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<span>Revitalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revitalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_words_and_their_relationship_to_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_words_and_their_relationship_to_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Example words and their relationship to other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_words_and_their_relationship_to_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sample texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wymysorys language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_vilamoviciano" title="Idioma vilamoviciano – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma vilamoviciano" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вілямоўская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вілямоўская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimisoyeg" title="Vimisoyeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vimisoyeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymysorys" title="Wymysorys – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wymysorys" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilamov%C5%A1tina" title="Vilamovština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vilamovština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimis%C3%B8risk" title="Vimisørisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vimisørisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmesaurisch" title="Wilmesaurisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilmesaurisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_vilamoviciano" title="Idioma vilamoviciano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma vilamoviciano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilamovica_lingvo" title="Vilamovica lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vilamovica lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymysorys" title="Wymysorys – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wymysorys" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C" title="زبان ویلامووی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ویلامووی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilamowiciskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Wilamowiciskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Wilamowiciskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilamowicien" title="Wilamowicien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wilamowicien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilamowytsersk" title="Wilamowytsersk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wilamowytsersk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_wymysorys" title="Lingua wymysorys – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua wymysorys" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%AA%A8%EB%B9%84%EC%B2%B4%EC%96%B4" title="빌라모비체어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌라모비체어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilamow%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Wilamowšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wilamowšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilamovski_jezik" title="Vilamovski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vilamovski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Wimisoris" title="Bahasa Wimisoris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Wimisoris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_vilamoviana" title="Lingua vilamoviana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua vilamoviana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilamovie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Vilamoviešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vilamoviešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimisojeri%C5%B3_kalba" title="Vimisojerių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vimisojerių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_vilamovian-a" title="Lengua vilamovian-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua vilamovian-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilamowicei_nyelv" title="Wilamowicei nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wilamowicei nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymysoojs" title="Wymysoojs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wymysoojs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmesauers" title="Wilmesauers – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wilmesauers" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="ヴィラモヴィアン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィラモヴィアン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmesaurisk" title="Wilmesaurisk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wilmesaurisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymys%C3%B6risk" title="Wymysörisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wymysörisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmesausche_Spraak" title="Wilmesausche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wilmesausche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wilamowski" title="Język wilamowski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wilamowski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymysorys" title="Wymysorys – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wymysorys" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%B1m%C4%B1s%C3%B6r%C4%B1%C5%9Fa_tili" title="Vımısörışa tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vımısörışa tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Вилямовский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вилямовский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmesauriske_Sproake" title="Wilmesauriske Sproake – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wilmesauriske Sproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_vymysorys" title="Gjuha vymysorys – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha vymysorys" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilamowi%C4%8Dtina" title="Wilamowičtina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wilamowičtina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilamowsko_godka" title="Wilamowsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wilamowsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymysorys" title="Wymysorys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wymysorys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymys%C3%B6riska" title="Wymysöriska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wymysöriska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D3%A7%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Вымысӧэрысь кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Вымысӧэрысь кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вілямівська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вілямівська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A4movicen_kel%27" title="Vilämovicen kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vilämovicen kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Wymysorys" title="Tiếng Wymysorys – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Wymysorys" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97m%C4%97sojeriu_kalba" title="Vėmėsojeriu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėmėsojeriu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E7%B6%AD%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E" title="維拉莫維安語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="維拉莫維安語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">West Germanic language spoken in Wilamowice, Poland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td 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Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Wymysorys</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Vilamovian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><i lang="wym">Wymysiöeryś</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[vɨmɨˈsʲøːrɪɕ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilamowice" title="Wilamowice">Wilamowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian Voivodeship</a>, Poland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Vilamovians" title="Vilamovians">Vilamovians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">20 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicherkiewicz_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Schlesisch</a>–Wilmesau<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Wymysorys</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Thuringian_dialect" title="Old Thuringian dialect">Old Thuringian</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wym" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wym">wym</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wymy1235">wymy1235</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/320px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/480px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/640px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Wymysorys is classified as Critically Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location where Wymysorys is spoken"><img alt="Approximate location where Wymysorys is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg/250px-Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg/375px-Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg/500px-Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="3249" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.54%;left:58.228%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wymysorys"><img alt="Approximate location where Wymysorys is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Wymysorys</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Silesian Voivodeship</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location where Wymysorys is spoken"><img alt="Approximate location where Wymysorys is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="837" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.231%;left:50%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wymysorys"><img alt="Approximate location where Wymysorys is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Wymysorys</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Poland</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wymysorys_language&params=49.92_N_19.15_E_type:city_region:PL-24"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°55′N</span> <span class="longitude">19°09′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.92°N 19.15°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.92; 19.15</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Vilamovian_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Vilamovian language">Category:Vilamovian language</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Wymysorys</b> (<span title="Wymysorys-language text"><i lang="wym">Wymysiöeryś</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[vɨmɨˈsʲøːrɪɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>vɨmɨˈɕœ̯ɛrɪɕ]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Vilamovian</b> or <b>Wilamowicean</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic language">West Germanic language</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Vilamovians" title="Vilamovians">Vilamovian</a> ethnic minority in the town of <a href="/wiki/Wilamowice" title="Wilamowice">Wilamowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian Voivodeship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<span title="Wymysorys-language text"><i lang="wym">Wymysoü</i></span> in Wymysorys), on the border between <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ELOW_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELOW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISO639_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO639-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ELOW_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELOW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly the most so of any of the Germanic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are probably fewer than 20<sup id="cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicherkiewicz_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> native users of Wymysorys, virtually all bilingual; the majority are elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-ELOW_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELOW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of Wymysorys is complex because, genealogically, it belongs to the <a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central</a> dialect group of <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a>. Nevertheless, based on the self-identification of its users as a group separate from the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> and the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> (or, more precisely, a <a href="/wiki/Microlanguage" class="mw-redirect" title="Microlanguage">microlanguage</a>), it can be considered a separate language. </p><p>It belongs to the dialect group of the former <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a_language_island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bielsko-Biała language island (page does not exist)">Bielsko-Biała language island</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/bielsko-bialska_wyspa_j%C4%99zykowa" class="extiw" title="pl:bielsko-bialska wyspa językowa">pl</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielitz-Bialaer_Sprachinsel" class="extiw" title="de:Bielitz-Bialaer Sprachinsel">de</a>]</span>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Alzenau dialect</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a_Language_Island.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Bielsko-Biała German language island before WW2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a_Language_Island.png/220px-Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a_Language_Island.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a_Language_Island.png/330px-Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a_Language_Island.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a_Language_Island.png/440px-Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a_Language_Island.png 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Bielsko-Biała German language island before WW2 (blue line), with some possible <a href="/wiki/Walddeutsche" title="Walddeutsche">Walddeutsche</a> settlements from the Middle Ages and later.</figcaption></figure> <p>In origin, Wymysorys is considered to derive from 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>, with a strong influence from <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, and presumably also some influence from <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ELOW_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELOW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inhabitants of Wilamowice are thought to be descendants of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> and Scottish settlers who arrived in Poland during the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the inhabitants claim that they are descended from the people of Flanders, Friesland, and Holland, with others claiming to be descended from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although historically derived from the <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialect continuum</a>, Wymysorys is not <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> with Standard German.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicherkiewicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> Unlike in other West Germanic enclave communities in Polish-speaking territory, where closely related dialects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Halcnovian" class="mw-redirect" title="Halcnovian">Halcnovian</a>) were spoken, Wymysorys speakers did not self-identify as Germans and used Polish, not German, as <i><a href="/wiki/Dachsprache" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachsprache">Dachsprache</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metrak_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metrak-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bielitz-Bialaer_Sprachinsel_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Wymysorys in 1855" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bielitz-Bialaer_Sprachinsel_1855.jpg/220px-Bielitz-Bialaer_Sprachinsel_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bielitz-Bialaer_Sprachinsel_1855.jpg/330px-Bielitz-Bialaer_Sprachinsel_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Bielitz-Bialaer_Sprachinsel_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Wymysorys on a map from 1855</figcaption></figure> <p>Wymysorys was the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> language of Wilamowice until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. However, it seems it has been in decline since the late 19th century. In 1880 as many as 92% of the town's inhabitants spoke Wymysorys (1,525 out of 1,662 people), in 1890 – only 72%, in 1900 – 67%, in 1910 – 73% again.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicherkiewicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Although Wymysorys was taught in local schools (under the name of "local variety of German"), since 1875 the basic language of instruction in most schools in Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> was Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicherkiewicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">German occupation of Poland</a>, Wymysorys was openly promoted by the Nazi administration, but after the war the tables turned: local <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> authorities forbade the use of Wymysorys in any form.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicherkiewicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread bilingualism of the people saved most local residents from being <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">forcibly resettled</a> to Germany, but many of them stopped teaching their children their language or even using it in daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicherkiewicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> Although the ban was lifted after 1956, Wymysorys has been gradually replaced by Polish, especially among the younger generation. Most of the inhabitants have the same surnames (Mozler, Rozner, Figwer, Biba, Foks, Sznajder), which led to the use of nicknames (Fliöer-Fliöer, Hȧla-Mockja, i.e. Florian, son of Florian or Maciej, son of Elżbieta). </p><p>Nowadays, as part of saving the Wymysorys culture, new songs and lyrics are written in this language. The play <span title="Wymysorys-language text"><i lang="wym">Hobbit. Hejn ȧn cyryk</i></span> was written in Wymysorys, based on the prose of <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, and was staged, among others, at the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Theatre_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Theatre in Warsaw">Polish Theatre in Warsaw</a> in February 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezirk_Bielitz_Sprachinsel_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Census map from 1910 showing Wilamowice as a German majority" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bezirk_Bielitz_Sprachinsel_1910.jpg/220px-Bezirk_Bielitz_Sprachinsel_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bezirk_Bielitz_Sprachinsel_1910.jpg/330px-Bezirk_Bielitz_Sprachinsel_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bezirk_Bielitz_Sprachinsel_1910.jpg/440px-Bezirk_Bielitz_Sprachinsel_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3146" /></a><figcaption>1910 census map identifying Wilamowice as a majority ethnic German settlement.</figcaption></figure> <p>Acting on a proposal by Tymoteusz Król, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> added the Wymysorys language to the register of languages on 18 July 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeszcze_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeszcze-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also registered in the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>, where it received the <i>wym</i> <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> code.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO639_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO639-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2009 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> report Wymysorys has been reported as "severely endangered" and nearly extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeszcze_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeszcze-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Polska" title="Wikimedia Polska">Wikimedia Polska</a> association were also involved in saving this dying language. As part of the "Wilamowice" project,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wymysorys words read by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Gara" title="Józef Gara">Józef Gara</a> were recorded, and the Wymysorys dictionary in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> was supplemented (in 2018, the dictionary consisted of over 7,000 words).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revitalisation">Revitalisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revitalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02021_0499_Wymysorys_language,_Equality_March_2021_in_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/02021_0499_Wymysorys_language%2C_Equality_March_2021_in_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.jpg/220px-02021_0499_Wymysorys_language%2C_Equality_March_2021_in_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/02021_0499_Wymysorys_language%2C_Equality_March_2021_in_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.jpg/330px-02021_0499_Wymysorys_language%2C_Equality_March_2021_in_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/02021_0499_Wymysorys_language%2C_Equality_March_2021_in_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.jpg/440px-02021_0499_Wymysorys_language%2C_Equality_March_2021_in_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3909" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption>A banner at <a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a> Equality March 2021 with the conjugation of the word <i>to love</i> in Wymysorys</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ski%C3%B6ekumt_in_Wymyso%C3%BC_-_Witamy_w_mie%C5%9Bcie_Wilamowice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ski%C3%B6ekumt_in_Wymyso%C3%BC_-_Witamy_w_mie%C5%9Bcie_Wilamowice.jpg/220px-Ski%C3%B6ekumt_in_Wymyso%C3%BC_-_Witamy_w_mie%C5%9Bcie_Wilamowice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ski%C3%B6ekumt_in_Wymyso%C3%BC_-_Witamy_w_mie%C5%9Bcie_Wilamowice.jpg/330px-Ski%C3%B6ekumt_in_Wymyso%C3%BC_-_Witamy_w_mie%C5%9Bcie_Wilamowice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ski%C3%B6ekumt_in_Wymyso%C3%BC_-_Witamy_w_mie%C5%9Bcie_Wilamowice.jpg/440px-Ski%C3%B6ekumt_in_Wymyso%C3%BC_-_Witamy_w_mie%C5%9Bcie_Wilamowice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption>The 'Welcome to Wilamowice' in Wymysorys and Polish</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:About_the_church_in_Wymysorys_language_-_O_ko%C5%9Bciele_w_j%C4%99zyku_wilamowskim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/About_the_church_in_Wymysorys_language_-_O_ko%C5%9Bciele_w_j%C4%99zyku_wilamowskim.jpg/220px-About_the_church_in_Wymysorys_language_-_O_ko%C5%9Bciele_w_j%C4%99zyku_wilamowskim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/About_the_church_in_Wymysorys_language_-_O_ko%C5%9Bciele_w_j%C4%99zyku_wilamowskim.jpg/330px-About_the_church_in_Wymysorys_language_-_O_ko%C5%9Bciele_w_j%C4%99zyku_wilamowskim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/About_the_church_in_Wymysorys_language_-_O_ko%C5%9Bciele_w_j%C4%99zyku_wilamowskim.jpg/440px-About_the_church_in_Wymysorys_language_-_O_ko%C5%9Bciele_w_j%C4%99zyku_wilamowskim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="4528" /></a><figcaption>Information about the local church in Polish, Wymysorys and English</figcaption></figure> <p>Some new revitalisation efforts were started in the first decade of the 21st century, led by speaker Tymoteusz Król, whose efforts include private lessons with a group of pupils as well as compiling language records, standardising written orthography and compiling the first ever dictionary of Wymysorys. Additionally, a new project called The Wymysiöeryśy Akademyj – Accademia Wilamowicziana or WA-AW was established under the "Artes Liberales" program at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a> with the intention of creating a unified scholastic body for the study of the Wymysorys language.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-<br />palatal</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Retracted" title="Relative articulation">ret.</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">pal.</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal nasal">ɲ̟</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar affricate">t̠͡s̠</a></span>)</td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span>)</td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_apico-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced apico-alveolar affricate">d̠͡z̠</a></span>)</td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>)</td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></span>)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar retracted fricative">s̠</a></span>)</td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span>)</td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_retracted_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar retracted fricative">z̠</a></span>)</td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Voiced stops, sibilant fricatives and affricates are regularly devoiced or voiceless in final position.</li> <li>The sounds of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> are interchangeable among different speakers. The use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> is typically heard at the beginning of a word, possibly due to the influence of Polish, even though historically in Germanic languages, the glottal fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> is typically heard.</li> <li>The series of palato-alveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ/</span> and alveolo-palatal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ɕ/</span> fricative and affricate sounds, are heard interchangeably among various speakers.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç]</span> is heard in word-final position, as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>.</li> <li>The voiced affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z,<span class="wrap"> </span>d̠͡z̠,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʑ/</span> are only heard in Polish loanwords.</li> <li>A series of flat post-alveolar sibilants and affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̠,<span class="wrap"> </span>z̠,<span class="wrap"> </span>t̠͡s̠,<span class="wrap"> </span>d̠͡z̠]</span>, are also heard in Polish loanwords, interchangeably with alveolar-palatal sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʑ/</span>.</li> <li>The labial-velar approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is pronounced with a lesser degree of lip rounding than in English, and is more similar to the Polish pronunciation of <i>ł</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span>)</td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span>)</td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">ɘ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The close-mid sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɘ/</span> is phonetically more fronted as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɘ̟]</span>.</li> <li>Mid central vowel sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɘ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ə/</span> are also heard close central sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉ]</span>, among speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>ascending</small></th> <th colspan="2"><small>descending</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i̯ø</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ̯ɘ̟</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ei̯</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">œʏ̯</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔi̯</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai̯</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">Triphthong</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʏ̯øœ̯</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wymysorys has been for centuries mostly a spoken language. It was not until the times of <a href="/wiki/Florian_Biesik" title="Florian Biesik">Florian Biesik</a>, the first author of major literary works in the language, that a need for a separate version of a Latin alphabet arose. Biesik wrote most of his works in plain <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish alphabet</a>, which he considered better-suited for the phonetics of his language.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicherkiewicz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">: 24 </span></sup> In recent times <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Gara" title="Józef Gara">Józef Gara</a> (1929–2013), another author of works in the local language, devised a distinct Wymysorys alphabet, consisting of 34 letters derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> and mostly based on Polish as well: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Wymysorys alphabet<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="34"><a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Majuscule forms</a> (also called <i>uppercase</i> or <i>capital letters</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ao_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ao (digraph)">AO</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%86" title="Ć">Ć</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">Ł</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%83" title="Ń">Ń</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A" title="Ś">Ś</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%B9" title="Ź">Ź</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BB" title="Ż">Ż</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="34"><a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Minuscule forms</a> (also called <i>lowercase</i> or <i>small letters</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ao_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ao (digraph)">ao</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%86" title="Ć">ć</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">ł</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%83" title="Ń">ń</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A" title="Ś">ś</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%B9" title="Ź">ź</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BB" title="Ż">ż</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Wymysorys orthography includes the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> "<a href="/wiki/Ao_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ao (digraph)">AO</a>", which is treated as a separate letter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_words_and_their_relationship_to_other_languages">Example words and their relationship to other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Example words and their relationship to other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sample of Wymysorys words with German, Dutch and English translations. Note that <span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;"><b>ł</b></span></span> is read in Wymysorys like English <b>w</b> (as in Polish), and <span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;"><b>w</b></span></span> like <b>v</b> (as in Polish and German): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Wymysorys</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard High German</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Frisian</a></th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td>alone</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">ałan</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">alein(e)</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">allein</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">alleen</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">allinne</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>and</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">ana, an</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">und(e), unt</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">und</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">en</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">en</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bridge</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">bryk</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">brücke, brucke</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Brücke</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">brug</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">brêge</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dolt</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">duł</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">tol, dol</span></span> 'foolish, nonsensical'</td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">toll</span></span> 'mad, fantastic, wonderful'</td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">dol</span></span> 'crazy'</td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">dol</span></span> 'furious'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hear</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">fulgia</span></span></td> <td>volgen</td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">hören</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">horen</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">folgje</span></span></td> <td>< Frisian; cf. <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">WFris.</a> <span title="West Frisian-language text"><i lang="fy">folgje</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">EFris</a> <span title="East Frisian Low Saxon-language text"><i lang="frs">foulgje</i></span> 'to follow'. cf. German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">folgen</i></span>, Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">volgen</i></span> 'to follow' </td></tr> <tr> <td>wholly</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">ganc</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">ganz</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">ganz</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">gans</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">gâns</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>court</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">gyrycht</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">geriht</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Gericht</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">gerecht</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">rjocht</span></span></td> <td>cf. German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Recht</i></span>, Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">recht</i></span> '(legal) right', English <i>right</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">hund</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">hunt</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Hund</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">hond</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">hûn</span></span></td> <td>cf. English <i>hound</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>heaven</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">hymuł</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">himel</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Himmel</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">hemel</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">himel</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>love</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">łiwa</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">liebe</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Liebe</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">liefde</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">leafde</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a bit</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">a mikieła</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">michel</span></span> 'much'</td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">ein bisschen</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">een beetje</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">in bytsje</span></span></td> <td>Scots <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">mickle</i></span>, English <i>much</i>; antonymic switch 'much' → 'little' </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">müter</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">muoter</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Mutter</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">moeder</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">mem</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>middle</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">mytuł</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">mittel</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Mitte</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">middel</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">midden/mid</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>no one</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">nimanda</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">nieman</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">niemand</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">niemand</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">nimmen</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>no</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">ny</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">ne, ni</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">nein</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">nee(n)</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">nee</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>picture</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">obrozła</span></span></td> <td>--</td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Bild</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">beeld</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">byld</span></span></td> <td>< Slavic; cf. Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">obraz</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>breath</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">ödum</span></span></td> <td>Middle German <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">ādem</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Atem</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">adem</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">azem</span></span></td> <td>cf. archaic/poetic German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Odem</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Öödem</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>elephant</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">olifant</span></span></td> <td>elefant</td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Elefant</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">olifant</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">oaljefant</span></span></td> <td>< Dutch </td></tr> <tr> <td>evening</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">öwyt</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">ābent</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Abend</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">avond</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">jûn</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>welcome</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">sgiöekumt</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">wil(le)kōme(n)</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">wilkommen</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">welkom</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">wolkom</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>write</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">śrajwa</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">schrīben</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">schreiben</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">schrijven</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">skriuwe</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stone</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">śtaen</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">stein</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Stein</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">steen</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">stien</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sister</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">syster</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">swester</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Schwester</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">zuster</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">suster</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>drink</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">trynkia</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">trinken</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">trinken</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">drinken</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">drinke</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>world</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">wełt</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">werlt</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Welt</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">wereld</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">wrâld</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>winter</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">wynter</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">winter</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Winter</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">winter</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">winter</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>seven</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">zyjwa</span></span></td> <td>Middle German <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">siven</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">sieben</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">zeven</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">sân</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>silver</td> <td><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><span lang="wym" style="font-style: normal;">zyłwer</span></span></td> <td><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><span lang="gmh" style="font-style: normal;">silber</span></span></td> <td><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Silber</span></span></td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">zilver</span></span></td> <td><span title="West Frisian-language text"><span lang="fy" style="font-style: normal;">sulver</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sample texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in Wymysorys </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="poem"> <p><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><i lang="wym"><b>Ynzer Foter</b><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <br /> Ynzer Foter, dü byst ym hymuł,<br /> Daj noma zuł zajn gywajt;<br /> Daj Kyngrajch zuł dö kuma;<br /> Daj wyła zuł zajn ym hymuł an uf der aot;<br /> dos ynzer gywynłichys brut go yns hojt;<br /> an fercaj yns ynzer siułda,<br /> wi wir oj fercajn y ynzyn siułdigia;<br /> ny łat yns cyn zynda;<br /> zunder konst yns reta fum nistgüta.<br /> [Do Dajs ej z Kyngrajch an dy mocht, ans łowa uf inda.]<br /> Amen</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="poem"> <p><b>Our Father</b>; English translation<br /> <br /> Our Father, thou (who) art in heaven,<br /> Thy name shall be hallowed;<br /> Thy kingdom shall come here;<br /> Thy will shall be in heaven and on earth;<br /> give our daily bread to us today;<br /> and forgive us our debts/sins,<br /> as we, too, forgive our debtors/sinners;<br /> don't lead us to sin;<br /> but save us from evil.<br /> [For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever.]<br /> Amen. </p> </div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">lullaby</a> in Wymysorys with English translation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="poem"> <p><span title="Wymysorys-language text"><i lang="wym">Śłöf maj buwła fest!<br /> Skumma fremdy gest,<br /> Skumma muma ana fettyn,<br /> Z' brennia nysła ana epułn,<br /> Śłöf maj Jasiu fest!</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="poem"> <p>Sleep, my boy, soundly!<br /> Foreign guests are coming,<br /> Aunts and uncles are coming,<br /> Bringing nuts and apples,<br /> Sleep, my Johnny, soundly! </p> </div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Alzenau dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilamovians" title="Vilamovians">Vilamovians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wicherkiewicz_2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWicherkiewiczKrólOlko2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Wicherkiewicz" title="Tomasz Wicherkiewicz">Wicherkiewicz, Tomasz</a>; Król, Tymoteusz; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justyna_Olko" class="extiw" 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Slavic and East European Resource Center. <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Wymysorys&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Andrason&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Kr%C3%B3l%2C+Tymoteusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslaviccenters.duke.edu%2Fsites%2Fslaviccenters.duke.edu%2Ffiles%2Fwymysorys-grammar.original.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Ritchie, Carlo J. W. (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8290384"><i>Some Considerations on the Origins of Wymysorys</i></a> (BA thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Some+Considerations+on+the+Origins+of+Wymysorys&rft.degree=BA&rft.inst=University+of+Sydney&rft.date=2012-11&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Carlo+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8290384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrason2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrason, Alexander (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malopolska.org/images/pliki/roczniki/rm_16_2014/rm_16_2014_p09.pdf">"Zarys gramatyczny współczesnego języka wilamowskiego"</a> [A grammatical outline of the contemporary Wymysorys language] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82opolska" class="mw-redirect" title="Małopolska">Małopolska</a></i> (in Polish), <b>16</b>: 119–135</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ma%C5%82opolska&rft.atitle=Zarys+gramatyczny+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesnego+j%C4%99zyka+wilamowskiego&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=119-135&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Andrason&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malopolska.org%2Fimages%2Fpliki%2Froczniki%2Frm_16_2014%2Frm_16_2014_p09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polskieradio.pl/7/179/Artykul/1150127,Jezyk-wilamowski-pomoze-zachowac-mowe-Aztekow"><i>Język wilamowski pomoże zachować mowę Azteków</i></a> [<i>The Wymysorys language will help preserve the speech of the Aztecs</i>] (in Polish), <a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio" title="Polskie Radio">Polskie Radio</a>, 12 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C4%99zyk+wilamowski+pomo%C5%BCe+zachowa%C4%87+mow%C4%99+Aztek%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Polskie+Radio&rft.date=2014-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskieradio.pl%2F7%2F179%2FArtykul%2F1150127%2CJezyk-wilamowski-pomoze-zachowac-mowe-Aztekow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wicherkiewicz-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wicherkiewicz_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wicherkiewicz, op. cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metrak-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metrak_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMętrak2019" class="citation book cs1">Mętrak, Maciej (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37917808">"Wymysorys (Vilamovicean) and Halcnovian: Historical and Present-Day Sociolinguistic Situation of Microlanguages in a Southern-Polish Language Island"</a>. In Rezoničnik, Lidija; Zavašnik, Nina (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-L5NNZ633/44e3ea47-c1fa-4945-afd8-3f991facf951/PDF"><i>Slovani od preloma 19. in 20. stoletja do danes: jezikovne, zgodovinsko-politične spremembe in književni doprinos (The Slavs from the Turn of 19th and 20th Centuries Until Now: Linguistic, Historical and Political Changes and Literature)</i></a>. Ljubljana: Zveza društev Slavistično društvo Slovenije (Študentska sekcija). pp. 7–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wymysorys+%28Vilamovicean%29+and+Halcnovian%3A+Historical+and+Present-Day+Sociolinguistic+Situation+of+Microlanguages+in+a+Southern-Polish+Language+Island&rft.btitle=Slovani+od+preloma+19.+in+20.+stoletja+do+danes%3A+jezikovne%2C+zgodovinsko-politi%C4%8Dne+spremembe+in+knji%C5%BEevni+doprinos+%28The+Slavs+from+the+Turn+of+19th+and+20th+Centuries+Until+Now%3A+Linguistic%2C+Historical+and+Political+Changes+and+Literature%29&rft.place=Ljubljana&rft.pages=7-19&rft.pub=Zveza+dru%C5%A1tev+Slavisti%C4%8Dno+dru%C5%A1tvo+Slovenije+%28%C5%A0tudentska+sekcija%29&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=M%C4%99trak&rft.aufirst=Maciej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37917808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŻak" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Żak, Andrzej, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inne-jezyki.amu.edu.pl/Editor/files/AZak%20wymysioerys.pdf"><i>Wpływ języka polskiego na zagrożony wymarciem wilamowski etnolekt wymysiöeryś</i></a> [<i>The influence of the Polish language on the endangered Wymysorys ethnolect wymysiöeryś</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Polish), p. 3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wp%C5%82yw+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego+na+zagro%C5%BCony+wymarciem+wilamowski+etnolekt+wymysi%C3%B6ery%C5%9B&rft.pages=3&rft.aulast=%C5%BBak&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finne-jezyki.amu.edu.pl%2FEditor%2Ffiles%2FAZak%2520wymysioerys.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teatrpolski.waw.pl/pl/cykle_i_wydarzenia/wydarzenia/?id_act=539">"Cykle i wydarzenia – Wydarzenia – Teatr Polski im. Arnolda Szyfmana w Warszawie"</a> [Cycles and events – Events – Polish Theatre named after Arnold Szyfman in Warsaw] (in Polish). 26 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cykle+i+wydarzenia+%E2%80%93+Wydarzenia+%E2%80%93+Teatr+Polski+im.+Arnolda+Szyfmana+w+Warszawie&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teatrpolski.waw.pl%2Fpl%2Fcykle_i_wydarzenia%2Fwydarzenia%2F%3Fid_act%3D539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeszcze-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeszcze_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeszcze_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolik2010" class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golik, Darek (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfg3jHV1TzE"><i>Wymysiöeryś – jeszcze mowa nie zginęła</i></a> [<i>Wymysiöeryś – the language has not yet perished</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: Agencja Fotograficzna Fotorzepa, <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)" title="Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)">Rzeczpospolita</a>. Event occurs at 7:25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wymysi%C3%B6ery%C5%9B+%E2%80%93+jeszcze+mowa+nie+zgin%C4%99%C5%82a&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Agencja+Fotograficzna+Fotorzepa%2C+Rzeczpospolita&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Golik&rft.aufirst=Darek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dlfg3jHV1TzE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKról2014" class="citation web cs1">Król, Tymoteusz (27 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revitalization.al.uw.edu.pl/eng/Wymysorys/63/47/how-i-started-to-revitalize-my-language">"How I started to revitalize my language"</a>. <i>Revitalizing Endangered Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revitalizing+Endangered+Languages&rft.atitle=How+I+started+to+revitalize+my+language&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%B3l&rft.aufirst=Tymoteusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revitalization.al.uw.edu.pl%2Feng%2FWymysorys%2F63%2F47%2Fhow-i-started-to-revitalize-my-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wilamowice"><i>Wilamowice – Wikimedia Polska</i></a> (in Polish), pl.wikimedia.org<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilamowice+%E2%80%93+Wikimedia+Polska&rft.pub=pl.wikimedia.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWilamowice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarosz2013" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jarosz, Monika (4 January 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgok.wilamowice.pl/artykul/%C5%9Bwi%C4%85teczne-kol%C4%99dowanie"><i>Świąteczne kolędowanie</i></a> [<i>Christmas caroling</i>] (in Polish), Website of the Municipal and Communal Cultural Centre in Wilamowice<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Awi%C4%85teczne+kol%C4%99dowanie&rft.pub=Website+of+the+Municipal+and+Communal+Cultural+Centre+in+Wilamowice&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.aulast=Jarosz&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmgok.wilamowice.pl%2Fartykul%2F%25C5%259Bwi%25C4%2585teczne-kol%25C4%2599dowanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.wikimedia.pl/blog/2012/12/27/jozef-gara-nagrodzony-przez-wikimedia-polska/">"Józef Gara nagrodzony przez Wikimedia Polska – Blog Stowarzyszenia Wikimedia Polska"</a> [Józef Gara awarded by Wikimedia Polska – Wikimedia Polska Association Blog], <i>Wikimedia Polska Association Blog</i> (in Polish), 27 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Polska+Association+Blog&rft.atitle=J%C3%B3zef+Gara+nagrodzony+przez+Wikimedia+Polska+%E2%80%93+Blog+Stowarzyszenia+Wikimedia+Polska&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.wikimedia.pl%2Fblog%2F2012%2F12%2F27%2Fjozef-gara-nagrodzony-przez-wikimedia-polska%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2014" class="citation web cs1">Ritchie, Carlos (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revitalization.al.uw.edu.pl/eng/Wymysorys?authorID=28">"Wymysorys Language"</a>. <i>Revitalizing Endangered Languages</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revitalizing+Endangered+Languages&rft.atitle=Wymysorys+Language&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revitalization.al.uw.edu.pl%2Feng%2FWymysorys%3FauthorID%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This letter is only used in proper names, even native ones – e.g. the surname Fox. The letters Q and V are not included in the alphabet because they only appear in non-native proper names.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wordproject.org/bibles/resources/our_father/w/Ynzer%20Foter_wymysoris.html">Ynzer Foter</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicherkiewicz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Wicherkiewicz" title="Tomasz Wicherkiewicz">Wicherkiewicz, Tomasz</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LuPGek6L4gIC"><i>The Making of a Language: The Case of the Idiom of Wilamowice, Southern Poland</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110170993" title="Special:BookSources/9783110170993"><bdi>9783110170993</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/811407652">811407652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Language%3A+The+Case+of+the+Idiom+of+Wilamowice%2C+Southern+Poland&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F811407652&rft.isbn=9783110170993&rft.aulast=Wicherkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLuPGek6L4gIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Andrason, Alexander. Complexity of endangered minority languages: The sound system of Wymysiöeryś. Coler, Matt, and Andrew Nevins, eds. <i>Contemporary research in minoritized and diaspora languages of Europe</i>, p. 213-260. Vol. 6. Language Science Press, 2023. Open Access online.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrason2016" class="citation cs2">Andrason, Alexander (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31072487">"Where Germanic and Slavic Meet – New Polish-based Tenses in the Vilamovicean Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Germanoslavica</i>, <b>27</b> (1), <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovansk%C3%BD_%C3%BAstav_Akademie_v%C4%9Bd_%C4%8CR,_v._v._i." class="extiw" title="cs:Slovanský ústav Akademie věd ČR, v. v. i.">Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</a> and Euroslavica: 1–17, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1210-9029">1210-9029</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germanoslavica&rft.atitle=Where+Germanic+and+Slavic+Meet+%E2%80%93+New+Polish-based+Tenses+in+the+Vilamovicean+Language&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1210-9029&rft.aulast=Andrason&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31072487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrasonKról2016" class="citation cs2">Andrason, Alexander; Król, Tymoteusz (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/wymysorys-grammar.original.pdf"><i>A Grammar of Wymysorys</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Slavic and East European Resource Center, <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Wymysorys&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Andrason&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Kr%C3%B3l%2C+Tymoteusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslaviccenters.duke.edu%2Fsites%2Fslaviccenters.duke.edu%2Ffiles%2Fwymysorys-grammar.original.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrason2015" class="citation cs2">Andrason, Alexander (2015), Willim, Ewa; Urban, Mateusz (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/18195531">"Vilamovicean – A Germanic-Slavic Mixed Language?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, <i>Studies in Polish Linguistics</i>, <b>10</b> (2), <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a>, South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch_University" title="Stellenbosch University">Stellenbosch University</a>: 57–85, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4467%2F23005920SPL.15.003.3560">10.4467/23005920SPL.15.003.3560</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1732-8160">1732-8160</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Polish+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Vilamovicean+%E2%80%93+A+Germanic-Slavic+Mixed+Language%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=57-85&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4467%2F23005920SPL.15.003.3560&rft.issn=1732-8160&rft.aulast=Andrason&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F18195531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasatowicz1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Katarzyna_Lasatowicz" class="extiw" title="de:Maria Katarzyna Lasatowicz">Lasatowicz, Maria Katarzyna</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBToAAAAIAAJ"><i>Die deutsche Mundart von Wilamowice zwischen 1920 und 1987</i></a> [<i>The German dialect of Wilamowice between 1920 and 1987</i>]. Higher Pedagogical School of Silesian Insurgents in Opole (in German). <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Opole" title="University of Opole">University of Opole</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788385012948" title="Special:BookSources/9788385012948"><bdi>9788385012948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+deutsche+Mundart+von+Wilamowice+zwischen+1920+und+1987&rft.place=Opole&rft.pub=University+of+Opole&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788385012948&rft.aulast=Lasatowicz&rft.aufirst=Maria+Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBToAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojmir1930–1936" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Mojmir" class="extiw" title="de:Hermann Mojmir">Mojmir, Hermann</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1930–1936), <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hermann_Mojmir_-_Słownik_niemieckiej_gwary_Wilamowic"><i>Wörterbuch der deutschen Mundart von Wilamowice</i></a> [<i>Dictionary of the German dialect of Wilamowice</i>] (in German), <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences">Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+deutschen+Mundart+von+Wilamowice&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Polish+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=1930%2F1936&rft.aulast=Mojmir&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3AHermann_Mojmir_-_S%C5%82ownik_niemieckiej_gwary_Wilamowic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMłynek1907" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_M%C5%82ynek" class="extiw" title="pl:Ludwik Młynek">Młynek, Ludwik</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1907), <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Narzecze_wilamowickie_(Wilhelmsauer_Dialekt._Dy_wymmysuaschy_Gmoansproch)"><i>Narzecze wilamowickie</i></a> [<i>Wymysorys language</i>] (in Polish), <a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a>: Nakładem Autora, Drukiem J Pisza</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narzecze+wilamowickie&rft.place=Tarn%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Nak%C5%82adem+Autora%2C+Drukiem+J+Pisza&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=M%C5%82ynek&rft.aufirst=Ludwik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3ANarzecze_wilamowickie_%28Wilhelmsauer_Dialekt._Dy_wymmysuaschy_Gmoansproch%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatosiński1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Latosi%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="pl:Józef Latosiński">Latosiński, Józef</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlibra.umcs.lublin.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=7463&from=FBC=false"><i>Monografia miasteczka Wilamowic: na podstawie źródeł autentycznych: z ilustracyami i mapką</i></a> [<i>Monograph of the town of Wilamowice: based on authentic sources: with illustrations and a map</i>] (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: Drukarnia Literacka under the management of L. K. Górskiego.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monografia+miasteczka+Wilamowic%3A+na+podstawie+%C5%BAr%C3%B3de%C5%82+autentycznych%3A+z+ilustracyami+i+mapk%C4%85&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Drukarnia+Literacka+under+the+management+of+L.+K.+G%C3%B3rskiego&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Latosi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlibra.umcs.lublin.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdoccontent%3Fid%3D7463%26from%3DFBC%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleczkowski1920" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Kleczkowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Adam Kleczkowski">Kleczkowski, Adam</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polona.pl/item/dialekt-wilamowic-w-zachodniej-galicji-fonetyka-i-fleksja,OTgwNzY4NjU/4/#info:metadata=false"><i>Dialekt Wilamowic w zachodniej Galicji. Fonetyka i fleksja</i></a> [<i>The dialect of Wilamowice in western Galicia. Phonetics and inflection</i>] (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences">Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialekt+Wilamowic+w+zachodniej+Galicji.+Fonetyka+i+fleksja&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Polish+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Kleczkowski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolona.pl%2Fitem%2Fdialekt-wilamowic-w-zachodniej-galicji-fonetyka-i-fleksja%2COTgwNzY4NjU%2F4%2F%23info%3Ametadata%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleczkowski1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Kleczkowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Adam Kleczkowski">Kleczkowski, Adam</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polona.pl/item/dialekt-wilamowic-w-zachodniej-galicji-skladnia-szyk-wyrazow,OTgwNzcwMDk/4/#info:metadata=false"><i>Dialekt Wilamowic w zachodniej Galicji. Składnia</i></a> [<i>The dialect of Wilamowice in western Galicia. Syntax</i>] (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialekt+Wilamowic+w+zachodniej+Galicji.+Sk%C5%82adnia&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pub=Adam+Mickiewicz+University+in+Pozna%C5%84&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Kleczkowski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolona.pl%2Fitem%2Fdialekt-wilamowic-w-zachodniej-galicji-skladnia-szyk-wyrazow%2COTgwNzcwMDk%2F4%2F%23info%3Ametadata%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarciak2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Barciak" class="extiw" title="pl:Antoni Barciak">Barciak, Antoni</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span>, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkPYAAACAAJ"><i>Wilamowice: przyroda, historia, język, kultura, oraz społeczeństwo miasta i gminy</i></a> [<i>Wilamowice: nature, history, language, culture and society of the town and commune</i>] (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Wilamowice" title="Wilamowice">Wilamowice</a>: Urząd Gminy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788391588802" title="Special:BookSources/9788391588802"><bdi>9788391588802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilamowice%3A+przyroda%2C+historia%2C+j%C4%99zyk%2C+kultura%2C+oraz+spo%C5%82ecze%C5%84stwo+miasta+i+gminy&rft.place=Wilamowice&rft.pub=Urz%C4%85d+Gminy&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788391588802&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuNkPYAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWymysorys+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adam Kleczkowski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EecMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Dialekt Wilamowic w Zachodniej Galicji. Fonetyka i Fleksja</i></a>, 1920 (Google Books, full text)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/wym" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/wym">Wymysorys language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Polish <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="pl" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/pl:Narzecze_wilamowickie" class="extiw" title="s:pl:Narzecze wilamowickie">Wymysorys language</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> videos: <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfg3jHV1TzE">Wymysiöeryś – jeszcze mowa nie zginęła (Wymysiöeryś – the language has not yet perished)</a> at YouTube. Agencja Fotograficzna Fotorzepa. <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)" title="Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)">Rzeczpospolita</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3-lVRDEEe4">The founding ceremony of the Accademia Wilamowicziana</a> at YouTube.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OdoddTAz9Ac">A documentary about Wymysorys and the associated revitalization efforts</a> at YouTube.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kq3H9qm9Fq0">About the Wymysorys language in a television magazine</a> at YouTube. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlesien_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlesien Journal (page does not exist)">Schlesien Journal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesien_Journal" class="extiw" title="pl:Schlesien Journal">pl</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/wymysorys.htm">Omniglot page</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/central-europes-most-mysterious-language">Central Europe's Most Mysterious Language</a> via <a href="/wiki/Culture.pl" title="Culture.pl">Culture.pl</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zakorzenianie.most.org.pl/za14/03.htm">WYMYSOJER</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revitalization.al.uw.edu.pl">Revitalizing Endangered Languages</a> – The portal is also available in Wymysorys.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323547158_Wilamowice_-_przywracanie_jezyka_przywracanie_pamieci_Wilamowice_-_restoring_the_language_restoring_the_memory_PL">Wilamowice – przywracanie języka, przywracanie pamięci / Wilamowice – restoring the language, restoring the memory (PL)</a>. Maciej Mętrak, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>. <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (April 2016; pp. 127–134)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:Narzecze_wilamowickie" class="extiw" title="pl:s:Narzecze wilamowickie">Narzecze wilamowickie. (Wilhelmsauer Dialekt. Dy wymmysauschy Gmoansproch) (Wymysorys language)</a> in the editorial office of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_M%C5%82ynek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwik Młynek (page does not exist)">Ludwik Młynek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_M%C5%82ynek" class="extiw" title="pl:Ludwik Młynek">pl</a>]</span> at the Polish <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjp.pwn.pl/poradnia/haslo/wilamowicki-czy-wilamowski;19896.html">wilamowicki czy wilamowski? – Poradnia językowa PWN (Wymysorys or Wymysorys?)</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Wola%C5%84ski_(philologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Wolański (philologist) (page does not exist)">Adam Wolański</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Wola%C5%84ski_(filolog)" class="extiw" title="pl:Adam Wolański (filolog)">pl</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Scientific_Publishers_PWN" title="Polish Scientific Publishers PWN">Polish Scientific Publishers PWN</a> (13 January 2020)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/book-detail?id=1039178">Ynzer łidła – nasze pieśni (Ynzer Łidła – Our Songs). Songs, Lullabies and Counting-out Rhymes from Wilamowice</a></li> <li>Wicherkiewicz, Tomasz. Language variation, language myths, and language ideology as constructive elements of the Wymysiöeryś ethnolinguistic identity. Coler, Matt, and Andrew Nevins, eds. <i>Contemporary research in minoritized and diaspora languages of Europe</i>, p. 261-280. Vol. 6. Language Science Press, 2023. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Polish" title="Dialects of Polish">dialects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Lemko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wymysorys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_manual_alphabet" title="Polish manual alphabet">Polish manual alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_communes_in_Poland" title="Bilingual communes in Poland">Bilingual communes in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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