirvan</a> (fountain for ritual ablutions), thus transforming it into a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">külliye</a>, or social complex. A new sultan's lodge and a new mihrab were built inside.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renovation_of_1847–1849">Renovation of 1847–1849</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Renovation of 1847–1849">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3.JPG/220px-Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3.JPG/330px-Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3.JPG/440px-Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Calligraphy with the name of the 4th Rashidun Caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, one of eight medallions added in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> The 19th-century restoration of the Hagia Sophia was ordered by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1823–1861) and completed between 1847 and 1849 by eight hundred workers under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Swiss-Italian</a> architect brothers <a href="/wiki/Fossati_brothers" title="Fossati brothers">Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati</a>. The brothers consolidated the dome with a restraining iron chain and strengthened the vaults, straightened the columns, and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building.<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_Cultural_Foundation-117">[117]</a> The mosaics in the upper gallery were exposed and cleaned, although many were recovered "for protection against further damage".<a href="#cite_note-groveenc-118">[118]</a> Eight new gigantic circular-framed discs or <a href="/wiki/Medallion_(architecture)" title="Medallion (architecture)">medallions</a> were hung from the <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a>, on each of the four piers and at either side of the apse and the west doors. These were designed by the calligrapher <a href="/wiki/Kazasker_Mustafa_Izzet_Efendi" title="Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi">Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi</a> and painted with the names of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> (the first four caliphs), and the two grandsons of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 1850, the architects Fossati built a new <a href="/wiki/Maqsura" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqsura">maqsura</a> or caliphal loge in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture">Neo-Byzantine</a> columns and an Ottoman–Rococo style marble grille connecting to the royal pavilion behind the mosque.<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_Cultural_Foundation-117">[117]</a> The new maqsura was built at the extreme east end of the northern aisle, next to the north-eastern pier. The existing maqsura in the apse, near the mihrab, was demolished.<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_Cultural_Foundation-117">[117]</a> A new entrance was constructed for the sultan: the Hünkar Mahfili.<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_Cultural_Foundation-117">[117]</a> The Fossati brothers also renovated the <a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a>. Outside the main building, the minarets were repaired and altered so that they were of equal height.<a href="#cite_note-groveenc-118">[118]</a> A clock building, the Muvakkithane, was built by the Fossatis for use by the <a href="/wiki/Muwaqqit" title="Muwaqqit">muwaqqit</a> (the mosque timekeeper), and a new <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a> (Islamic school) was constructed. The Kasr-ı Hümayun was also built under their direction.<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_Cultural_Foundation-117">[117]</a> When the restoration was finished, the mosque was re-opened with a ceremony on 13 July 1849.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> An edition of <a href="/wiki/Lithographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithographs">lithographs</a> from drawings made during the Fossatis' work on Hagia Sophia was published in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1852, entitled: Aya Sophia of Constantinople as Recently Restored by Order of H.M. The Sultan Abdulmejid.<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_Cultural_Foundation-117">[117]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gaspare Fossati's Hagia Sophia (lithographs by Louis Haghe)</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_de_Ste_Sophie,_prise_de_la_cour_du_m%C3%A9dress%C3%A9_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main (western) façade of Hagia Sophia, seen from courtyard of the madrasa of Mahmud I. Lithograph by Louis Haghe after Gaspard Fossati (1852)."><img alt="Main (western) façade of Hagia Sophia, seen from courtyard of the madrasa of Mahmud I. Lithograph by Louis Haghe after Gaspard Fossati (1852)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_de_Ste_Sophie%2C_prise_de_la_cour_du_m%C3%A9dress%C3%A9_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/200px-Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_de_Ste_Sophie%2C_prise_de_la_cour_du_m%C3%A9dress%C3%A9_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_de_Ste_Sophie%2C_prise_de_la_cour_du_m%C3%A9dress%C3%A9_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/300px-Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_de_Ste_Sophie%2C_prise_de_la_cour_du_m%C3%A9dress%C3%A9_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_de_Ste_Sophie%2C_prise_de_la_cour_du_m%C3%A9dress%C3%A9_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/400px-Fa%C3%A7ade_principale_de_Ste_Sophie%2C_prise_de_la_cour_du_m%C3%A9dress%C3%A9_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1107" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main (western) façade of Hagia Sophia, seen from courtyard of the madrasa of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a>. Lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Haghe" title="Louis Haghe">Louis Haghe</a> after Gaspard Fossati (1852).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aya_Sofia,_Constantinople_(BM_1889,0603.107).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South-eastern side, seen from the Imperial Gate of the Topkapı Palace, with the Fountain of Ahmed III on the left and the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in the distance. Lithograph by Louis Haghe after Gaspard Fossati (1852)."><img alt="South-eastern side, seen from the Imperial Gate of the Topkapı Palace, with the Fountain of Ahmed III on the left and the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in the distance. Lithograph by Louis Haghe after Gaspard Fossati (1852)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.107%29.jpg/200px-Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.107%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.107%29.jpg/300px-Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.107%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.107%29.jpg/400px-Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.107%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1821" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">South-eastern side, seen from the Imperial Gate of the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Ahmed_III" title="Fountain of Ahmed III">Fountain of Ahmed III</a> on the left and the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a> in the distance. Lithograph by Louis Haghe after Gaspard Fossati (1852).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_de_la_nouvelle_tribune_imp%C3%A9riale,_prise_entre_les_colonnes_d%27Eph%C3%A8ze,_et_ensuite_de_face_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The imperial lodge (b 1850)"><img alt="The imperial lodge (b 1850)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vue_de_la_nouvelle_tribune_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_prise_entre_les_colonnes_d%27Eph%C3%A8ze%2C_et_ensuite_de_face_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/200px-Vue_de_la_nouvelle_tribune_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_prise_entre_les_colonnes_d%27Eph%C3%A8ze%2C_et_ensuite_de_face_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vue_de_la_nouvelle_tribune_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_prise_entre_les_colonnes_d%27Eph%C3%A8ze%2C_et_ensuite_de_face_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/300px-Vue_de_la_nouvelle_tribune_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_prise_entre_les_colonnes_d%27Eph%C3%A8ze%2C_et_ensuite_de_face_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vue_de_la_nouvelle_tribune_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_prise_entre_les_colonnes_d%27Eph%C3%A8ze%2C_et_ensuite_de_face_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/400px-Vue_de_la_nouvelle_tribune_imp%C3%A9riale%2C_prise_entre_les_colonnes_d%27Eph%C3%A8ze%2C_et_ensuite_de_face_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1108" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The imperial lodge (<abbr title="built">b</abbr> 1850)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aya_Sofia,_Constantinople_(BM_1889,0603.120).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaspare Fossati's 1852 depiction of the Hagia Sophia, after his and his brother's renovation. Lithograph by Louis Haghe."><img alt="Gaspare Fossati's 1852 depiction of the Hagia Sophia, after his and his brother's renovation. Lithograph by Louis Haghe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.120%29.jpg/144px-Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.120%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.120%29.jpg/217px-Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.120%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.120%29.jpg/289px-Aya_Sofia%2C_Constantinople_%28BM_1889%2C0603.120%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fossati_brothers" title="Fossati brothers">Gaspare Fossati</a>'s 1852 depiction of the Hagia Sophia, after his and his brother's renovation. Lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Haghe" title="Louis Haghe">Louis Haghe</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27int%C3%A9rieur_et_l%27ext%C3%A9rieur_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e,_avant_sa_restauration_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave before restoration, facing east"><img alt="Nave before restoration, facing east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/L%27int%C3%A9rieur_et_l%27ext%C3%A9rieur_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e%2C_avant_sa_restauration_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/146px-L%27int%C3%A9rieur_et_l%27ext%C3%A9rieur_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e%2C_avant_sa_restauration_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/L%27int%C3%A9rieur_et_l%27ext%C3%A9rieur_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e%2C_avant_sa_restauration_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/219px-L%27int%C3%A9rieur_et_l%27ext%C3%A9rieur_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e%2C_avant_sa_restauration_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/L%27int%C3%A9rieur_et_l%27ext%C3%A9rieur_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e%2C_avant_sa_restauration_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/292px-L%27int%C3%A9rieur_et_l%27ext%C3%A9rieur_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e%2C_avant_sa_restauration_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave before restoration, facing east</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef,_en_regardant_l%27orient_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave and apse after restoration, facing east"><img alt="Nave and apse after restoration, facing east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27orient_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/144px-Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27orient_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27orient_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/215px-Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27orient_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27orient_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/287px-Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27orient_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave and apse after restoration, facing east</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaspare_Fossati_-_Louis_Haghe_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef,_en_regardant_l%27occident_(Hagia_Sophia_-_Ayasofya_Mosque_nave).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave and entrance after restoration, facing west"><img alt="Nave and entrance after restoration, facing west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gaspare_Fossati_-_Louis_Haghe_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27occident_%28Hagia_Sophia_-_Ayasofya_Mosque_nave%29.jpg/148px-Gaspare_Fossati_-_Louis_Haghe_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27occident_%28Hagia_Sophia_-_Ayasofya_Mosque_nave%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gaspare_Fossati_-_Louis_Haghe_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27occident_%28Hagia_Sophia_-_Ayasofya_Mosque_nave%29.jpg/222px-Gaspare_Fossati_-_Louis_Haghe_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27occident_%28Hagia_Sophia_-_Ayasofya_Mosque_nave%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gaspare_Fossati_-_Louis_Haghe_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27occident_%28Hagia_Sophia_-_Ayasofya_Mosque_nave%29.jpg/296px-Gaspare_Fossati_-_Louis_Haghe_-_Vue_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_grande_nef%2C_en_regardant_l%27occident_%28Hagia_Sophia_-_Ayasofya_Mosque_nave%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2106" data-file-height="2846" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave and entrance after restoration, facing west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nartex,_ou_Porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narthex, facing north"><img alt="Narthex, facing north" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nartex%2C_ou_Porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/147px-Nartex%2C_ou_Porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nartex%2C_ou_Porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/220px-Nartex%2C_ou_Porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nartex%2C_ou_Porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/293px-Nartex%2C_ou_Porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Narthex, facing north</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_principale_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exonarthex, facing north"><img alt="Exonarthex, facing north" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Entr%C3%A9e_principale_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/138px-Entr%C3%A9e_principale_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Entr%C3%A9e_principale_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/207px-Entr%C3%A9e_principale_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Entr%C3%A9e_principale_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/276px-Entr%C3%A9e_principale_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exonarthex, facing north</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_de_l%27entr%C3%A9e_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North aisle from the entrance, facing east"><img alt="North aisle from the entrance, facing east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vue_de_l%27entr%C3%A9e_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/200px-Vue_de_l%27entr%C3%A9e_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vue_de_l%27entr%C3%A9e_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/300px-Vue_de_l%27entr%C3%A9e_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vue_de_l%27entr%C3%A9e_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/400px-Vue_de_l%27entr%C3%A9e_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1087" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">North aisle from the entrance, facing east</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_prise_du_m%C3%AAme_point,_en_regardant_le_porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North aisle, facing west"><img alt="North aisle, facing west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vue_prise_du_m%C3%AAme_point%2C_en_regardant_le_porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/145px-Vue_prise_du_m%C3%AAme_point%2C_en_regardant_le_porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vue_prise_du_m%C3%AAme_point%2C_en_regardant_le_porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/217px-Vue_prise_du_m%C3%AAme_point%2C_en_regardant_le_porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vue_prise_du_m%C3%AAme_point%2C_en_regardant_le_porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/290px-Vue_prise_du_m%C3%AAme_point%2C_en_regardant_le_porche_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">North aisle, facing west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_centrale_de_la_nef_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave and south aisle from the north aisle"><img alt="Nave and south aisle from the north aisle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vue_centrale_de_la_nef_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/200px-Vue_centrale_de_la_nef_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vue_centrale_de_la_nef_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/300px-Vue_centrale_de_la_nef_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vue_centrale_de_la_nef_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/400px-Vue_centrale_de_la_nef_du_nord_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave and south aisle from the north aisle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_du_gyn%C3%A9c%C3%A9e,_ou_galerie_sup%C3%A9rieure_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern gallery and entrance to the matroneum from the north-west"><img alt="Northern gallery and entrance to the matroneum from the north-west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Entr%C3%A9e_du_gyn%C3%A9c%C3%A9e%2C_ou_galerie_sup%C3%A9rieure_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/200px-Entr%C3%A9e_du_gyn%C3%A9c%C3%A9e%2C_ou_galerie_sup%C3%A9rieure_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Entr%C3%A9e_du_gyn%C3%A9c%C3%A9e%2C_ou_galerie_sup%C3%A9rieure_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/300px-Entr%C3%A9e_du_gyn%C3%A9c%C3%A9e%2C_ou_galerie_sup%C3%A9rieure_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Entr%C3%A9e_du_gyn%C3%A9c%C3%A9e%2C_ou_galerie_sup%C3%A9rieure_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/400px-Entr%C3%A9e_du_gyn%C3%A9c%C3%A9e%2C_ou_galerie_sup%C3%A9rieure_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1121" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Northern gallery and entrance to the matroneum from the north-west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vues_dans_la_m%C3%AAme_gallerie,_prises_dans_l%27angle_sud-ouest_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern gallery from the south-west"><img alt="Southern gallery from the south-west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vues_dans_la_m%C3%AAme_gallerie%2C_prises_dans_l%27angle_sud-ouest_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/200px-Vues_dans_la_m%C3%AAme_gallerie%2C_prises_dans_l%27angle_sud-ouest_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vues_dans_la_m%C3%AAme_gallerie%2C_prises_dans_l%27angle_sud-ouest_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/300px-Vues_dans_la_m%C3%AAme_gallerie%2C_prises_dans_l%27angle_sud-ouest_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vues_dans_la_m%C3%AAme_gallerie%2C_prises_dans_l%27angle_sud-ouest_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/400px-Vues_dans_la_m%C3%AAme_gallerie%2C_prises_dans_l%27angle_sud-ouest_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1101" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southern gallery from the south-west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_du_fond_de_la_galerie,_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_oriental_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing west"><img alt="Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vue_du_fond_de_la_galerie%2C_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_oriental_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/200px-Vue_du_fond_de_la_galerie%2C_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_oriental_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vue_du_fond_de_la_galerie%2C_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_oriental_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/300px-Vue_du_fond_de_la_galerie%2C_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_oriental_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vue_du_fond_de_la_galerie%2C_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_oriental_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/400px-Vue_du_fond_de_la_galerie%2C_du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_oriental_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1104" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_de_la_galerie_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing east"><img alt="Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Centre_de_la_galerie_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/200px-Centre_de_la_galerie_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Centre_de_la_galerie_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/300px-Centre_de_la_galerie_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Centre_de_la_galerie_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg/400px-Centre_de_la_galerie_-_Fossati_Gaspard_-_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1140" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southern gallery from the Marble Door facing east</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupation_of_Istanbul_(1918–1923)">Occupation of Istanbul (1918–1923)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Occupation of Istanbul (1918–1923)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Averof_painting_1919_Bosporus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Averof_painting_1919_Bosporus.jpg/220px-Averof_painting_1919_Bosporus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Averof_painting_1919_Bosporus.jpg/330px-Averof_painting_1919_Bosporus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Averof_painting_1919_Bosporus.jpg/440px-Averof_painting_1919_Bosporus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hellenic_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hellenic Navy">RHS</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_cruiser_Georgios_Averof" title="Greek cruiser Georgios Averof">Georgios Averof</a> enters the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> in 1919, during the Allied <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">occupation of Constantinople</a>, with Hagia Sophia visible in the background (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Λυκούργος Κογεβίνας (page does not exist)">Lycourgos Kogevinas</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Λυκούργος Κογεβίνας">el</a>], <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Museum,_Athens" title="National Historical Museum, Athens">National Historical Museum, Athens</a>)</figcaption></figure> In the aftermath of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, Constantinople was <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">occupied</a> by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces. On 19 January 1919, the Greek Orthodox Christian military priest <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Noufrakis" title="Eleftherios Noufrakis">Eleftherios Noufrakis</a> performed an unauthorized <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> in the Hagia Sophia, the only such instance since the 1453 fall of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-Stivaktakis_2004-121">[121]</a> The anti-occupation <a href="/wiki/Sultanahmet_demonstrations" title="Sultanahmet demonstrations">Sultanahmet demonstrations</a> were held next to Hagia Sophia from March to May 1919. In Greece, the 500 <a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">drachma</a> banknotes issued in 1923 featured Hagia Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museum_(1935–2020)">Museum (1935–2020)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Museum (1935–2020)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia._Fortepan_76187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hagia_Sophia._Fortepan_76187.jpg/220px-Hagia_Sophia._Fortepan_76187.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hagia_Sophia._Fortepan_76187.jpg/330px-Hagia_Sophia._Fortepan_76187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hagia_Sophia._Fortepan_76187.jpg/440px-Hagia_Sophia._Fortepan_76187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2761" /></a><figcaption>Hagia Sophia in 1937</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg/220px-MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg/330px-MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg/440px-MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>MG08 on the minaret of the Ayasofya Museum in Istanbul, Turkey (1941)</figcaption></figure> In 1935, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkish President</a> and founder of the Republic of Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, transformed the building into a museum. During the Second World War, the minarets of the museum housed <a href="/wiki/MG_08" title="MG 08">MG 08</a> machine guns.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The carpet and the layer of mortar underneath were removed and marble floor decorations such as the <a href="/wiki/Omphalion" title="Omphalion">omphalion</a> appeared for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Fossati_brothers" title="Fossati brothers">Fossatis</a>' restoration,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> when the white plaster covering many of the mosaics had been removed. Due to neglect, the condition of the structure continued to deteriorate, prompting the <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a> (WMF) to include the Hagia Sophia <a href="/wiki/1996_World_Monuments_Watch" title="1996 World Monuments Watch">in their 1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/1998_World_Monuments_Watch" title="1998 World Monuments Watch">1998 Watch Lists</a>. The building's copper roof had cracked, causing water to leak down over the fragile frescoes and mosaics. Moisture entered from below as well. Rising <a href="/wiki/Ground_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground water">ground water</a> increased the level of humidity within the monument, creating an unstable environment for stone and paint. The WMF secured a series of grants from 1997 to 2002 for the restoration of the dome. The first stage of work involved the structural stabilization and repair of the cracked roof, which was undertaken with the participation of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)">Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a>. The second phase, the preservation of the dome's interior, afforded the opportunity to employ and train young Turkish <a href="/wiki/Conservator_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservator (museum)">conservators</a> in the care of mosaics. By 2006, the WMF project was complete, though many areas of Hagia Sophia continue to require significant stability improvement, restoration, and conservation.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 2014, Hagia Sophia was the second most visited museum in Turkey, attracting almost 3.3 million visitors annually.<a href="#cite_note-mus-126">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg/170px-Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg/255px-Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg/340px-Hagia_Sophia_Interior_Dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The interior undergoing restoration in 2007</figcaption></figure> While use of the complex as a place of worship (mosque or church) was strictly prohibited,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> in 1991 the Turkish government allowed the allocation of a pavilion in the museum complex (Ayasofya Müzesi Hünkar Kasrı) for use as a prayer room, and, since 2013, two of the museum's minarets had been used for voicing the call to prayer (the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">ezan</a>) regularly.<a href="#cite_note-designatedimam-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-ezanread-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_at_Ayasofya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cat_at_Ayasofya.jpg/220px-Cat_at_Ayasofya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cat_at_Ayasofya.jpg/330px-Cat_at_Ayasofya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cat_at_Ayasofya.jpg/440px-Cat_at_Ayasofya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gli" title="Gli">Gli</a>, Hagia Sophia's famous cat, in 2014</figcaption></figure> From the early 2010s, several campaigns and government high officials, notably Turkey's deputy prime minister <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ar%C4%B1n%C3%A7" title="Bülent Arınç">Bülent Arınç</a> in November 2013, demanded the Hagia Sophia be converted back into a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> publicly acknowledged the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">officially denied in Turkey</a>. In response, the mufti of Ankara, Mefail Hızlı, said he believed the Pope's remarks would accelerate the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On 1 July 2016, Muslim prayers were held again in the Hagia Sophia for the first time in 85 years.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> That November, a Turkish <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a>, the Association for the Protection of Historic Monuments and the Environment, filed a lawsuit for converting the museum into a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_politics_Hurriyet-135">[135]</a> The court decided it should stay as a 'monument museum'.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In October 2016, Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Religious Affairs">Directorate of Religious Affairs</a> (Diyanet) appointed, for the first time in 81 years, a designated <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a>, Önder Soy, to the Hagia Sophia mosque. Since then, the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">adhan</a> has been regularly called out from the Hagia Sophia's minarets five times a day.<a href="#cite_note-designatedimam-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-ezanread-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-DWislamdrive-137">[137]</a> On 13 May 2017, a large group of people, organized by the Anatolia Youth Association, gathered in front of Hagia Sophia and prayed the morning prayer with a call for the re-conversion of the museum into a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> On 21 June 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Religious Affairs">Directorate of Religious Affairs</a> (Diyanet) organized a special programme, broadcast live by state-run television <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Turkish Radio and Television Corporation">TRT</a>, which included the recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and prayers in Hagia Sophia, to mark the <a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reversion_to_mosque_(2018–present)">Reversion to mosque (2018–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reversion to mosque (2018–present)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_sophia_prayer_room_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hagia_sophia_prayer_room_exterior.jpg/220px-Hagia_sophia_prayer_room_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hagia_sophia_prayer_room_exterior.jpg/330px-Hagia_sophia_prayer_room_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hagia_sophia_prayer_room_exterior.jpg/440px-Hagia_sophia_prayer_room_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3861" data-file-height="2712" /></a><figcaption>A small Muslim prayer room (mescit) in the Hagia Sophia complex, 2020</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AyasofyaiKebir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/AyasofyaiKebir.jpg/225px-AyasofyaiKebir.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/AyasofyaiKebir.jpg/338px-AyasofyaiKebir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/AyasofyaiKebir.jpg/450px-AyasofyaiKebir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption>The plate placed on the day of its reversion to mosque in 2020</figcaption></figure> Since 2018, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish president">Turkish president</a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> had talked of reverting the status of the Hagia Sophia back to a mosque, as a populist gesture.<a href="#cite_note-nytime_revert_mosque-140">[140]</a> On 31 March 2018 Erdoğan recited the first verse of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> in the Hagia Sophia, dedicating the prayer to the "souls of all who left us this work as inheritance, especially Istanbul's <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">conqueror</a>," strengthening the political movement to make the Hagia Sophia a mosque once again.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In March 2019 Erdoğan said that he would change the status of Hagia Sophia from a museum to a mosque,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> adding that it had been a "very big mistake" to turn it into a museum.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> As a UNESCO World Heritage site, this change would require approval from UNESCO's <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">World Heritage Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In late 2019 Erdoğan's office took over the administration and upkeep of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Topkapı Palace Museum">Topkapı Palace Museum</a>, transferring responsibility for the site from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a> by presidential decree.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In 2020, Turkey's government celebrated the 567th anniversary of the Conquest of Constantinople with an Islamic prayer in Hagia Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In May, during the anniversary events, passages from the Quran were read in the Hagia Sophia. Greece condemned this action, while Turkey in response accused Greece of making "futile and ineffective statements".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In June, the head of Turkey's Directorate of Religious Affairs said that "we would be very happy to open Hagia Sophia for worship" and that if it happened "we will provide our religious services as we do in all our mosques".<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_politics_Hurriyet-135">[135]</a> On 25 June, <a href="/wiki/John_Haldon" title="John Haldon">John Haldon</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Byzantine_Studies" title="International Association of Byzantine Studies">International Association of Byzantine Studies</a>, wrote an open letter to Erdoğan asking that he "consider the value of keeping the Aya Sofya as a museum".<a href="#cite_note-Mariev-2020-150">[150]</a> On 10 July 2020, the decision of the Council of Ministers from 1935 to transform the Hagia Sophia into a museum was annulled by the Council of State, decreeing that Hagia Sophia cannot be used "for any other purpose" than being a mosque and that the Hagia Sophia was property of the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Han Foundation. The council reasoned Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II, who conquered Istanbul, deemed the property to be used by the public as a mosque without any fees and was not within the jurisdiction of the Parliament or a ministry council.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Despite secular and global criticism, Erdoğan signed a decree annulling the Hagia Sophia's museum status, reverting it to a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-auto-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020-154">[154]</a> The call to prayer was broadcast from the minarets shortly after the announcement of the change and rebroadcast by major Turkish news networks.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020-154">[154]</a> TA presidential spokesperson said it would become a working mosque, open to anyone similar to the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian</a> churches <a href="/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Sacré-Cœur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame</a>. The spokesperson also said that the change would not affect the status of the Hagia Sophia as a UNESCO World Heritage site, and that "Christian <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>" within it would continue to be protected.<a href="#cite_note-nytime_revert_mosque-140">[140]</a> A presidential spokesperson claimed that all political parties in Turkey supported Erdoğan's decision,<a href="#cite_note-Hagia_Sophia_icons-155">[155]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> had previously released a statement denouncing the decision, saying "decisions on human heritage cannot be made on the basis of political games played by the government".<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Istanbul">mayor of Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekrem_%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu" title="Ekrem İmamoğlu">Ekrem İmamoğlu</a>, said that he supports the conversion "as long as it benefits Turkey", adding that he felt that Hagia Sophia has been a mosque since 1453.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Babacan" title="Ali Babacan">Ali Babacan</a> attacked the policy of his former ally Erdoğan, saying the Hagia Sophia issue "has come to the agenda now only to cover up other problems".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020b-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a>, Turkish <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel laureate</a>, publicly denounced the move, saying "Kemal Atatürk changed... Hagia Sophia from a mosque to a museum, honouring all previous Greek Orthodox and Latin Catholic history, making it as a sign of Turkish modern secularism".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020c-159">[159]</a> On 17 July, Erdoğan announced that the first prayers in the Hagia Sophia would be open to between 1,000 and 1,500 worshippers, stating that Turkey had <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign power</a> over Hagia Sophia and was not obligated to bend to international opinion.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> While the Hagia Sophia has now been rehallowed as a mosque, the place remains open for visitors outside of prayer times. Entrance was initially free,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> but starting from 15 January 2024, foreign nationals have to pay an entrance fee.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> On 22 July, a turquoise-coloured carpet was laid to prepare the mosque for worshippers.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020b-158">[158]</a> The mosque opened for <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Friday prayers</a> on 24 July, the 97th anniversary of the signature of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, which established the borders of the modern Turkish Republic.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020b-158">[158]</a> The mosaics of the Virgin and Child in the apse were covered by white drapes.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020c-159">[159]</a> Erbaş proclaimed during his <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a>, "Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror dedicated this magnificent construction to believers to remain a mosque until the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a>".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020c-159">[159]</a> Erdoğan and some government ministers attended the midday prayers as many worshippers prayed outside; at one point the security cordon was breached and dozens of people broke through police lines.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020c-159">[159]</a> Turkey invited foreign leaders and officials, including <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, for the prayers.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> It is the fourth Byzantine church converted from museum to a mosque during Erdoğan's rule.<a href="#cite_note-Gall-164">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AgiaSofia0323.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/AgiaSofia0323.jpeg/220px-AgiaSofia0323.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/AgiaSofia0323.jpeg/330px-AgiaSofia0323.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/AgiaSofia0323.jpeg/440px-AgiaSofia0323.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Hagia Sophia in 2023</figcaption></figure> Days before the final decision on the conversion was made, Ecumenical Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew I of Constantinople</a> stated in a sermon that "the conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque would disappoint millions of Christians around the world".<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The proposed conversion was decried by other Orthodox Christian leaders, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Patriarch Kirill of Moscow</a> stating that "a threat to Hagia Sophia [wa]s a threat to all of Christian civilization".<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Following the Turkish government's decision, UNESCO announced it "deeply regret[ted]" the conversion "made without prior discussion", and asked Turkey to "open a dialogue without delay", stating that the lack of negotiation was "regrettable".<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2020-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020-154">[154]</a> UNESCO further announced that the "state of conservation" of Hagia Sophia would be "examined" at the next session of the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">World Heritage Committee</a>, urging Turkey "to initiate dialogue without delay, in order to prevent any detrimental effect on the universal value of this exceptional heritage".<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2020-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Ottone" title="Ernesto Ottone">Ernesto Ottone</a>, UNESCO's Assistant Director-General for Culture said "It is important to avoid any implementing measure, without prior discussion with UNESCO, that would affect physical access to the site, the structure of the buildings, the site's moveable property, or the site's management".<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2020-169">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> condemned the decision to convert the building into a mosque, saying that would "inevitably create uncertainties, suspicions and mistrust".<a href="#cite_note-WCCletter-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP_News-2020-172">[172]</a> At the recitation of the Sunday <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a> prayer at <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Square">St Peter's Square</a> on 12 July <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> said, "My thoughts go to Istanbul. I think of Santa Sophia and I am very pained" (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Penso a Santa Sofia, a Istanbul, e sono molto addolorato).<a href="#cite_note-174">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC2020-176">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caliph_Abd%C3%BClmecid_on_his_rout_to_be_enthroned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Caliph_Abd%C3%BClmecid_on_his_rout_to_be_enthroned.jpg/220px-Caliph_Abd%C3%BClmecid_on_his_rout_to_be_enthroned.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Caliph_Abd%C3%BClmecid_on_his_rout_to_be_enthroned.jpg/330px-Caliph_Abd%C3%BClmecid_on_his_rout_to_be_enthroned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Caliph_Abd%C3%BClmecid_on_his_rout_to_be_enthroned.jpg/440px-Caliph_Abd%C3%BClmecid_on_his_rout_to_be_enthroned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid II">Abdulmejid II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1922–24), the last <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman caliph">Ottoman caliph</a>, passing Hagia Sophia on the way to his coronation.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative for Foreign Affairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-President of the European Commission</a>, released a statement calling the decisions by the Council of State and Erdoğan "regrettable" and pointing out that "as a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Civilizations">Alliance of Civilisations</a>, Turkey has committed to the promotion of inter-religious and inter-cultural dialogue and to fostering of tolerance and co-existence."<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> According to Borrell, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Member_States" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Member States">European Union member states</a>' twenty-seven foreign ministers "condemned the Turkish decision to convert such an emblematic monument as the Hagia Sophia" at meeting on 13 July, saying it "will inevitably fuel the mistrust, promote renewed division between religious communities and undermine our efforts at dialog and cooperation" and that "there was a broad support to call on the Turkish authorities to urgently reconsider and reverse this decision".<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> denounced the conversion and considered it a breach of the UNESCO World Heritage titling.<a href="#cite_note-nytime_revert_mosque-140">[140]</a> Greek culture minister Lina Mendoni called it an "open provocation to the civilised world" which "absolutely confirms that there is no independent justice" in Erdoğan's Turkey, and that his <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a> "takes his country back six centuries".<a href="#cite_note-AJ2020-180">[179]</a> Greece and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> called for EU sanctions on Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Ortagus" title="Morgan Ortagus">Morgan Ortagus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spokesperson_for_the_United_States_Department_of_State" title="Spokesperson for the United States Department of State">spokesperson for the United States Department of State</a>, noted: "We are disappointed by the decision by the government of Turkey to change the status of the Hagia Sophia."<a href="#cite_note-AJ2020-180">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian" title="Jean-Yves Le Drian">Jean-Yves Le Drian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister of France">foreign minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, said his country "deplores" the move, saying "these decisions cast doubt on one of the most symbolic acts of modern and secular Turkey".<a href="#cite_note-AP_News-2020-172">[172]</a> Vladimir Dzhabarov, deputy head of the foreign affairs committee of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Federation Council</a>, said that it "will not do anything for the Muslim world. It does not bring nations together, but on the contrary brings them into collision" and calling the move a "mistake".<a href="#cite_note-AJ2020-180">[179]</a> The former <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Italy">deputy prime minister of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Matteo Salvini</a>, held a demonstration in protest outside the Turkish consulate in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, calling for all plans for <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">accession of Turkey to the European Union</a> to be terminated "once and for all".<a href="#cite_note-Kucukgocmen-2020-182">[181]</a> In <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, a protest was held outside the Turkish consulate on 13 July, with the burning of a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish flag">Turkish flag</a> and the display of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek flag">Greek flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">flag of the Greek Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ersin_Tatar" title="Ersin Tatar">Ersin Tatar</a>, prime minister of the Turkish Republic of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">recognized only by Turkey</a>, welcomed the decision, calling it "sound" and "pleasing".<a href="#cite_note-Aytekin-2020-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJ2020-180">[179]</a> Through a spokesman the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Ministry_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Ministry of Iran">Foreign Ministry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> welcomed the change, saying the decision was an "issue that should be considered as part of Turkey's national sovereignty" and "Turkey's internal affair".<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Vershinin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Vershinin (page does not exist)">Sergei Vershinin</a>, deputy foreign minister of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, said that the matter was of one of "internal affairs, in which, of course, neither we nor others should interfere."<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union</a> was supportive.<a href="#cite_note-Yusuf-2020-188">[187]</a> Ekrema Sabri, imam of the <a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">al-Aqsa Mosque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Hamad_al-Khalili" title="Ahmed bin Hamad al-Khalili">Ahmed bin Hamad al-Khalili</a>, grand mufti of <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, both congratulated Turkey on the move.<a href="#cite_note-Yusuf-2020-188">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> was also in favour of the news.<a href="#cite_note-Yusuf-2020-188">[187]</a> A spokesman for the Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> movement <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> called the verdict "a proud moment for all Muslims".<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Pakistani politician <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Pervaiz_Elahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi">Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Q)">Pakistan Muslim League (Q)</a> welcomed the ruling, claiming it was "not only in accordance with the wishes of the people of Turkey but the entire Muslim world".<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Judicial_Council" title="Muslim Judicial Council">Muslim Judicial Council</a> group in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> praised the move, calling it "a historic turning point".<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, there were prayers and celebrations topped by the sacrifice of a <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">camel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Shawki_Allam" title="Shawki Allam">Shawki Allam</a>, grand mufti of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, ruled that conversion of the Hagia Sophia to a mosque is "impermissible".<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> When President Erdoğan announced that the first Muslim prayers would be held inside the building on 24 July, he added that "like all our mosques, the doors of Hagia Sophia will be wide open to locals and foreigners, Muslims and non-Muslims." Presidential spokesman <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Kal%C4%B1n" title="İbrahim Kalın">İbrahim Kalın</a> said that the icons and mosaics of the building would be preserved, and that "in regards to the arguments of secularism, religious tolerance and coexistence, there are more than four hundred churches and synagogues open in Turkey today."<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> The Turkish foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu" title="Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu">Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu</a>, told <a href="/wiki/TRT_Haber" title="TRT Haber">TRT Haber</a> on 13 July that the government was surprised at the reaction of UNESCO, saying that "We have to protect our ancestors' heritage. The function can be this way or that way – it does not matter".<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> On 14 July the prime minister of Greece, <a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Kyriakos Mitsotakis">Kyriakos Mitsotakis</a>, said his government was "considering its response at all levels" to what he called Turkey's "unnecessary, petty initiative", and that "with this backward action, Turkey is opting to sever links with <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western world</a> and its values".<a href="#cite_note-Kambas-2020-196">[195]</a> In relation to both Hagia Sophia and the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_maritime_zones_dispute" title="Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute">Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute</a>, Mitsotakis called for European sanctions against Turkey, referring to it as "a regional troublemaker, and which is evolving into a threat to the stability of the whole south-east Mediterranean region".<a href="#cite_note-Kambas-2020-196">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dora_Bakoyannis" title="Dora Bakoyannis">Dora Bakoyannis</a>, Greek former foreign minister, said Turkey's actions had "crossed the Rubicon", distancing itself from the West.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Armenia's Foreign Ministry expressed "deep concern" about the move, adding that it brought to a close Hagia Sophia's symbolism of "cooperation and unity of humankind instead of clash of civilizations."<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Catholicos <a href="/wiki/Karekin_II" title="Karekin II">Karekin II</a>, the head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, said the move "violat[ed] the rights of national religious minorities in Turkey."<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahak_II_Mashalian" title="Sahak II Mashalian">Sahak II Mashalian</a>, the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, perceived as loyal to the Turkish government, endorsed the decision to convert the museum into a mosque. He said, "I believe that believers' praying suits better the spirit of the temple instead of curious tourists running around to take pictures."<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> In July 2021, UNESCO asked for an updated report on the state of conservation and expressed "grave concern". There were also some concerns about the future of its World Heritage status.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Turkey responded that the changes had "no negative impact" on UNESCO standards and the criticism is "biased and political".<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia-Sophia-Grundriss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hagia-Sophia-Grundriss.jpg/260px-Hagia-Sophia-Grundriss.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hagia-Sophia-Grundriss.jpg/390px-Hagia-Sophia-Grundriss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hagia-Sophia-Grundriss.jpg/520px-Hagia-Sophia-Grundriss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4173" data-file-height="2467" /></a><figcaption>a) Plan of the gallery (upper half) b) Plan of the ground floor (lower half)</figcaption></figure> Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BAT-3">[3]</a> Its interior is decorated with <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> pillars, and coverings of great artistic value. Justinian had overseen the completion of the greatest cathedral ever built up to that time, and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years until the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">cathedral in Seville</a> in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> The Hagia Sophia uses masonry construction. The structure has brick and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> joints that are 1.5 times the width of the bricks. The mortar joints are composed of a combination of sand and minute ceramic pieces distributed evenly throughout the mortar joints. This combination of sand and <a href="/wiki/Potsherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherds">potsherds</a> was often used in <a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Roman concrete</a>, a predecessor to modern <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>. A considerable amount of iron was used as well, in the form of cramps and ties.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Justinian's basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">late antiquity</a> and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> alike.<a href="#cite_note-Sqour-2016-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Segment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hagia_Sophia_Segment.svg/220px-Hagia_Sophia_Segment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hagia_Sophia_Segment.svg/330px-Hagia_Sophia_Segment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hagia_Sophia_Segment.svg/440px-Hagia_Sophia_Segment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway isometric projection</figcaption></figure> The vast interior has a complex structure. The <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> is covered by a central dome which at its maximum is 55.6 m (182 ft 5 in) from floor level and rests on an arcade of 40 arched windows. Repairs to its structure have left the dome somewhat elliptical, with the diameter varying between 31.24 and 30.86 m (102 ft 6 in and 101 ft 3 in).<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> At the western entrance and eastern liturgical side, there are arched openings extended by half domes of identical diameter to the central dome, carried on smaller <a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">semi-domed</a> <a href="/wiki/Exedrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Exedrae">exedrae</a>, a hierarchy of dome-headed elements built up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the central dome, with a clear span of 76.2 m (250 ft).<a href="#cite_note-BAT-3">[3]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg/220px-Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg/330px-Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg/440px-Hagia_sophia_mathematische_Konstruktion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="3211" /></a><figcaption>The geometric conception is based on mathematical formulas of Heron of Alexandria. It avoids use of irrational numbers for the construction</figcaption></figure>The theories of <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic mathematics">Hellenistic mathematician</a> of the 1st century AD, may have been utilized to address the challenges presented by building such an expansive dome over so large a space.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Svenshon and Stiffel proposed that the architects used Hero's proposed values for constructing vaults. The square measurements were calculated using the side-and-diagonal number progression, which results in squares defined by the numbers 12 and 17, wherein 12 defines the side of the square and 17 its diagonal, which have been used as standard values as early as in cuneiform Babylonian texts.<a href="#cite_note-Svenshon-209">[208]</a> Each of the four sides of the great square Hagia Sophia is approximately 31 m long,<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> and it was previously thought that this was the equivalent of 100 <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine foot">Byzantine feet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Svenshon-209">[208]</a> Svenshon suggested that the size of the side of the central square of Hagia Sophia is not 100 Byzantine feet but instead 99 feet. This measurement is not only rational, but it is also embedded in the system of the side-and-diagonal number progression (70/99) and therefore a usable value by the applied mathematics of antiquity. It gives a diagonal of 140 which is manageable for constructing a huge dome.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floor">Floor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Floor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_-_Omphalion_-_Ayasofya_-_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_-_47856233651.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hagia_Sophia_-_Omphalion_-_Ayasofya_-_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_-_47856233651.jpg/220px-Hagia_Sophia_-_Omphalion_-_Ayasofya_-_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_-_47856233651.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hagia_Sophia_-_Omphalion_-_Ayasofya_-_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_-_47856233651.jpg/330px-Hagia_Sophia_-_Omphalion_-_Ayasofya_-_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_-_47856233651.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hagia_Sophia_-_Omphalion_-_Ayasofya_-_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_-_47856233651.jpg/440px-Hagia_Sophia_-_Omphalion_-_Ayasofya_-_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_-_47856233651.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Omphalion" title="Omphalion">Omphalion</a>, a marble section of the floor in Hagia Sophia, is the place where Byzantine emperors have been crowned. The stone floor of the Hagia Sophia dates from the 6th century.</figcaption></figure> The stone floor of Hagia Sophia dates from the 6th century. After the first collapse of the vault, the broken dome was left in situ on the original Justinianic floor and a new floor was laid above the rubble when the dome was rebuilt in 558.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019b-212">[211]</a> From the installation of this second Justinianic floor, the floor became part of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>, with significant locations and spaces demarcated in various ways using different-coloured stones and marbles.<a href="#cite_note-Dark-2019b-212">[211]</a> The floor is predominantly made up of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proconnesian_marble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proconnesian marble (page does not exist)">Proconnesian marble</a>, quarried on <a href="/wiki/Proconnesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Proconnesus">Proconnesus</a> (Marmara Island) in the <a href="/wiki/Propontis" class="mw-redirect" title="Propontis">Propontis</a> (Sea of Marmara). This was the main white marble used in the monuments of Constantinople. Other parts of the floor, like the Thessalian <a href="/wiki/Verd_antique" title="Verd antique">verd antique</a> "marble", were quarried in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly" title="Ancient Thessaly">Thessaly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman Greece</a>. The Thessalian verd antique bands across the nave floor were often likened to rivers.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> The floor was praised by numerous authors and repeatedly compared to a sea.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-2007-107">[107]</a> The Justinianic poet <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Silentiary" title="Paul the Silentiary">Paul the Silentiary</a> likened the ambo and the solea connecting it to the sanctuary with an island in a sea, with the sanctuary itself a harbour.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-2007-107">[107]</a> The 9th-century Narratio writes of it as "like the sea or the flowing waters of a river".<a href="#cite_note-Barry-2007-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Deacon" title="Michael the Deacon">Michael the Deacon</a> in the 12th century also described the floor as a sea in which the ambo and other liturgical furniture stood as islands.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-2007-107">[107]</a> During the 15th-century conquest of Constantinople, the Ottoman caliph Mehmed is said to have ascended to the dome and the galleries in order to admire the floor, which according to <a href="/wiki/Tursun_Beg" title="Tursun Beg">Tursun Beg</a> resembled "a sea in a storm" or a "petrified sea".<a href="#cite_note-Barry-2007-107">[107]</a> Other Ottoman-era authors also praised the floor; <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2c%C3%AEz%C3%A2de_Cafer_%C3%87elebi" title="Tâcîzâde Cafer Çelebi">Tâcîzâde Cafer Çelebi</a> compared it to waves of marble.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-2007-107">[107]</a> The floor was hidden beneath a carpet on 22 July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2020b-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narthex_and_portals">Narthex and portals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Narthex and portals">edit</a>]</div> The Imperial Gate, or Imperial Door, was the main entrance between the exo- and esonarthex, and it was originally exclusively used by the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Opstall-2018-215">[214]</a> A long ramp from the northern part of the outer narthex leads up to the upper gallery.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia055.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia055.jpg/220px-Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia055.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia055.jpg/330px-Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia055.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia055.jpg/440px-Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia055.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>West side of the upper gallery</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_gallery">Upper gallery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Upper gallery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Hagia_Sophia_-_slope_to_first_floor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_-_Hagia_Sophia_-_slope_to_first_floor.jpg/170px-Istanbul_-_Hagia_Sophia_-_slope_to_first_floor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_-_Hagia_Sophia_-_slope_to_first_floor.jpg/255px-Istanbul_-_Hagia_Sophia_-_slope_to_first_floor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_-_Hagia_Sophia_-_slope_to_first_floor.jpg/340px-Istanbul_-_Hagia_Sophia_-_slope_to_first_floor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Slope leading to the upper gallery in the Hagia Sophia.</figcaption></figure> The upper gallery, or <a href="/wiki/Matroneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Matroneum">matroneum</a>, is horseshoe-shaped; it encloses the nave on three sides and is interrupted by the apse. Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery, an area traditionally reserved for the Empress and her court. The best-preserved mosaics are located in the southern part of the gallery. The northern first floor gallery contains <a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions_in_Hagia_Sophia" title="Runic inscriptions in Hagia Sophia">runic graffiti</a> believed to have been left by members of the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Structural damage caused by natural disasters is visible on the Hagia Sophia's exterior surface. To ensure that the Hagia Sophia did not sustain any damage on the interior of the building, studies have been conducted using ground penetrating radar within the gallery of the Hagia Sophia. With the use of <a href="/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar" title="Ground-penetrating radar">ground-penetrating radar</a> (GPR), teams discovered weak zones within the Hagia Sophia's gallery and also concluded that the curvature of the vault dome has been shifted out of proportion, compared to its original angular orientation.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dome">Dome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dome">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a> of Hagia Sophia has spurred particular interest for many art historians, architects, and engineers because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned it. The dome is carried on four spherical triangular <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentives</a>, making the Hagia Sophia one of the first large-scale uses of this element. The pendentives are the corners of the square base of the dome, and they curve upwards into the dome to support it, thus restraining the lateral forces of the dome and allowing its weight to flow downwards.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> The main dome of the Hagia Sophia was the largest pendentive dome in the world until the completion of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a>, and it has a much lower height than any other dome of such a large diameter. The great dome at the Hagia Sophia is 32.6 metres (107 ft) in diameter and is only 0.61 metres (2 ft 0 in) thick. The main building materials for the original Hagia Sophia were brick and mortar. Brick aggregate was used to make roofs easier to construct. Due to the material's plasticity, it was chosen over cut stone due to the fact that aggregate can be used over a longer distance.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> According to Rowland Mainstone, "it is unlikely that the vaulting-shell is anywhere more than one normal brick in thickness".<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> The weight of the dome remained a problem for most of the building's existence. The original cupola collapsed entirely after the earthquake of 558; in 563 a new dome was built by <a href="/wiki/Isidore_the_Younger" title="Isidore the Younger">Isidore the Younger</a>. Unlike the original, this included 40 ribs and was raised 6.1 meters (20 feet), in order to lower the lateral forces on the church walls. A larger section of the second dome collapsed as well, over two episodes, so that as of 2021, only two sections of the present dome, the north and south sides, are from the 562 reconstructions. Of the whole dome's 40 ribs, the surviving north section contains eight ribs, while the south section includes six ribs.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Although this design stabilizes the dome and the surrounding walls and arches, the actual construction of the walls of Hagia Sophia weakened the overall structure. The <a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">bricklayers</a> used more <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> than brick, which is more effective if the mortar was allowed to settle, as the building would have been more flexible; however, the builders did not allow the mortar to cure before they began the next layer. When the dome was erected, its weight caused the walls to lean outward because of the wet mortar underneath. When Isidore the Younger rebuilt the fallen cupola, he had first to build up the interior of the walls to make them vertical again. Additionally, the architect raised the height of the rebuilt dome by approximately 6 m (20 ft) so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and its weight would be transmitted more effectively down into the walls. Moreover, he shaped the new cupola like a <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scalloped</a> shell or the inside of an umbrella, with <a href="/wiki/Ogival_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogival arch">ribs</a> that extend from the top down to the base. These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and ultimately to the foundation.<a href="#cite_note-Mainstone-1988-224">[223]</a> Hagia Sophia is famous for the light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave, giving the dome the appearance of hovering. This effect was achieved by inserting forty windows around the base of the original structure, which also reduced its weight.<a href="#cite_note-Mainstone-1988-224">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buttresses">Buttresses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Buttresses">edit</a>]</div> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a> have been added throughout the centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a> to the west of the building, although thought to have been constructed by the Crusaders upon their visit to Constantinople, were actually built during the Byzantine era. This shows that the Romans had prior knowledge of flying buttresses, which can also be seen at in Greece, at the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Rotunda of Galerius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, at the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, and in Italy at the octagonal basilica of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mainstone-1988-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Other buttresses were constructed during the Ottoman times under the guidance of the architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Sinan</a>. A total of 24 buttresses were added.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minarets">Minarets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Minarets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aya_Sophia_(7144824757).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg/220px-Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg/330px-Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg/440px-Aya_Sophia_%287144824757%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>Minarets of Hagia Sophia</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a> were an Ottoman addition and not part of the original church's Byzantine design. Mehmed had built a wooden minaret over one of the half domes soon after Hagia Sophia's conversion from a cathedral to a mosque. This minaret does not exist today. One of the minarets (at southeast) was built from red brick and can be dated back from the reign of Mehmed or his successor <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Beyazıd II</a>. The other three were built from white limestone and sandstone, of which the slender northeast column was erected by Bayezid II and the two identical, larger minarets to the west were erected by <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a> and designed by the famous Ottoman architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>. Both are 60 m (200 ft) in height, and their thick and massive patterns complete Hagia Sophia's main structure. Many ornaments and details were added to these minarets on repairs during the 15th, 16th, and 19th centuries, which reflect each period's characteristics and ideals.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_elements_and_decorations">Notable elements and decorations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable elements and decorations">edit</a>]</div> Originally, under Justinian's reign, the interior decorations consisted of abstract designs on marble slabs on the walls and floors as well as mosaics on the curving vaults. Of these mosaics, the two <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangels</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> are still visible in the <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrels</a> (corners) of the <a href="/wiki/Bema" title="Bema">bema</a>. There were already a few figurative decorations, as attested by the late 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Ekphrasis" title="Ekphrasis">ekphrasis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Silentiary" title="Paul the Silentiary">Paul the Silentiary</a>, the Description of Hagia Sophia. The spandrels of the gallery are faced in inlaid thin slabs (<a href="/wiki/Opus_sectile" title="Opus sectile">opus sectile</a>), showing patterns and figures of flowers and birds in precisely cut pieces of white marble set against a background of black marble. In later stages, figurative mosaics were added, which were destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">iconoclastic controversy</a> (726–843). Present mosaics are from the post-iconoclastic period. Apart from the mosaics, many figurative decorations were added during the second half of the 9th century: an image of Christ in the central dome; Eastern Orthodox saints, prophets and <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympana</a> below; historical figures connected with this church, such as <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Ignatius_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople">Patriarch Ignatius</a>; and some scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> in the galleries. <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> let artists paint a giant six-winged <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">seraph</a> on each of the four pendentives.<a href="#cite_note-ma287-78">[78]</a> The Ottomans covered their faces with golden stars,<a href="#cite_note-ma287-78">[78]</a> but in 2009, one of them was restored to its original state.<a href="#cite_note-ro157-229">[228]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Loge of the Empress. The columns are made of green Thessalian stone"><img alt="The Loge of the Empress. The columns are made of green Thessalian stone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_002.jpg/360px-Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_002.jpg/540px-Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_002.jpg/720px-Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Loge of the Empress. The columns are made of green Thessalian stone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Verd antique columns and disc in the empress's loggia"><img alt="Verd antique columns and disc in the empress's loggia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_006.jpg/202px-Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_006.jpg/304px-Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_006.jpg/405px-Empress_loge_Hagia_Sophia_2007_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Verd antique columns and disc in the empress's loggia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_jar_Hagia_Sophia_2007_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lustration urn brought from Pergamon by Murad III. Carved from a single block of marble in the 2nd century BC."><img alt="Lustration urn brought from Pergamon by Murad III. Carved from a single block of marble in the 2nd century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marble_jar_Hagia_Sophia_2007_001.jpg/202px-Marble_jar_Hagia_Sophia_2007_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marble_jar_Hagia_Sophia_2007_001.jpg/304px-Marble_jar_Hagia_Sophia_2007_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marble_jar_Hagia_Sophia_2007_001.jpg/405px-Marble_jar_Hagia_Sophia_2007_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lustration urn brought from <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a>. Carved from a single block of marble in the 2nd century BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_door_Hagia_Sophia_2007_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble Door"><img alt="Marble Door" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Marble_door_Hagia_Sophia_2007_003.jpg/360px-Marble_door_Hagia_Sophia_2007_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Marble_door_Hagia_Sophia_2007_003.jpg/540px-Marble_door_Hagia_Sophia_2007_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Marble_door_Hagia_Sophia_2007_003.jpg/720px-Marble_door_Hagia_Sophia_2007_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble Door</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia052.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The wishing column"><img alt="The wishing column" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia052.jpg/202px-Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia052.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia052.jpg/304px-Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia052.jpg/405px-Istanbul.Hagia_Sophia052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The wishing column</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loggia_of_the_Empress">Loggia of the Empress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Loggia of the Empress">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggia</a> of the empress is located in the centre of the gallery of the Hagia Sophia, above the Imperial Gate and directly opposite the apse. From this <a href="/wiki/Matroneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Matroneum">matroneum</a> (women's gallery), the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Empress">empress</a> and the court-ladies would watch the proceedings down below. A green stone disc of <a href="/wiki/Verd_antique" title="Verd antique">verd antique</a> marks the spot where the <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a> of the empress stood.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lustration_urns">Lustration urns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lustration urns">edit</a>]</div> Two huge marble <a href="/wiki/Lustratio" title="Lustratio">lustration</a> (ritual purification) <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urns</a> were brought from <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> during the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a>. They are from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> and carved from single blocks of marble.<a href="#cite_note-mw91-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marble_Door">Marble Door</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Marble Door">edit</a>]</div> The Marble Door inside the Hagia Sophia is located in the southern upper enclosure or gallery. It was used by the participants in <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a>, who entered and left the meeting chamber through this door. It is said[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] that each side is symbolic and that one side represents heaven while the other represents hell. Its panels are covered in fruits and fish motifs. The door opens into a space that was used as a venue for solemn meetings and important resolutions of patriarchate officials.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nice_Door">Nice Door</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nice Door">edit</a>]</div> The Nice Door is the oldest architectural element found in the Hagia Sophia dating back to the 2nd century BC. The decorations are of reliefs of geometric shapes as well as plants that are believed to have come from a pagan temple in <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot Theme</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin Province</a> in south-eastern Turkey. It was incorporated into the building by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Theophilos" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Theophilos">Emperor Theophilos</a> in 838 where it is placed in the south exit in the inner narthex.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_Gate">Imperial Gate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Imperial Gate">edit</a>]</div> The Imperial Gate is the door that was used solely by the Emperor and his personal bodyguard and retinue.<a href="#cite_note-Opstall-2018-215">[214]</a> At 7 metres (23 ft) it is the largest door in the Hagia Sophia and has been dated to the 6th century. Byzantine sources say it was made with wood from <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> In April 2022, the door was vandalised by unknown assailant(s).<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wishing_column">Wishing column</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Wishing column">edit</a>]</div> At the northwest of the building, there is a column with a hole in the middle covered by bronze plates. This column goes by different names; the "perspiring" or "sweating column", the "crying column", or the "wishing column". Legend states that it has been moist since the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory Thaumaturgus</a> near the column in 1200. It is believed that touching the moisture cures many illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_inscription">Viking inscription</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Viking inscription">edit</a>]</div> In the southern section of Hagia Sophia, a 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> inscription has been discovered, which reads, "Halvdan was here." It is theorized that the inscription was created by a Viking soldier serving as a mercenary in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mosaics">Mosaics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mosaics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_decorations_in_Hagia_Sofia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ceiling_decorations_in_Hagia_Sofia.jpg/170px-Ceiling_decorations_in_Hagia_Sofia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ceiling_decorations_in_Hagia_Sofia.jpg/255px-Ceiling_decorations_in_Hagia_Sofia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ceiling_decorations_in_Hagia_Sofia.jpg/340px-Ceiling_decorations_in_Hagia_Sofia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Ceiling decoration showing original Christian cross still visible through the later aniconic decoration</figcaption></figure> The first mosaics which adorned the church were completed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Many of the non-figurative mosaics in the church come from this period. Most of the mosaics, however, were created in the 10th and 12th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] following the periods of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Sack of Constantinople</a> in 1204, the Latin Crusaders vandalized valuable items in every important Byzantine structure of the city, including the golden mosaics of the Hagia Sophia. Many of these items were shipped to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Doge</a> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Dandolo" title="Enrico Dandolo">Enrico Dandolo</a> had organized the invasion and sack of Constantinople after an agreement with Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios Angelos</a>, the son of a deposed <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelus" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac II Angelus">Byzantine emperor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_restoration">19th-century restoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 19th-century restoration">edit</a>]</div> Following the building's conversion into a mosque in 1453, many of its mosaics were covered with plaster, due to <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Islam's ban on representational imagery</a>. This process was not completed at once, and reports exist from the 17th century in which travellers note that they could still see Christian images in the former church. In 1847–1849, the building was restored by <a href="/wiki/Fossati_brothers" title="Fossati brothers">Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati</a>, and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a> allowed them to also document any mosaics they might discover during this process, which were later archived in Swiss libraries.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] This work did not include repairing the mosaics, and after recording the details about an image, the Fossatis painted it over again. The Fossatis restored the mosaics of the two hexapteryga (six-winged angels; it is uncertain whether they are <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">seraphim</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherubim</a>) located on the two east pendentives, and covered their faces again before the end of the restoration.<a href="#cite_note-ho207-242">[241]</a> The other two mosaics, placed on the west pendentives, are copies in paint created by the Fossatis since they could find no surviving remains of them.<a href="#cite_note-ho207-242">[241]</a> As in this case, the architects reproduced in paint damaged decorative mosaic patterns, sometimes redesigning them in the process. The Fossati records are the primary sources about a number of mosaic images now believed to have been completely or partially destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/1894_Istanbul_earthquake" title="1894 Istanbul earthquake">1894 Istanbul earthquake</a>. These include a mosaic over a now-unidentified Door of the Poor, a large image of a jewel-encrusted cross, and many images of angels, saints, patriarchs, and church fathers. Most of the missing images were located in the building's two tympana. One mosaic they documented is <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> in a circle, which would indicate it to be a ceiling mosaic, possibly even of the main dome, which was later covered and painted over with Islamic calligraphy that expounds God as the light of the universe. The Fossatis' drawings of the Hagia Sophia mosaics are today kept in the Archive of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">Canton of Ticino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial gate mosaic"><img alt="Imperial gate mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hagia_Sophia_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_2.jpg/319px-Hagia_Sophia_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hagia_Sophia_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_2.jpg/479px-Hagia_Sophia_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hagia_Sophia_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_2.jpg/638px-Hagia_Sophia_Imperial_Gate_mosaic_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2208" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Imperial gate mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Southwestern_entrance_mosaics_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southwestern entrance mosaic with Justinian the Great (left) and Constantine the Great (right) with the Virgin Mary in the center"><img alt="Southwestern entrance mosaic with Justinian the Great (left) and Constantine the Great (right) with the Virgin Mary in the center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hagia_Sophia_Southwestern_entrance_mosaics_2.jpg/316px-Hagia_Sophia_Southwestern_entrance_mosaics_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hagia_Sophia_Southwestern_entrance_mosaics_2.jpg/473px-Hagia_Sophia_Southwestern_entrance_mosaics_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hagia_Sophia_Southwestern_entrance_mosaics_2.jpg/631px-Hagia_Sophia_Southwestern_entrance_mosaics_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="2007" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southwestern entrance mosaic with <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian the Great</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> (right) with the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> in the center </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apse_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_Virgin_and_Child.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apse mosaic of the Virgin Mary and Christ the Child."><img alt="Apse mosaic of the Virgin Mary and Christ the Child." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Apse_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_Virgin_and_Child.jpg/142px-Apse_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_Virgin_and_Child.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Apse_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_Virgin_and_Child.jpg/213px-Apse_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_Virgin_and_Child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Apse_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_Virgin_and_Child.jpg/285px-Apse_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia_Virgin_and_Child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2078" data-file-height="2948" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apse mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ the Child.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Empress Zoe mosaic"><img alt="The Empress Zoe mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Empress_Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/242px-Empress_Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Empress_Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/364px-Empress_Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Empress_Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/485px-Empress_Zoe_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="2060" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Porphyrogenita" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoë Porphyrogenita">Empress Zoe</a> mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Comnenus_mosaics_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Comnenus mosaic"><img alt="The Comnenus mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Comnenus_mosaics_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/384px-Comnenus_mosaics_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Comnenus_mosaics_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/576px-Comnenus_mosaics_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Comnenus_mosaics_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/768px-Comnenus_mosaics_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3386" data-file-height="1783" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">Comnenus</a> mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Deesis_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Deësis mosaic"><img alt="The Deësis mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Deesis_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/348px-Deesis_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Deesis_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/521px-Deesis_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Deesis_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/695px-Deesis_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="2429" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/De%C3%ABsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Deësis">Deësis</a> mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnchrysostom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic in the northern tympanum depicting Saint John Chrysostom"><img alt="Mosaic in the northern tympanum depicting Saint John Chrysostom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Johnchrysostom.jpg/170px-Johnchrysostom.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Johnchrysostom.jpg/255px-Johnchrysostom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Johnchrysostom.jpg/340px-Johnchrysostom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="1460" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic in the northern tympanum depicting Saint <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the Christ Pantocrator mosaic, also known as the Deësis mosaic."><img alt="Detail of the Christ Pantocrator mosaic, also known as the Deësis mosaic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg/176px-Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg/264px-Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg/353px-Jesus-Christ-from-Hagia-Sophia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> mosaic, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Deesis" title="Deesis">Deësis</a> mosaic.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2._Seraph_angel._13th_century_CE._Ceiling_mosaics,_Hagia_Sophia,_Istanbul,_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="a Seraph angel. 13th century CE."><img alt="a Seraph angel. 13th century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2._Seraph_angel._13th_century_CE._Ceiling_mosaics%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/135px-2._Seraph_angel._13th_century_CE._Ceiling_mosaics%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2._Seraph_angel._13th_century_CE._Ceiling_mosaics%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/202px-2._Seraph_angel._13th_century_CE._Ceiling_mosaics%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2._Seraph_angel._13th_century_CE._Ceiling_mosaics%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/270px-2._Seraph_angel._13th_century_CE._Ceiling_mosaics%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="6016" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">a Seraph angel. 13th century CE.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_restoration">20th-century restoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 20th-century restoration">edit</a>]</div> Many mosaics were uncovered in the 1930s by a team from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Institute_of_America" title="Byzantine Institute of America">Byzantine Institute of America</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whittemore" title="Thomas Whittemore">Thomas Whittemore</a>. The team chose to let a number of simple cross images remain covered by plaster but uncovered all major mosaics found. Because of its long history as both a church and a mosque, a particular challenge arises in the restoration process. Christian <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconographic</a> mosaics can be uncovered, but often at the expense of important and historic Islamic art. Restorers have attempted to maintain a balance between both Christian and Islamic cultures. In particular, much controversy rests upon whether the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a> on the dome of the cathedral should be removed, to permit the underlying Pantocrator mosaic of Christ as Master of the World to be exhibited (assuming the mosaic still exists).<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> The Hagia Sophia has been a victim of natural disasters that have caused deterioration to the buildings structure and walls. The deterioration of the Hagia Sophia's walls can be directly attributed to salt crystallization. The crystallization of salt is due to an intrusion of rainwater that causes the Hagia Sophia's deteriorating inner and outer walls. Diverting excess rainwater is the main solution to the deteriorating walls at the Hagia Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> Built between 532 and 537, a subsurface structure under the Hagia Sophia has been under investigation, using LaCoste-Romberg <a href="/wiki/Gravimeters" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravimeters">gravimeters</a> to determine the depth of the subsurface structure and to discover other hidden cavities beneath the Hagia Sophia. The hidden cavities have also acted as a support system against earthquakes. With these findings using the LaCoste-Romberg gravimeters, it was also discovered that the Hagia Sophia's foundation is built on a slope of natural rock.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_Gate_mosaic">Imperial Gate mosaic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Imperial Gate mosaic">edit</a>]</div> The Imperial Gate mosaic is located in the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> above that gate, which was used only by the emperors when entering the church. Based on style analysis, it has been dated to the late 9th or early 10th century. The emperor with a <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">nimbus or halo</a> could possibly represent emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI the Wise</a> or his son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a> bowing down before Christ Pantocrator, seated on a jewelled throne, giving his blessing and holding in his left hand an open book.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southwestern_entrance_mosaic">Southwestern entrance mosaic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Southwestern entrance mosaic">edit</a>]</div> The southwestern entrance mosaic, situated in the tympanum of the southwestern entrance, dates from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> It was rediscovered during the restorations of 1849 by the Fossatis. The Virgin sits on a throne without a back, her feet resting on a pedestal, embellished with precious stones. The <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> sits on her lap, giving his blessing and holding a scroll in his left hand. On her left side stands emperor Constantine in ceremonial attire, presenting a model of the city to Mary. On her right side stands emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, offering a model of the Hagia Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> The composition of the figure of the Virgin enthroned was probably copied from the mosaic inside the semi-dome of the apse inside the liturgical space.<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apse_mosaics">Apse mosaics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Apse mosaics">edit</a>]</div> The mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">semi-dome</a> above the apse at the east end shows <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a> holding the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> and seated on a jewelled thokos backless throne.<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> Since its rediscovery after a period of concealment in the Ottoman era, it "has become one of the foremost monuments of Byzantium".<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> The infant Jesus's garment is depicted with golden <a href="/wiki/Tesserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesserae">tesserae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Joseph_Grelot" title="Guillaume-Joseph Grelot">Guillaume-Joseph Grelot</a>, who had travelled to Constantinople, in 1672 engraved and in 1680 published in Paris an image of the interior of Hagia Sophia which shows the apse mosaic indistinctly.<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> Together with a picture by Cornelius Loos drawn in 1710, these images are early attestations of the mosaic before it was covered towards the end of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> The mosaic of the Virgin and Child was rediscovered during the restorations of the Fossati brothers in 1847–1848 and revealed by the restoration of Thomas Whittemore in 1935–1939.<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> It was studied again in 1964 with the aid of scaffolding.<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> It is not known when this mosaic was installed.<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Cyril Mango</a>, the mosaic is "a curious reflection on how little we know about Byzantine art".<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> The work is generally believed to date from after the end of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a> and usually dated to the patriarchate of <a href="/wiki/Photius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius I">Photius I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 858–867, 877–886) and the time of the emperors <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 842–867) and <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 867–886).<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> Most specifically, the mosaic has been connected with a surviving <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a> known to have been written and delivered by Photius in the cathedral on 29 March 867.<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> Other scholars have favoured earlier or later dates for the present mosaic or its composition. <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Oikonomides" title="Nikolaos Oikonomides">Nikolaos Oikonomides</a> pointed out that Photius's homily refers to a standing portrait of the Theotokos – a <a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a> – while the present mosaic shows her seated.<a href="#cite_note-Oikonomidès-1985-257">[256]</a> Likewise, a biography of the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Isidore_I_of_Constantinople" title="Isidore I of Constantinople">Isidore I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1347–1350) by his successor <a href="/wiki/Philotheus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Philotheus I of Constantinople">Philotheus I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1353–1354, 1364–1376) composed before 1363 describes Isidore seeing a standing image of the Virgin at <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> in 1347.<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> Serious damage was done to the building by earthquakes in the 14th century, and it is possible that a standing image of the Virgin that existed in Photius's time was lost in the earthquake of 1346, in which the eastern end of Hagia Sophia was partly destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Galavaris-1964-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> This interpretation supposes that the present mosaic of the Virgin and Child enthroned is of the late 14th century, a time in which, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Constantinople" title="Nilus of Constantinople">Nilus of Constantinople</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1380–1388), the patriarchs of Constantinople began to have official <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seals</a> depicting the Theotokos enthroned on a thokos.<a href="#cite_note-Galavaris-1962-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> Still other scholars have proposed an earlier date than the later 9th century. According to George Galavaris, the mosaic seen by Photius was a Hodegetria portrait which after the earthquake of 989 was replaced by the present image not later than the early 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-Galavaris-1962-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galavaris-1964-258">[257]</a> According to Oikonomides however, the image in fact dates to before the <a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph of Orthodoxy">Triumph of Orthodoxy</a>, having been completed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 787–797, during the <a href="/wiki/Iconodule" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconodule">iconodule</a> interlude between the First Iconoclast (726–787) and the Second Iconoclast (814–842) periods.<a href="#cite_note-Oikonomidès-1985-257">[256]</a> Having been plastered over in the Second Iconoclasm, Oikonomides argues a new, standing image of the Virgin Hodegetria was created above the older mosaic in 867, which then fell off in the earthquakes of the 1340s and revealed again the late 8th-century image of the Virgin enthroned.<a href="#cite_note-Oikonomidès-1985-257">[256]</a> More recently, analysis of a <a href="/wiki/Hexaptych" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexaptych">hexaptych</a> <a href="/wiki/Menologion" class="mw-redirect" title="Menologion">menologion</a> icon panel from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> has determined that the panel, showing numerous scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">life of the Virgin</a> and other theologically significant iconic representations, contains an image at the centre very similar to that in Hagia Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> The image is labelled in Greek merely as: Μήτηρ Θεοῦ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Mētēr Theou, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> '<a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>', but in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian language</a> the inscription reveals the image is labelled "of the semi-dome of Hagia Sophia".<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> This image is therefore the oldest depiction of the apse mosaic known and demonstrates that the apse mosaic's appearance was similar to the present day mosaic in the late 11th or early 12th centuries, when the hexaptych was inscribed in Georgian by a Georgian monk, which rules out a 14th-century date for the mosaic.<a href="#cite_note-Skhirtladze-2014-250">[249]</a> The portraits of the archangels Gabriel and Michael (largely destroyed) in the <a href="/wiki/Bema" title="Bema">bema</a> of the arch also date from the 9th century. The mosaics are set against the original golden background of the 6th century. These mosaics were believed to be a reconstruction of the mosaics of the 6th century that were previously destroyed during the iconoclastic era by the Byzantines of that time, as represented in the inaugural sermon by the patriarch Photios. However, no record of figurative decoration of Hagia Sophia exists before this time.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emperor_Alexander_mosaic">Emperor Alexander mosaic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Emperor Alexander mosaic">edit</a>]</div> The Emperor Alexander mosaic is not easy to find for the first-time visitor, located on the second floor in a dark corner of the ceiling. It depicts the emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a> in full regalia, holding a scroll in his right hand and a <a href="/wiki/Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger">globus cruciger</a> in his left. A drawing by the Fossatis showed that the mosaic survived until 1849 and that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whittemore" title="Thomas Whittemore">Thomas Whittemore</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Institute_of_America" title="Byzantine Institute of America">Byzantine Institute of America</a> who was granted permission to preserve the mosaics, assumed that it had been destroyed in the earthquake of 1894. Eight years after his death, the mosaic was discovered in 1958 largely through the researches of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Van_Nice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Van Nice (page does not exist)">Robert Van Nice</a>. Unlike most of the other mosaics in Hagia Sophia, which had been covered over by ordinary plaster, the Alexander mosaic was simply painted over and reflected the surrounding mosaic patterns and thus was well hidden. It was duly cleaned by the Byzantine Institute's successor to Whittemore, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_A._Underwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul A. Underwood (page does not exist)">Paul A. Underwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empress_Zoe_mosaic">Empress Zoe mosaic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Empress Zoe mosaic">edit</a>]</div> The Empress Zoe mosaic on the eastern wall of the southern gallery dates from the 11th century. Christ Pantocrator, clad in the dark blue robe (as is the custom in Byzantine art), is seated in the middle against a golden background, giving his blessing with the right hand and holding the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> in his left hand. On either side of his head are the nomina sacra IC and XC, meaning Iēsous Christos. He is flanked by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine IX Monomachus">Constantine IX Monomachus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Zoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Zoe">Empress Zoe</a>, both in ceremonial costumes. He is offering a purse, as a symbol of donation, he made to the church, while she is holding a scroll, symbol of the donations she made. The previous heads have been scraped off and replaced by the three present ones. Perhaps the earlier mosaic showed her first husband <a href="/wiki/Romanos_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos III">Romanus III Argyrus</a> or her second husband <a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a>. Another theory is that this mosaic was made for an earlier emperor and empress, with their heads changed into the present ones.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comnenus_mosaic">Comnenus mosaic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Comnenus mosaic">edit</a>]</div> The Comnenus mosaic, also located on the eastern wall of the southern gallery, dates from 1122. The Virgin Mary is standing in the middle, depicted, as usual in Byzantine art, in a dark blue gown. She holds the Christ Child on her lap. He gives his blessing with his right hand while holding a scroll in his left hand. On her right side stands emperor <a href="/wiki/John_II_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="John II Comnenus">John II Comnenus</a>, represented in a garb embellished with precious stones. He holds a purse, symbol of an imperial donation to the church. His wife, the empress <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Hungary" title="Irene of Hungary">Irene of Hungary</a> stands on the left side of the Virgin, wearing ceremonial garments and offering a document. Their eldest son <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexius Comnenus</a> is represented on an adjacent pilaster. He is shown as a beardless youth, probably representing his appearance at his coronation aged seventeen. In this panel, one can already see a difference with the Empress Zoe mosaic that is one century older. There is a more realistic expression in the portraits instead of an idealized representation. The Empress Irene, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I of Hungary</a>, is shown with plaited blond hair, rosy cheeks, and grey eyes, revealing her <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> descent. The emperor is depicted in a dignified manner.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deësis_mosaic">Deësis mosaic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Deësis mosaic">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/De%C3%ABsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Deësis">Deësis</a> mosaic (Δέησις, "Entreaty") probably dates from 1261. It was commissioned to mark the end of 57 years of Latin Catholic use and the return to the Eastern Orthodox faith. It is the third panel situated in the imperial enclosure of the upper galleries. It is widely considered the finest in Hagia Sophia, because of the softness of the features, the humane expressions and the tones of the mosaic. The style is close to that of the Italian painters of the late 13th or early 14th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a>. In this panel the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> are imploring the <a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">intercession</a> of Christ Pantocrator for humanity on <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Judgment Day</a>. The bottom part of this mosaic is badly deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> This mosaic is considered as the beginning of a renaissance in Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Pictorial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictorial artist">pictorial art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_tympanum_mosaics">Northern tympanum mosaics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Northern tympanum mosaics">edit</a>]</div> The northern <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> mosaics feature various saints. They have been able to survive due to their high and inaccessible location. They depict Patriarchs of Constantinople <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignatios_of_Constantinople" title="Ignatios of Constantinople">Ignatios of Constantinople</a> standing, clothed in white robes with crosses, and holding richly jewelled Bibles. The figures of each patriarch, revered as saints, are identifiable by labels in Greek. The other mosaics in the other tympana have not survived probably due to the frequent earthquakes, as opposed to any deliberate destruction by the Ottoman conquerors.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dome_mosaic">Dome mosaic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Dome mosaic">edit</a>]</div> The dome was decorated with four non-identical figures of the six-winged angels which protect the <a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God" title="Throne of God">Throne of God</a>; it is uncertain whether they are <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">seraphim</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherubim</a>. The mosaics survive in the eastern part of the dome, but since the ones on the western side were damaged during the Byzantine period, they have been renewed as <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>. During the Ottoman period each face was covered with metallic lids in the shape of stars, but these were removed to reveal the faces during renovations in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_burials">Other burials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other burials">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a> (1524 – 15 December 1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> 1546–1595</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 – 20 January 1639), in the courtyard.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Dandolo" title="Enrico Dandolo">Enrico Dandolo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1107 – June 1205), in the east gallery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gli" title="Gli">Gli</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2004 – 7 November 2020), in the garden.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_influenced_by_the_Hagia_Sophia">Works influenced by the Hagia Sophia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Works influenced by the Hagia Sophia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hram_Svetog_Save_und_Hagia_Sophia_%C3%9Cberlagerunng_der_Pl%C3%A4ne_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hram_Svetog_Save_und_Hagia_Sophia_%C3%9Cberlagerunng_der_Pl%C3%A4ne_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg/220px-Hram_Svetog_Save_und_Hagia_Sophia_%C3%9Cberlagerunng_der_Pl%C3%A4ne_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hram_Svetog_Save_und_Hagia_Sophia_%C3%9Cberlagerunng_der_Pl%C3%A4ne_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg/330px-Hram_Svetog_Save_und_Hagia_Sophia_%C3%9Cberlagerunng_der_Pl%C3%A4ne_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hram_Svetog_Save_und_Hagia_Sophia_%C3%9Cberlagerunng_der_Pl%C3%A4ne_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg/440px-Hram_Svetog_Save_und_Hagia_Sophia_%C3%9Cberlagerunng_der_Pl%C3%A4ne_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="3582" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Sava" title="Church of Saint Sava">Church of Saint Sava</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> has been modelled after Hagia Sophia, using its primary square and the size of its dome</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_look_Church_Saint_Sava_from_western_gally_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Interior_look_Church_Saint_Sava_from_western_gally_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg/220px-Interior_look_Church_Saint_Sava_from_western_gally_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Interior_look_Church_Saint_Sava_from_western_gally_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg/330px-Interior_look_Church_Saint_Sava_from_western_gally_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Interior_look_Church_Saint_Sava_from_western_gally_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg/440px-Interior_look_Church_Saint_Sava_from_western_gally_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5408" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Church of Saint Sava</figcaption></figure> Many buildings have been modeled on the Hagia Sophia's core structure of a large central dome resting on pendentives and buttressed by two semi-domes. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> churches influenced by the Hagia Sophia include the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a>. The latter was remodeled to have a dome similar to the Hagia Sophia's during the reign of Justinian. <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Byzantine">Neo-Byzantine</a> churches modeled on the Hagia Sophia include the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_Naval_Cathedral" title="Kronstadt Naval Cathedral">Kronstadt Naval Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Sibiu" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu">Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu</a><a href="#cite_note-Mitropoliei-269">[268]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poti_Cathedral" title="Poti Cathedral">Poti Cathedral</a>. Each closely replicates the internal geometry of the Hagia Sophia. The layout of the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral is nearly identical to the Hagia Sophia in size and geometry. Its marble revetment also mimics the style of the Hagia Sophia. The <a href="/wiki/Catedral_Metropolitana_Ortodoxa" title="Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa">Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Saint-Esprit_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Église du Saint-Esprit (Paris)">Église du Saint-Esprit (Paris)</a> both replace the two large <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanums</a> beneath the main dome with two shallow semi-domes. Several churches combine elements of the Hagia Sophia with a Latin cross plan. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_(St._Louis)" title="Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (St. Louis)">Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (St. Louis)</a> is formed by two semi-domes surrounding the main dome. The church's column capitals and mosaics also emulate the style of the Hagia Sophia. Other examples include the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Sophia%27s_Cathedral,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="St Sophia's Cathedral, London">St Sophia's Cathedral, London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Clement_Catholic_Church,_Chicago" title="Saint Clement Catholic Church, Chicago">Saint Clement Catholic Church, Chicago</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Mosques_commissioned_by_the_Ottoman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty">mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty</a> have plans based on the Hagia Sophia, including the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Bayezid II Mosque, Istanbul">Bayezid II Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> Synagogues based on the Hagia Sophia include the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Emanu-El_(San_Francisco)" title="Congregation Emanu-El (San Francisco)">Congregation Emanu-El (San Francisco)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Florence" title="Great Synagogue of Florence">Great Synagogue of Florence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hurva_Synagogue" title="Hurva Synagogue">Hurva Synagogue</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_(15468276434).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the columns"><img alt="Detail of the columns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/120px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/180px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/240px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the columns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:20131203_Istanbul_048.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the columns"><img alt="Detail of the columns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/20131203_Istanbul_048.jpg/120px-20131203_Istanbul_048.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/20131203_Istanbul_048.jpg/180px-20131203_Istanbul_048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/20131203_Istanbul_048.jpg/240px-20131203_Istanbul_048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the columns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossati_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Six patriarchs mosaic in the southern tympanum as drawn by the Fossati brothers"><img alt="Six patriarchs mosaic in the southern tympanum as drawn by the Fossati brothers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fossati_003.JPG/120px-Fossati_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fossati_003.JPG/180px-Fossati_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fossati_003.JPG/240px-Fossati_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="1674" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Six patriarchs mosaic in the southern tympanum as drawn by the Fossati brothers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossati_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Moasics as drawn by the Fossati brothers"><img alt="Moasics as drawn by the Fossati brothers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fossati_002.JPG/120px-Fossati_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fossati_002.JPG/180px-Fossati_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fossati_002.JPG/240px-Fossati_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="1624" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moasics as drawn by the Fossati brothers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Relation_nouvelle_d%27un_voyage_de_Constantinople_-_enrichie_de_plans_levez_par_l%27auteur_sur_les_lieux,_and_des_figures_de_tout_ce_qu%27il_y_a_de_plus_remarquable_dans_cette_ville_(1680)_(14773026492).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guillaume-Joseph Grelot's engraving 1672, looking east and showing the apse mosaic"><img alt="Guillaume-Joseph Grelot's engraving 1672, looking east and showing the apse mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Relation_nouvelle_d%27un_voyage_de_Constantinople_-_enrichie_de_plans_levez_par_l%27auteur_sur_les_lieux%2C_and_des_figures_de_tout_ce_qu%27il_y_a_de_plus_remarquable_dans_cette_ville_%281680%29_%2814773026492%29.jpg/92px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Relation_nouvelle_d%27un_voyage_de_Constantinople_-_enrichie_de_plans_levez_par_l%27auteur_sur_les_lieux%2C_and_des_figures_de_tout_ce_qu%27il_y_a_de_plus_remarquable_dans_cette_ville_%281680%29_%2814773026492%29.jpg/139px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Relation_nouvelle_d%27un_voyage_de_Constantinople_-_enrichie_de_plans_levez_par_l%27auteur_sur_les_lieux%2C_and_des_figures_de_tout_ce_qu%27il_y_a_de_plus_remarquable_dans_cette_ville_%281680%29_%2814773026492%29.jpg/185px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3818" data-file-height="4956" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Joseph_Grelot" title="Guillaume-Joseph Grelot">Guillaume-Joseph Grelot</a>'s engraving 1672, looking east and showing the apse mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Relation_nouvelle_d%27un_voyage_de_Constantinople_-_enrichie_de_plans_levez_par_l%27auteur_sur_les_lieux,_and_des_figures_de_tout_ce_qu%27il_y_a_de_plus_remarquable_dans_cette_ville_(1680)_(14586659270).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guillaume-Joseph Grelot's engraving 1672, looking west"><img alt="Guillaume-Joseph Grelot's engraving 1672, looking west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Relation_nouvelle_d%27un_voyage_de_Constantinople_-_enrichie_de_plans_levez_par_l%27auteur_sur_les_lieux%2C_and_des_figures_de_tout_ce_qu%27il_y_a_de_plus_remarquable_dans_cette_ville_%281680%29_%2814586659270%29.jpg/89px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Relation_nouvelle_d%27un_voyage_de_Constantinople_-_enrichie_de_plans_levez_par_l%27auteur_sur_les_lieux%2C_and_des_figures_de_tout_ce_qu%27il_y_a_de_plus_remarquable_dans_cette_ville_%281680%29_%2814586659270%29.jpg/133px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Relation_nouvelle_d%27un_voyage_de_Constantinople_-_enrichie_de_plans_levez_par_l%27auteur_sur_les_lieux%2C_and_des_figures_de_tout_ce_qu%27il_y_a_de_plus_remarquable_dans_cette_ville_%281680%29_%2814586659270%29.jpg/177px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2558" data-file-height="3460" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Joseph_Grelot" title="Guillaume-Joseph Grelot">Guillaume-Joseph Grelot</a>'s engraving 1672, looking west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Hagia Sophia by John Singer Sargent, 1891"><img alt="Interior of the Hagia Sophia by John Singer Sargent, 1891" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Interior_of_the_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/93px-Interior_of_the_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Interior_of_the_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/139px-Interior_of_the_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Interior_of_the_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/185px-Interior_of_the_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1565" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the Hagia Sophia by <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a>, 1891</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A9bah_and_Joaillier_-_Interior_of_Ayasofya_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph by Sébah & Joaillier, c. 1900–1910"><img alt="Photograph by Sébah & Joaillier, c. 1900–1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/S%C3%A9bah_and_Joaillier_-_Interior_of_Ayasofya_Mosque.jpg/93px-S%C3%A9bah_and_Joaillier_-_Interior_of_Ayasofya_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/S%C3%A9bah_and_Joaillier_-_Interior_of_Ayasofya_Mosque.jpg/139px-S%C3%A9bah_and_Joaillier_-_Interior_of_Ayasofya_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/S%C3%A9bah_and_Joaillier_-_Interior_of_Ayasofya_Mosque.jpg/186px-S%C3%A9bah_and_Joaillier_-_Interior_of_Ayasofya_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4890" data-file-height="6318" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bah_%26_Joaillier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sébah & Joaillier">Sébah & Joaillier</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900–1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_Chaperon_Sainte-Sophie,_1893_(collection_particuli%C3%A8re).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Watercolour of the interior by Philippe Chaperon, 1893"><img alt="Watercolour of the interior by Philippe Chaperon, 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Philippe_Chaperon_Sainte-Sophie%2C_1893_%28collection_particuli%C3%A8re%29.jpg/120px-Philippe_Chaperon_Sainte-Sophie%2C_1893_%28collection_particuli%C3%A8re%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Philippe_Chaperon_Sainte-Sophie%2C_1893_%28collection_particuli%C3%A8re%29.jpg/180px-Philippe_Chaperon_Sainte-Sophie%2C_1893_%28collection_particuli%C3%A8re%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Philippe_Chaperon_Sainte-Sophie%2C_1893_%28collection_particuli%C3%A8re%29.jpg/240px-Philippe_Chaperon_Sainte-Sophie%2C_1893_%28collection_particuli%C3%A8re%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1118" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Watercolour of the interior by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Chaperon" title="Philippe Chaperon">Philippe Chaperon</a>, 1893</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Sculptural_Relief_on_the_Marble_Door_of_the_Hagia_Sophia_in_Istanbul,_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of relief on the Marble Door."><img alt="Detail of relief on the Marble Door." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Detail_of_Sculptural_Relief_on_the_Marble_Door_of_the_Hagia_Sophia_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/120px-Detail_of_Sculptural_Relief_on_the_Marble_Door_of_the_Hagia_Sophia_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Detail_of_Sculptural_Relief_on_the_Marble_Door_of_the_Hagia_Sophia_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/180px-Detail_of_Sculptural_Relief_on_the_Marble_Door_of_the_Hagia_Sophia_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Detail_of_Sculptural_Relief_on_the_Marble_Door_of_the_Hagia_Sophia_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg/240px-Detail_of_Sculptural_Relief_on_the_Marble_Door_of_the_Hagia_Sophia_in_Istanbul%2C_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> on the Marble Door.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_(16064799696).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Gate from the nave"><img alt="Imperial Gate from the nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hagia_Sophia_%2816064799696%29.jpg/120px-Hagia_Sophia_%2816064799696%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hagia_Sophia_%2816064799696%29.jpg/180px-Hagia_Sophia_%2816064799696%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hagia_Sophia_%2816064799696%29.jpg/240px-Hagia_Sophia_%2816064799696%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="3219" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Imperial Gate from the nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Henricus_Dandolo_gr%C3%B3b_RB1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th-century cenotaph of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice, and commander of the 1204 Sack of Constantinople"><img alt="19th-century cenotaph of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice, and commander of the 1204 Sack of Constantinople" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Henricus_Dandolo_gr%C3%B3b_RB1.jpg/120px-Henricus_Dandolo_gr%C3%B3b_RB1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Henricus_Dandolo_gr%C3%B3b_RB1.jpg/180px-Henricus_Dandolo_gr%C3%B3b_RB1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Henricus_Dandolo_gr%C3%B3b_RB1.jpg/240px-Henricus_Dandolo_gr%C3%B3b_RB1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th-century cenotaph of <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Dandolo" title="Enrico Dandolo">Enrico Dandolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Doge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, and commander of the 1204 <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Sack of Constantinople</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_of_the_mosque_of_Saint_Sophia_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gate of the külliye, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838"><img alt="Gate of the külliye, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gate_of_the_mosque_of_Saint_Sophia_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg/120px-Gate_of_the_mosque_of_Saint_Sophia_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gate_of_the_mosque_of_Saint_Sophia_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg/180px-Gate_of_the_mosque_of_Saint_Sophia_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gate_of_the_mosque_of_Saint_Sophia_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg/240px-Gate_of_the_mosque_of_Saint_Sophia_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1133" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gate of the külliye, by <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Lewis" title="John Frederick Lewis">John Frederick Lewis</a>, 1838</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_of_the_gate_of_Eski_(Old)_Serai_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fountain of Ahmed III from the gate of the külliye, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838"><img alt="Fountain of Ahmed III from the gate of the külliye, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fountain_of_the_gate_of_Eski_%28Old%29_Serai_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg/120px-Fountain_of_the_gate_of_Eski_%28Old%29_Serai_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fountain_of_the_gate_of_Eski_%28Old%29_Serai_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg/180px-Fountain_of_the_gate_of_Eski_%28Old%29_Serai_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fountain_of_the_gate_of_Eski_%28Old%29_Serai_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg/240px-Fountain_of_the_gate_of_Eski_%28Old%29_Serai_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fountain of Ahmed III from the gate of the külliye, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Sophia_and_distant_view_of_Sultan_Achmet_(Mosques)_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern side of Hagia Sophia, looking east, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838"><img alt="Southern side of Hagia Sophia, looking east, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Saint_Sophia_and_distant_view_of_Sultan_Achmet_%28Mosques%29_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg/120px-Saint_Sophia_and_distant_view_of_Sultan_Achmet_%28Mosques%29_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Saint_Sophia_and_distant_view_of_Sultan_Achmet_%28Mosques%29_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg/180px-Saint_Sophia_and_distant_view_of_Sultan_Achmet_%28Mosques%29_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Saint_Sophia_and_distant_view_of_Sultan_Achmet_%28Mosques%29_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg/240px-Saint_Sophia_and_distant_view_of_Sultan_Achmet_%28Mosques%29_-_Lewis_John_F_-_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1176" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southern side of Hagia Sophia, looking east, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0720.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="From Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen, by Adriaan Reland, 1719"><img alt="From Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen, by Adriaan Reland, 1719" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0720.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0720.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0720.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0720.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0720.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0720.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4294" data-file-height="3556" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">From Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen, by <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Reland" title="Adriaan Reland">Adriaan Reland</a>, 1719</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Haghia_Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Haghia Sophia"><img alt="Interior of Haghia Sophia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Interior_of_Haghia_Sophia.jpg/90px-Interior_of_Haghia_Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Interior_of_Haghia_Sophia.jpg/135px-Interior_of_Haghia_Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Interior_of_Haghia_Sophia.jpg/180px-Interior_of_Haghia_Sophia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of Haghia Sophia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyage_en_Orient_(bgw20_0447).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hagia Sophia from the south-west, 1914"><img alt="Hagia Sophia from the south-west, 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Voyage_en_Orient_%28bgw20_0447%29.jpg/120px-Voyage_en_Orient_%28bgw20_0447%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Voyage_en_Orient_%28bgw20_0447%29.jpg/180px-Voyage_en_Orient_%28bgw20_0447%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Voyage_en_Orient_%28bgw20_0447%29.jpg/240px-Voyage_en_Orient_%28bgw20_0447%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4501" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hagia Sophia from the south-west, 1914</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_and_its_faithful_tourists_(24238189635).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hagia Sophia in the snow, December 2015"><img alt="Hagia Sophia in the snow, December 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hagia_Sophia_and_its_faithful_tourists_%2824238189635%29.jpg/120px-Hagia_Sophia_and_its_faithful_tourists_%2824238189635%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hagia_Sophia_and_its_faithful_tourists_%2824238189635%29.jpg/180px-Hagia_Sophia_and_its_faithful_tourists_%2824238189635%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hagia_Sophia_and_its_faithful_tourists_%2824238189635%29.jpg/240px-Hagia_Sophia_and_its_faithful_tourists_%2824238189635%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4929" data-file-height="3286" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hagia Sophia in the snow, December 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maschinengewehr 08 mounted on a minaret during World War II"><img alt="Maschinengewehr 08 mounted on a minaret during World War II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg/120px-MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg/180px-MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg/240px-MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maschinengewehr_08" class="mw-redirect" title="Maschinengewehr 08">Maschinengewehr 08</a> mounted on a minaret during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions_in_Hagia_Sophia" title="Runic inscriptions in Hagia Sophia">Runic inscriptions in Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">List of Byzantine inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_domes" title="List of tallest domes">List of tallest domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_monoliths" title="List of largest monoliths">List of largest monoliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_church_buildings" title="List of oldest church buildings">List of oldest church buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">List of tallest structures built before the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_Grand_Mosques" title="List of Turkish Grand Mosques">List of Turkish Grand Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Also translated: "I think of Hagia Sophia and I am very saddened."<a href="#cite_note-Vaticannews-173">[173]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEmersonvan_Nice1950" class="citation journal cs1">Emerson, William; van Nice, Robert L. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/500639">"Hagia Sophia and the First Minaret Erected after the Conquest of Constantinople"</a>. American Journal of Archaeology. 54 (1): 28–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F500639">10.2307/500639</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114">0002-9114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/500639">500639</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193099976">193099976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia+and+the+First+Minaret+Erected+after+the+Conquest+of+Constantinople&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0002-9114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193099976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F500639%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F500639&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=van+Nice%2C+Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F500639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CurtaHolt2016-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CurtaHolt2016_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtaHolt2016" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-566-4</bdi></a>. <q>Hagia Sophia was consecrated on December 27, 537, five years after construction had begun. The church was dedicated to the Wisdom of God, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a> (the second entity of the Trinity) or, alternatively, Christ as the Logos incarnate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Events+in+Religion%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Pivotal+Events+in+Religious+History+%5B3+volumes%5D&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-566-4&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft.au=Holt%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAT-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BAT_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAT_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAT_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazioMoffettWodehouse2009" class="citation book cs1">Fazio, Michael; Moffett, Marian; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2009). Buildings Across Time (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-305304-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-305304-2"><bdi>978-0-07-305304-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buildings+Across+Time&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Higher+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-305304-2&rft.aulast=Fazio&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Moffett%2C+Marian&rft.au=Wodehouse%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes22-4"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes22_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1993" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/travel/center-of-ottoman-power.html">"Center of Ottoman Power"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Center+of+Ottoman+Power&rft.date=1993-08-22&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Marlise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F08%2F22%2Ftravel%2Fcenter-of-ottoman-power.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2005" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Jonathan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/607531385">The Fourth Crusade and the sack of Constantinople</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-12188-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-12188-7"><bdi>978-1-101-12188-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607531385">607531385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Crusade+and+the+sack+of+Constantinople&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607531385&rft.isbn=978-1-101-12188-7&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F607531385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinerChristin_J._Mamiya2008" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred S.; Christin J. Mamiya (2008). <a href="/wiki/Gardner%27s_Art_Through_the_Ages" title="Gardner's Art Through the Ages">Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Volume I, Chapters 1–18</a> (12th ed.). Mason, OH: Wadsworth. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-46740-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-46740-3"><bdi>978-0-495-46740-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages%3A+Volume+I%2C+Chapters+1%E2%80%9318&rft.place=Mason%2C+OH&rft.pages=329&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-46740-3&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rft.au=Christin+J.+Mamiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney1959" class="citation journal cs1">Downey, Glanville (January 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001781600002664x">"The Name of the Church of St. Sophia in Constantinople"</a>. Harvard Theological Review. 52 (1): 37–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs001781600002664x">10.1017/s001781600002664x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163442071">163442071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Name+of+the+Church+of+St.+Sophia+in+Constantinople&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1959-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163442071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0017-8160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs001781600002664x&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Glanville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs001781600002664x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamm20102-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamm20102_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamm2010" class="citation book cs1">Hamm, Jean S. (2010). Term Paper Resource Guide to Medieval History. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35967-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35967-5"><bdi>978-0-313-35967-5</bdi></a>. <q>Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom, is one of the world's most spectacular churches, representing not only great beauty, but also masterful engineering.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Term+Paper+Resource+Guide+to+Medieval+History&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35967-5&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=Jean+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heinle_&_Schlaich_1996_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinleSchlaich1996">Heinle & Schlaich 1996</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ja4712-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ja4712_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ja4712_10-1">b</a> Janin (1953), p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-Binns20022-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Binns20022_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinns2002" class="citation book cs1">Binns, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOA5vfSl3dwC&pg=PA57">An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66738-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66738-8"><bdi>978-0-521-66738-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Christian+Orthodox+Churches&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66738-8&rft.aulast=Binns&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOA5vfSl3dwC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKenzieGraham19982-12"><a href="#cite_ref-McKenzieGraham19982_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzieGraham1998" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&pg=PA149">The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25652-4"><bdi>978-0-664-25652-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Critical+Issues&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25652-4&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Matt+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron2009">Cameron 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-M130-14"><a href="#cite_ref-M130_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff1982">Meyendorff 1982</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-mw1122-15"><a href="#cite_ref-mw1122_15-0">^</a> Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html2-16"><a href="#cite_ref-http://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html2_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarus2013" class="citation web cs1">Jarus, Owen (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/27574-hagia-sophia.html">"Hagia Sophia: Facts, History & Architecture"</a>. livescience.com. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia%3A+Facts%2C+History+%26+Architecture&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.aulast=Jarus&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F27574-hagia-sophia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archnet.org2-17"><a href="#cite_ref-archnet.org2_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105062813/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2966">"Hagia Sophia"</a>. ArchNet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2966">the original</a> on 5 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArchNet&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Flibrary%2Fsites%2Fone-site.jsp%3Fsite_id%3D2966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/hagia-sophia-still-istanbuls-top-tourist-attraction.aspx?pageID=238&nID=94210&NewsCatID=379">"Hagia Sophia still Istanbul's top tourist attraction"</a>. hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia+still+Istanbul%27s+top+tourist+attraction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fhagia-sophia-still-istanbuls-top-tourist-attraction.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D94210%26NewsCatID%3D379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw84-19"><a href="#cite_ref-mw84_19-0">^</a> Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Great_Church-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Great_Church_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessandro_E._FoniGeorge_PapagiannakisNadia_Magnentat-Thalmann" class="citation web cs1">Alessandro E. Foni; George Papagiannakis; Nadia Magnentat-Thalmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709194035/http://www.virtualworldheritage.org/papers/3181_976-Virtual_Hagia_Sophia.pdf">"Virtual Hagia Sophia: Restitution, Visualization and Virtual Life Simulation"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualworldheritage.org/papers/3181_976-Virtual_Hagia_Sophia.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Hagia+Sophia%3A+Restitution%2C+Visualization+and+Virtual+Life+Simulation&rft.au=Alessandro+E.+Foni&rft.au=George+Papagiannakis&rft.au=Nadia+Magnentat-Thalmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualworldheritage.org%2Fpapers%2F3181_976-Virtual_Hagia_Sophia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ja472-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ja472_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ja472_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ja472_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ja472_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ja472_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ja472_21-5">f</a> Janin (1953), p. 472. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dark-2019c-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019c_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019c_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019c_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019c_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019c_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019c_22-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarkKostenec2019" class="citation book cs1">Dark, Ken R.; Kostenec, Jan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TU7lswEACAAJ">Hagia Sophia in Context: An Archaeological Re-examination of the Cathedral of Byzantine Constantinople</a>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-030-5"><bdi>978-1-78925-030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia+in+Context%3A+An+Archaeological+Re-examination+of+the+Cathedral+of+Byzantine+Constantinople&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78925-030-5&rft.aulast=Dark&rft.aufirst=Ken+R.&rft.au=Kostenec%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTU7lswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mainstone-1997-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mainstone-1997_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mainstone-1997_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainstone1997" class="citation book cs1">Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buQRK64RlPgC">Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church</a>. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27945-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27945-8"><bdi>978-0-500-27945-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia%3A+Architecture%2C+Structure+and+Liturgy+of+Justinian%27s+Great+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27945-8&rft.aulast=Mainstone&rft.aufirst=Rowland+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuQRK64RlPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Patria_of_Constantinople" title="Patria of Constantinople">Patria of Constantinople</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainstone1997" class="citation book cs1">Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buQRK64RlPgC">Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church</a>. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27945-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27945-8"><bdi>978-0-500-27945-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia%3A+Architecture%2C+Structure+and+Liturgy+of+Justinian%27s+Great+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27945-8&rft.aulast=Mainstone&rft.aufirst=Rowland+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuQRK64RlPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainstone1997" class="citation book cs1">Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buQRK64RlPgC">Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church</a>. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27945-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27945-8"><bdi>978-0-500-27945-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia%3A+Architecture%2C+Structure+and+Liturgy+of+Justinian%27s+Great+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27945-8&rft.aulast=Mainstone&rft.aufirst=Rowland+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuQRK64RlPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad" class="citation web cs1">Ahmad, Tufail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hagiasophiatickets.com/history">"Hagia Sophia History | Explore and Learn About This Monument"</a>. Hagia Sophia Tickets. Retrieved 19 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hagia+Sophia+Tickets&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia+History+%7C+Explore+and+Learn+About+This+Monument&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Tufail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhagiasophiatickets.com%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dark-2019d-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019d_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019d_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019d_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019d_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019d_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019d_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019d_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark-2019d_28-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarkKostenec2019" class="citation book cs1">Dark, Ken R.; Kostenec, Jan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TU7lswEACAAJ">Hagia Sophia in Context: An Archaeological Re-examination of the Cathedral of Byzantine Constantinople</a>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 12–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-030-5"><bdi>978-1-78925-030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia+in+Context%3A+An+Archaeological+Re-examination+of+the+Cathedral+of+Byzantine+Constantinople&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78925-030-5&rft.aulast=Dark&rft.aufirst=Ken+R.&rft.au=Kostenec%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTU7lswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Hagia Sophia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hagia-Sophia">Hagia Sophia | History, Facts, & Significance</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 August 2023. <q>The original church on the site of the Hagia Sophia is said to have been ordered to be built by Constantine I in 325 on the foundations of a pagan temple.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Facts%2C+%26+Significance&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHagia-Sophia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjudmila_Djukic2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ljudmila Djukic (9 September 2019). "Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6KsDwAAQBAJ&q=%22hagia+sophia%22+%22pagan+temple%22&pg=RA1-PA195">The Byzantine Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. 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Εκδόσεις Έφεσος. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-8326-14-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-8326-14-9"><bdi>978-960-8326-14-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B1%3A+%CE%BF+%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82+%CE%88%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-960-8326-14-9&rft.aulast=%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82&rft.aufirst=%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznPqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodosiusRufinusJustinianTralles" class="citation web cs1">Theodosius, Earlier Second Church Ordered by I. 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(1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/artofbyzantine00mang">The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312-1453: Sources and documents</a>. Internet Archive. Toronto; London: University of Toronto Press/Medieval Academy of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6627-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6627-5"><bdi>978-0-8020-6627-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Byzantine+Empire+312-1453%3A+Sources+and+documents&rft.place=Toronto%3B+London&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press%2FMedieval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6627-5&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofbyzantine00mang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Heath, Thomas Little (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Anthemius">"Anthemius" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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Oxford: Oxbow Books. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-030-5"><bdi>978-1-78925-030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia+in+Context%3A+An+Archaeological+Re-examination+of+the+Cathedral+of+Byzantine+Constantinople&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78925-030-5&rft.aulast=Dark&rft.aufirst=Ken+R.&rft.au=Kostenec%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTU7lswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeteriatnikov1998" class="citation book cs1">Teteriatnikov, Natalia (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/teteriatnikov-mosaics-of-hagia-sophia-istanbul">Mosaics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul: The Fossati restoration and the work of the Byzantine Institute</a>. Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosaics+of+Hagia+Sophia%2C+Istanbul%3A+The+Fossati+restoration+and+the+work+of+the+Byzantine+Institute&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Washington%2C+DC%3A+Dumbarton+Oaks%2C+Trustees+for+Harvard+University&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Teteriatnikov&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fteteriatnikov-mosaics-of-hagia-sophia-istanbul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrautheimer1986" class="citation book cs1">Krautheimer, Richard (1986). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture (4th ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press/Pelican History of Art. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05296-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05296-1"><bdi>978-0-300-05296-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+Architecture&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=205&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press%2FPelican+History+of+Art&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05296-1&rft.aulast=Krautheimer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango1985" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantinearchite0000mang/page/65">Byzantine Architecture</a> (1st ed.). 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Jeffreys, and R. Scott. Australian Association of Byzantine Studies, 1986 vol 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "The Chronicle of Theophones Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284–813." Translated with commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott. AM 6030 p. 316, with this note: Theophanes' precise date should be accepted. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacrides1988" class="citation journal cs1">Macrides, R. J. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2852633">"Killing, Asylum, and the Law in Byzantium"</a>. 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Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 229–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1064-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-1064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+and+the+Fall+of+Constantinople+in+1453%3A+Historiography%2C+Topography%2C+and+Military+Studies&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-1064-5&rft.aulast=Philippides&rft.aufirst=Marios&rft.au=Hanak%2C+Walter+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqvvdVXckfqQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453">"Fall of Constantinople"</a>. 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London: Edward Arnold. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6250-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6250-9"><bdi>978-0-7131-6250-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7131-6250-9&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+MacGillivray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLpBsQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInalcik1969" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Inalcik, Halil (1969). 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Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helge+Svenshon+2010%3A+Das+Bauwerk+als+%22Aistheton+Soma%22+%E2%80%93+Eine+Neuinterpretation+der+Hagia+Sophia+im+Spiegel+antiker+Vermessungslehre+und+angewandter+Mathematik.+In%3A+Falko+Daim+%C2%B7+J%C3%B6rg+Drauschke+%28Hrsg.%29+Byzanz+%E2%80%93+das+R%C3%B6merreich+im+Mittelalter+Teil+2%2C+1+Schaupl%C3%A4tze%2C+R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches+Zentralmuseum+Forschungsinstitut+f%C3%BCr+Vor-+und+Fr%C3%BChgeschichte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de%2F4483%2F1%2FByzanz_Sonderdruck_Svenshon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svenshon-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Svenshon_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svenshon_209-1">b</a> Svenshon, Helge Olaf: Heron of Alexandria and the Dome of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. In: Proceedings of the Third Congress on Construction History. 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ASBOOK. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istanbul+City+Guide+%28English%29&rft.pub=ASBOOK&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DslvfEBAGZFEC%26q%3Dloge%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bempress%2Bhagia%2Bsophia%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> "The Marble Door." The Marble Door |Hagia Sophia Museum, ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/door-marble-door. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229231848/http://ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/door-nice-door">""The Nice Door." The nice door, Hagia Sophia Museum"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Emperor+Door.%22+The+Emperor+Door%2C+Hagia+Sophia+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr%2Fen%2Fdoor-emperor-door&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/imperial-gate-in-hagia-sophia-mosque-damaged-173144">"'Imperial Gate' in Hagia Sophia Mosque vandalized"</a>. 21 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421214857/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/imperial-gate-in-hagia-sophia-mosque-damaged-173144">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2022. 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Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hagiasophia.com&rft.atitle=Emperor+Alexander&rft.au=Hagia+Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagiasophia.com%2Flistingview.php%3FlistingID%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagia_Sophia" class="citation web cs1">Hagia Sophia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220112021/http://www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php?listingID=15">"Empress Zoe"</a>. hagiasophia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php?listingID=15">the original</a> on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hagiasophia.com&rft.atitle=Empress+Zoe&rft.au=Hagia+Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagiasophia.com%2Flistingview.php%3FlistingID%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagia_Sophia" class="citation web cs1">Hagia Sophia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220221807/http://www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php?listingID=16">"Comnenus"</a>. hagiasophia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php?listingID=16">the original</a> on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hagiasophia.com&rft.atitle=Comnenus&rft.au=Hagia+Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagiasophia.com%2Flistingview.php%3FlistingID%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2010" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken (10 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&q=sophia+%22deesis+was%22">The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-3361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWp9JA3aBvcC%26q%3Dsophia%2B%2522deesis%2Bwas%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagia_Sophia" class="citation web cs1">Hagia Sophia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220040345/http://www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php?listingID=17">"Deesis"</a>. hagiasophia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php?listingID=17">the original</a> on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hagiasophia.com&rft.atitle=Deesis&rft.au=Hagia+Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagiasophia.com%2Flistingview.php%3FlistingID%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagia_Sophia" class="citation web cs1">Hagia Sophia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220130941/http://www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php?listingID=11">"North Tympanum"</a>. hagiasophia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php?listingID=11">the original</a> on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hagiasophia.com&rft.atitle=North+Tympanum&rft.au=Hagia+Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagiasophia.com%2Flistingview.php%3FlistingID%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111233140/http://ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/mosa-dome-angel-figures">"Dome Angel Figures"</a>. Hagia Sophia Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr/en/mosa-dome-angel-figures">the original</a> on 11 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hagia+Sophia+Museum&rft.atitle=Dome+Angel+Figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fayasofyamuzesi.gov.tr%2Fen%2Fmosa-dome-angel-figures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> (archived). </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitropoliei-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitropoliei_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sibiul.ro/biserici-sibiu/catedrala-ortodoxa.html">"Catedrala Ortodoxă: Strada Mitropoliei"</a>. sibiul.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 5 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sibiul.ro&rft.atitle=Catedrala+Ortodox%C4%83%3A+Strada+Mitropoliei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibiul.ro%2Fbiserici-sibiu%2Fcatedrala-ortodoxa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmughrabiPrijotomoFaqih2015" class="citation journal cs1">Almughrabi, Naser; Prijotomo, Josef; Faqih, Mohammad (6 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350618031">"SULEYMANIYE MOSQUE: SPACE CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES"</a>. International Journal of Education and Research. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Education+and+Research&rft.atitle=SULEYMANIYE+MOSQUE%3A+SPACE+CONSTRUCTION+AND+TECHNICAL+CHALLENGES&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2015-06-06&rft.aulast=Almughrabi&rft.aufirst=Naser&rft.au=Prijotomo%2C+Josef&rft.au=Faqih%2C+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F350618031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiltz2014" class="citation journal cs1">Piltz, Elisabeth (2014). "Hagia Sophia and Ottoman architecture". Byzantinoslavica - Revue internationale des Études Byzantines. 1–2: 293–309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantinoslavica+-+Revue+internationale+des+%C3%89tudes+Byzantines&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia+and+Ottoman+architecture&rft.volume=1-2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Piltz&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinbauer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2007.0181">"Hagia Sophia, 1850-1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument (review)"</a>. The Catholic Historical Review. 93 (2): 367–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcat.2007.0181">10.1353/cat.2007.0181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-0708">1534-0708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159508818">159508818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia%2C+1850-1950%3A+Holy+Wisdom+Modern+Monument+%28review%29&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159508818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1534-0708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcat.2007.0181&rft.aulast=Kleinbauer&rft.aufirst=W.+Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fcat.2007.0181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyranFleet2010" class="citation book cs1">Boyran, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010). A social History of Ottoman Istanbul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19955-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19955-1"><bdi>978-0-521-19955-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+social+History+of+Ottoman+Istanbul&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19955-1&rft.aulast=Boyran&rft.aufirst=Ebru&rft.au=Fleet%2C+Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011" class="citation book cs1">Brubaker, Leslie; Haldon, John (2011). Byzantium in the Iconoclast era (ca 680–850). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43093-7"><bdi>978-0-521-43093-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+in+the+Iconoclast+era+%28ca+680%E2%80%93850%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43093-7&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Haldon%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cameron, Averil (2009). <bdi lang="el">Οι Βυζαντινοί</bdi> (in Greek). Athens: Psychogios. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-453-529-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-453-529-3"><bdi>978-960-453-529-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%9F%CE%B9+%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Psychogios&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-960-453-529-3&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hagia Sophia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagiasophia.com/">Hagia Sophia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119091641/http://www.hagiasophia.com/">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 23 September 2014.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinleSchlaich1996" class="citation book cs1">Heinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jörg (1996). Kuppeln: aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-03062-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-421-03062-6"><bdi>3-421-03062-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1126355641">1126355641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuppeln%3A+aller+Zeiten%2C+aller+Kulturen&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1126355641&rft.isbn=3-421-03062-6&rft.aulast=Heinle&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Schlaich%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoffman, Volker (1999). Die Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (in German). Bern: Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906762-81-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906762-81-4"><bdi>978-3-906762-81-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Hagia+Sophia+in+Istanbul&rft.place=Bern&rft.pub=Lang&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-906762-81-4&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanin1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Janin" title="Raymond Janin">Janin, Raymond</a> (1953). La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin. 1. Part: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique. 3rd Vol. : Les Églises et les Monastères. Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+G%C3%A9ographie+Eccl%C3%A9siastique+de+l%27Empire+Byzantin.+1.+Part%3A+Le+Si%C3%A8ge+de+Constantinople+et+le+Patriarcat+Oecum%C3%A9nique.+3rd+Vol.+%3A+Les+%C3%89glises+et+les+Monast%C3%A8res&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%89tudes+Byzantines&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainstone1997" class="citation book cs1">Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997). Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church (reprint ed.). W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27945-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27945-8"><bdi>978-0-500-27945-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia%3A+Architecture%2C+Structure%2C+and+Liturgy+of+Justinian%27s+Great+Church&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27945-8&rft.aulast=Mainstone&rft.aufirst=Rowland+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamboury1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mamboury" title="Ernest Mamboury">Mamboury, Ernest</a> (1953). The Tourists' Istanbul. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tourists%27+Istanbul&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=%C3%87ituri+Biraderler+Bas%C4%B1mevi&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Mamboury&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1982). The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church. Yonkers: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-90-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-90-3"><bdi>978-0-913836-90-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Legacy+in+the+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=Yonkers&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-913836-90-3&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Wiener1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_M%C3%BCller-Wiener" title="Wolfgang Müller-Wiener">Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang</a> (1977). Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh (in German). Tübingen: Wasmuth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8030-1022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8030-1022-3"><bdi>978-3-8030-1022-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bildlexikon+zur+Topographie+Istanbuls%3A+Byzantion%2C+Konstantinupolis%2C+Istanbul+bis+zum+Beginn+d.+17+Jh&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Wasmuth&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-3-8030-1022-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Wiener&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNecipoĝlu2005" class="citation book cs1">Necipoĝlu, Gulru (2005). The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-244-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-244-7"><bdi>978-1-86189-244-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Sinan%3A+Architectural+Culture+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-244-7&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Dlu&rft.aufirst=Gulru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoncheyBraccini2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ronchey, Silvia; Braccini, Tommaso (2010). Il romanzo di Costantinopoli. Guida letteraria alla Roma d'Oriente (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-06-18921-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-06-18921-1"><bdi>978-88-06-18921-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+romanzo+di+Costantinopoli.+Guida+letteraria+alla+Roma+d%27Oriente&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-06-18921-1&rft.aulast=Ronchey&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft.au=Braccini%2C+Tommaso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Runciman, Steven (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJz8BCdxlfEC">The Fall of Constantinople</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227193827/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CJz8BCdxlfEC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 27 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 145. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39832-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39832-0">0-521-39832-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavignac2020" class="citation web cs1">Savignac, David (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31064036">"The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade – A New Annotated Translation"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Russian+Account+of+the+Fourth+Crusade+%E2%80%93+A+New+Annotated+Translation&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Savignac&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31064036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroth2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stroth, Fabian (2021). Monogrammkapitelle. Die justinianische Bauskulptur Konstantinopels als Textträger (in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95490-272-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95490-272-9"><bdi>978-3-95490-272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monogrammkapitelle.+Die+justinianische+Bauskulptur+Konstantinopels+als+Texttr%C3%A4ger&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-95490-272-9&rft.aulast=Stroth&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1996" class="citation book cs1">Turner, J. (1996). <a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Art">Grove Dictionary of Art</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517068-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grove+Dictionary+of+Art&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517068-9&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>See also the thematically organised full bibliography in Stroth (2021), pp. 137–183.</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1972" class="citation book cs1">Balfour, John Patrick Douglas (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hagiasophia0000kinr">Hagia Sophia</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88225-014-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88225-014-4"><bdi>978-0-88225-014-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-88225-014-4&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=John+Patrick+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhagiasophia0000kinr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimok2004" class="citation book cs1">Cimok, Fatih (2004). Hagia Sophia. Milet Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-7199-61-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-7199-61-8"><bdi>978-975-7199-61-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia&rft.pub=Milet+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-975-7199-61-8&rft.aulast=Cimok&rft.aufirst=Fatih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoumato1980" class="citation book cs1">Doumato, Lamia (1980). The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia: Selected references. Vance Bibliographies. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006E2O2M">B0006E2O2M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+church+of+Hagia+Sophia%3A+Selected+references&rft.pub=Vance+Bibliographies&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006E2O2M%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Doumato&rft.aufirst=Lamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoriansky1933" class="citation book cs1">Goriansky, Lev Vladimir (1933). Haghia Sophia: analysis of the architecture, art and spirit behind the shrine in Constantinople dedicated to Hagia Sophia. American School of Philosophy. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0008C47EA">B0008C47EA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haghia+Sophia%3A+analysis+of+the+architecture%2C+art+and+spirit+behind+the+shrine+in+Constantinople+dedicated+to+Hagia+Sophia&rft.pub=American+School+of+Philosophy&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0008C47EA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Goriansky&rft.aufirst=Lev+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlinavos2021" class="citation book cs1">Glinavos, I. (2021). "Hagia Sophia at ICSID? The Limits of Sovereign Discretion". European Yearbook of International Economic Law. Vol. 12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 253–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F8165_2021_78">10.1007/8165_2021_78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-05082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-05082-4"><bdi>978-3-031-05082-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia+at+ICSID%3F+The+Limits+of+Sovereign+Discretion&rft.btitle=European+Yearbook+of+International+Economic+Law&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F8165_2021_78&rft.isbn=978-3-031-05082-4&rft.aulast=Glinavos&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Harris, Jonathan, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Hambledon/Continuum (2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-179-4">978-1-84725-179-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowland_Swift1937" class="citation book cs1">Howland Swift, Emerson (1937). The bronze doors of the gate of the horologium at Hagia Sophia. University of Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000889GIG">B000889GIG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bronze+doors+of+the+gate+of+the+horologium+at+Hagia+Sophia&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000889GIG%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Howland+Swift&rft.aufirst=Emerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahler1967" class="citation book cs1">Kahler, Heinz (1967). Haghia Sophia. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0008C47EA">B0008C47EA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haghia+Sophia&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0008C47EA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Kahler&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinross1972" class="citation news cs1">Kinross, Lord (1972). "Hagia Sophia, Wonders of Man". Newsweek. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000K5QN9W">B000K5QN9W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia%2C+Wonders+of+Man&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000K5QN9W%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=Lord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinbauerAnthony_White2007" class="citation book cs1">Kleinbauer, W. Eugene; Anthony White (2007). Hagia Sophia. London: Scala Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-308-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-308-2"><bdi>978-1-85759-308-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Scala+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85759-308-2&rft.aulast=Kleinbauer&rft.aufirst=W.+Eugene&rft.au=Anthony+White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinbauer2000" class="citation book cs1">Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (2000). Saint Sophia at Constantinople: Singulariter in Mundo (Monograph (Frederic Lindley Morgan Chair of Architectural Design), No. 5.). William L. Bauhan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87233-123-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87233-123-5"><bdi>978-0-87233-123-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Sophia+at+Constantinople%3A+Singulariter+in+Mundo+%28Monograph+%28Frederic+Lindley+Morgan+Chair+of+Architectural+Design%29%2C+No.+5.%29&rft.pub=William+L.+Bauhan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87233-123-5&rft.aulast=Kleinbauer&rft.aufirst=W.+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrautheimer1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Krautheimer" title="Richard Krautheimer">Krautheimer, Richard</a> (1984). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05294-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05294-7"><bdi>978-0-300-05294-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+Architecture&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05294-7&rft.aulast=Krautheimer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainstone1997" class="citation book cs1">Mainstone, R.J. (1997). Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27945-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27945-8"><bdi>978-0-500-27945-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia%3A+Architecture%2C+Structure%2C+and+Liturgy+of+Justinian%27s+Great+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27945-8&rft.aulast=Mainstone&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainstone1988" class="citation book cs1">Mainstone, Rowland J. (1988). Hagia Sophia. Architecture, structure and liturgy of Justinian's great church. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-34098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-34098-1"><bdi>978-0-500-34098-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia.+Architecture%2C+structure+and+liturgy+of+Justinian%27s+great+church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-500-34098-1&rft.aulast=Mainstone&rft.aufirst=Rowland+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangoAhmed_Ertuğ1997" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril A.; Ahmed Ertuğ (1997). Hagia Sophia: A Vision for Empires. Istanbul: Ertuğ & Kocabiyik. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38949865">38949865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia%3A+A+Vision+for+Empires&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Ertu%C4%9F+%26+Kocabiyik&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38949865&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril+A.&rft.au=Ahmed+Ertu%C4%9F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkÇakmaktitle1992" class="citation book cs1">Mark, R.; Çakmaktitle, AS. (1992). Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present. Princeton Architectural. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878271-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878271-11-2"><bdi>978-1-878271-11-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia+from+the+Age+of+Justinian+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-878271-11-2&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=%C3%87akmaktitle%2C+AS.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2004" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Robert S. (2004). Hagia Sophia, 1850–1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57171-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57171-3"><bdi>978-0-226-57171-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia%2C+1850%E2%80%931950%3A+Holy+Wisdom+Modern+Monument&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-57171-3&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzkul2007" class="citation book cs1">Özkul, T. A. (2007). Structural characteristics of Hagia Sophia: I-A finite element formulation for static analysis. Elsevier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+characteristics+of+Hagia+Sophia%3A+I-A+finite+element+formulation+for+static+analysis&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%C3%96zkul&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Scharf, Joachim: "Der Kaiser in Proskynese. Bemerkungen zur Deutung des Kaisermosaiks im Narthex der Hagia Sophia von Konstantinopel". In: Festschrift Percy Ernst Schramm zu seinem siebzigsten Geburtstag von Schülern und Freunden zugeeignet, Wiesbaden 1964, pp. 27–35.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrube1973" class="citation book cs1">Strube, Christine (1973). Polyeuktoskirche und Hagia Sophia. Umbildung und Auflösung antiker Formen, Entstehen des Kämpferkapitells. Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7696-0087-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7696-0087-8"><bdi>3-7696-0087-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polyeuktoskirche+und+Hagia+Sophia.+Umbildung+und+Aufl%C3%B6sung+antiker+Formen%2C+Entstehen+des+K%C3%A4mpferkapitells&rft.pub=Verlag+der+Bayerischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=3-7696-0087-8&rft.aulast=Strube&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwainson2005" class="citation book cs1">Swainson, Harold (2005). The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine Building. Boston, MA: Adamant Media Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-8345-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-8345-4"><bdi>978-1-4021-8345-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+Sancta+Sophia+Constantinople%3A+A+Study+of+Byzantine+Building&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-8345-4&rft.aulast=Swainson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weitzmann" title="Kurt Weitzmann">Weitzmann, Kurt</a>, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533">Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426182735/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533">Archived</a> 26 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, no. 592, 1979, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-179-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-179-0">978-0-87099-179-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXydis1947" class="citation journal cs1">Xydis, Stephen G. (1947). "The Chancel Barrier, Solea, and Ambo of Hagia Sophia". The Art Bulletin. 29 (1): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3047098">10.2307/3047098</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079">0004-3079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3047098">3047098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Chancel+Barrier%2C+Solea%2C+and+Ambo+of+Hagia+Sophia&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1947&rft.issn=0004-3079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3047098%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3047098&rft.aulast=Xydis&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYucel2005" class="citation book cs1">Yucel, Erdem (2005). Hagia Sophia. Scala Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-250-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-250-4"><bdi>978-1-85759-250-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia&rft.pub=Scala+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85759-250-4&rft.aulast=Yucel&rft.aufirst=Erdem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Articles <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlchermes2005" class="citation book cs1">Alchermes, Joseph D. (2005). "Art and Architecture in the Age of Justinian". In Maas, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. pp. 343–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52071-3"><bdi>978-0-521-52071-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Art+and+Architecture+in+the+Age+of+Justinian&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Age+of+Justinian&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E343-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=Cambridge+U.P.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52071-3&rft.aulast=Alchermes&rft.aufirst=Joseph+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtchison2020" class="citation web cs1">Atchison, Bob (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pallasweb.com/deesis/hagiasophia.html">"History of Hagia Sophia – the Church of Holy Wisdom"</a>. My World of Byzantium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+World+of+Byzantium&rft.atitle=History+of+Hagia+Sophia+%E2%80%93+the+Church+of+Holy+Wisdom&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Atchison&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pallasweb.com%2Fdeesis%2Fhagiasophia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bordewich, Fergus M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203172830/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Fading-Glory.html">"A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a> magazine, December 2008</li> <li>Calian, Florian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianweekly.com/2021/03/24/the-hagia-sophia-and-turkeys-neo-ottomanism/">The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520144730/https://armenianweekly.com/2021/03/24/the-hagia-sophia-and-turkeys-neo-ottomanism/">Archived</a> 20 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Armenian Weekly.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsseman" class="citation web cs1">Osseman, Dick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbase.com/dosseman/istanbul_aya_sofia">"Aya Sofya Photo Gallery"</a>. Pbase.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pbase.com&rft.atitle=Aya+Sofya+Photo+Gallery&rft.aulast=Osseman&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbase.com%2Fdosseman%2Fistanbul_aya_sofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ousterhout, Robert G. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/museum-or-mosque">Museum or Mosque? Istanbul's Hagia Sophia has been a monument to selective readings of history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414095032/https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/museum-or-mosque">Archived</a> 14 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." History Today (Sept 2020).</li> <li>Suchkov, Maxim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/why-did-moscow-call-ankaras-hagia-sophia-decision-turkeys-internal-affair">Why did Moscow call Ankara's Hagia Sophia decision "Turkey's internal affair"?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414095035/https://www.mei.edu/publications/why-did-moscow-call-ankaras-hagia-sophia-decision-turkeys-internal-affair">Archived</a> 14 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Middle East Institute.</li></ul> Mosaics <ul><li>Hagia Sophia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107145816/http://www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php?listingID=2">hagiasophia.com: Mosaics</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1951" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, William Lloyd (1951). The uncovering of Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia. Archaeological Institute of America. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007GZTKS">B0007GZTKS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+uncovering+of+Byzantine+mosaics+in+Hagia+Sophia&rft.pub=Archaeological+Institute+of+America&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007GZTKS%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=William+Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango1972" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril (1972). The mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: The church fathers in the north Tympanum. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007CAVA0">B0007CAVA0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mosaics+of+St.+Sophia+at+Istanbul%3A+The+church+fathers+in+the+north+Tympanum&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Center+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007CAVA0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango1968" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril (1968). The Apse mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: Report on work carried out in 1964. Johnson Reprints. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007G5RBY">B0007G5RBY</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apse+mosaics+of+St.+Sophia+at+Istanbul%3A+Report+on+work+carried+out+in+1964&rft.pub=Johnson+Reprints&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007G5RBY%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangoHeinz_Kahler1967" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril; Heinz Kahler (1967). Hagia Sophia: With a Chapter on the Mosaics. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CO5IL">B0000CO5IL</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia%3A+With+a+Chapter+on+the+Mosaics&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CO5IL%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Heinz+Kahler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeteriatnikov1998" class="citation book cs1">Teteriatnikov, Natalia B. (1998). Mosaics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul: The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-264-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-264-0"><bdi>978-0-88402-264-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosaics+of+Hagia+Sophia%2C+Istanbul%3A+The+Fossati+Restoration+and+the+Work+of+the+Byzantine+Institute&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-264-0&rft.aulast=Teteriatnikov&rft.aufirst=Natalia+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiccardi2012" class="citation book cs1">Riccardi, Lorenzo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1867754">Alcune riflessioni sul mosaico del vestibolo sud-ovest della Santa Sofia di Costantinopoli, in Vie per Bisanzio. VIII Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini (Venezia 25–28 novembre 2009), a cura di Antonio Rigo, Andrea Babuin e Michele Trizio</a>. Bari: Edizioni di Pagina. pp. 357–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7470-229-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7470-229-9"><bdi>978-88-7470-229-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcune+riflessioni+sul+mosaico+del+vestibolo+sud-ovest+della+Santa+Sofia+di+Costantinopoli%2C+in+Vie+per+Bisanzio.+VIII+Congresso+Nazionale+dell%27Associazione+Italiana+di+Studi+Bizantini+%28Venezia+25%E2%80%9328+novembre+2009%29%2C+a+cura+di+Antonio+Rigo%2C+Andrea+Babuin+e+Michele+Trizio&rft.place=Bari&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Edizioni+di+Pagina&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-7470-229-9&rft.aulast=Riccardi&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1867754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYücel1988" class="citation book cs1">Yücel, Erdem (1988). The mosaics of Hagia Sophia. Efe Turizm. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007CBGYA">B0007CBGYA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mosaics+of+Hagia+Sophia&rft.pub=Efe+Turizm&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007CBGYA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Y%C3%BCcel&rft.aufirst=Erdem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHagia+Sophia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagia_Sophia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.yandex.com/-/CVfSRK~H">360° panoraITS A BISHic view</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virtual_tour" title="Virtual tour">virtual tour</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fatih.gov.tr/dunya-mimarlik-tarihinin-onemli-anitlarindan-ayasofya">Official website</a> (in Turkish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.360tr.com/embed/a63e18511e&lang_id=tr">360 Degree Virtual Tour of Hagia Sophia Mosque Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gigapixel.cam/en/hagiasophia-gigapixel-istanbul-turkey">Gigapixel of Hagia Sophia Dome (214 Billion Pixel)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-113941/istanbul---hagia-sophia-museum.html">Hagia Sophia Museum, Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture & Tourism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.istanbul.gov.tr/the-most-visited-museums-of-turkey-hagia-sophia-museum">The Most Visited Museums of Turkey: Hagia Sophia Museum, Governorship of Istanbul</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fatih,_Istanbul348" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fatih" title="Template:Fatih"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fatih" title="Template talk:Fatih"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fatih" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fatih"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fatih,_Istanbul348" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fatih" title="Fatih">Fatih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksaray,_Fatih" title="Aksaray, Fatih">Aksaray</a></li> <li>Akşemsettin</li> <li>Alemdar</li> <li>Ali Kuşçu</li> <li>Atikali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayvansaray" title="Ayvansaray">Ayvansaray</a></li> <li>Balabanağa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balat,_Fatih" title="Balat, Fatih">Balat</a></li> <li>Beyazıt</li> <li>Binbirdirek</li> <li>Cankurtaran</li> <li>Cerrahpaşa</li> <li>Cibali</li> <li>Demirtaş</li> <li>Derviş Ali</li> <li>Emin Sinan</li> <li>Hacı Kadın</li> <li>Haseki Sultan</li> <li>Hırka-İ Şerif</li> <li>Hobyar</li> <li>Hoca Gıyasettin</li> <li>Hocapaşa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderpa%C5%9Fa" title="İskenderpaşa">İskenderpaşa</a></li> <li>Kalenderhane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk" title="Karagümrük">Karagümrük</a></li> <li>Katip Kasım</li> <li>Kemalpaşa</li> <li>Koca Mustafapaşa</li> <li>Küçük Ayasofya</li> <li>Mercan</li> <li>Mesihpaşa</li> <li>Mevlanakapı</li> <li>Mimar Hayrettin</li> <li>Mimar Kemalettin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollafenari,_Fatih" title="Mollafenari, Fatih">Mollafenari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollag%C3%BCrani" title="Mollagürani">Mollagürani</a></li> <li>Molla Hüsrev</li> <li>Muhsine Hatun</li> <li>Nişanca</li> <li>Rüstempaşa</li> <li>Saraç İshak</li> <li>Sarıdemir</li> <li>Şehremini</li> <li>Şehsuvar Bey</li> <li>Seyyid Ömer</li> <li>Silivrikapı</li> <li>Süleymaniye</li> <li>Sultan Ahmet</li> <li>Sümbül Efendi</li> <li>Sururi</li> <li>Tahtakale</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayahatun,_Fatih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayahatun, Fatih">Tayahatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1,_Fatih" title="Topkapı, Fatih">Topkapı</a></li> <li>Yavuz Sinan</li> <li>Yavuz Sultan Selim</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedikule" title="Yedikule">Yedikule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyrek" title="Zeyrek">Zeyrek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ah%C4%B1rkap%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahırkapı (page does not exist)">Ahırkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1mermer" title="Altımermer">Altımermer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayakap%C4%B1" title="Ayakapı">Ayakapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bah%C3%A7ekap%C4%B1,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahçekapı, Fatih (page does not exist)">Bahçekapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgradkap%C4%B1" title="Belgradkapı">Belgradkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BCy%C3%BCklanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Büyüklanga (page does not exist)">Büyüklanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu" title="Cağaloğlu">Cağaloğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87apa,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çapa, Fatih (page does not exist)">Çapa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87ar%C5%9F%C4%B1kap%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çarşıkapı (page does not exist)">Çarşıkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87atlad%C4%B1kap%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çatladıkapı (page does not exist)">Çatladıkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba,_Fatih" title="Çarşamba, Fatih">Çarşamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F,_Fatih" title="Çemberlitaş, Fatih">Çemberlitaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurbostan,_Fatih" title="Çukurbostan, Fatih">Çukurbostan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draman,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Draman, Fatih (page does not exist)">Draman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirnekap%C4%B1,_Fatih" title="Edirnekapı, Fatih">Edirnekapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C4%9Frikap%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eğrikapı (page does not exist)">Eğrikapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Eminönü">Eminönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fener" title="Fener">Fener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C4%B1nd%C4%B1kzade" title="Fındıkzade">Fındıkzade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedikpa%C5%9Fa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedikpaşa (page does not exist)">Gedikpaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haseki,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haseki, Fatih (page does not exist)">Haseki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horhor,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horhor, Fatih (page does not exist)">Horhor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0mrahor,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İmrahor, Fatih (page does not exist)">İmrahor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kad%C4%B1rga,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadırga, Fatih (page does not exist)">Kadırga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%B1zta%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kıztaşı, Fatih (page does not exist)">Kıztaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCkmustafapa%C5%9Fa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Küçükmustafapaşa (page does not exist)">Küçükmustafapaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCkpazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Küçükpazar (page does not exist)">Küçükpazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkap%C4%B1" title="Kumkapı">Kumkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCklanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Küçüklanga (page does not exist)">Küçüklanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laleli,_Fatih" title="Laleli, Fatih">Laleli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmutpa%C5%9Fa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmutpaşa (page does not exist)">Mahmutpaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narl%C4%B1kap%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narlıkapı (page does not exist)">Narlıkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuruosmaniye,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuruosmaniye, Fatih (page does not exist)">Nuruosmaniye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pazartekke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pazartekke (page does not exist)">Pazartekke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatya" title="Samatya">Samatya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sara%C3%A7hane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saraçhane (page does not exist)">Saraçhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarayburnu" title="Sarayburnu">Sarayburnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkeci" title="Sirkeci">Sirkeci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sofular,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sofular, Fatih (page does not exist)">Sofular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulukule" title="Sulukule">Sulukule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Şehzadebaşı">Şehzadebaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%C5%9Fkasap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taşkasap (page does not exist)">Taşkasap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unkapan%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unkapanı (page does not exist)">Unkapanı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vefa" title="Vefa">Vefa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vezneciler,_Fatih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vezneciler, Fatih (page does not exist)">Vezneciler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenikap%C4%B1" title="Yenikapı">Yenikapı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusufpa%C5%9Fa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusufpaşa (page does not exist)">Yusufpaşa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_Square" title="Beyazıt Square">Beyazıt Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_Tower" title="Beyazıt Tower">Beyazıt Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_St._Stephen_Church" title="Bulgarian St. Stephen Church">Bulgarian St. Stephen Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirnekap%C4%B1_Martyr%27s_Cemetery" title="Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery">Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski_Saray" title="Eski Saray">Eski Saray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Agha_Mosque" title="Firuz Agha Mosque">Firuz Agha Mosque</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Archaeology_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Archaeology Museums">İstanbul Archaeology Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laleli_Mosque" title="Laleli Mosque">Laleli Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_Mosque_(Edirnekap%C4%B1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı)">Mihrimah Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Medrese" title="Rüstem Pasha Medrese">Rüstem Pasha Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_Bazaar" title="Spice Bazaar">Spice Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Hamdi_Tanp%C4%B1nar_Literature_Museum_Library" title="Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library">Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedikule_Fortress" title="Yedikule Fortress">Yedikule Fortress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirkeci_railway_station" title="Sirkeci railway station">Sirkeci railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu_Anadolu_Lisesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi">Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_High_School" title="Istanbul High School">Istanbul High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadir_Has_University" title="Kadir Has University">Kadir Has University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metro Stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksaray_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="Aksaray (Istanbul Metro)">Aksaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emniyet%E2%80%94Fatih_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="Emniyet—Fatih (Istanbul Metro)">Emniyet—Fatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1%E2%80%94Ulubatl%C4%B1_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="Topkapı—Ulubatlı (Istanbul Metro)">Topkapı—Ulubatlı</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vezneciler_(Istanbul_Metro)" title="Vezneciler (Istanbul Metro)">Vezneciler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenikap%C4%B1_Transfer_Center" title="Yenikapı Transfer Center">Yenikapı</a> (part)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Istanbul" title="Category:Istanbul">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Proximate_landmarks_of_Istanbul35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Proximate_landmarks_of_Istanbul" title="Template:Proximate landmarks of Istanbul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Proximate_landmarks_of_Istanbul" title="Template talk:Proximate landmarks of Istanbul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Proximate_landmarks_of_Istanbul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Proximate landmarks of Istanbul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proximate_landmarks_of_Istanbul35" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Proximate landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Cistern" title="Theodosius Cistern">Theodosius Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul" title="Grand Bazaar, Istanbul">Grand Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Church_buildings_and_monasteries_in_Byzantine_Constantinople405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Church_buildings_and_monasteries_in_Constantinople" title="Template:Church buildings and monasteries in Constantinople"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Church_buildings_and_monasteries_in_Constantinople" title="Template talk:Church buildings and monasteries in Constantinople"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Church_buildings_and_monasteries_in_Constantinople" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Church buildings and monasteries in Constantinople"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Church_buildings_and_monasteries_in_Byzantine_Constantinople405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Church buildings and monasteries in Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Acacius" title="Church of St Acacius">St. Acacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque">St. Andrew in Krisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Holy Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Menas_of_Samatya" title="Church of Saint Menas of Samatya">Martyrium of St. Carpus and Papylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arslan_Hane,_Istanbul" title="Arslan Hane, Istanbul">Christ of the Chalkè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Mosque" title="Gül Mosque">Christ Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski_Imaret_Mosque" title="Eski Imaret Mosque">Christ Pantepoptes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">Christ Pantokrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arap_Mosque" title="Arap Mosque">St. Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Antiochos" title="Palace of Antiochos">St. Euphemia in the Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancaktar_Hayrettin_Mosque" title="Sancaktar Hayrettin Mosque">Gastria Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirnekap%C4%B1,_Fatih" title="Edirnekapı, Fatih">Hagia Yorgi in Edirnekapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenari_Isa_Mosque" title="Fenari Isa Mosque">St. John Baptist at Lips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirami_Ahmet_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque">St. John Baptist in Trullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenari_Isa_Mosque" title="Fenari Isa Mosque">Lips Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefeli_Mosque" title="Kefeli Mosque">Monastery of Manuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_Blachernae_(Istanbul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)">St. Mary of Blachernae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Benoit,_Istanbul" title="Church of Saint Benoit, Istanbul">St. Mary of the Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">St. Mary Eleousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodegon_Monastery" title="Hodegon Monastery">Monastery of St. Mary Hodegetria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenderhane_Mosque" title="Kalenderhane Mosque">St. Mary Kyriotissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenari_Isa_Mosque" title="Fenari Isa Mosque">St. Mary at Lips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Mongols" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols">St. Mary of the Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">St. Mary Pammakaristos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George_of_Samatya" title="Church of St. George of Samatya">St. Mary Peribleptos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Pharos" title="Church of the Virgin of the Pharos">St. Mary of Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_the_Spring_(Istanbul)" title="Church of St. Mary of the Spring (Istanbul)">St. Mary of the Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manast%C4%B1r_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Manastır Mosque, Istanbul">Holy Martyrs Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">St. Michael Archangel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_St_Mocius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of St Mocius (page does not exist)">St. Mocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Mosque" title="Bodrum Mosque">Myrelaion Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Ekklesia" title="Nea Ekklesia">Nea Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arap_Mosque" title="Arap Mosque">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Polyeuctus" title="Church of St. Polyeuctus">St. Polyeuctus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atik_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque">St. Thekla in the Palace of Blachernae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church-Mosque_of_Vefa" title="Church-Mosque of Vefa">St. Theodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Mosque" title="Gül Mosque">St. Theodosia in Dexiokratou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia" title="Little Hagia Sophia">SS. Sergius and Bacchus in Hormisdou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Stoudios" title="Monastery of Stoudios">Stoudios Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Saray" title="Bogdan Saray">Unknown (Bogdan Saray)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ese_Kapi_Mosque" title="Ese Kapi Mosque">Unknown (Ese Kapi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kas%C4%B1m_Agha_Mosque" title="Kasım Agha Mosque">Unknown (Kasım Ağa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalar_Mosque" title="Odalar Mosque">Unknown (Odalar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Basilica" title="Palace Basilica">Unknown (Palace Basilica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eeyh_S%C3%BCleyman_Mosque" title="Şeyh Süleyman Mosque">Unknown (Şeyh Süleyman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toklu_Dede_Mosque" title="Toklu Dede Mosque">Unknown (Toklu Dede)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/28px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/56px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_spaces_of_Constantinople" title="Template:Public spaces of Constantinople">Public spaces of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Churches-Mosques_in_Istanbul" title="Template:Churches-Mosques in Istanbul">Church-mosques in Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics337" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Preceding</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Early (330–717)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Middle (717–1204)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Late (1204–1453)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Church-Mosques_(Kilise-Camiler)_in_Istanbul389" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Churches-Mosques_in_Istanbul" title="Template:Churches-Mosques in Istanbul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Churches-Mosques_in_Istanbul" title="Template talk:Churches-Mosques in Istanbul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Churches-Mosques_in_Istanbul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Churches-Mosques in Istanbul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Church-Mosques_(Kilise-Camiler)_in_Istanbul389" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Church-Mosques (Kilise-Camiler) in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arap_Mosque" title="Arap Mosque">Arap (St. Paul / St. Dominic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atik_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque">Atik Mustafa Pasha (St. Thekla)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Mosque" title="Bodrum Mosque">Bodrum (Myrelaion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ese_Kapi_Mosque" title="Ese Kapi Mosque">Ese Kapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski_Imaret_Mosque" title="Eski Imaret Mosque">Eski Imaret (Christ Pantepoptes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenari_Isa_Mosque" title="Fenari Isa Mosque">Fenari Isa (Lips Monastery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Fethiye (Pammakaristos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Mosque" title="Gül Mosque">Gül (St. Theodosia / Christ Euergetes)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirami_Ahmet_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque">Hirami Ahmet Pasha (St. John in Trullo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Stoudios" title="Monastery of Stoudios">Imrahor (Stoudios Monastery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenderhane_Mosque" title="Kalenderhane Mosque">Kalenderhane (Kyriotissa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Kariye (Chora Monastery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kas%C4%B1m_Agha_Mosque" title="Kasım Agha Mosque">Kasım Ağa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefeli_Mosque" title="Kefeli Mosque">Kefeli (Monastery of Manuel / St. Nicholas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque">Koca Mustafa Pasha (St. Andrew in Krisei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia" title="Little Hagia Sophia">Little Haghia Sophia (SS. Sergius and Bacchus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manast%C4%B1r_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Manastır Mosque, Istanbul">Manastır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalar_Mosque" title="Odalar Mosque">Odalar (St. Mary of Constantinople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancaktar_Hayrettin_Mosque" title="Sancaktar Hayrettin Mosque">Sancaktar Hayrettin (Gastria Monastery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eeyh_S%C3%BCleyman_Mosque" title="Şeyh Süleyman Mosque">Şeyh Süleyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toklu_Dede_Mosque" title="Toklu Dede Mosque">Toklu Dede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church-Mosque_of_Vefa" title="Church-Mosque of Vefa">Vefa Kilise (St. Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">Zeyrek (Christ Pantokrator, Theotokos Eleousa & St. Michael)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Church_buildings_and_monasteries_in_Constantinople" title="Template:Church buildings and monasteries in Constantinople">Church buildings in Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_spaces_of_Constantinople" title="Template:Public spaces of Constantinople">Public places in Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Museums_in_Istanbul223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Museums_in_Istanbul" title="Template:Museums in Istanbul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Museums_in_Istanbul" title="Template talk:Museums in Istanbul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Museums_in_Istanbul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Museums in Istanbul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Museums_in_Istanbul223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museums</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Archaeology and history museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museums" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museums">Istanbul Archaeology Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ancient_Orient" title="Museum of the Ancient Orient">Museum of the Ancient Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_Mosaic_Museum" title="Great Palace Mosaic Museum">Great Palace Mosaic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%B0SART_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HİSART Museum (page does not exist)">HİSART Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Castles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1" title="Anadoluhisarı">Anadoluhisarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumelihisarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedikule_Fortress" title="Yedikule Fortress">Yedikule Fortress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Culture and art museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_G%C3%BCler_Museum" title="Ara Güler Museum">Ara Güler Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan%C3%A7ay_Museum" title="Doğançay Museum">Doğançay Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Contemporary_Art_Museum" title="Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum">Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Modern">İstanbul Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum">İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pera_Museum" title="Pera Museum">Pera Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezan_Has_Museum" title="Rezan Has Museum">Rezan Has Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantralIstanbul" title="SantralIstanbul">SantralIstanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak%C4%B1p_Sabanc%C4%B1_Museum" title="Sakıp Sabancı Museum">Sakıp Sabancı Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadberk_Han%C4%B1m_Museum" title="Sadberk Hanım Museum">Sadberk Hanım Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgiz_Museum" title="Elgiz Museum">Elgiz Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_World_Costumes" title="Museum of World Costumes">Museum of World Costumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds_Istanbul" title="Madame Tussauds Istanbul">Madame Tussauds Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Historic house museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Museum,_Istanbul" title="Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul">Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Fiyan_Museum" title="Aşiyan Museum">Aşiyan Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum,_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli" title="Atatürk Museum, Şişli">Atatürk Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florya_Atat%C3%BCrk_Marine_Mansion" title="Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion">Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_House_Museum" title="İsmet İnönü House Museum">İsmet İnönü House Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Literary museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Hamdi_Tanp%C4%B1nar_Literature_Museum_Library" title="Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library">Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Rahmi_G%C3%BCrp%C4%B1nar_Museum" title="Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum">Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Kemal_Literature_Museum" title="Orhan Kemal Literature Museum">Orhan Kemal Literature Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyer_Loti_Museum" title="Piyer Loti Museum">Piyer Loti Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sait_Faik_Abas%C4%B1yan%C4%B1k_Museum" title="Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum">Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Military museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Aviation_Museum" title="Istanbul Aviation Museum">Aviation Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Military_Museum" title="Istanbul Military Museum">Military Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Naval_Museum" title="Istanbul Naval Museum">Naval Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Palaces and pavilions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aynal%C4%B1kavak_Pavilion" title="Aynalıkavak Pavilion">Aynalıkavak Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Palace" title="Beylerbeyi Palace">Beylerbeyi Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihlamur_Pavilion" title="Ihlamur Pavilion">Ihlamur Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Pavilion" title="Küçüksu Pavilion">Küçüksu Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslak_Pavilion" title="Maslak Pavilion">Maslak Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiled_Kiosk" title="Tiled Kiosk">Tiled Kiosk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Religious museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galata_Mevlevi_House_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galata Mevlevi House Museum (page does not exist)">Galata Mevlevi House Museum</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galata_Mevlevihanesi" class="extiw" title="tr:Galata Mevlevihanesi">tr</a>]</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Turkey" title="Jewish Museum of Turkey">Jewish Museum of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Science and technology museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Museum,_Istanbul" title="Camera Museum, Istanbul">Camera Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanpa%C5%9Fa_Gasworks" title="Hasanpaşa Gasworks">Hasanpaşa Gasworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Museum_of_the_History_of_Science_and_Technology_in_Islam" title="Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam">Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandilli_Earthquake_Museum" title="Kandilli Earthquake Museum">Kandilli Earthquake Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandilli_Earthquake_Museum" title="Kandilli Earthquake Museum">Kandilli Earthquake Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmi_M._Ko%C3%A7_Museum" title="Rahmi M. Koç Museum">Rahmi M. Koç Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silahtara%C4%9Fa_Power_Station#SantralIstanbul_Energy_Museum" title="Silahtarağa Power Station">SantralIstanbul Energy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Postal_Museum" title="Istanbul Postal Museum">Postal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Railway_Museum" title="Istanbul Railway Museum">Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Zoology_Museum" title="Istanbul Zoology Museum">Istanbul Zoology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU Science Center">ITU Science Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_%C4%B0hsan_Ketin" title="Natural History Museum of İhsan Ketin">Natural History Museum of İhsan Ketin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Innocence_(museum)" title="The Museum of Innocence (museum)">The Museum of Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y_Psychiatric_Hospital#Museum" title="Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital">Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K.#Fenerbahçe_Museum" title="Fenerbahçe S.K.">Fenerbahçe Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_Museum" title="Galatasaray Museum">Galatasaray Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Toy_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Toy Museum">İstanbul Toy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_UFO_Museum" title="Istanbul UFO Museum">Istanbul UFO Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fbank_Museum" title="İşbank Museum">İşbank Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutfak_Sanatlari_Akademisi#Museum" title="Mutfak Sanatlari Akademisi">MSA Gastronomy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Illumination_and_Heating_Appliances" title="Museum of Illumination and Heating Appliances">Museum of Illumination and Heating Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Bank_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Bank Museum (page does not exist)">Ottoman Bank Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Princes%27_Islands" title="Museum of the Princes' Islands">Museum of the Princes' Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGC_Press_Media_Museum" title="TGC Press Media Museum">TGC Press Media Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Museum_%C4%B0stanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Museum İstanbul">Women's Museum İstanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_Mosques_in_Turkey_15px2197" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mosques_in_Turkey" title="Template:Mosques in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mosques_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Mosques in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mosques_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mosques in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px_Mosques_in_Turkey_15px2197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:IslamSymbol-white.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IslamSymbol-white.svg/15px-IslamSymbol-white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IslamSymbol-white.svg/23px-IslamSymbol-white.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IslamSymbol-white.svg/30px-IslamSymbol-white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="213" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Turkey" title="List of mosques in Turkey">Mosques</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>  <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque" title="Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque">Ahmet Hamdi Akseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslanhane_Mosque" title="Aslanhane Mosque">Aslanhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Bayram_Mosque" title="Hacı Bayram Mosque">Hacı Bayram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocatepe_Mosque" title="Kocatepe Mosque">Kocatepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltepe_Mosque" title="Maltepe Mosque">Maltepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melike_Hatun_Mosque" title="Melike Hatun Mosque">Melike Hatun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesik_Minare" title="Kesik Minare">Korkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Pasha_Mosque,_Antalya" title="Murat Pasha Mosque, Antalya">Murat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omer_Pasha_Mosque" title="Omer Pasha Mosque">Omer Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekeli_Mehmet_Pasha_Mosque" title="Tekeli Mehmet Pasha Mosque">Tekeli Mehmet Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yivli_Minaret_Mosque" title="Yivli Minaret Mosque">Yivli Minaret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I_Mosque" title="Bayezid I Mosque">Bayezid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Sultan_Mosque" title="Emir Sultan Mosque">Emir Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Bursa" title="Grand Mosque of Bursa">Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mosque,_Bursa" title="Green Mosque, Bursa">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendigar_Mosque" title="Hüdavendigar Mosque">Hüdavendigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muradiye_Complex" title="Muradiye Complex">Muradiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Gazi_Mosque" title="Orhan Gazi Mosque">Orhan Gazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veled-i_Yani%C3%A7_Mosque" title="Veled-i Yaniç Mosque">Veled-i Yaniç</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behram_Pasha_Mosque" title="Behram Pasha Mosque">Behram Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Great Mosque of Diyarbakır">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazreti_S%C3%BCleyman_Mosque" title="Hazreti Süleyman Mosque">Hazreti Süleyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Matar_Mosque" title="Sheikh Matar Mosque">Sheikh Matar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evliya_Kasim_Pasha_Mosque" title="Evliya Kasim Pasha Mosque">Evliya Kasim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muradiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Muradiye Mosque, Edirne">Muradiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Old Mosque, Edirne">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque" title="Üç Şerefeli Mosque">Üç Şerefeli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Istanbul" title="List of mosques in Istanbul">Istanbul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altunizade_Mosque" title="Altunizade Mosque">Altunizade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arap_Mosque" title="Arap Mosque">Arap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atik_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque">Atik Mustafa Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atik_Valide_Mosque" title="Atik Valide Mosque">Atik Valide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayazma_Mosque" title="Ayazma Mosque">Ayazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Bayezid II Mosque, Istanbul">Bayezid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebek_Mosque" title="Bebek Mosque">Bebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Mosque" title="Beylerbeyi Mosque">Beylerbeyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Blue Mosque, Istanbul">Blue (Sultan Ahmed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6cekli_Mosque" title="Böcekli Mosque">Böcekli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Mosque" title="Bodrum Mosque">Bodrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_with_the_Spiral_Minaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque with the Spiral Minaret">Burmalı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1ca_Mosque" title="Çamlıca Mosque">Çamlıca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87inili_Mosque" title="Çinili Mosque">Çinili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defterdar_Mosque" title="Defterdar Mosque">Defterdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Mosque" title="Dolmabahçe Mosque">Dolmabahçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirgan_Mosque" title="Emirgan Mosque">Emirgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski_Imaret_Mosque" title="Eski Imaret Mosque">Eski Imaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Sultan_Mosque" title="Eyüp Sultan Mosque">Eyüp Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Fatih Mosque, Istanbul">Fatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenari_Isa_Mosque" title="Fenari Isa Mosque">Fenari Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Agha_Mosque" title="Firuz Agha Mosque">Firuz Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_Atik_Ali_Pasha_Mosque" title="Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque">Gazi Atik Ali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Mosque" title="Gül Mosque">Gül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadim_Ibrahim_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Mosque">Hadim Ibrahim Pasha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handan_Agha_Mosque" title="Handan Agha Mosque">Handan Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseki_Sultan_Complex" title="Haseki Sultan Complex">Haseki Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirami_Ahmet_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque">Hirami Ahmet Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C4%B1rka-i_%C5%9Eerif_Mosque" title="Hırka-i Şerif Mosque">Hırka-i Şerif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skender_Pasha_Mosque,_Fatih" title="İskender Pasha Mosque, Fatih">İskender Pasha, Fatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skender_Pasha_Mosque,_Kanl%C4%B1ca" title="İskender Pasha Mosque, Kanlıca">İskender Pasha, Kanlıca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Stoudios" title="Monastery of Stoudios">Imrahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenderhane_Mosque" title="Kalenderhane Mosque">Kalenderhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Ahmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque">Kara Ahmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Kariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kas%C4%B1m_Agha_Mosque" title="Kasım Agha Mosque">Kasım Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefeli_Mosque" title="Kefeli Mosque">Kefeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha_Complex" title="Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex">Kılıç Ali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque">Koca Mustafa Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Mecidiye_Mosque" title="Küçük Mecidiye Mosque">Küçük Mecidiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laleli_Mosque" title="Laleli Mosque">Laleli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia" title="Little Hagia Sophia">Little Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manast%C4%B1r_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Manastır Mosque, Istanbul">Manastır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesih_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque">Mesih Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_Mosque_(Edirnekap%C4%B1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı)">Mihrimah Sultan, Edirnekapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_Mosque_(%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)">Mihrimah Sultan, Üsküdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molla_%C3%87elebi_Mosque" title="Molla Çelebi Mosque">Molla Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Maarifi_Mosque" title="Muhammad Maarifi Mosque">Muhammad Maarifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Pasha_Mosque,_Aksaray" title="Murat Pasha Mosque, Aksaray">Murat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nall%C4%B1_Masjid" title="Nallı Masjid">Nallı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="New Mosque, Istanbul">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%B1%C5%9Fan%C3%A7%C4%B1_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Nışançı Mehmed Pasha Mosque">Nışançı Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque" title="Nuruosmaniye Mosque">Nuruosmaniye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusretiye_Mosque" title="Nusretiye Mosque">Nusretiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque" title="Ortaköy Mosque">Ortaköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertevniyal_Valide_Sultan_Mosque" title="Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque">Pertevniyal Valide Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Piri Mehmed Pasha Mosque">Piri Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyale_Pasha_Mosque" title="Piyale Pasha Mosque">Piyale Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Rum Mehmed Pasha Mosque">Rum Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque" title="Rüstem Pasha Mosque">Rüstem Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eakirin_Mosque" title="Şakirin Mosque">Şakirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanki_Yedim_Mosque" title="Sanki Yedim Mosque">Sanki Yedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancaktar_Hayrettin_Mosque" title="Sancaktar Hayrettin Mosque">Sancaktar Hayrettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancaklar_Mosque" title="Sancaklar Mosque">Sancaklar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Selimiye Mosque, Üsküdar">Selimiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemsi_Pasha_Mosque" title="Şemsi Pasha Mosque">Şemsi Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eeyh_S%C3%BCleyman_Mosque" title="Şeyh Süleyman Mosque">Şeyh Süleyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha_Mosque_(Istanbul)" title="Sinan Pasha Mosque (Istanbul)">Sinan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli_Mosque" title="Şişli Mosque">Şişli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque_(Azapkap%C4%B1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Azapkapı)">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Azapkapı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque_(B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C3%A7ekmece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Büyükçekmece)">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Büyükçekmece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque_(Kad%C4%B1rga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga)">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Kadırga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_Mosque" title="Taksim Mosque">Taksim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%C5%9Fvikiye_Mosque" title="Teşvikiye Mosque">Teşvikiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasat_Atik_Ali_Pasha_Mosque" title="Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Mosque">Vasat Atik Ali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church-Mosque_of_Vefa" title="Church-Mosque of Vefa">Vefa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Selim_Mosque" title="Yavuz Selim Mosque">Yavuz Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeni_Valide_Mosque" title="Yeni Valide Mosque">Yeni Valide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Hamidiye_Mosque" title="Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque">Yıldız Hamidiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zal_Mahmud_Pasha_Mosque" title="Zal Mahmud Pasha Mosque">Zal Mahmud Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeynep_Sultan_Mosque" title="Zeynep Sultan Mosque">Zeynep Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">Zeyrek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fdurak_Mosque" title="Başdurak Mosque">Başdurak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_Cami_(Birgi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu Cami (Birgi)">Birgi Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisar_Mosque" title="Hisar Mosque">Hisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sa_Bey_Mosque" title="İsa Bey Mosque">İsa Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kestanepazar%C4%B1_Mosque" title="Kestanepazarı Mosque">Kestanepazarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salep%C3%A7io%C4%9Flu_Mosque" title="Salepçioğlu Mosque">Salepçioğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yal%C4%B1_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalı Mosque">Yalı</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mosque,_%C4%B0znik" title="Green Mosque, İznik">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_%C3%96zbek_Mosque" title="Haji Özbek Mosque">Haji Özbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C5%9Fehir_Grand_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Akşehir Grand Mosque">Akşehir Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A2eddin_Mosque" title="Alâeddin Mosque">Alâeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Aziziye_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya Aziziye Mosque">Aziziye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C5%9Frefo%C4%9Flu_Mosque" title="Eşrefoğlu Mosque">Eşrefoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruh%C5%9Fah_Mosque" title="Ferruhşah Mosque">Ferruhşah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1veyiszade_Mosque" title="Hacıveyiszade Mosque">Hacıveyiszade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kileci_Mosque" title="Kileci Mosque">Kileci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Konya" title="Selimiye Mosque, Konya">Selimiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fmedrese" title="Taşmedrese">Taşmedrese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilal-i_Habe%C5%9Fi_Masjid" title="Bilal-i Habeşi Masjid">Bilal-i Habeşi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCzeloluk_Mosque" title="Güzeloluk Mosque">Güzeloluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_Pasha_Mosque" title="Laal Pasha Mosque">Laal Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Mersin" title="Grand Mosque of Mersin">Mersin Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Old_Mosque" title="Mersin Old Mosque">Mersin Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCft%C3%BC_Mosque" title="Müftü Mosque">Müftü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fdat_Mosque" title="Muğdat Mosque">Muğdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Tarsus" title="Grand Mosque of Tarsus">Tarsus Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_Old_Mosque" title="Tarsus Old Mosque">Tarsus Old</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Trabzon" title="Fatih Mosque, Trabzon">Fatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skender_Pasha_Mosque,_Trabzon" title="İskender Pasha Mosque, Trabzon">İskender Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakip_Mosque" title="Nakip Mosque">Nakip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Friday_Mosque" title="New Friday Mosque">New Friday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_(Adana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque (Adana)">Adana Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_Mosque_(Kadirli)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala Mosque (Kadirli)">Ala, Kadirli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaeddin_Mosque_(Eski%C5%9Fehir)" title="Alaeddin Mosque (Eskişehir)">Alaeddin, Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaaddin_Mosque_(Sinop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaaddin Mosque (Sinop)">Alaaddin, Sinop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziziye_Mosque,_Konya" title="Aziziye Mosque, Konya">Aziziye, Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behram%C5%9Fah_Mosque" title="Behramşah Mosque">Behramşah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyac%C4%B1_Mosque" title="Boyacı Mosque">Boyacı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87apano%C4%9Flu_Mosque" title="Çapanoğlu Mosque">Çapanoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divri%C4%9Fi_Great_Mosque_and_Hospital" title="Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital">Divriği Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6%C4%9Fceli_Mosque" title="Göğceli Mosque">Göğceli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib%27i_Neccar_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Habib'i Neccar Mosque">Habib'i Neccar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mosque,_Manisa" title="Sultan Mosque, Manisa">Hafsa Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lyas_Bey_Mosque" title="İlyas Bey Mosque">İlyas Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zzet_Mehmet_Pasha_Mosque" title="İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque">İzzet Mehmet Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zzet_Pasha_Mosque" title="İzzet Pasha Mosque">İzzet Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Grand_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahramanmaraş Grand Mosque">Kahramanmaraş Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazda%C4%9Fl%C4%B1_Mosque" title="Kazdağlı Mosque">Kazdağlı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazim_Bulut_Mosque" title="Kazim Bulut Mosque">Kazim Bulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kur%C5%9Funlu_Mosque_and_Complex" title="Kurşunlu Mosque and Complex">Kurşunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyularonu_Mosque" title="Kuyularonu Mosque">Kuyularonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Mosque" title="Liberation Mosque">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Bey_Mosque" title="Mahmut Bey Mosque">Mahmut Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%C3%BC%C3%A7ehr_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Menüçehr Mosque">Menüçehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrullah_Mosque" title="Nasrullah Mosque">Nasrullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Alaaddin_Mosque" title="Niğde Alaaddin Mosque">Niğde Alaaddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Mosque">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertev_Pasha_Mosque" title="Pertev Pasha Mosque">Pertev Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%C5%9Fadiye_Mosque" title="Reşadiye Mosque">Reşadiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eaban_A%C4%9Fa_Mosque" title="Şaban Ağa Mosque">Şaban Ağa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Central_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabancı Central Mosque">Sabancı Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eirvani_Mosque" title="Şirvani Mosque">Şirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Sivas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mosque of Sivas">Sivas Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivrihisar_Grand_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivrihisar Grand Mosque">Sivrihisar Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque_of_L%C3%BCleburgaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque of Lüleburgaz">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_U%C5%9Fak" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mosque of Uşak">Uşak Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagan_Pasha_Mosque" title="Zagan Pasha Mosque">Zagan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeynel_Abidin_Mosque_Complex" title="Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex">Zeynel Abidin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Turkey" title="Category:Mosques in Turkey">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Turkey" title="List of mosques in Turkey">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_by_country" title="Category:Mosques by country">Mosques by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mathematics_and_art295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template 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structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_surface" title="Minimal surface">Minimal surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraboloid" title="Paraboloid">Paraboloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lucida" title="Camera lucida">Camera lucida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_ratio" title="Plastic ratio">Plastic ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projective_geometry" title="Projective geometry">Projective geometry</a></li> <li>Proportion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportion_(architecture)" title="Proportion (architecture)">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_proportions" title="Body proportions">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_group" title="Wallpaper group">Wallpaper group</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:FWF_Samuel_Monnier_(vertical_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009"><img alt="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/75px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/113px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/150px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="700" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">Algorithmic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphosis" title="Anamorphosis">Anamorphic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">Geodesic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">4D art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">Knotting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_interlace" title="Croatian interlace">Croatian interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_mathematics" title="Music and mathematics">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_paper_folding" title="Mathematics of paper folding">Mathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sculpture" title="Mathematical sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_figure" title="String figure">String figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_designed_with_the_golden_ratio" title="List of works designed with the golden ratio">List of works designed with the golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_(sculpture)" title="Continuum (sculpture)">Continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematica:_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octacube_(sculpture)" title="Octacube (sculpture)">Octacube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_(art_project)" title="Pi (art project)">Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_in_the_Sky" title="Pi in the Sky">Pi in the Sky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_(San_Francisco)" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco)">Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium" title="Kresge Auditorium">Kresge Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Pyramid of Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">Sagrada Família</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_artists" title="List of mathematical artists">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigianino" title="Parmigianino">Parmigianino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-portrait_in_a_Convex_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror">Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th–20th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Blake)" title="Newton (Blake)">Newton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dancer_in_a_Caf%C3%A9" title="Dancer in a Café">Danseuse au café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Oiseau_bleu_(Metzinger)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Oiseau bleu (Metzinger)">L'Oiseau bleu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Limit_III" title="Circle Limit III">Circle Limit III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Gallery_(M._C._Escher)" title="Print Gallery (M. C. Escher)">Print Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_(M._C._Escher)" title="Relativity (M. C. Escher)">Relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptiles_(M._C._Escher)" title="Reptiles (M. C. Escher)">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">Waterfall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Condition_(Magritte)" title="The Human Condition (Magritte)">La condition humaine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_(Corpus_Hypercubus)" title="Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Swallow%27s_Tail" title="The Swallow's Tail">The Swallow's Tail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockett_Johnson" title="Crockett Johnson">Crockett Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bill" title="Max Bill">Max Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Demaine" title="Martin Demaine">Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erik_Demaine" title="Erik Demaine">Erik Demaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Draves" title="Scott Draves">Scott Draves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dibbets" title="Jan Dibbets">Jan Dibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest" title="John Ernest">John Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helaman_Ferguson" title="Helaman Ferguson">Helaman Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forakis" title="Peter Forakis">Peter Forakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Goldstine" title="Susan Goldstine">Susan Goldstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba_Grossman" title="Bathsheba Grossman">Bathsheba Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Hart" title="George W. Hart">George W. Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hill_(artist)" title="Anthony Hill (artist)">Anthony Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jencks" title="Charles Jencks">Charles Jencks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Cosmic_Speculation" title="Garden of Cosmic Speculation">Garden of Cosmic Speculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Lomas" title="Andy Lomas">Andy Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Longhurst" title="Robert Longhurst">Robert Longhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_McLeod" title="Jeanette McLeod">Jeanette McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Orosz" title="István Orosz">István Orosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinke_Osinga" title="Hinke Osinga">Hinke Osinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pevsner" title="Antoine Pevsner">Antoine Pevsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Robbin" title="Tony Robbin">Tony Robbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Rojo_Cama" title="Alba Rojo Cama">Alba Rojo Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Sarhangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Sarhangi">Reza Sarhangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sin" title="Oliver Sin">Oliver Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Sugimoto" title="Hiroshi Sugimoto">Hiroshi Sugimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daina_Taimi%C5%86a" title="Daina Taimiņa">Daina Taimiņa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Verostko" title="Roman Verostko">Roman Verostko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wertheim" title="Margaret Wertheim">Margaret Wertheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">Polykleitos</a> <ul><li>Canon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_pictura" title="De pictura">De pictura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_aedificatoria" title="De re aedificatoria">De re aedificatoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_prospectiva_pingendi" title="De prospectiva pingendi">De prospectiva pingendi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione" title="Divina proportione">De divina proportione</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Painting" title="A Treatise on Painting">A Treatise on Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> <ul><li>Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Sebastiano Serlio</a> <ul><li>Regole generali d'architettura</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_quattro_libri_dell%27architettura" title="I quattro libri dell'architettura">I quattro libri dell'architettura</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colman" title="Samuel Colman">Samuel Colman</a> <ul><li>Nature's Harmonic Unity</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Macody_Lund" title="Frederik Macody Lund">Frederik Macody Lund</a> <ul><li>Ad Quadratum</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Hambidge" title="Jay Hambidge">Jay Hambidge</a> <ul><li>The Greek Vase</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)#The_Grammar_of_Ornament" title="Owen Jones (architect)">The Grammar of Ornament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hanbury_Hankin" title="Ernest Hanbury Hankin">Ernest Hanbury Hankin</a> <ul><li>The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology" title="A Mathematician's Apology">A Mathematician's Apology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_David_Birkhoff" title="George David Birkhoff">George David Birkhoff</a> <ul><li>Aesthetic Measure</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Salingaros" title="Nikos Salingaros">Nikos Salingaros</a> <ul><li>The 'Life' of a Carpet</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="Journal of Mathematics and the Arts">Journal of Mathematics and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Naturae" title="Lumen Naturae">Lumen Naturae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_Mathematics_with_Needlework" title="Making Mathematics with Needlework">Making Mathematics with Needlework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_of_Structure" title="Rhythm of Structure">Rhythm of Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoints:_Mathematical_Perspective_and_Fractal_Geometry_in_Art" title="Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art">Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ars_Mathematica_(organization)" title="Ars Mathematica (organization)">Ars Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridges_Organization" title="The Bridges Organization">The Bridges Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_for_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="European Society for Mathematics and the Arts">European Society for Mathematics and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudreau_Museum_of_Mathematics_in_Art_and_Science" title="Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science">Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_For_Figuring" title="Institute For Figuring">Institute For Figuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mathematics" title="National Museum of Mathematics">National Museum of Mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droste_effect" title="Droste effect">Droste effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_geometry" title="Sacred geometry">Sacred geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematics_and_art" title="Category:Mathematics and art">Category</a></li></ul> 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121532741">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127136890">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4096339-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79058868">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119462371">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119462371">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20020322386&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX185708">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000587100&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=56004">Greece</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/7040">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258064605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtaHolt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarkKostenec2019\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFDikigoropoulos1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoumato1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowney1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmersonvan_Nice1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdem2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdoğan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFazioMoffettWodehouse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFennell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirat2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedrichGersteneckerGürkan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalavaris1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalavaris1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGall2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGallo1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlinavos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoriansky1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryCulter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuilland1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGökovali\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHagia_Sophia\"] = 8,\n [\"CITEREFHamblin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamm2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinleSchlaich1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowland_Swift1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurbanič2019\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFInalcik1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanin1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanin1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarus2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahler1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalavrezou1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaldellis2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKambas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKara_Aydin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKavak2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazhdan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinross1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinbauer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinbauer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinbauerAnthony_White2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinerChristin_J._Mamiya2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoutantouMaltezouKambas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraft2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrautheimer1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrautheimer1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrawiec2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKucukgocmenButler2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKursunSalari2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatif2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLjudmila_Djukic2019\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFNecipoĝlu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNicol1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOikonomidès1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpstall2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsseman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOusterhout1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatricios2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilippidesHanak2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilippidesHanak2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiltz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlachýMusílekPodolkaKarková2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoppe1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritsak1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiccardi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomey,_Kristin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoncheyBraccini2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1965\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFRydén1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakarYukselHoskanAvci2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavignac2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchibille2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon_La_Boda1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilentiarius2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkhirtladze2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSqour2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearns2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiftung\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStivaktakis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroth2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrube1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwainson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyrmakezisMavrouliPapaevaggeliouAggelakopolulou2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTafur1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeslova2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeteriatnikov1998\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFTeteriatnikov2004–2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheodosiusRufinusJustinianTralles\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictor_Roudometof2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXydis1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYalçınerKurbanAltunel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYildiz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYucel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYusufAsmar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYücel1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzkul2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFΔετοράκης2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbreviation\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Byzantine Empire topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Churches and Monasteries of Constantinople\"] = 1,\n [\"Churches-Mosques in Istanbul\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 104,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 69,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 11,\n [\"Date\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Endash\"] = 2,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Fatih\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox monument\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 25,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Mathematics and art\"] = 1,\n [\"Mosques in Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Museums in Istanbul\"] = 1,\n [\"NIE Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Nativename\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Overline\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Proximate landmarks of Istanbul\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 30,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","18.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","10.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","9.7"],["recursiveClone 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