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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First and second centuries AD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_and_second_centuries_AD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_and_fourth_centuries_AD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_and_fourth_centuries_AD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Third and fourth centuries AD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_and_fourth_centuries_AD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_medieval_Hamaland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_medieval_Hamaland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early medieval Hamaland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_medieval_Hamaland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lex_Chamavorum_Francorum" 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaven" title="Chamaven – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chamaven" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="شامافي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شامافي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Хамави – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хамави" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camavis" title="Camavis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camavis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaver" title="Chamaver – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chamaver" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4amavoj" title="Ĥamavoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥamavoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaves" title="Chamaves – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chamaves" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaven" title="Gamaven – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gamaven" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chamavi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camavi" title="Camavi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camavi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamavusok" title="Chamavusok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chamavusok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Хамави – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хамави" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaven" title="Chamaven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chamaven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamoaven" title="Chamoaven – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Chamoaven" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaven" title="Chamaven – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chamaven" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camavos" title="Camavos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camavos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Хамавы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хамавы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamavi" title="Hamavi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hamavi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamavit" title="Chamavit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chamavit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaver" title="Chamaver – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chamaver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Хамави – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хамави" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q859987#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Germanic tribe</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Continental.coast.150AD.Germanic.peoples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Continental.coast.150AD.Germanic.peoples.jpg/240px-Continental.coast.150AD.Germanic.peoples.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Continental.coast.150AD.Germanic.peoples.jpg/360px-Continental.coast.150AD.Germanic.peoples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Continental.coast.150AD.Germanic.peoples.jpg/480px-Continental.coast.150AD.Germanic.peoples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="2193" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Chamavi</b> were a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman imperial</a> times who lived just north of the Roman border (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span>) along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta">Rhine river delta</a> in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and perhaps stretching into what is now Germany. </p><p>In the Roman records of the third and fourth century, when the tribes of this region began to be categorized as <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, the Chamavi were at different times listed as both, and sometimes distinguished from both. During this period large numbers of Chamavi settled, despite fierce Roman resistance, in the Rhine delta. In the third century many of them were moved far to the south, to help repopulate agricultural areas, and the Roman military. In the fourth century they were however once again mentioned as entering the area. </p><p>Their name probably survives in the region called <a href="/wiki/Hamaland" title="Hamaland">Hamaland</a>, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> province of the Netherlands, near present day <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a> between the <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">Ems</a> rivers. In France, one area where the Romans settled them also continued to be named after them into the Middle Ages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamavi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The etymology of the Chamavi name is uncertain, but it is generally believed to come from a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a>. Its construction is similar to those of neighbouring peoples, the <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a> and Frisiavi (<a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1981368_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1981368-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde">Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</a> lists three speculative proposals which have been made for a Germanic etymology:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1981368_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1981368-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The tribal name name may come from the Germanic verb reconstructed as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/hammjan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hammjan">*hammjan</a></i> ("to press, hinder, hem in"). The meaning might be something like "immobile, powerless," perhaps originating as a nickname.</li> <li>It has been proposed that the word might be related to <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hamm#Etymology_2_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:hamm">hamm</a>, which possibly comes from the same verb, and meant an "enclosed piece of land". The Chamavi would then be "those who dwell on enclosed pieces of land".</li> <li>The tribal name might be related to modern German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hemd#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Hemd">Hemd</a></i></span>, Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hemd#Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:hemd">hemd</a></i></span>, both meaning "shirt", reconstructed into Proto-<a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a> as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/hami%C3%BEi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hamiþi">*hamiþi</a>. In this case the name might refer to war garments.</li></ul> <p>A Germanic name has been reconstructed as <i>*Hamawiz</i> from the name of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrones_Hamavehae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matrones Hamavehae (page does not exist)">Matrones Hamavehae</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrones_Hamavehae" class="extiw" title="de:Matrones Hamavehae">de</a>]</span></i>, evidence for whom was found between <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BClich" title="Jülich">Jülich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1981368_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1981368-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_and_second_centuries_AD">First and second centuries AD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamavi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First and second centuries AD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first possible records of the Chamavi is an uncertain one. According to a surviving copy of <a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a>, in 4 AD Tiberius crossed the Rhine and attacked, “<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cam ui faciat Tuari Bructeri</i></span>”. This is often corrected in modern texts to the sequence, "<a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chattuari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattuari">Chattuari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a>". However, it has been argued that the Cananefates (in present day <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>) were unlikely to be in conflict with the Romans at this point, and that the original text may have referred to the Chamavi instead, implying that they lived near the Rhine, and west of the other two tribes at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> reports in his <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> that in the time of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> (apparently 58 AD), the <a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a>, having been ejected from their homes further to the north near the <a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">river Ems</a>, pleaded with Roman authorities to allow them to live in a military buffer zone on the northern bank of the Rhine, saying that "these fields belonged to the Chamavi; then to the <a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a>; after them to the <a href="/wiki/Usipii" class="mw-redirect" title="Usipii">Usipii</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fields, were on the northern bank of the Rhine between the <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe">Lippe</a>, to the southeast of modern Hamaland, south of modern <a href="/wiki/Twente" title="Twente">Twente</a> where the Tubantes lived, and to the northwest of the Bructeri. This is known because during an earlier campaign against the Germanic tribes in 12 BC, the settlement area of the Usipii which is believed to be the same one mentioned by the Ampsivarii, bordered the Lippe to the south, which is where the country of the <a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a> began at that time. The record indicates that before 12 BC the Chamavi's lands extended to the Rhine, but that they subsequently moved out of that area.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his descriptive <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(Book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania (Book)">Germania</a></i>, Tacitus reported that the Chamavi and <a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a> had moved, apparently recently in his time (around 100 AD), southwards into the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a>, who are described as their neighbours - "the Bructeri having been expelled and utterly destroyed by an alliance of neighboring peoples". Petrokovits suggests that this move might explain why they no longer held the above-mentioned Rhine bank in 12 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bructeri originally lived in the area between the <a href="/wiki/Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe">Lippe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">Ems</a> rivers, to the east of modern <a href="/wiki/Hamaland" title="Hamaland">Hamaland</a>. Tacitus also reports that behind the Chamavi and Angrivarii, further away from the Rhine, lived "the <a href="/wiki/Dulgubini" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulgubini">Dulgubini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a>, and other tribes not equally famous", and in the other direction lay the Frisians.<sup id="cite_ref-Tac._Ger._34_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tac._Ger._34-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tacitus, the <a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a> and Usipii both lived to the south of the old Bructeri homeland in his time, between the Rhine and the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Geographia_(Ptolemy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographia (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a></i>, written in the second century, mentions several tribal names which could refer to the Chamavi.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the text is notoriously garbled, having combined older sources with different formats, apparently including an itinerary map similar to the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabula Peutinger">Tabula Peutinger</a>. The clearest mention of the Chamavi in this text calls them the <i>Chaemae</i> (Χαῖμαι), in a section which Schütte interprets as a synthesis of early first century maps (Schütte's prototypes A and Aa), from before the time of Tacitus (the Bructeri are still placed north of the <a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a>), and an itinerary (Schütte's prototype C). These Chaemae were south of the part of the <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a> living on the coast between the Ems and Weser rivers. South of them, between the upper Ems and Weser, were the main part of the Bructeri, with another part to their west on the bank of the Rhine, with Frisians to their north and Sicambri to their south. East of these <i>Chaemae</i>, across the Weser, are the Angrivarii. Surprisingly then, these <i>Chaemae</i> are east of the Ems, and Schütte notes: "Ptolemy places the Frisians too far south, practically at the place of the Chamavi, and so it is possible that they have displaced the latter towards the east".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchütte1917121_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchütte1917121-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chamavi are in effect also described much further east in the Ptolemy text, where they are called the <i>Camavi</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Καμαυοὶ</span></span>). They are placed with the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a>, near the Elbe. Schütte interprets this to result from the use of an itinerary map where Germania between Rhine and Elbe was compressed, as it is in the Tabula Peutinger. Neighbouring them to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tubanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubanti">Tubanti</a> (<span title="Greek languages collective text"><span lang="grk">ὑπὸ δὲ τοὺς Καμαυοὺς Χάτται καὶ Τούβαντοι</span></span>), and Schütte noted that these tribes "have equally been transplanted from the Rhenish districts to interior Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchütte1917119_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchütte1917119-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_and_fourth_centuries_AD">Third and fourth centuries AD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamavi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Third and fourth centuries AD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In about 293 or 294 AD, according to the "8th" <a href="/wiki/Latin_Panegyrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Panegyrics">Latin Panegyric</a>, made in 297 AD, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a>, had victories in the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> and Rhine delta regions. His opponents were sometimes described as <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> groups, but important among them were apparently groups of Chamavi and <a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a>), because the Gaulish author of the text subsequently mentions that as a result of his successes, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Chamavus</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Frisius</i></span> now plow his land, and the price of food is lower.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists note a rapid reduction of population and agriculture in at least some of the delta regions during this period, and it is believed that this may reflect the increased transplantations of delta dwellers to less populated areas of Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymansHeeren2021_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymansHeeren2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many defeated and resettled Chamavi also became Roman soldiers after this campaign of Constantius, already in the third century. Although they are not explicitly listed in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i></span> among the Praefecti laetorum or gentilium, they may have been included among the Batavians or Franks. A <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cohors undecima Chamavorum</i></span> was attested in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Notitia Dignitatum Orientalis</i></span> for the fort Peamu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixonRodgers1994122,fn30_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixonRodgers1994122,fn30-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Petrokovits this was likely established in the 3rd century, because it was called a cohort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrokovits1981369_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrokovits1981369-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jura_deaprtment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jura deaprtment (page does not exist)">Jura</a> region in present day France, there is district which was traditionally known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comt%C3%A9_d%27Amaous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comté d'Amaous (page does not exist)">Comté d'Amaous</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_d%27Amaous" class="extiw" title="fr:Comté d'Amaous">fr</a>]</span>, which was originally named during the Roman era after a settlement of Chamavi, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">pagus</a> (Ch)amavorum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaubrichs2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaubrichs2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "4th panegyric" of 321 AD says that <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, the son of Constantius successfully fought the Bructeri, Chamavi, Cherusci, Lancionae, Alamanni, and Tubantes, who eventually joined in an alliance against him.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several or all of these people were probably involved in the major field battle on the Rhine in 313 AD, which is reported in the "12th" panegyric.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panegyric celebrating Constantine's pacification of the Rhine claims that Roman farmers can now safely farm on the banks of both arms of the Rhine, or in other words in Batavia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His fight against the Chamavi could have been in 310, 313 or 314 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrokovits1981369_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrokovits1981369-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Laterculus_Veronensis" title="Laterculus Veronensis">Laterculus Veronensis</a> of about 314, includes a list of barbarians under Roman domination distinguishes the "Camari" and several of their neighbouring tribes including Amsiuari, Angriuari, Bructeri, Cati, Cati, from both the Saxons and the Franks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiccardo2023_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiccardo2023-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Peutinger</a> map, which dates to as early as the 4th century, is a brief note written in the space north of the Rhine, generally read as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hamavi qui et Pranci</i></span> which scholars interpret as <i>The Hamavi, who are Franks</i> (with a spelling error, of "p" in the place of "f"). </p><p>In 341 AD the emperor <a href="/wiki/Constans_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans I">Constans I</a>, one of the sons of Constantine, attacked the Franks in the Rhine delta, and in 342 AD the situation was pacified. Scholars speculate that some Franks were given permission to remain in the area at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-julian_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-julian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Spring of 358 AD, <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian the apostate</a>, not yet an emperor, was based in Trier and made a rapid attack against both the <a href="/wiki/Salians" class="mw-redirect" title="Salians">Salians</a> and the Chamavi, who were both making inroads within Roman territory around the Rhine-Meuse delta. The reason for this was primarily that he needed to ensure the arrival of 600 grain carrying ships coming up the rivers from Britain, and he preferred not to simply pay the tribes off, as previous administrators had been doing.<sup id="cite_ref-julian_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-julian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar accounts are given by Julian himself in his letter to the Athenians, <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> who served under him,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a> who wrote his funeral oration, and the later Greek historians Eunapius and Zosimus. He first confronted the people who Ammianus called "Franks who are customarily called Salians". Julian says he received the submission of part of the Salian tribe, but does not call them Franks. Zosimus says the Salians were descended from the Franks. </p><p>According to Eunapius the Salians were allowed by Julian to holds lands which they had not fought for. Ammianus indicates that they had been settling in <a href="/wiki/Texandria" title="Texandria">Texandria</a> which modern scholars believe was lightly populated. However, Zosimus explains that they had been settled on the large island of Batavia in the delta, until recent raiding by the Saxons who Zosimus called the "Quadi". This island, he said, had once been Roman controlled, but more recently it was Salian held. Zosimus also reports that the Salians had previously lived outside the empire, and had in the past been forced by the Saxons to move to Batavia, within the empire. (Historians speculate that they may have been permitted by the Romans to settle in Texandria since 342.<sup id="cite_ref-julian_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-julian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>According to Zosimus the Franks near the delta had been defending the Roman lands against Saxon raids, so that the "Quadi" had been forced to build boats, in which they sailed along the Rhine beyond the territory of the Franks, and entered the Roman empire there. Eunapius says that Julian instructed his men not to hurt the Salians. The people who Zosimus calls Saxons or Quadi are called Chamavi by the other sources. (The Chamavi are treated as Franks in other records, but Zosimus contrasted them with the Franks.) Despite these differences in terminology, Zosimus and Eunapius both remark how the barbarian <a href="/wiki/Charietto" title="Charietto">Charietto</a> was brought from Trier to neutralize this group's raiding, and how Julian captured the son of their king.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julian reported to the Athenians that he subsequently ejected them from lands, and took captives, and cattle. However both Eunapius and Julian make it clear that he also needed an agreement with the Chamavi in order to secure a safe passage for food supplies. </p><p>In 392 AD, according to a citation by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Alexander" title="Sulpicius Alexander">Sulpicius Alexander</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Arbogast_(magister_militum)" title="Arbogast (magister militum)">Arbogast</a> crossed the Rhine to punish the "Franks" for incursions into Gaul. He first devastated the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Bricteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bricteri">Bricteri</a>, near the bank of the Rhine at Cologne, then the Chamavi, apparently now their neighbours to the north. Neither tribe confronted him, but their allies the <a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> were under the military leadership of the Frankish princes <a href="/wiki/Marcomer" title="Marcomer">Marcomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunno" title="Sunno">Sunno</a>, and they appeared "on the ridges of distant hills". At this time the Bructeri had moved south and lived across the Rhine from <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_medieval_Hamaland">Early medieval Hamaland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamavi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early medieval Hamaland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hamaland" title="Hamaland">Hamaland</a></div> <p>In the early Middle Ages a Frankish <a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">gau</a> existed called Hamaland, which scholars believe to be a name derived from the Chamavi. It was in a region similar to the Chamavi, between the IJssel and the Rhine rivers, and it included the modern Dutch cities of <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doesburg" title="Doesburg">Doesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elten" title="Elten">Elten</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lex_Chamavorum_Francorum">Lex Chamavorum Francorum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamavi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lex Chamavorum Francorum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ewa_ad_Amorem" title="Ewa ad Amorem">Ewa ad Amorem</a></div> <p>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lex Chamavorum Francorum</i></span> (law of the Chamavi Franks) is a modern name invented for a Frankish legal code which describes itself as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ewa ad Amorem</i></span>. It is known from several copies but is generally accepted to be one of the several legal codes made around the time of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in the 9th century, including the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lex Salica</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Salic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Salic Law">Salic Law</a>), and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Lex_Ribuaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex Ribuaria">Lex Ribuaria</a></i></span>. It is not clear whether it was really intended to refer to Chamavi. Gaupp, the 1855 editor, proposed to name it this way based on his belief that the word "Amor" is connected to the Chamavi. Modern scholars do however continue to believe that the law applied somewhere in the area of the Rhine delta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaupp1855_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaupp1855-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamavi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Germanic peoples">List of ancient Germanic peoples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamavi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumann1981368-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1981368_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1981368_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeumann1981368_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeumann1981">Neumann 1981</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLantingvan_der_Plicht2010">Lanting & van der Plicht 2010</a>, pp. 55, 60 citing Velleius Paterculus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html#105">II.105</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLantingvan_der_Plicht2010">Lanting & van der Plicht 2010</a>, p. 60, and <a href="#CITEREFPetrokovits1981">Petrokovits 1981</a>, p. 368, citing Tacitus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0078:book=13:chapter=55&highlight=chamavi"><i>Annals</i>, 13.54-55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLantingvan_der_Plicht2010">Lanting & van der Plicht 2010</a>, p. 60, and <a href="#CITEREFPetrokovits1981">Petrokovits 1981</a>, p. 368, citing <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#32">54.32</a>.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrokovits1981">Petrokovits 1981</a>, p. 368 citing Tacitus, <i>Germania</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083%3Achapter%3D33">33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tac._Ger._34-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tac._Ger._34_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrokovits1981">Petrokovits 1981</a>, p. 369, citing Tacitus, <i>Germania</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083%3Achapter%3D34">34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Tacitus, Germania <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083%3Achapter%3D32">32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ptolemy, <i>Geographia</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10.html">II.10</a>. Edward Luther Stevenson translation (1932): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geography0000ptol/page/62/mode/2up">p.62</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchütte1917121-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchütte1917121_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchütte1917">Schütte 1917</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchütte1917119-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchütte1917119_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchütte1917">Schütte 1917</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLantingvan_der_Plicht2010">Lanting & van der Plicht 2010</a>, p. 67 citing <i>XII Panegyrici Latini</i> 8(4).9.3. For a translation and further comments see <a href="#CITEREFNixonRodgers1994">Nixon & Rodgers 1994</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoymansHeeren2021-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoymansHeeren2021_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoymansHeeren2021">Roymans & Heeren 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixonRodgers1994122,fn30-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixonRodgers1994122,fn30_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixonRodgers1994">Nixon & Rodgers 1994</a>, p. 122,fn30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrokovits1981369-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrokovits1981369_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrokovits1981369_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrokovits1981">Petrokovits 1981</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaubrichs2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaubrichs2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaubrichs2017">Haubrichs 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixonRodgers1994">Nixon & Rodgers 1994</a>, p. 363 citing <i>XII Panegyrici Latini</i> 4(10).18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixonRodgers1994">Nixon & Rodgers 1994</a>, p. 328, and fn144 and <a href="#CITEREFRunde1998">Runde 1998</a>, pp. 663–664 citing <i>XII Panegyrici Latini</i> 12(9).22.3-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>XII Panegyrici Latini</i>, 6(7) of 310 AD, 10.2, 11.5, 12.1. Translation and commentary: <a href="#CITEREFNixonRodgers1994">Nixon & Rodgers 1994</a>, pp. 232–236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiccardo2023-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiccardo2023_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiccardo2023">Liccardo 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-julian-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-julian_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-julian_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-julian_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunde1998">Runde 1998</a>, p. 665, note 46, <a href="#CITEREFHeather2020">Heather 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Res Gestae</i></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/17*.html">XVII</a>.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zosimus <i>Nova Historia</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus03_book3.htm">Book III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eunapius" title="Eunapius">Eunapius</a> fragment 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaupp1855-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaupp1855_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaupp1855">Gaupp 1855</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For modern references to manuscripts etc., see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.leges.uni-koeln.de/en/lex/lex-francorum-chamavorum/">https://www.leges.uni-koeln.de/en/lex/lex-francorum-chamavorum/</a> . For commentary see for example <a href="#CITEREFFaulkner2016">Faulkner 2016</a>, pp. 29ff.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamavi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner2016" class="citation cs2">Faulkner, Thomas (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBl-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29"><i>Law and Authority in the Early Middle Ages</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781316027097.002">10.1017/CBO9781316027097.002</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Authority+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781316027097.002&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpBl-CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaubrichs2017" class="citation cs2">Haubrichs, Wolfgang (2017), "Les Chamaves et les autres : une enquête linguistique sur les traces des Chamaves, Hattuaires, Varasques, Scotinges et Burgondes au nord de la Bourgogne", <i>Bulletin du centre d'études médiévales d'Auxerre</i>, <b>21</b> (2), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcem.14779">10.4000/cem.14779</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+du+centre+d%27%C3%A9tudes+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vales+d%27Auxerre&rft.atitle=Les+Chamaves+et+les+autres+%3A+une+enqu%C3%AAte+linguistique+sur+les+traces+des+Chamaves%2C+Hattuaires%2C+Varasques%2C+Scotinges+et+Burgondes+au+nord+de+la+Bourgogne&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcem.14779&rft.aulast=Haubrichs&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeather2020" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Heather, Peter J.</a> (2020), "The Gallic Wars of Julian Caesar", <i>A Companion to Julian the Apostate</i>, Brill, pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>96, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004416314_004">10.1163/9789004416314_004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41631-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41631-4"><bdi>978-90-04-41631-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Companion+to+Julian+the+Apostate&rft.atitle=The+Gallic+Wars+of+Julian+Caesar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004416314_004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41631-4&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaupp1855" class="citation cs2">Gaupp (1855), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UENHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA417">"Recherches sur la Lex Francorum Chamavorum"</a>, <i>Revue historique de droit français et étranger</i>, <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">417–</span>443</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+historique+de+droit+fran%C3%A7ais+et+%C3%A9tranger&rft.atitle=Recherches+sur+la+Lex+Francorum+Chamavorum&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E443&rft.date=1855&rft.au=Gaupp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUENHAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLantingvan_der_Plicht2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lanting; van der Plicht (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugp.rug.nl/Palaeohistoria/article/view/25171/22619">"De <sup>14</sup>C-chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre- en Protohistorie VI: Romeinse tijd en Merovingische periode, deel A: historische bronnen en chronologische schema's"</a>, <i>Palaeohistoria</i>, 51/52: <span class="nowrap">27–</span>168, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789077922736" title="Special:BookSources/9789077922736"><bdi>9789077922736</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohistoria&rft.atitle=De+%3Csup%3E14%3C%2Fsup%3EC-chronologie+van+de+Nederlandse+Pre-+en+Protohistorie+VI%3A+Romeinse+tijd+en+Merovingische+periode%2C+deel+A%3A+historische+bronnen+en+chronologische+schema%27s&rft.volume=51%2F52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789077922736&rft.au=Lanting&rft.au=van+der+Plicht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugp.rug.nl%2FPalaeohistoria%2Farticle%2Fview%2F25171%2F22619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiccardo2023" class="citation cs2">Liccardo, Salvatore (2023), <i>Old Names, New Peoples: Listing Ethnonyms in Late Antiquity</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004686601">10.1163/9789004686601</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68660-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68660-1"><bdi>978-90-04-68660-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Names%2C+New+Peoples%3A+Listing+Ethnonyms+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004686601&rft.isbn=978-90-04-68660-1&rft.aulast=Liccardo&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeumann1981" class="citation cs2">Neumann, Gerhard (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0loRGqHp2pMC&pg=PA368">"Chamaver §1. Der Name"</a>, in Johannes Hoops; Heinrich Beck (eds.), <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i>, vol. 4 (2 ed.), Walter de Gruyter, p. 368, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110065138" title="Special:BookSources/9783110065138"><bdi>9783110065138</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chamaver+%C2%A71.+Der+Name&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pages=368&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9783110065138&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0loRGqHp2pMC%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNixonRodgers1994" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, C. E. V.; Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1994-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WlC_UtU8M4C"><i>In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08326-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08326-4"><bdi>978-0-520-08326-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Praise+of+Later+Roman+Emperors%3A+The+Panegyrici+Latini&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08326-4&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=C.+E.+V.&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Barbara+Saylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0WlC_UtU8M4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNonn2010" class="citation book cs1">Nonn, Ulrich (2010). <i>Die Franken</i>. Kohlhammer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Franken&rft.pub=Kohlhammer&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Nonn&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetrokovits1981" class="citation cs2">Petrokovits, Harald (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0loRGqHp2pMC&pg=PA368">"Chamaver §2. Historisches"</a>, in Johannes Hoops; Heinrich Beck (eds.), <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i>, vol. 4 (2 ed.), Walter de Gruyter, pp. <span class="nowrap">368–</span>370, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110065138" title="Special:BookSources/9783110065138"><bdi>9783110065138</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chamaver+%C2%A72.+Historisches&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E368-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9783110065138&rft.aulast=Petrokovits&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0loRGqHp2pMC%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoymansHeeren2021" class="citation cs2">Roymans, Nico; Heeren, Stijn (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/95372330">"Romano-Frankish interaction in the Lower Rhine frontier zone from the late 3rd to the 5th century – Some key archaeological trends explored"</a>, <i>Germania</i>, <b>99</b>: <span class="nowrap">133–</span>156, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fger.2021.92212">10.11588/ger.2021.92212</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germania&rft.atitle=Romano-Frankish+interaction+in+the+Lower+Rhine+frontier+zone+from+the+late+3rd+to+the+5th+century+%E2%80%93+Some+key+archaeological+trends+explored&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fger.2021.92212&rft.aulast=Roymans&rft.aufirst=Nico&rft.au=Heeren%2C+Stijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F95372330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunde1998" class="citation book cs1">Runde, Ingo (1998). "Die Franken und Alemannen vor 500. Ein chronologischer Überblick". In Geuenich, Dieter (ed.). <i>Die Franken und die Alemannen bis zur "Schlacht bei Zülpich" (496/97)</i>. Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - Ergänzungsbände. Vol. 19. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015826-7"><bdi>978-3-11-015826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Franken+und+Alemannen+vor+500.+Ein+chronologischer+%C3%9Cberblick&rft.btitle=Die+Franken+und+die+Alemannen+bis+zur+%22Schlacht+bei+Z%C3%BClpich%22+%28496%2F97%29&rft.series=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde+-+Erg%C3%A4nzungsb%C3%A4nde&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-11-015826-7&rft.aulast=Runde&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchütte1917" class="citation cs2">Schütte, Gudmund (1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich"><i>Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototypes</i></a>, Kjøbenhavn, H. Hagerup</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+maps+of+northern+Europe%2C+a+reconstruction+of+the+prototypes&rft.pub=Kj%C3%B8benhavn%2C+H.+Hagerup&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtte&rft.aufirst=Gudmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fptolemysmapsofno00schrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChamavi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamavi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tacitus, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania#XXXIV" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Germania">Germania.XXXIV</a></i></li> <li>Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i></li> <li>Zosimus, <i>New History</i></li> <li>Latini Panegyrici</li> <li>Velleius Paterculus</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippe" title="Sippe">Sippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a 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