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id="toc-Cracking_of_the_system_and_dictatorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cracking_of_the_system_and_dictatorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Cracking of the system and dictatorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cracking_of_the_system_and_dictatorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dethronement_and_politics_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dethronement_and_politics_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dethronement and politics in exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dethronement_and_politics_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legitimate_and_illegitimate_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimate_and_illegitimate_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Legitimate and illegitimate children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimate_and_illegitimate_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_towards_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_towards_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Attitude towards Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_towards_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pornographic_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pornographic_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pornographic cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pornographic_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Honorary appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Spanish honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Foreign honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfonso XIII</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anphos_XIII_Spena_Cyning" title="Anphos XIII Spena Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Anphos XIII Spena Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ألفونسو الثالث عشر ملك إسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفونسو الثالث عشر ملك إسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifonso_XIII_d%27Espanya" title="Alifonso XIII d'Espanya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alifonso XIII d'Espanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonsu_XIII_d%27Espa%C3%B1a" title="Alfonsu XIII d'España – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfonsu XIII d'España" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_Alfonso_(%C4%B0spaniya_kral%C4%B1)" title="XIII Alfonso (İspaniya kralı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XIII Alfonso (İspaniya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="اوْن‌اۆچونجو آلفونسو (ایسپانیا) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْن‌اۆچونجو آلفونسو (ایسپانیا)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B" title="স্পেনের ত্রয়োদশ আলফনসো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পেনের ত্রয়োদশ আলফনসো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_13-s%C3%A8_(Se-pan-g%C3%A2)" title="Alfonso 13-sè (Se-pan-gâ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alfonso 13-sè (Se-pan-gâ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0_XIII" title="Альфонса XIII – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альфонса XIII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE_XIII" title="Алфонсо XIII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алфонсо XIII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_XIII,_kralj_%C5%A0panije" title="Alfons XIII, kralj Španije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alfons XIII, kralj Španije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alfonso XIII" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_XIII_d%27Espanya" title="Alfons XIII d'Espanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfons XIII d'Espanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_XIII." title="Alfons XIII. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfons XIII." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII,_brenin_Sbaen" title="Alfonso XIII, brenin Sbaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alfonso XIII, brenin Sbaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_13._af_Spanien" title="Alfons 13. af Spanien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfons 13. af Spanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_XIII." title="Alfons XIII. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfons XIII." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alfonso XIII" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αλφόνσος ΙΓ΄ της Ισπανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλφόνσος ΙΓ΄ της Ισπανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Alfonso XIII de España – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfonso XIII de España" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_la_13-a_(Hispanio)" title="Alfonso la 13-a (Hispanio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alfonso la 13-a (Hispanio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfontso_XIII.a_Borboikoa_(Espainia)" title="Alfontso XIII.a Borboikoa (Espainia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfontso XIII.a Borboikoa (Espainia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="آلفونسوی سیزدهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفونسوی سیزدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_XIII" title="Alphonse XIII – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphonse XIII" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_na_Sp%C3%A1inne" title="Alfonso XIII na Spáinne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alfonso XIII na Spáinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_na_Sp%C3%A0inne" title="Alfonso XIII na Spàinne – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alfonso XIII na Spàinne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_XIII_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Afonso XIII de España – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Afonso XIII de España" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%8F%B0%EC%86%8C_13%EC%84%B8" title="알폰소 13세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알폰소 13세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_XIII." title="Alfons XIII. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alfons XIII." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_la_13ma_di_Hispania" title="Alfonso la 13ma di Hispania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alfonso la 13ma di Hispania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_dari_Spanyol" title="Alfonso XIII dari Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfonso XIII dari Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_13._Sp%C3%A1narkonungur" title="Alfons 13. Spánarkonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alfons 13. Spánarkonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_di_Spagna" title="Alfonso XIII di Spagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfonso XIII di Spagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93" title="אלפונסו השלושה עשר, מלך ספרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפונסו השלושה עשר, מלך ספרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_XIII_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ალფონსო XIII (ესპანეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალფონსო XIII (ესპანეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonsus_XIII_(rex_Hispaniae)" title="Alphonsus XIII (rex Hispaniae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alphonsus XIII (rex Hispaniae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alfonso XIII" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonsas_XIII" title="Alfonsas XIII – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alfonsas XIII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII._Alfonz_spanyol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="XIII. Alfonz spanyol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XIII. Alfonz spanyol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE_XIII_(%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Алфонсо XIII (Шпанија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алфонсо XIII (Шпанија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="स्पेनचा तेरावा आल्फोन्सो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्पेनचा तेरावा आल्फोन्सो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الفونسو التلاتاشر ملك اسپانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفونسو التلاتاشر ملك اسپانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_XIII_van_Spanje" title="Alfons XIII van Spanje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfons XIII van Spanje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD13%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="アルフォンソ13世 (スペイン王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフォンソ13世 (スペイン王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_av_Spania" title="Alfonso XIII av Spania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfonso XIII av Spania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_XIII_av_Spania" title="Alfons XIII av Spania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alfons XIII av Spania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anf%C3%B3s_XIII_d%27Espanha" title="Anfós XIII d'Espanha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anfós XIII d'Espanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alfonso XIII" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88" title="دیارلسم آلفونسو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دیارلسم آلفونسو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_XIII" title="Alfons XIII – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfons XIII" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_XIII_de_Espanha" title="Afonso XIII de Espanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Afonso XIII de Espanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alfonso XIII" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_al_XIII-lea_al_Spaniei" title="Alfonso al XIII-lea al Spaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfonso al XIII-lea al Spaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE_XIII" title="Альфонсо XIII – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альфонсо XIII" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_o_Spain" title="Alfonso XIII o Spain – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alfonso XIII o Spain" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alfonso XIII" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonz_XIII._(%C5%A0panielsko)" title="Alfonz XIII. (Španielsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alfonz XIII. (Španielsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonz_XIII._%C5%A0panski" title="Alfonz XIII. Španski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alfonz XIII. Španski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE_XIII_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Алфонсо XIII од Шпаније – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алфонсо XIII од Шпаније" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_od_%C5%A0panije" title="Alfonso XIII od Španije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alfonso XIII od Španije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfonso XIII" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_XIII_av_Spanien" title="Alfons XIII av Spanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfons XIII av Spanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alfonso XIII" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B" title="பதிமூன்றாம் அல்பான்சோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதிமூன்றாம் அல்பான்சோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_13_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="พระเจ้าอัลฟอนโซที่ 13 แห่งสเปน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าอัลฟอนโซที่ 13 แห่งสเปน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII._Alfonso" title="XIII. Alfonso – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XIII. Alfonso" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE_XIII" title="Альфонсо XIII – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфонсо XIII" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_c%E1%BB%A7a_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha" title="Alfonso XIII của Tây Ban Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alfonso XIII của Tây Ban Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XIII of Spain">Alfonso XIII of Spain</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Spain from 1886 to 1931</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Borbón</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Habsburgo-Lorena</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Alfonso XIII</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rey_Alfonso_XIII_de_Espa%C3%B1a,_by_Kaulak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rey_Alfonso_XIII_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_by_Kaulak.jpg/220px-Rey_Alfonso_XIII_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_by_Kaulak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rey_Alfonso_XIII_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_by_Kaulak.jpg/330px-Rey_Alfonso_XIII_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_by_Kaulak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rey_Alfonso_XIII_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_by_Kaulak.jpg/440px-Rey_Alfonso_XIII_de_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_by_Kaulak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Formal portrait, 1916</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Spanish_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XIII" title="Reign of Alfonso XIII">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 May 1886 – 14 April 1931<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1886-05-17</span> – <span class="dtend">1931-04-14</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enthronement</th><td class="infobox-data">17 May 1902</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a> <small>(President of Spain, 1931)</small> <br /><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a> <small>(King of Spain, 1975)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Maria Christina of Austria">Maria Christina</a> (1886–1902)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1886-05-17</span>)</span>17 May 1886<br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Royal Palace of Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 1941<span style="display:none">(1941-02-28)</span> (aged 54)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_e_dei_Martiri" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri">Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri</a> (1941–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a> (since 1980)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Eugenie_of_Battenberg" title="Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg">Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="31 May 1906">1906</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Legitimate_and_illegitimate_children">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Beatriz_of_Spain" title="Infanta Beatriz of Spain">Infanta Beatriz, Princess of Civitella-Cesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Mar%C3%ADa_Cristina_of_Spain" title="Infanta María Cristina of Spain">Infanta María Cristina, Countess Marone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona">Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Gonzalo_of_Spain" title="Infante Gonzalo of Spain">Infante Gonzalo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena</i></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon</i></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Maria Christina of Austria">Maria Christina of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FirmaAlfonsoXIII_(v).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfonso XIII's signature"><img alt="Alfonso XIII's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FirmaAlfonsoXIII_%28v%29.svg/125px-FirmaAlfonsoXIII_%28v%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FirmaAlfonsoXIII_%28v%29.svg/188px-FirmaAlfonsoXIII_%28v%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FirmaAlfonsoXIII_%28v%29.svg/250px-FirmaAlfonsoXIII_%28v%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alfonso XIII</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon</i>; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941), also known as <b>El Africano</b> or <b>the African</b> due to his <a href="/wiki/Africanist_(Spain)" title="Africanist (Spain)">Africanist</a> views, was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> from his birth until 14 April 1931, when the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> was proclaimed. He became a monarch at birth as his father, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a>, had died the previous year. Alfonso's mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Maria Christina of Austria">Maria Christina of Austria</a>, served as regent until he assumed full powers on his sixteenth birthday in 1902. </p><p>Alfonso XIII's upbringing and public image were closely linked to the military estate; he often presented himself as a soldier-king.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His effective reign started four years after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, when various social milieus projected their expectations of national regeneration onto him.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other European monarchs of his time he played a political role, entailing a controversial use of his constitutional executive powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón2013319_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón2013319-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Alfonso_XIII_and_Princess_Victoria_Eugenie" title="Wedding of Alfonso XIII and Princess Victoria Eugenie">His wedding</a> to <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Eugenie_of_Battenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg">Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg</a> in 1906 was marred by <a href="/wiki/Morral_affair" title="Morral affair">an attempt at regicide</a>; he was unharmed. </p><p>With public opinion divided over <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and moreover a split between <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">pro-German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">pro-Entente</a> sympathizers, Alfonso XIII used his relations with other European royal families to help preserve a stance of neutrality, as espoused by his government;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, several factors weakened the monarch's constitutional legitimacy: the rupture of the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Turno" title="Turno">turno</a></i></span> system, the deepening of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration system</a> crisis in the 1910s, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_crisis_of_1917" title="Spanish crisis of 1917">a trio of crises in 1917</a>, the spiral of violence in Morocco,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially the lead-up to the 1923 installment of the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera</a>, an event that succeeded by means of both military coup d'état and the king's acquiescence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of his reign, the monarch ended up favouring an authoritarian solution rather than constitutional liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón202324_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón202324-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the political failure of the dictatorship, Alfonso XIII removed support from Primo de Rivera (who was thereby forced to resign in 1930) and favoured (during the <i><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda" title="Dictablanda">dictablanda</a></i>) an attempted return to the pre-1923 state of affairs. Nevertheless, he had lost most of his political capital along the way. He left Spain voluntarily after the <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">municipal elections of April 1931</a> – which was understood as a plebiscite on maintaining the monarchy or declaring a republic – the result of which led to the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> on 14 April 1931. For his efforts with the <a href="/wiki/European_War_Office" title="European War Office">European War Office</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-royal-knight_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-knight-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he earned a nomination for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1917, which was ultimately won by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, he remains the only monarch known to have been nominated for a Nobel Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign of Alfonso XIII of Spain">Reign of Alfonso XIII of Spain</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Regency of Maria Christina of Austria">Regency of Maria Christina of Austria</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_XIII,_cadete,_de_Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Hispaleto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alfonso_XIII%2C_cadete%2C_de_Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Hispaleto.jpg/220px-Alfonso_XIII%2C_cadete%2C_de_Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Hispaleto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alfonso_XIII%2C_cadete%2C_de_Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Hispaleto.jpg/330px-Alfonso_XIII%2C_cadete%2C_de_Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Hispaleto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alfonso_XIII%2C_cadete%2C_de_Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Hispaleto.jpg/440px-Alfonso_XIII%2C_cadete%2C_de_Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Hispaleto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>Alfonso XIII as a cadet; by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Hispaleto" title="Manuel García Hispaleto">Manuel García Hispaleto</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alfonso XIII was born at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Royal Palace of Madrid</a> on 17 May 1886. He was the posthumous son of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a> of Spain, who had died in November 1885, and became king upon his birth. Just after he was born, he was carried naked to the prime minister <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta" title="Práxedes Mateo Sagasta">Práxedes Mateo Sagasta</a> on a silver tray. </p><p>Five days later, he was carried in a solemn court procession with a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a> around his neck and was baptised with water specially brought from the <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">River Jordan</a> in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French newspaper <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i></span> described the young king in 1889 as "the happiest and best-loved of all the rulers of the earth".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Maria Christina of Austria">Maria Christina of Austria</a>, served as his regent until his sixteenth birthday. During the regency, in 1898, Spain lost its colonial rule over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. </p><p>Alfonso became seriously ill during the <a href="/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_pandemic" title="1889–1890 pandemic">1889–1890 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His health deteriorated around 10 January 1890, and doctors reported his condition as the flu attacked his nervous system leaving the young king in a state of indolence. He eventually recovered. </p><p>When Alfonso came of age in May 1902, the week of his majority was marked by festivities, bullfights, balls and receptions throughout Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took his oath to the constitution before members of the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a> on 17 May. </p><p>Alfonso received, to a large extent, a military education that imbued him with "a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a> strengthened by his military vocation".<sup id="cite_ref-casals_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casals-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the clique of military tutors, Alfonso also received political teachings from a liberal, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicente_Santamar%C3%ADa_de_Paredes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicente Santamaría de Paredes (page does not exist)">Vicente Santamaría de Paredes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Santamar%C3%ADa_de_Paredes" class="extiw" title="es:Vicente Santamaría de Paredes">es</a>]</span>, and moral precepts from an <a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">integrist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Monta%C3%B1a" title="José Fernández Montaña">José Fernández de la Montaña</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-casals_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casals-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engagement_and_marriage">Engagement and marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Engagement and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_King_Alfonso_XIII_and_Princess_Victoria_Eugenie" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding of King Alfonso XIII and Princess Victoria Eugenie">Wedding of King Alfonso XIII and Princess Victoria Eugenie</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Nine_Sovereigns_at_Windsor_for_the_funeral_of_King_Edward_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Nine_Sovereigns_at_Windsor_for_the_funeral_of_King_Edward_VII.jpg/220px-The_Nine_Sovereigns_at_Windsor_for_the_funeral_of_King_Edward_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Nine_Sovereigns_at_Windsor_for_the_funeral_of_King_Edward_VII.jpg/330px-The_Nine_Sovereigns_at_Windsor_for_the_funeral_of_King_Edward_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Nine_Sovereigns_at_Windsor_for_the_funeral_of_King_Edward_VII.jpg/440px-The_Nine_Sovereigns_at_Windsor_for_the_funeral_of_King_Edward_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>The Nine Sovereigns at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor</a> for the funeral of King Edward VII, photographed on 20 May 1910. Standing, from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">Haakon VII of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I of Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> of Germany, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I of Belgium</a>. Seated, from left to right: Alfonso XIII of Spain, <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> of the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VIII of Denmark">Frederick VIII of Denmark</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>By 1905, Alfonso was looking for a suitable consort. On a state visit to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, he stayed in London at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> with King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>. There he met Princess <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Eugenie_of_Battenberg" title="Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg">Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg</a>, the daughter of Edward's youngest sister <a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Princess Beatrice</a>, and a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. He found her attractive, and she returned his interest. There were obstacles to the marriage. Victoria was a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, and would have to become a Catholic. Victoria's brother, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Leopold_Mountbatten" title="Lord Leopold Mountbatten">Leopold</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia" title="Haemophilia">haemophiliac</a>, so there was a 50 percent chance that Victoria was a carrier of the trait. Finally, Alfonso's mother Maria Christina wanted him to marry a member of her family, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a>, or some other Catholic princess, as she considered the Battenbergs to be non-dynastic. </p><p>Victoria was willing to change her religion, and her being a haemophilia carrier was only a possibility. Maria Christina was eventually persuaded to drop her opposition. In January 1906 she wrote an official letter to Princess Beatrice proposing the match. Victoria met Maria Christina and Alfonso in <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a>, France, later that month, and converted to Catholicism in <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a> in March. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchist_attack_on_the_King_of_Spain_Alfonso_XIII_(1906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anarchist_attack_on_the_King_of_Spain_Alfonso_XIII_%281906%29.jpg/200px-Anarchist_attack_on_the_King_of_Spain_Alfonso_XIII_%281906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anarchist_attack_on_the_King_of_Spain_Alfonso_XIII_%281906%29.jpg/300px-Anarchist_attack_on_the_King_of_Spain_Alfonso_XIII_%281906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anarchist_attack_on_the_King_of_Spain_Alfonso_XIII_%281906%29.jpg/400px-Anarchist_attack_on_the_King_of_Spain_Alfonso_XIII_%281906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>Photograph taken moments after the assassination attempt on Alfonso and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Eugenie" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Eugenie">Victoria Eugenie</a> on their wedding day</figcaption></figure> <p>In May, diplomats of both kingdoms officially executed the agreement of marriage. Alfonso and Victoria were married at the <a href="/wiki/San_Jer%C3%B3nimo_el_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jerónimo el Real">Royal Monastery of San Jerónimo</a> in Madrid on 31 May 1906, with British royalty in attendance, including Victoria's cousins the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a>). The wedding was marked by <a href="/wiki/Morral_affair" title="Morral affair">an assassination attempt</a> on Alfonso and Victoria by Catalan <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">anarchist</a> Mateu Morral. As the wedding procession returned to the palace, he threw a bomb from a window which killed 30 bystanders and members of the procession, while 100 others were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 May 1907, the couple's first child, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso, Prince of Asturias</a>, was born. Victoria was in fact a haemophilia carrier, and Alfonso inherited the condition. </p><p>Neither of the two daughters born to the King and Queen were haemophilia carriers, but another of their sons, <a href="/wiki/Infante_Gonzalo_of_Spain" title="Infante Gonzalo of Spain">Gonzalo</a> (1914–1934), had the condition. Alfonso distanced himself from his wife for transmitting the condition to their sons.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1914 on, he had several mistresses, and fathered five illegitimate children. A sixth illegitimate child had been born before his marriage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_War_Office" title="European War Office">European War Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">Spain during World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphonse_%C3%A0_Vaux,_1919,_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Alphonse_%C3%A0_Vaux%2C_1919%2C_3.jpg/220px-Alphonse_%C3%A0_Vaux%2C_1919%2C_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Alphonse_%C3%A0_Vaux%2C_1919%2C_3.jpg/330px-Alphonse_%C3%A0_Vaux%2C_1919%2C_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Alphonse_%C3%A0_Vaux%2C_1919%2C_3.jpg/440px-Alphonse_%C3%A0_Vaux%2C_1919%2C_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5121" /></a><figcaption>Alfonso XIII visiting <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a> in 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, because of his family connections with both sides and the division of popular opinion, Spain remained neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King established an office for assistance to prisoners of war on all sides. This office used the Spanish diplomatic and military network abroad to intercede for thousands of POWs – transmitting and receiving letters for them, and other services.<sup id="cite_ref-royal-knight_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-knight-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The office was located in the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Palacio Real">Royal Palace</a>. </p><p>Alfonso attempted to save the Russian Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> and his family from the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> who captured them, sending two telegrams offering the Russian imperial family refuge in Spain. He later learned of the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of the Romanov family">execution of the Romanov family</a>, but was mistaken in believing that only Nicholas II and his son <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei</a> had been killed. As such, he continued to push for the Tsarina <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Alexandra</a> and her four daughters to be brought to Spain, not having realized that they had also been murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alfonso became gravely ill during the <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">1918 flu pandemic</a>. Spain was neutral and thus under no wartime censorship restrictions, so his illness and subsequent recovery were reported to the world, while flu outbreaks in the belligerent countries were concealed. This gave the misleading impression that Spain was the most affected area and led to the pandemic being dubbed "the Spanish Flu".<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cracking_of_the_system_and_dictatorship">Cracking of the system and dictatorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cracking of the system and dictatorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a>, <a href="/wiki/1923_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1923 Spanish coup d'état">1923 Spanish coup d'état</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09411,_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09411%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09411%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09411%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09411%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09411%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09411%2C_Primo_de_Rivera_und_der_K%C3%B6nig_von_Spanien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Alfonso (left) with his dictatorial prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera,_2nd_Marquis_of_Estella" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following World War I, Spain entered the lengthy yet victorious <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> (1920–1926) to preserve its colonial rule over northern Morocco. Critics of the monarchy thought the war was an unforgivable loss of money and lives, and nicknamed Alfonso <i>el Africano</i> ("the African").<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfonso had not acted as a strict constitutional monarch, and supported the <a href="/wiki/Africanist_(Spain)" title="Africanist (Spain)">Africanists</a> who wanted to conquer for Spain a new empire in Africa to compensate for the lost empire in the Americas and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rif War had starkly polarized Spanish society between the Africanists who wanted to conquer an empire in Africa vs. the <i>abandonistas</i> who wanted to abandon Morocco as not worth the blood and treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfonso liked to play favourites with his generals, and one of his most favoured generals was <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Fernández Silvestre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, when Silvestre advanced up into the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif mountains</a> of Morocco, Alfonso sent him a telegram whose first line read "Hurrah for real men!", urging Silvestre not to retreat at a time when Silvestre was experiencing major difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silvestre stayed the course, leading his men into the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Battle of Annual</a>, one of Spain's worst defeats. Alfonso, who was on holiday in the south of France at the time, was informed of the "Disaster of the Annual" while he was playing <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>. Reportedly, Alfonso's response to the news was to shrug his shoulders and say "Chicken meat is cheap", before resuming his game.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfonso remained in France and did not return to Spain to comfort the families of the soldiers lost in the battle, which many people at the time saw as a callous and cold act, a sign that the King was indifferent over the lives of his soldiers. In 1922, the Cortes started an investigation into the responsibility for the Annual disaster and soon discovered evidence that the King had been one of the main supporters of Silvestre's advance into the Rif mountains. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_XIII_in_uniform_of_a_British_Field_Marshall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alfonso_XIII_in_uniform_of_a_British_Field_Marshall.jpg/220px-Alfonso_XIII_in_uniform_of_a_British_Field_Marshall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alfonso_XIII_in_uniform_of_a_British_Field_Marshall.jpg/330px-Alfonso_XIII_in_uniform_of_a_British_Field_Marshall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alfonso_XIII_in_uniform_of_a_British_Field_Marshall.jpg/440px-Alfonso_XIII_in_uniform_of_a_British_Field_Marshall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1561" /></a><figcaption>Alfonso in uniform of <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">field marshal of the United Kingdom</a>, 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>After the "Disaster of the Annual", Spain's war in the Rif went from bad to worse, and as the Spanish were barely hanging on to Morocco, support for the <i>abandonistas</i> grew as many people could see no point to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1923, Spanish soldiers embarking for Morocco mutinied, other soldiers in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> simply refused to board the ships that were to take them to Morocco, while in Barcelona huge crowds of left-wingers had staged anti-war protests at which Spanish flags were burned while the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rif" title="Republic of the Rif">Rif Republic</a> was waved about.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Africanist_(Spain)" title="Africanist (Spain)">Africanists</a> comprising only a minority, it was clear that it was only a matter of time before the <i>abandonistas</i> forced the Spanish to give up on the Rif, which was part of the reason for the <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera#Establishment_of_dictatorship" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">military coup d'état later in 1923</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 September 1923, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera,_2nd_Marquis_of_Estella" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a>, Captain General of Catalonia, staged a military coup with the collaboration from a quad of <i>Africanist</i> generals based in Madrid (José Cavalcanti, Federico Berenguer, Leopoldo Saro and Antonio Dabán). These generals were associated with the innermost military clique of Alfonso XIII and wanted to prevent investigations about Annual from tarnishing the monarch, even if Primo de Rivera had embraced <i>Abandonista</i> positions prior to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primo de Rivera ruled as a dictator with the king's support until January 1930. </p><p>During the dictatorship, the king increased his public presence, siding with a Catholic, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catalan">anti-Catalanist</a>, dictatorial and militarist brand of Spanish nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón202329_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón202329-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dictablanda_of_D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer">Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer</a></div> <p>On 28 January 1930, amid economic problems, general unpopularity and a putschist plot led by General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Goded" title="Manuel Goded">Manuel Goded</a> in motion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasals2004211_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasals2004211-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which Alfonso XIII was most probably aware,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara2000225_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara2000225-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miguel Primo de Rivera was forced to resign, exiling to Paris, only to die a few weeks later of the complications from <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> in combination with the effects of a <a href="/wiki/Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu">flu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasals2004214–216_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasals2004214–216-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfonso XIII appointed General <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a> as the new prime minister. Back in 1926, Alfonso XIII had appointed Berenguer as Chief of Staff of the Military House of the King, a post conventionally fit for burned-out generals in order to move them away from the spotlight for a time in a show of affection.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new period was nicknamed as <i><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda_of_D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer">dictablanda</a></i>. The King was so closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a> that it was difficult for him to distance himself from the regime that he had supported for almost seven years. The enforced changes relied on the incorrect assumption that Spaniards would accept the notion that nothing had happened after 1923 and that going back to the prior state of things was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_FarréElizalde_Pérez-GruesoSueiro_Seoane2002308_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_FarréElizalde_Pérez-GruesoSueiro_Seoane2002308-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dethronement_and_politics_in_exile">Dethronement and politics in exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dethronement and politics in exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">1931 Spanish local elections</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13_d%27abril_portada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/13_d%27abril_portada.jpg/220px-13_d%27abril_portada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/13_d%27abril_portada.jpg/330px-13_d%27abril_portada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/13_d%27abril_portada.jpg/440px-13_d%27abril_portada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>13 April 1931 <i><a href="/wiki/Heraldo_de_Madrid" title="Heraldo de Madrid">Heraldo de Madrid</a></i> frontpage reporting the Republican victory</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 April, the Republican coalition, short of winning a majority of councillors overall, won a sweeping majority in major cities in the <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">1931 municipal elections</a>, which were perceived as a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> on monarchy. The results shocked the government, with foreign minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Figueroa,_1st_Count_of_Romanones" title="Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones">Romanones</a> admitting to the press an "absolute monarchist defeat" and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Civil Guard</a> honcho <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a> reportedly telling government ministers that, given circumstances, the Armed Forces could not be "absolutely" relied upon for the sustainment of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfonso XIII fled the country and the Second Spanish Republic was peacefully proclaimed on 14 April 1931. </p><p>In November 1931, the Constituent Republican Cortes held an impassionate debate about the political responsibilities of the former monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContreras_Casado2003165_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreras_Casado2003165-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the grievances against the action of Alfonso XIII as a king included interference in the institutions to reinforce his personal power, bargaining personal support from the military clique with rewards and merits, his abuse of the power to dissolve the legislature, rendering the co-sovereignty between the Nation and the Crown a total fiction; that he had disproportionately fostered the Armed forces (often to contain internal protest), had used the armed forces abroad with imperialist aims alien to the interests of the nation but his own, that he had personally devised the military operation of Annual behind the back of the Council of Ministers, and that following the massacre of Annual that "cost the lives of thousands of Spanish lads", he had decided to launch a coup with the help of a few generals rather than facing scrutiny in the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than Romanones, who exculpated the actions of the monarch, disconformity towards the Primo de Rivera dictatorship notwithstanding, no other legislator intervened in his favour, with the debate focusing on whether labelling the monarch's actions as a military rebellion, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">lèse-majesté</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>, or even condemning "a delinquent personality" or "a wholly punishable life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContreras_Casado2003165–166_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreras_Casado2003165–166-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate ended with an eloquent speech by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> pleading for the unanimity of the house "to condemn and exclude D. Alfonso de Borbón from the law, proclaiming the majesty of our republic, the unbreakable will of our civism and the permanence of the Spanish glories framed by the institutions freely given by the Nation".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The house passed the act brought forward by the Commission of Responsibilities, summarizing Alfonso de Borbón's responsibilities as being guilty of high treason.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContreras_Casado2003168_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreras_Casado2003168-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13726,_Spanischer_K%C3%B6nig_Alfons_XIII..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13726%2C_Spanischer_K%C3%B6nig_Alfons_XIII..jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13726%2C_Spanischer_K%C3%B6nig_Alfons_XIII..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13726%2C_Spanischer_K%C3%B6nig_Alfons_XIII..jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13726%2C_Spanischer_K%C3%B6nig_Alfons_XIII..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13726%2C_Spanischer_K%C3%B6nig_Alfons_XIII..jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13726%2C_Spanischer_K%C3%B6nig_Alfons_XIII..jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The former king in London in 1932</figcaption></figure> <p>Involved in anti-Republican plots from his exile, and keen to draw support from the Carlists in the context of the uneasy and competing relations between the Carlist and Alfonsist factions within the radicalised monarchist camp, in the aftermath of so-called <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Territet" title="Pact of Territet">Pact of Territet</a> he issued a statement dated 23 January 1932 endorsing the manifesto launched by Carlist claimant <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Alfonso Carlos</a> (in which the latter hinted at the cession of dynastic rights should the former king accept "those fundamental principles which in our traditional regime have been demanded of all Kings with precedence of personal rights"), with the dethroned king likewise accusing in the document the reformist Republic to be "<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">inspired and sponsored by communism, freemasonry and judaism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, his two eldest sons, Alfonso and Jaime, renounced their claims to the defunct throne on the same day, and in 1934 his youngest son Gonzalo died. This left his third son <a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona">Juan</a> his only male heir. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">July 1936 attempted coup d'état</a> against the democratically elected Republican government<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">war broke out in Spain</a>. On 30 July 1936, Alfonso's son Juan took the initiative of leaving <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a> to go to Spain to join the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">rebel faction</a>, with the former king (then in a hunting trip in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>) reportedly giving consent, so Juan de Borbón crossed the border set to join the front in Somosierra dressed in a blue jumpsuit and red beret under the fake name "Juan López".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rebel general <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a>, mastermind behind the putschist plot, was warned of the move and had Juan returned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeña_González2003130_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeña_González2003130-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former king made it clear he favoured the rebel faction against the Republican government. In September 1936, the general who had emerged as leader of the rebel faction, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, declared that he would not restore Alfonso as king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABDICACION_15_DE_ENERO_DE_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ABDICACION_15_DE_ENERO_DE_1941.jpg/220px-ABDICACION_15_DE_ENERO_DE_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ABDICACION_15_DE_ENERO_DE_1941.jpg/330px-ABDICACION_15_DE_ENERO_DE_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ABDICACION_15_DE_ENERO_DE_1941.jpg/440px-ABDICACION_15_DE_ENERO_DE_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Ending part of the January 1941 renouncement manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 January 1941, Alfonso XIII renounced his rights to the defunct Spanish throne in favour of Juan. He died in Rome on 28 February that year following weeks in agony after a first severe attack of <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón202315–18_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón202315–18-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, dictator Francisco Franco ordered three days of national mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ex-king's funeral was held in Rome in the Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_e_dei_Martiri" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri">Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri</a>. He was buried in the Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Monserrato_degli_Spagnoli" title="Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli">Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli</a>, the Spanish national church in Rome, immediately below the tombs of Popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1980 his remains were transferred to <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a> in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfonso was a promoter of tourism in Spain. The need for the lodging of his wedding guests prompted the construction of the luxurious <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Palace">Hotel Palace</a> in Madrid. He also supported the creation of a network of state-run lodges, <a href="/wiki/Paradores" title="Paradores">Paradores</a>, in historic buildings of Spain. His fondness for the sport of <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> led to the patronage of several "royal" ("real" in Spanish) football clubs, the first being <a href="/wiki/Real_Club_Deportivo_de_La_Coru%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña">Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña</a> in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selected others include <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F." class="mw-redirect" title="Real Madrid C.F.">Real Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Sociedad" title="Real Sociedad">Real Sociedad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Betis" title="Real Betis">Real Betis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Uni%C3%B3n" title="Real Unión">Real Unión</a>, <a href="/wiki/RCD_Espanyol" title="RCD Espanyol">Espanyol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Zaragoza" title="Real Zaragoza">Real Zaragoza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real_Racing_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Racing Club">Real Racing Club</a>. </p><p>An avenue in the northern Madrid neighbourhood of Chamartín, Avenida de Alfonso XIII, is named after him. A plaza or town centre in <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (now Plaza Libertad) was named in his honour called Plaza Alfonso XIII.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A street in <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, was built especially to house Spanish immigrants in the mining industry and named Alphonso Street after Alfonso XIII.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ratoncito_P%C3%A9rez" title="Ratoncito Pérez">Ratoncito Pérez</a> first appeared as the Spanish equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_Fairy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth Fairy">Tooth Fairy</a> in a 1894 tale written by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Coloma" title="Luis Coloma">Luis Coloma</a> for King Alfonso XIII, who had just lost a <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_teeth" title="Deciduous teeth">milk tooth</a> at the age of eight, with the King appearing in the tale as "King Buby".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tale has been adapted into further literary works and movies since then, with the character of King Buby appearing in some. The tradition of Ratoncito Pérez replacing the lost milk teeth with a small payment or gift while the child sleeps is almost universally followed today in Spain and Hispanic America. Alfonso XIII is also mentioned on the plaque that the <a href="/wiki/City_Council_of_Madrid" title="City Council of Madrid">City Council of Madrid</a> dedicated in 2003 to Ratoncito Pérez on the second floor of number eight of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calle_del_Arenal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calle del Arenal (page does not exist)">Calle del Arenal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calle_del_Arenal" class="extiw" title="es:Calle del Arenal">es</a>]</span>, where the mouse was said to have lived.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimate_and_illegitimate_children">Legitimate and illegitimate children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legitimate and illegitimate children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_XIII_and_Queen_Victoria_Eugenia_with_their_six_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alfonso_XIII_and_Queen_Victoria_Eugenia_with_their_six_children.jpg/260px-Alfonso_XIII_and_Queen_Victoria_Eugenia_with_their_six_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alfonso_XIII_and_Queen_Victoria_Eugenia_with_their_six_children.jpg/390px-Alfonso_XIII_and_Queen_Victoria_Eugenia_with_their_six_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alfonso_XIII_and_Queen_Victoria_Eugenia_with_their_six_children.jpg/520px-Alfonso_XIII_and_Queen_Victoria_Eugenia_with_their_six_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>King Alfonso XIII and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Eugenie_of_Battenberg" title="Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg">Queen Victoria Eugenie</a> with their children at <a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_la_Magdalena" title="Palacio de la Magdalena">Palacio de la Magdalena</a>. Standing, from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Mar%C3%ADa_Cristina_of_Spain" title="Infanta María Cristina of Spain">Infanta María Cristina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Prince of Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Beatriz_of_Spain" title="Infanta Beatriz of Spain">Infanta Beatriz</a>. Seated, from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Infante Jaime</a>, the Queen, the King, <a href="/wiki/Infante_Gonzalo_of_Spain" title="Infante Gonzalo of Spain">Infante Gonzalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona">Infante Juan</a> seated on ground.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Alfonso_XIII" title="Descendants of Alfonso XIII">Descendants of Alfonso XIII</a></div> <p>Alfonso and his wife <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Eugenie_of_Battenberg" title="Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg">Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg</a> (Ena) had seven children: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso, Prince of Asturias</a> (1907–1938);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia</a> (1908–1975);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Beatriz_of_Spain" title="Infanta Beatriz of Spain">Infanta Beatriz</a> (1909–2002);</li> <li>Infante Fernando (<a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillborn</a> 1910);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Mar%C3%ADa_Cristina_of_Spain" title="Infanta María Cristina of Spain">Infanta María Cristina</a> (1911–1996);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona">Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona</a> (1913–1993);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Gonzalo_of_Spain" title="Infante Gonzalo of Spain">Infante Gonzalo</a> (1914–1934).</li></ol> <p>Alfonso also had a number of reported illegitimate children that are known, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Vilmorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger de Vilmorin">Roger Marie Vincent Philippe Lévêque de Vilmorin</a> (1905–1980; by French aristocrat Mélanie de Gaufridy de Dortan, married to <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vilmorin" title="Philippe de Vilmorin">Philippe de Vilmorin</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Juana Alfonsa Milán y Quiñones de León (1916–2005; by Alfonso's <i><a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a></i> Béatrice Noon);<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Anna María Teresa Ruiz y Moragas (1925–1965; by Spanish actress <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Ruiz_Moragas" title="Carmen Ruiz Moragas">Carmen Ruiz Moragas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leandro_Alfonso_Luis_Ruiz_y_Moragas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leandro Alfonso Luis Ruiz y Moragas (page does not exist)">Leandro Alfonso Luis Ruiz y Moragas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro_de_Borb%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:Leandro de Borbón">es</a>]</span> (1929–2016; by Spanish actress <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Ruiz_Moragas" title="Carmen Ruiz Moragas">Carmen Ruiz Moragas</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>María del Carmen Gravina (1926–2006; by María del Carmen de Navascués).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitude_towards_Jews">Attitude towards Jews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Attitude towards Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfonso was known for his friendly attitude towards Jews and publicly praised them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleslerLinhardPérez_Melgosa201581_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleslerLinhardPérez_Melgosa201581-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, he embraced the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic-Communist conspiracy theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Calleja201177_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Calleja201177-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took several actions to offer them protection. In 1917, Alfonso instructed the Spanish consul in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Antonio de la Cierva y Lewita, Count of Ballobar, to help protect <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a>. On another occasion, after a high official in Tetuan had committed onslaughts against Jews, a delegation composed of Catholics, Jews, and Muslims appealed to Alfonso. The King then removed the Tetuan official from power, in spite of the fact that the official possessed the support of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>. According to the Jewish Professor Abraham S.E. Yahuda, Alfonso told Yahuda in private conversations that he would issue no policies of discrimination towards Jews, believing all of his Spanish subjects to be entitled to equal rights and protection.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pornographic_cinema">Pornographic cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pornographic cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfonso is occasionally referred to as "the playboy king", due in part to his promotion and collection of Spanish pornographic films, as well as his extramarital affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfonso_Cinema_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfonso_Cinema-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alfonso_Guardian_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfonso_Guardian-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As King, Alfonso commissioned pornographic films through the Barcelona production company <i>Royal Films</i>, with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Figueroa,_1st_Count_of_Romanones" title="Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones">Count of Romanones</a> acting as an intermediary figure between him and the company. Between forty and seventy pornographic films are said to have been shot in total (three of which have been preserved) and were screened in <a href="/wiki/El_Raval" title="El Raval">Barcelona's Chinatown</a>, as well as during Alfonso's private screenings.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The films, while silent and in black and white, were nonetheless very explicit for the time, showing full nudity and sex scenes. These films featured content considered immoral and degenerate, including sexual relationships involving Catholic priests, lesbianism, and "women with enormous breasts" (the last of which is said to have been Alfonso's passion).<sup id="cite_ref-Alfonso_Guardian_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfonso_Guardian-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these films were later destroyed during <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Franco's regime</a>. </p><p>This has led some to speculate that Alfonso may have possessed a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">sex addiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfonso_Cinema_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfonso_Cinema-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Heraldry of Alfonso XIII of Spain</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1761-1868_and_1874-1931)_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Order_of_Charles_III_Collars.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII (1886–1924/1931)[69][70]"><img alt="Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII (1886–1924/1931)[69][70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Order_of_Charles_III_Collars.svg/256px-Royal_Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Order_of_Charles_III_Collars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Order_of_Charles_III_Collars.svg/384px-Royal_Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Order_of_Charles_III_Collars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Order_of_Charles_III_Collars.svg/512px-Royal_Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281761-1868_and_1874-1931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Order_of_Charles_III_Collars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain#Historical_Spanish_coats_of_arms" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII</a><br /><small>(1886–1924/<i>1931</i>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-pidal_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pidal-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fotw_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotw-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1931)_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Charles_III_Orders.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII (1924/1931)[70][71]"><img alt="Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII (1924/1931)[70][71]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greater_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Charles_III_Orders.svg/256px-Greater_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Charles_III_Orders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greater_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Charles_III_Orders.svg/384px-Greater_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Charles_III_Orders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greater_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Charles_III_Orders.svg/512px-Greater_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281931%29_Version_with_Golden_Fleece_and_Charles_III_Orders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain#Historical_Spanish_coats_of_arms" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII</a><br /><small>(1924/<i>1931</i>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-fotw_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotw-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mechano_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechano-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:299px;max-width:299px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guidon_of_King_Alfonso_XIII.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Guidon_of_King_Alfonso_XIII.svg/158px-Guidon_of_King_Alfonso_XIII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Guidon_of_King_Alfonso_XIII.svg/237px-Guidon_of_King_Alfonso_XIII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Guidon_of_King_Alfonso_XIII.svg/316px-Guidon_of_King_Alfonso_XIII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="845" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Guidon (Military Flag) of King Alfonso XIII</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Royal_Monogram_of_Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain.svg/133px-Royal_Monogram_of_Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Royal_Monogram_of_Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain.svg/200px-Royal_Monogram_of_Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Royal_Monogram_of_Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain.svg/266px-Royal_Monogram_of_Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Royal Monogram</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_appointments">Honorary appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honorary appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> of the British Army, <i>17 May 1905</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> of the British Army, <i>3 June 1928</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_honours">Spanish honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spanish honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1,072nd <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a>, <i>1886</i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, with Collar, <i>1886</i><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a>, with Collar, <i>1927</i><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Order of Santiago</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava" title="Order of Calatrava">Order of Calatrava</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Order of Alcántara">Order of Alcántara</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Montesa" title="Order of Montesa">Order of Montesa</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestranza_de_caballer%C3%ADa" title="Maestranza de caballería">Maestranza de caballería</a> (Royal Cavalry Armory) of Ronda, Sevilla, Granada, Valencia and Zaragoza</li> <li>Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Order_of_Alfonso_XII" title="Civil Order of Alfonso XII">Civil Order of Alfonso XII</a>, <i>23 May 1902</i><sup id="cite_ref-Creando_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creando-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reglamento_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reglamento-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Civil_Merit" title="Order of Civil Merit">Order of Civil Merit</a>, <i>25 June 1926</i><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary"><img alt="Kingdom of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stephen_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Stephen of Hungary">Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen</a>, <i>1900</i><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a>, <i>1902</i><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Collar of the White Lion</a>, <i>28 April 1925</i><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>20 July 1901</i><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, <i>January 1903</i><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a><sup id="cite_ref-p36_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p36-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Hubert">Knight of St. Hubert</a>, <i>1904</i><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/29px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/38px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Order" title="Ludwig Order">Ludwig Order</a>, <i>23 August 1910</i><sup id="cite_ref-ordensliste_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ordensliste-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Knight of the Rue Crown</a><sup id="cite_ref-p36_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p36-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown</a>, <i>1890</i><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Knight of the Annunciation</a>, <i>20 September 1900</i><sup id="cite_ref-dell'interno1920_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell'interno1920-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion<sup id="cite_ref-p36_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p36-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>, <i>1930</i><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Grand Cross of St. Olav</a>, with Collar, <i>18 April 1911</i><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/20px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/31px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/40px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persian Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neshan-e_Aqdas" title="Neshan-e Aqdas">Order of the Aqdas, 1st Class</a>, <i>16 May 1902</i> – During his enthronement festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-TT17051902_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT17051902-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>: 315th <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Tower and Sword</a>, <i>1900</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Carol_I" title="Order of Carol I">Order of Carol I</a>, with Collar, <i>1906</i><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a>, <i>1902</i> – During his enthronement festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-p36_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p36-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a>, <i>18 October 1897</i><sup id="cite_ref-Madrid_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madrid-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Knight of the Seraphim</a>, <i>16 May 1902</i> – King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">Oscar II of Sweden</a> sent his youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugen,_Duke_of_N%C3%A4rke" title="Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke">Prince Eugen</a> to represent him at the festivities marking the King's enthronement, and he invested the King as a Knight in a special ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-TT17051902_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT17051902-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span>: <ul><li>Honorary Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a>, <i>28 July 1897</i><sup id="cite_ref-p423_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p423-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stranger <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a> Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Garter</a>, <i>16 May 1902</i> – King Edward VII's brother, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Duke of Connaught</a> attended the festivities marking the King's enthronement, and invested him as a Knight in a special ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-TT17051902_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT17051902-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain" title="Royal Victorian Chain">Royal Victorian Chain</a>, <i>9 June 1905</i><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></div> <p>In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Library_of_Madrid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Library of Madrid (page does not exist)">Royal Library of Madrid</a>, there are books containing emblems of the Spanish monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfonso XIII is a rare example of <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>. In the eleventh generation he is <i>assumed</i> to only have 111 ancestors whereas in a standard situation one expects to identify 1024 of them, a situation of <a href="/wiki/Implex" class="mw-redirect" title="Implex">implex</a> of 89%.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biological paternity of Alfonso's father <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a> on the part of <a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Francisco de Asís of Spain">Francisco de Asís</a> is however very much in doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Alfonso XIII</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco_de_Paula_of_Spain" title="Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain">Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Francisco de Asís of Spain">Infante Francisco de Asís of Spain</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Luisa_Carlotta_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies">Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a> of Spain</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a> of Spain</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II</a> of Spain</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies">Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Alfonso XIII of Spain</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Henrietta_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg">Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Maria Christina of Austria">Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph,_Palatine_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary">Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Franziska_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria">Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Maria_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg">Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1902_Copa_de_la_Coronaci%C3%B3n" title="1902 Copa de la Coronación">1902 Copa de la Coronación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1930s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1930s)">(1930s)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">languages of Spain</a>, his name was: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>: <i>Alifonso XIII</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>: <i>Alfonsu XIII</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: <i>Alfontso XIII</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i>Alfons XIII</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: <i>Anfós XIII</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>: <i>Afonso XIII</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Alfonso XIII</i></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emperor Hirohito's second brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Takamatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Takamatsu">Prince Takamatsu</a>, travelled to Madrid to confer the Great Collar of the Chrysanthemum on King Alfonso. This honour was intended, in part, to commemorate the diplomatic and trading history which existed long before other Western nations were officially aware of Japan's existence. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Takamatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Takamatsu">Prince Takamatsu</a> travelled with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Takamatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Takamatsu">Princess Takamatsu</a>, to Spain. Her symbolic role in this unique mission to the Spanish Court was intended to emphasize the international links which were forged by her 16th-century ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Ieyasu_Tokugawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ieyasu Tokugawa">Ieyasu Tokugawa</a>. In the years before the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, that innovative <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a></i> from Western Japan had been actively involved in negotiating trade and diplomatic treaties with Spain and with the colonies of New Spain (Mexico) and the Philippines; and it was anticipated that the mere presence of the Princess could serve to underscore the range of possibilities which could be inferred from that little-known history.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarris2020" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Carolyn (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21039%2Frsj.270">"Raising Heirs to the Throne in Nineteenth Century Spain: The Education of the Constitutional Monarchy"</a>. <i>Royal Studies Journal</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21039%2Frsj.270">10.21039/rsj.270</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234552045">234552045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Raising+Heirs+to+the+Throne+in+Nineteenth+Century+Spain%3A+The+Education+of+the+Constitutional+Monarchy&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=178&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21039%2Frsj.270&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234552045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21039%252Frsj.270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_Luzón2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Javier_Moreno_Luz%C3%B3n" title="Javier Moreno Luzón">Moreno Luzón, Javier</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/398/400">"Alfonso el Regenerador. Monarquía escénica e imaginario nacionalista español, en perspectiva comparada (1902–1913)"</a> [Alfonso el Regenerador. Performing Monarchy and Spanish Nationalist Imaginary, from a comparative perspective (1902–1913)]. <i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_(journal)" title="Hispania (journal)">Hispania</a></i>. <b>LXXIII</b> (244). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=Alfonso+el+Regenerador.+Monarqu%C3%ADa+esc%C3%A9nica+e+imaginario+nacionalista+espa%C3%B1ol%2C+en+perspectiva+comparada+%281902%E2%80%931913%29&rft.volume=LXXIII&rft.issue=244&rft.pages=319&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Fhispania.2013.009&rft.issn=0018-2141&rft.aulast=Moreno+Luz%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhispania.revistas.csic.es%2Findex.php%2Fhispania%2Farticle%2Fview%2F398%2F400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón2013319-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón2013319_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoreno_Luzón2013">Moreno Luzón 2013</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elmundo.es&rft.atitle=Reinas+Borbones+de+cuidado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fcronica%2F2002%2F339%2F1018871276.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His wife was British, his mother Austrian, amongst other family relationships.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlaya2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olaya, Vicente G. (6 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/11/06/actualidad/1541517435_674442.html">"Cuando Alfonso XIII intentó salvar al zar"</a>. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Cuando+Alfonso+XIII+intent%C3%B3+salvar+al+zar&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft.aulast=Olaya&rft.aufirst=Vicente+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fcultura%2F2018%2F11%2F06%2Factualidad%2F1541517435_674442.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barry_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_Luzón2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moreno Luzón, Javier (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7hTl3WyxE3cC&pg=PA115"><i>Alfonso XIII: un político en el trono</i></a> (in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-95379-59-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-95379-59-7"><bdi>84-95379-59-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfonso+XIII%3A+un+pol%C3%ADtico+en+el+trono&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons+Historia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=84-95379-59-7&rft.aulast=Moreno+Luz%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7hTl3WyxE3cC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry,_James_page_286-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_James_page_286_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, James <i>Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerrano_Sáenz_de_Tejada2013" class="citation book cs1">Serrano Sáenz de Tejada, Guillermo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF426.pdf"><i>De la guerra de Marruecos y el combate que no debió ser</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Defence (Spain)">Ministerio de Defensa</a>. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9781-816-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9781-816-2"><bdi>978-84-9781-816-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF426.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+guerra+de+Marruecos+y+el+combate+que+no+debi%C3%B3+ser&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+Defensa&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-84-9781-816-2&rft.aulast=Serrano+S%C3%A1enz+de+Tejada&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicaciones.defensa.gob.es%2Fmedia%2Fdownloadable%2Ffiles%2Flinks%2FP%2FD%2FPDF426.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartorellJuliá2019" class="citation book cs1">Martorell, Miguel; <a href="/wiki/Santos_Juli%C3%A1" title="Santos Juliá">Juliá, Santos</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G0PODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182"><i>Manual de Historia Política y Social de España (1808–2018)</i></a>. RBA Libros. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788490562840" title="Special:BookSources/9788490562840"><bdi>9788490562840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+de+Historia+Pol%C3%ADtica+y+Social+de+Espa%C3%B1a+%281808%E2%80%932018%29&rft.pub=RBA+Libros&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788490562840&rft.aulast=Martorell&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft.au=Juli%C3%A1%2C+Santos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG0PODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón202329-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón202329_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoreno_Luzón2023">Moreno Luzón 2023</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasals2004211-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasals2004211_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasals2004">Casals 2004</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara2000225-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara2000225_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara2000">Tuñón de Lara 2000</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasals2004214–216-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasals2004214–216_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasals2004">Casals 2004</a>, pp. 214–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBru_Sánchez-Fortún2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bru Sánchez-Fortún, Alberto (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hispanianova.rediris.es/6/articulos/6a003.pdf">"Padrino y patrón. Alfonso XIII y sus oficiales (1902–1923)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hispania Nova. Revista de Historia Contemporánea</i> (6). Getafe: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_University_of_Madrid" title="Charles III University of Madrid">Universidad Carlos III de Madrid</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1138-7319">1138-7319</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hispanianova.rediris.es/6/articulos/6a003.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania+Nova.+Revista+de+Historia+Contempor%C3%A1nea&rft.atitle=Padrino+y+patr%C3%B3n.+Alfonso+XIII+y+sus+oficiales+%281902%E2%80%931923%29&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1138-7319&rft.aulast=Bru+S%C3%A1nchez-Fort%C3%BAn&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhispanianova.rediris.es%2F6%2Farticulos%2F6a003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_FarréElizalde_Pérez-GruesoSueiro_Seoane2002308-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_FarréElizalde_Pérez-GruesoSueiro_Seoane2002308_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_FarréElizalde_Pérez-GruesoSueiro_Seoane2002">Avilés Farré, Elizalde Pérez-Grueso & Sueiro Seoane 2002</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. 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Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Estudios_Pol%C3%ADticos_y_Constitucionales" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales">Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales</a>: <span class="nowrap">167–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-7694">0048-7694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Estudios+Pol%C3%ADticos&rft.atitle=Responsabilidad+regia%2C+memoria+hist%C3%B3rica+y+transiciones+a+la+democracia+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.issue=121&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0048-7694&rft.aulast=Contreras+Casado&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frecyt.fecyt.es%2Findex.php%2FRevEsPol%2Farticle%2Fview%2F46082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreras_Casado2003168-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContreras_Casado2003168_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFContreras_Casado2003">Contreras Casado 2003</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Calleja2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Calleja" title="Eduardo González Calleja">González Calleja, Eduardo</a> (2011). <i>Contrarrevolucionarios. Radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República, 1931–1936</i>. Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Alianza_Editorial" title="Alianza Editorial">Alianza Editorial</a>. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-206-6455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-206-6455-2"><bdi>978-84-206-6455-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contrarrevolucionarios.+Radicalizaci%C3%B3n+violenta+de+las+derechas+durante+la+Segunda+Rep%C3%BAblica%2C+1931%E2%80%931936&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Alianza+Editorial&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-84-206-6455-2&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Calleja&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Preston, History of the Spanish Civil War</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeña_González2003" class="citation journal cs1">Peña González, José (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofradiainternacionaldeinvestigadores.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CAP-7-5.pdf">"La monarquía en España de 1939 a 1975"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Beresit: Revista Interdiciplinar científico-humana</i> (5): <span class="nowrap">130–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-9944">0213-9944</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cofradiainternacionaldeinvestigadores.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CAP-7-5.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beresit%3A+Revista+Interdiciplinar+cient%C3%ADfico-humana&rft.atitle=La+monarqu%C3%ADa+en+Espa%C3%B1a+de+1939+a+1975&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0213-9944&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1a+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofradiainternacionaldeinvestigadores.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F06%2FCAP-7-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeña_González2003130-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeña_González2003130_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeña_González2003">Peña González 2003</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón202315–18-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Luzón202315–18_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoreno_Luzón2023">Moreno Luzón 2023</a>, pp. 15–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mourning in Spain", <i>The Times</i> (3 March 1941): 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1941/03/02/archives/italians-to-mourn-death-of-alfonso-threeday-period-is-orderedtroops.html?sq=Italians+to+Mourn+Death+of+Alfonso&scp=1&st=p">"Italians to Mourn Death of Alfonso,"</a> <i>The New York Times.</i> 2 March 1931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"21 Guns for Dead King's Homecoming", <i>The Times</i> (21 January 1980): 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.football-espana.net/clubs/Deportivo/history">"Deportivo history – Football Espana"</a>. <i>football-espana.net</i>. 29 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=football-espana.net&rft.atitle=Deportivo+history+%E2%80%93+Football+Espana&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.football-espana.net%2Fclubs%2FDeportivo%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iloiloilove.com/plaza-libertad-face-ilonggo-history/">"Plaza Libertad: The face of Ilonggo History"</a>. <i>Iloilo I LOVE!</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iloilo+I+LOVE%21&rft.atitle=Plaza+Libertad%3A+The+face+of+Ilonggo+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filoiloilove.com%2Fplaza-libertad-face-ilonggo-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1986" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Jan (1986). <i>The Matter of Wales</i> (1986 ed.). Penguin Books. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-008263-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-008263-8"><bdi>0-14-008263-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Matter+of+Wales&rft.pages=339&rft.edition=1986&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-14-008263-8&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadurní,_J._M.2019" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sadurní, J. M. (7 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/luis-coloma-y-ratoncito-perez-cuento-que-nacio-como-regalo-para-reina_14131">"Luis Coloma and Ratoncito Pérez, the tale that born as a gift for a Queen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Luis+Coloma+and+Ratoncito+P%C3%A9rez%2C+the+tale+that+born+as+a+gift+for+a+Queen&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft.au=Sadurn%C3%AD%2C+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.nationalgeographic.com.es%2Fa%2Fluis-coloma-y-ratoncito-perez-cuento-que-nacio-como-regalo-para-reina_14131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/2003/01/06/madrid/1041855866_850215.html">"El Ratoncito Pérez has his official plaque in the streets of Madrid already"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> (in Spanish). 6 January 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=El+Ratoncito+P%C3%A9rez+has+his+official+plaque+in+the+streets+of+Madrid+already&rft.date=2003-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F2003%2F01%2F06%2Fmadrid%2F1041855866_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dynastie.capetienne.free.fr/13Jean_Fred_Tourtchine_bulletins_CEDRE/Manuscrits/06Espagne/Generations/12eme_generation/12010_11009.html">XII. Roger de Vilmorin</a>, sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dynastie.capetienne.free.fr/">Dynastie capétienne</a>, consulté le 09/09/2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Jean-Fred Tourtchine (préf. Juan Balansó), <i>Les manuscrits du C.E.D.R.E. – dictionnaire historique et généalogique</i>, numéro 6: <i>Le royaume d'Espagne</i>, vol. 3, Cercle d'Études des Dynasties Royales Européennes, Paris, 1996, 213 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0993-3964">0993-3964</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2006" class="citation web cs1">Romero, M. (13 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diariodeleon.es/articulo/afondo/sangre-azul-bandera-purpura/20061113000000869925.html">"Sangre azul con bandera púrpura"</a>. <i>Diario de León</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diario+de+Le%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Sangre+azul+con+bandera+p%C3%BArpura&rft.date=2006-11-13&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariodeleon.es%2Farticulo%2Fafondo%2Fsangre-azul-bandera-purpura%2F20061113000000869925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampedro_Escolar" class="citation web cs1">Sampedro Escolar, José Luis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/26774/anna-maria-teresa-ruiz-y-moragas">"Anna María Teresa Ruiz y Moragas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_de_la_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia de la Historia">Real Academia de la Historia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anna+Mar%C3%ADa+Teresa+Ruiz+y+Moragas&rft.pub=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.aulast=Sampedro+Escolar&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbe.rah.es%2Fbiografias%2F26774%2Fanna-maria-teresa-ruiz-y-moragas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/politica/2016/06/18/actualidad/1466242271_860293.html">"Muere Leandro de Borbón, hijo de Alfonso XIII, a los 87 años"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> (in Spanish). 18 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Muere+Leandro+de+Borb%C3%B3n%2C+hijo+de+Alfonso+XIII%2C+a+los+87+a%C3%B1os&rft.date=2016-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fpolitica%2F2016%2F06%2F18%2Factualidad%2F1466242271_860293.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia-Planas2019" class="citation web cs1">Garcia-Planas, Plàcid (5 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/historiayvida/historia-contemporanea/20190104/472661723532/alfonso-xiii-hijo-ilegitimo-carmen-gravina.html">"La hija misteriosa de Alfonso XIII"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Vanguardia" title="La Vanguardia">La Vanguardia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=La+hija+misteriosa+de+Alfonso+XIII&rft.date=2019-01-05&rft.aulast=Garcia-Planas&rft.aufirst=Pl%C3%A0cid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.com%2Fhistoriayvida%2Fhistoria-contemporanea%2F20190104%2F472661723532%2Falfonso-xiii-hijo-ilegitimo-carmen-gravina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleslerLinhardPérez_Melgosa201581-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleslerLinhardPérez_Melgosa201581_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleslerLinhardPérez_Melgosa2015">Flesler, Linhard & Pérez Melgosa 2015</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Calleja201177-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Calleja201177_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_Calleja2011">González Calleja 2011</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahuda1941" class="citation news cs1">Yahuda, Abraham S.E. (24 April 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/cgs/1941/04/24/01/article/9/">"King Alfonso XIII and the Jews"</a>. The Sentinel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=King+Alfonso+XIII+and+the+Jews&rft.date=1941-04-24&rft.aulast=Yahuda&rft.aufirst=Abraham+S.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Fnewspapers%2Fcgs%2F1941%2F04%2F24%2F01%2Farticle%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfonso_Cinema-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso_Cinema_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso_Cinema_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavas2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Navas, Sara (19 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/07/15/icon/1594801844_900794.html">"Alfonso XIII, "el rey 'playboy" que se convirtió en el primer promotor del cine pornográfico en España"</a>. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Alfonso+XIII%2C+%22el+rey+%27playboy%22+que+se+convirti%C3%B3+en+el+primer+promotor+del+cine+pornogr%C3%A1fico+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=2020-07-19&rft.aulast=Navas&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2020%2F07%2F15%2Ficon%2F1594801844_900794.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfonso_Guardian-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso_Guardian_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso_Guardian_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkinson2004" class="citation news cs1">Hodgkinson, Will (11 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/mar/12/2">"Thank God I took out the duck scene"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121070116/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/mar/12/2">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>...as was King Alfonso XIII of Spain, who had a passion for women with enormous breasts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thank+God+I+took+out+the+duck+scene&rft.date=2004-03-11&rft.aulast=Hodgkinson&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2004%2Fmar%2F12%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereux2021" class="citation news cs1">Devereux, Charlie (17 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/spanish-satirical-comedy-alfonso-the-african-reveals-former-kings-secret-erotic-films-kks97hbvg">"Spanish satirical comedy 'Alfonso the African' reveals former king's secret erotic films"</a>. <i>The Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Spanish+satirical+comedy+%27Alfonso+the+African%27+reveals+former+king%27s+secret+erotic+films&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft.aulast=Devereux&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fspanish-satirical-comedy-alfonso-the-african-reveals-former-kings-secret-erotic-films-kks97hbvg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcclure2021" class="citation web cs1">Mcclure, Alina (15 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121070115/https://www.kiratas.com/the-national-dramatic-center-premieres-a-satirical-comedy-about-the-bourbons/">"The National Dramatic Center premieres a satirical comedy about the Bourbons"</a>. <i>Kiratas</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kiratas.com/the-national-dramatic-center-premieres-a-satirical-comedy-about-the-bourbons/">the original</a> on 21 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kiratas&rft.atitle=The+National+Dramatic+Center+premieres+a+satirical+comedy+about+the+Bourbons&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft.aulast=Mcclure&rft.aufirst=Alina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiratas.com%2Fthe-national-dramatic-center-premieres-a-satirical-comedy-about-the-bourbons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pidal-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pidal_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaustino_Menéndez_Pidal_de_NavascuésMaría_del_Carmen_Iglesias1999" class="citation book cs1">Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués; María del Carmen Iglesias (1999). <i>Símbolos de España</i>. Centro de Estudios Constitucionales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-259-1074-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-259-1074-6"><bdi>978-84-259-1074-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%ADmbolos+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudios+Constitucionales&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-84-259-1074-6&rft.au=Faustino+Men%C3%A9ndez+Pidal+de+Navascu%C3%A9s&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+del+Carmen+Iglesias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fotw-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fotw_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fotw_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotor" class="citation web cs1">Dotor, Santiag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flagspot.net/flags/es_r1761.html">"Discussion on the 1931 addition of Jerusalem arms"</a>. <i>Royal Banner of Spain (1761–1931)</i>. Flags of the World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Banner+of+Spain+%281761%E2%80%931931%29&rft.atitle=Discussion+on+the+1931+addition+of+Jerusalem+arms&rft.aulast=Dotor&rft.aufirst=Santiag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflagspot.net%2Fflags%2Fes_r1761.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mechano-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mechano_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEduardo_García-Menacho_y_Osset2010" class="citation book cs1">Eduardo García-Menacho y Osset (2010). <i>Introducción a la Heráldica y Manual de Heráldica Militar Española</i>. Ministerio de Defensa. Subdir. Gral. Publicaciones. pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9781-559-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9781-559-8"><bdi>978-84-9781-559-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducci%C3%B3n+a+la+Her%C3%A1ldica+y+Manual+de+Her%C3%A1ldica+Militar+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+Defensa.+Subdir.+Gral.+Publicaciones&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-84-9781-559-8&rft.au=Eduardo+Garc%C3%ADa-Menacho+y+Osset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collier, William Miller. (1912). <i>At the Court of His Catholic Majesty,</i> pp. 35–36; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/spangdfl.htm">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001063199&search=&lang=es">"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III"</a>. <i>Guía Oficial de España</i> (in Spanish). 1929. p. 218<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Real+y+distinguida+orden+de+Carlos+III&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+Oficial+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pages=218&rft.date=1929&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemerotecadigital.bne.es%2Fissue.vm%3Fid%3D0001063199%26search%3D%26lang%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, pp. 37–38; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/chas3.htm">Orden de Carlos III (in Spanish)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824193610/http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/chas3.htm">Archived</a> 24 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001063199&search=&lang=es">"Real Orden de Isabel la Católica"</a>. <i>Guía Oficial de España</i> (in Spanish). 1929. p. 237<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Real+Orden+de+Isabel+la+Cat%C3%B3lica&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+Oficial+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pages=237&rft.date=1929&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemerotecadigital.bne.es%2Fissue.vm%3Fid%3D0001063199%26search%3D%26lang%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, pp. 39–39; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/santiago.htm">Order of Santiago</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080128193433/http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/santiago.htm">Archived</a> 28 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, pp. 39–39; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/calatrav.htm">Order of Calatrava</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210230250/http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/calatrav.htm">Archived</a> 10 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, pp. 39–39; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/alcantar.htm">Order of Alcántara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213115708/http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/alcantar.htm">Archived</a> 13 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, pp. 39–39; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/montesa.htm">Order of Montesa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213115712/http://www.chivalricorders.org/orders/spanish/montesa.htm">Archived</a> 13 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creando-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Creando_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/152/A00953-00953.pdf">"Real Decreto"</a> [Royal Decree] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gaceta_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaceta de Madrid">Gaceta de Madrid</a></i> (in Spanish) (152): 953. 1 June 1902. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/152/A00953-00953.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gaceta+de+Madrid&rft.atitle=Real+Decreto&rft.issue=152&rft.pages=953&rft.date=1902-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboe.es%2Fdatos%2Fpdfs%2FBOE%2F%2F1902%2F152%2FA00953-00953.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reglamento-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reglamento_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/186/A00073-00074.pdf">"Reglamento de la Orden civil de Alfonso XII"</a> [Regulation of the Civil Order of Alfonso XII] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gaceta_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaceta de Madrid">Gaceta de Madrid</a></i> (in Spanish) (186): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>74. 5 July 1902. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/186/A00073-00074.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gaceta+de+Madrid&rft.atitle=Reglamento+de+la+Orden+civil+de+Alfonso+XII&rft.issue=186&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1902-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboe.es%2Fdatos%2Fpdfs%2FBOE%2F%2F1902%2F186%2FA00073-00074.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120412185157/http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/Ministerio/HistoriayProtocolo/Protocolo/CondecoracionesLasordenesdependientesdelMinisterio/Documents/7620224270fd4b148b94f3ba24f834f2NormasBasicas5.pdf">Publication</a> by Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pages 117–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Szent István Rend tagjai"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">the original</a> on 22 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22A+Szent+Istv%C3%A1n+Rend+tagjai%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftornai.com%2Frendtagok.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Royal_order_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal order (Belgium)">Royal Decree</a> of 14 February 1902</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf">"Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prazskyhradarchiv.cz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prazskyhradarchiv.cz&rft.atitle=%C4%8Ceskoslovensk%C3%BD+%C5%99%C3%A1d+B%C3%ADl%C3%A9ho+lva+1923%E2%80%931990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prazskyhradarchiv.cz%2Ffile%2Fedee%2Fvyznamenani%2Fcs_rbl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJørgen_Pedersen2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jørgen Pedersen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ"><i>Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009</i></a> (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 470. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2"><bdi>978-87-7674-434-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riddere+af+Elefantordenen%2C+1559%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Syddansk+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-87-7674-434-2&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgen+Pedersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dglw-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="M._et_B._Wattel" class="citation book cs1">M. Wattel, B. Wattel. 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Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9"><bdi>978-2-35077-135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grand%27Croix+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur+de+1805+%C3%A0+nos+jours.+Titulaires+fran%C3%A7ais+et+%C3%A9trangers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=451&rft.pub=Archives+%26+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35077-135-9&rft.au=M.+Wattel%2C+B.+Wattel.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p36-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p36_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p36_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p36_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p36_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Justus Perthes, <i>Almanach de Gotha</i> (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha1922goth/page/36">p. 36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nTedipoxoGcC/page/n39">Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern</a></i> (1906), "Königliche-Orden" p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ordensliste-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ordensliste_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Ludewigs-orden", <i>Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste</i> (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, p. 6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ludewigs-orden&rft.btitle=Gro%C3%9Fherzoglich+Hessische+Ordensliste&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Staatsverlag&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63">Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg</a> (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dell'interno1920-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dell'interno1920_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItaly._Ministero_dell'interno1920" class="citation book cs1">Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3"><i>Calendario generale del regno d'Italia</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PA57">57</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendario+generale+del+regno+d%27Italia&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Italy.+Ministero+dell%27interno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKU1TIJPtKx0C%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/03/archives/japan-to-decorate-kind-alfonso-today-emperors-brother-nears-madrid.html?sq=order+of+the+chrysanthemum+&scp=4&st=p">"Japan to Decorate King Alfonso Today; Emperor's Brother Nears Madrid With Collar of the Chrysanthemum for Spanish King,"</a> <i>New York Times,</i> 3 November 1930; <i>see also</i> Nutail, Zelia. (1906). <i>The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan</i>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001416649n&view=1up&seq=635&skin=2021">"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden"</a>, <i>Norges Statskalender</i> (in Norwegian), 1922, pp. <span class="nowrap">1173–</span>1174<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span> – via hathitrust.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Den+kongelige+norske+Sanct+Olavs+Orden&rft.btitle=Norges+Statskalender&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1173-%3C%2Fspan%3E1174&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951001416649n%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D635%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT17051902-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TT17051902_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT17051902_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT17051902_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The King of Spain's enthronement". <i>The Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Familia+Regal%C4%83+a+Rom%C3%A2niei&rft.atitle=Ordinul+Carol+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamiliaregala.ro%2Fordine-si-decoratii%2Fordinul-carol-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madrid-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madrid_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/010/134.PDF">"พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ที่ประเทศยุโรป (ต่อแผ่นที่ ๙ หน้า ๑๓๐)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Government_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Thai Government Gazette">Royal Thai Government Gazette</a></i> (in Thai). 4 June 1899. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Thai+Government+Gazette&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B+%28%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88+%E0%B9%99+%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29&rft.date=1899-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2442%2F010%2F134.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p423-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p423_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) <i>The Knights of England</i>, <b>I</b>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n513/mode/2up">p. 423</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27441" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27441/page/3749">"No. 27441"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 10 June 1902. p. 3749.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27441&rft.pages=3749&rft.date=1902-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27441%2Fpage%2F3749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27803" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27803/page/4107">"No. 27803"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 9 June 1905. p. 4107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27803&rft.pages=4107&rft.date=1905-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27803%2Fpage%2F4107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encuadernacion.realbiblioteca.es/index.php?p=searchexlibris&t=identificacion&i=3">"Real Biblioteca – Búsqueda por ex libris"</a>. <i>realbiblioteca.es</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=realbiblioteca.es&rft.atitle=Real+Biblioteca+%E2%80%93+B%C3%BAsqueda+por+ex+libris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencuadernacion.realbiblioteca.es%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dsearchexlibris%26t%3Didentificacion%26i%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Louis Beaucarnot, <i>Quoi de neuf dans la Famille,</i> Buchet-Chastel, 2021, page 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarreiro2023" class="citation web cs1">Barreiro, Néstor (5 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarin.com/historias/larga-tradicion-reproductiva-borbon-200-anos-hijos-reyes-bastardos_0_O9yvJ5egr1.html">"La larga tradición reproductiva de los Borbón: más de 200 años de hijos y reyes bastardos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarín</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clar%C3%ADn&rft.atitle=La+larga+tradici%C3%B3n+reproductiva+de+los+Borb%C3%B3n%3A+m%C3%A1s+de+200+a%C3%B1os+de+hijos+y+reyes+bastardos&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft.aulast=Barreiro&rft.aufirst=N%C3%A9stor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2Fhistorias%2Flarga-tradicion-reproductiva-borbon-200-anos-hijos-reyes-bastardos_0_O9yvJ5egr1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilés_FarréElizalde_Pérez-GruesoSueiro_Seoane2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Avil%C3%A9s_Farr%C3%A9" title="Juan Avilés Farré">Avilés Farré, Juan</a>; Elizalde Pérez-Grueso, María Dolores; Sueiro Seoane, Susana (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gMkCp_3hL2YC&pg=PA307"><i>Historia política de España, 1875–1939</i></a>. Vol. 1. Tres Cantos: Ediciones Istmo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7090-320-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-7090-320-9"><bdi>84-7090-320-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+pol%C3%ADtica+de+Espa%C3%B1a%2C+1875%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Tres+Cantos&rft.pub=Ediciones+Istmo&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=84-7090-320-9&rft.aulast=Avil%C3%A9s+Farr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Elizalde+P%C3%A9rez-Grueso%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Dolores&rft.au=Sueiro+Seoane%2C+Susana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMkCp_3hL2YC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Barry" title="John M. Barry">Barry, John M.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00john"><i>The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History</i></a></span>. Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-89473-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-89473-7"><bdi>0-670-89473-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Influenza%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+the+Greatest+Plague+in+History&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-670-89473-7&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatinfluenzaep00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleslerLinhardPérez_Melgosa2015" class="citation book cs1">Flesler, Daniela; Linhard, Tabea Alexa; Pérez Melgosa, Adrián (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABQtCgAAQBAJ"><i>Revisiting Jewish Spain in the Modern Era</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31798-057-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31798-057-5"><bdi>978-1-31798-057-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisiting+Jewish+Spain+in+the+Modern+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-31798-057-5&rft.aulast=Flesler&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft.au=Linhard%2C+Tabea+Alexa&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez+Melgosa%2C+Adri%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DABQtCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasals2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Casals_Meseguer" class="mw-redirect" title="Xavier Casals Meseguer">Casals, Xavier</a> (2004). "Miguel Primo de Rivera, el espejo de Franco". <i>Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja</i>. Madrid: Ediciones B. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-666-1447-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-666-1447-8"><bdi>84-666-1447-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miguel+Primo+de+Rivera%2C+el+espejo+de+Franco&rft.btitle=Miguel+Primo+de+Rivera+y+Orbaneja&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.pub=Ediciones+B&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=84-666-1447-8&rft.aulast=Casals&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Sir Winston</a>. <i>Great Contemporaries</i>. London: T. Butterworth, 1937. Contains the most famous single account of Alfonso in the English language. The author, writing shortly after the Spanish Civil War began, retained considerable fondness for the ex-sovereign.</li> <li>Collier, William Miller. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227193220/http://www.openlibrary.org/details/atcourtofhiscath00collrich">At the Court of His Catholic Majesty</a></i>. Chicago: McClurg, 1912. The author was American ambassador to Spain from 1905 to 1909.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_Luzón2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Javier_Moreno_Luz%C3%B3n" title="Javier Moreno Luzón">Moreno Luzón, Javier</a> (2023). <i>El rey patriota. Alfonso XIII y la nación</i>. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-19392-11-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-19392-11-4"><bdi>978-84-19392-11-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+rey+patriota.+Alfonso+XIII+y+la+naci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Galaxia+Gutenberg&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-84-19392-11-4&rft.aulast=Moreno+Luz%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Noel, Gerard. <i>Ena: Spain's English Queen</i>. London: Constable, 1984. Considerably more candid than Petrie about Alfonso, the private man, and about the miseries the royal family experienced because of their haemophiliac children.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuttall1906" class="citation book cs1">Nuttall, Zelia (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earliesthistori00nuttgoog"><i>The earliest historical relations between Mexico and Japan: from original documents preserved in Spain and Japan</i></a>. The University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earliest+historical+relations+between+Mexico+and+Japan%3A+from+original+documents+preserved+in+Spain+and+Japan&rft.pub=The+University+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Nuttall&rft.aufirst=Zelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearliesthistori00nuttgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Petrie_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Petrie (historian)">Petrie, Sir Charles</a>. <i>King Alfonso XIII and His Age</i>. London: Chapman & Hall, 1963. Written as it was during Queen Ena's lifetime, this book necessarily omits the King's extramarital affairs; but it remains a useful biography, not least because the author knew Alfonso quite well, interviewed him at considerable length, and relates him to the wider Spanish intellectual culture of his time.</li> <li>Pilapil, Vicente R. <i>Alfonso XIII</i>. Twayne's rulers and statesmen of the world series 12. New York: Twayne, 1969.</li> <li>Sencourt, Robert. <i>King Alfonso: A Biography</i>. London: Faber, 1942.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tu%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Lara" title="Manuel Tuñón de Lara">Tuñón de Lara, Manuel</a> (2000) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dMn23WuJpHYC&pg=PA225"><i>La España del siglo XX. Vol. 1. La quiebra de una forma de Estado (1898–1931)</i></a>. Tres Cantos: Ediciones Akal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-460-1491-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-460-1491-2"><bdi>84-460-1491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Espa%C3%B1a+del+siglo+XX.+Vol.+1.+La+quiebra+de+una+forma+de+Estado+%281898%E2%80%931931%29&rft.place=Tres+Cantos&rft.pub=Ediciones+Akal&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=84-460-1491-2&rft.aulast=Tu%C3%B1%C3%B3n+de+Lara&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdMn23WuJpHYC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfonso+XIII" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alfonso XIII of Spain">Alfonso XIII of Spain</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiaantiqua.byethost8.com/paginas/liberalismo.htm#AlfonsoXIII">Historiaantiqua.</a> <i>Alfonso XIII</i>; <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> (2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.normandythenandnow.com/an-incognito-king-in-deauville/">Visit by Alphonso XIII to Deauville in 1922 (with images)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000350">Newspaper clippings about Alfonso XIII</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp89697">Portraits of Alfonso XIII, King of Spain</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18363#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Alfonso XIII </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 17 May 1886</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 28 February 1941</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> </b><br />17 May 1886 – 14 April 1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos">Juan Carlos</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Loss of title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> </b></i><br />14 April 1931 – 15 January 1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona">Juan III</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Charles XII</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France and Navarre</a> </b></i><br /><span style="font-size: 90%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimist succession</a></b></span><br />29 September 1936 – 28 February 1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Jacques II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">Dwight F. Davis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">Cover of <i>Time</i> magazine</a> </b><br />22 December 1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Spain">Amadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfonso XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carlist_pretenders_to_the_Spanish_throne" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Carlists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Isidro_of_Spain" title="Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain">Infante Carlos María Isidro</a> <i>(1788–1845)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Luis_de_Borb%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Luis de Borbón">Infante Carlos Luis</a> <i>(1845–1861)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Borb%C3%B3n_y_Braganza" title="Juan de Borbón y Braganza">Infante Juan</a> <i>(1861–1868)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Borb%C3%B3n_y_Austria-Este" title="Carlos de Borbón y Austria-Este">Carlos de Borbón</a> <i>(1868–1909)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_de_Borb%C3%B3n_y_de_Borb%C3%B3n-Parma" title="Jaime de Borbón y de Borbón-Parma">Jaime de Borbón</a> <i>(1909–1931)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Carlos_de_Borb%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Carlos de Borbón">Alfonso Carlos de Borbón</a> <i>(1931–1936)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of New Spain"><img alt="Flag of New Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/50px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/75px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/100px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of New Spain</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bourbon-Parma claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Xavier_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma">Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma</a> <i>(Regent: 1936–1952, Pretender: 1952-1975)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Hugo,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma">Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma</a> <i>(Partido Carlista, 1975–2010)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carlos,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma">Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma</a> <i>(Partido Carlista, 2010–present)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sixtus_Henry_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma">Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma</a> <i>(Comunión Tradicionalista, 1977–present)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bourbon claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfonso XIII</a> <i>(1936–1941)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona">Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona</a> <i>(1941–1977)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative Bourbon claimant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia</a> <i>(1941–1969)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Habsburg claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Pius_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Carlos Pío</a> <i>(1943–1953)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Anton_of_Austria" title="Archduke Anton of Austria">Antonio</a> <i>(1953–1961)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Josef_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Francisco</a> <i>(1961–1975)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_von_Habsburg" title="Dominic von Habsburg">Domingo</a> <i>(1975–present)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pretenders_to_the_French_throne_since_1792" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Template:Pretenders to the French throne"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Template talk:Pretenders to the French throne"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pretenders to the French throne"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pretenders_to_the_French_throne_since_1792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">Pretenders to the French throne</a> since <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">1792</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian pretenders</a><br />(1792–present)<br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the House of Capet"><img alt="Coat of arms of the House of Capet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/75px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/113px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the House of Capet</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimist</a> (1792-1883)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1792 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li>1793 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li>1795 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a><sup><i>1</i></sup></li> <li>1824 <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a><sup><i>2</i></sup></li> <li>1836 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></li> <li>1844 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henri V</a> 1883</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_former_French_throne_(Orl%C3%A9anist)" title="Succession to the former French throne (Orléanist)">Unionist</a> (1883–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1883 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Philippe VII</a><sup><i>3</i></sup></li> <li>1894 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Philippe VIII</a></li> <li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Jean,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Prince Jean, Duke of Guise">Jean III</a></li> <li>1940 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1908%E2%80%931999)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)">Henri VI</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1933%E2%80%932019)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1933–2019)">Henri VII</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Jean IV</a> present</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blancs_d%27Espagne" title="Blancs d'Espagne">Anjouist</a> (1883-present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1883 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Montiz%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Juan, Count of Montizón">Jean III</a></li> <li>1887 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Charles XI</a></li> <li>1909 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid">Jacques I</a></li> <li>1931 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Charles XII</a></li> <li>1936 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alphonse I</a><sup><i>4</i></sup></li> <li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Jacques II</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Duke_of_Anjou_and_C%C3%A1diz" title="Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz">Alphonse II</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alphonse_de_Bourbon" title="Louis Alphonse de Bourbon">Louis XX</a> present</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonaparte pretenders</a><br />(1814–present)<br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte"><img alt="Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/75px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/113px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1814 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon I</a><sup><i>5</i></sup></li> <li>1821 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoléon II</a></li> <li>1832 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a></li> <li>1844 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis</a></li> <li>1846 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoléon III</a><sup><i>6</i></sup></li> <li>1873 <a href="/wiki/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on,_Prince_Imperial" title="Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial">Napoléon IV</a></li> <li>1879 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Napol%C3%A9on-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Prince Napoléon-Jérôme Bonaparte">Napoléon V Jérôme</a> / 1891 <a href="/wiki/Victor,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Victor, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon V Victor</a></li> <li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Louis, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VI</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Charles, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VII Charles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe</a> present (<a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_French_throne_(Bonapartist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the French throne (Bonapartist)">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><i>1</i></sup> Actually reign twice: first from 1814-1815, second from 1815-1824<br /><sup><i>2</i></sup> Actually reigned from 1824-1830<br /><sup><i>3</i></sup> Orléanist pretender from 1848-1873 as Louis Philippe II<br /><sup><i>4</i></sup> Reigned as King of Spain from 1886-1931 as Alfonso XIII<br /><sup><i>5</i></sup> Briefly restored and then deposed in 1815<br /><sup><i>6</i></sup> Actually reigned from 1852-1870</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/21px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/42px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/20px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/31px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/40px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18363#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18363#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18363#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122845096">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/120694546">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/48262/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXGTdMrHcry69KpgMkjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11929074X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80001204">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148212082">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148212082">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alfonso XIII <re di Spagna>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV299672">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0069524&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX871095">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070876150">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000042012">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810587819805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/98897">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007278292805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517398606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07137058?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0025f512-a3bc-42c6-89ed-6a0776a0528b">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102646">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11929074X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11929074X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027996360">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582129">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/67573">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30107874">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&oldid=1267595856">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII&oldid=1267595856</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alfonso_XIII" title="Category:Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1886_births" title="Category:1886 births">1886 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_deaths" title="Category:1941 deaths">1941 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Spanish_monarchs" title="Category:19th-century Spanish monarchs">19th-century Spanish monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Spanish_monarchs" title="Category:20th-century Spanish monarchs">20th-century Spanish monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobility_from_Madrid" title="Category:Nobility from Madrid">Nobility from Madrid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Bourbon_(Spain)" title="Category:House of Bourbon (Spain)">House of Bourbon (Spain)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Restoration_(Spain)" title="Category:Restoration (Spain)">Restoration (Spain)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legitimist_pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Category:Legitimist pretenders to the French throne">Legitimist pretenders to the French throne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_field_marshals" title="Category:British field marshals">British field marshals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_monarchs" title="Category:Child monarchs">Child monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_infantes" title="Category:Spanish infantes">Spanish infantes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_in_the_Pantheon_of_Kings_at_El_Escorial" title="Category:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial">Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_captain_generals" title="Category:Spanish captain generals">Spanish captain generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Captain_generals_of_the_Navy" title="Category:Captain generals of the Navy">Captain generals of the Navy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Category:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece">Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece_of_Spain" title="Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain">Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain</a></li><li><a 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href="/wiki/Category:Crosses_of_Military_Merit" title="Category:Crosses of Military Merit">Crosses of Military Merit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_Military_Merit" title="Category:Grand Crosses of Military Merit">Grand Crosses of Military Merit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crosses_of_Naval_Merit" title="Category:Crosses of Naval Merit">Crosses of Naval Merit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_Naval_Merit" title="Category:Grand Crosses of Naval Merit">Grand Crosses of Naval Merit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crosses_of_Aeronautical_Merit" title="Category:Crosses of Aeronautical Merit">Crosses of Aeronautical Merit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Masters_of_the_Royal_and_Military_Order_of_San_Hermenegild" title="Category:Grand Masters of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild">Grand Masters of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Royal_and_Military_Order_of_Saint_Hermenegild" title="Category:Recipients of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild">Recipients of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Royal_and_Military_Order_of_San_Hermenegild" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild">Grand Crosses of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_masters_of_the_Order_of_Calatrava" title="Category:Grand masters of the Order of Calatrava">Grand masters of the Order of Calatrava</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_Calatrava" title="Category:Knights of Calatrava">Knights of Calatrava</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_masters_of_the_Order_of_Santiago" title="Category:Grand masters of the Order of Santiago">Grand masters of the Order of Santiago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_Santiago" 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[\"CITEREFGarcia-Planas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález_Calleja2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgkinson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItaly._Ministero_dell\u0026#039;interno1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJørgen_Pedersen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Porte2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartorellJuliá2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartín_Martín2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcclure2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreno_Luzón2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreno_Luzón2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreno_Luzón2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuttall1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlaya2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeris_Alcantud2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeña_González2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez_de_Arcos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrigo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadurní,_J._M.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampedro_Escolar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerrano_Sáenz_de_Tejada2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYahuda1941\"] = 1,\n [\"M._et_B._Wattel\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Carlist Pretenders\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Alfonso 13\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 16,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 2,\n [\"French Pretenders\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 3,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Monarchs of Spain\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n 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