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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Nutrizio" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Nutrizio" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Nutrizio" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Nutrizio" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrizio_motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrizio_motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nutrizio motak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrizio_motak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Nutrizio motak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrizio_motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrizio_autotrofoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrizio_autotrofoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nutrizio autotrofoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrizio_autotrofoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrizio_heterotrofoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrizio_heterotrofoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nutrizio heterotrofoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrizio_heterotrofoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrienteak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrienteak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nutrienteak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrienteak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erlazionatutako_gaixotasunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erlazionatutako_gaixotasunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Erlazionatutako gaixotasunak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erlazionatutako_gaixotasunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elikadura_piramidea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elikadura_piramidea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Elikadura piramidea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elikadura_piramidea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oreka_energetikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oreka_energetikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Oreka energetikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oreka_energetikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erlazionatutako_kontzeptuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erlazionatutako_kontzeptuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Erlazionatutako kontzeptuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erlazionatutako_kontzeptuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nutrizio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 65 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voeding" title="Voeding – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voeding" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تغذية – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تغذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrici%C3%B3n" title="Nutrición – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nutrición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrisyon" title="Nutrisyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nutrisyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="পুষ্টি – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুষ্টি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishrana" title="Ishrana – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ishrana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrici%C3%B3" title="Nutrició – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nutrició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ژیواندن – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژیواندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BD%C5%BEiva" title="Výživa – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výživa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%C3%A6ring" title="Ernæring – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ernæring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%C3%A4hrung" title="Ernährung – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernährung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="पोषण – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पोषण" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%88%CE%B7" title="Θρέψη – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θρέψη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nutrition" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrici%C3%B3n" title="Nutrición – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nutrición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toitumine" title="Toitumine – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toitumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تغذیه – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تغذیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravinto" title="Ravinto – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ravinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nutrition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrizion" title="Nutrizion – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Nutrizion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noutrisyon" title="Noutrisyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Noutrisyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrici%C3%B3n" title="Nutrición – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nutrición" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emongaru" title="Ñemongaru – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemongaru" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abinci_mai_gina_jiki" title="Abinci mai gina jiki – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abinci mai gina jiki" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="תזונה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תזונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="पोषण – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehrana" title="Prehrana – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prehrana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Սնուցում – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սնուցում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrisi" title="Nutrisi – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nutrisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6ring" title="Næring – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Næring" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrizione" title="Nutrizione – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nutrizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%84%E9%A4%8A" title="栄養 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="栄養" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuuchrishan" title="Nyuuchrishan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nyuuchrishan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrisi" title="Nutrisi – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nutrisi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%97" title="អាហារូបត្ថម្ភ – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាហារូបត្ថម្ភ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪೋಷಣಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೋಷಣಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%91_(%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88)" title="영양 (물질) – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영양 (물질)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernierung" title="Ernierung – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ernierung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzturs" title="Uzturs – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Uzturs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizi" title="Gizi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Gizi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Исхрана – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исхрана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പോഷണം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အာဟာရဓာတ်များ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာဟာရဓာတ်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%C3%A6ring" title="Ernæring – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ernæring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="غذائیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="غذائیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutri%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Nutrição – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nutrição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsachikuy" title="Kawsachikuy – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsachikuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Питание – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Питание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehrana" title="Prehrana – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prehrana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="පෝෂණය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෝෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nutrition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Исхрана – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исхрана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizi" title="Gizi – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gizi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lishe" title="Lishe – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lishe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/iyu" title="iyu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="iyu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="ஊட்டச்சத்து – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊட்டச்சத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="โภชนาการ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โภชนาการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrisyon" title="Nutrisyon – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nutrisyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslenme" title="Beslenme – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beslenme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="غذائیت – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غذائیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovqatlanish_nutrisiologiyasi" title="Ovqatlanish nutrisiologiyasi – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ovqatlanish nutrisiologiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinh_d%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng" title="Dinh dưỡng – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dinh dưỡng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrisyon" title="Nutrisyon – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nutrisyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="营养作用 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="营养作用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="營養作用 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="營養作用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2138622#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nutrizio" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Nutrizio&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida (sortu gabe) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nutrizio"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nutrizio"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Nutrizio" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Nutrizio" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&oldid=9656428" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Nutrizio&id=9656428&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNutrizio"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNutrizio"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Nutrizio"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nutrizio&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nutrition" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2138622" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(«<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizioa&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrizioa">Nutrizioa</a>» orritik birbideratua)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p><b>Nutrizioa</b> organismoek hazteko, funtzionamendu egokirako eta bizi-funtzioak mantentzeko beharrezko elikagai solidoak eta likidoak eskuratzeko prozesu biologikoa da. Era berean, elikagaien, osasunaren eta <a href="/wiki/Elikadura-piramide" title="Elikadura-piramide">elikadura-piramidea</a>n oinarritutako dieta orekatu baten arteko orekaren azterketa da nutrizioa. </p><p>Nutrizioa organismoen (<a href="/wiki/Autotrofo" title="Autotrofo">autotrofo</a> zein <a href="/wiki/Heterotrofo" title="Heterotrofo">heterotrofo</a>) materia eta energia organismoan sartu eta bertan eraldatzean datza, funtsezko hiru prozesu gauzatu ahal izateko: barne-baldintzak mantentzea, garapena aurrera eramatea eta mugimendua ahalbidetzea, beti ere, organismoaren oreka <a href="/wiki/Homeostasi" title="Homeostasi">homeostatikoa</a> mantenduz maila molekular zein mikroskopikoan<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Prozesu mikroskopikoak absortzioarekin, digestioarekin, metabolismoarekin eta iraizketarekin erlazionatuta daude. Prozesu molekularrak, aldiz, entzimen, bitaminen, mineralen, aminoazidoen, glukosaren, garraiatzaile zein bitartekari kimikoen, hormonen eta bestelakoen arteko orekarekin dute zerikusia. </p><p>Zientziarekin duen lotura aztertuz, nutrizioak organismoan gertatzen diren prozesu biokimiko eta fisiologiko guztiak aztertzen ditu. </p><p>Nutrizio on bat elikagai aniztasuna kontsumitzea, elikagai zein edari jakin batzuen kontsumoa murriztea eta ingeritutako kaloria zein elikagai kantitatea kontrolatzean datza. <a href="/wiki/Elikadura" title="Elikadura">Elikadura</a> orekatuak arrisku kardiobaskularra murrizten laguntzen du, kolesterola eta presio arteriala zein pisua murrizten laguntzen duelako. </p><p>Kontrara, behar adina elikagai ez lortzeak, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrizio" title="Malnutrizio">malnutrizioa</a> eragiten du. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gizakiaren sorreratik gaur egunera arte, bizirauteko eta organismoaren mantenurako kontsumitu behar izan dituen elikagaiak aldatu dira denboran zehar. Horren arrazoiak, eskuragarritasunera, hurbiltasunera eta eskura zituen tresnetara egokitu behar izana dira. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Luca_Cavalli-Sforza" title="Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza"><i>Cavalli-Sforza</i>-ren</a> (1981) eta <i>Trowell</i>-en (1981) arabera, duela 12.000 urte inguru lehen nekazaritza-iraultza gertatu zen. Ondorioz, proteinen iturri finko bat eskuragarri zuten. Klimak eragin handia izan zuen uzta bilketen emaitzetan, horren aurka borrokatzea oso zaila baitzen. Ekoizpen urte onetan soberakinak biltegiratzea ere ez zen aukerarik eraginkorrena. </p><p>Gizakiak ehiztari eta uzta-biltzaile orojale gisa eboluzionatu du aurreko 250.000 urteetan zehar. Gizaki moderno goiztiarraren dieta klimaren eta kokalekuaren arabera aldatzen zen. Tropikoetako dieta landare-jatorriko elikagaietan oinarritzen zen, eta latitude altuetako dietak, aldiz, animalia-jatorriko produktuetan. </p><p>Nekazaritza duela 10.000 urte inguru garatu zen munduan zehar leku askotan, garia, arroza eta artoa bezalako zerealak landuz (ogia eta pasta bezalako oinarrizko elikagaiak zabaldu ziren). Horrez gain, nekazaritzak esnea eta esnekiak ere eman zituen, haragiaren eskuragarritasuna eta begetalen aniztasuna nabarmen handituz. Elikagaien garbitasunari garrantzia eman zitzaion biltegiratze masiboak ekarritako kutsadura kasuak agertu zirenean. </p><p>Data zehatzik ez dagoen arren, <a href="/wiki/Su" title="Su">suaren aurkikuntza</a>rekin batera, <a href="/wiki/Sukaldaritza" title="Sukaldaritza">sukaldaritza</a> (janari eta edarien prestaketa) edo kozinatzea jarduera erritualista gisa garatzen hasi zen, elikagaien eraginkortasunarekiko eta fidagarritasunarekiko kezka zirela eta. Gauzak horrela, errezeta eta prozedura zorrotzekiko atxikimendua beharrezkoak izan ziren elikagaien garbitasun eta iraunkortasuna bermatzeko. </p><p>Elikagaien eta nutrienteen azterketa zientifikoa iraultza kimikoan hasi zen, hain zuzen ere XVII. mendean<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. XVIII. eta XIX. mendeetako kimikariek elikadura-elementu eta elikadura-iturri desberdinekin esperimentuak egin zituzten teoriak garatzeko. Elikaduraren zientzia modernoa 1920ko hamarkadan hasi zen, banakako mikronutrienteak identifikatzen hasi zirenean. Kimikoki identifikatu zen lehen bitamina tiamina izan zen, 1926an, eta C bitamina eskorbutoaren aurkako babes gisa lehen aldiz 1932an aurkitu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bitaminek nutrizioan duten eginkizuna hurrengo hamarkadetan aztertu zen. Gizakientzako lehen elikadura-gomendioak <a href="/wiki/Depresio_Handia" title="Depresio Handia">“Depresio Handia”-ren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra">Bigarren Mundu Gerraren</a> garaian garatu ziren, elikadura-urritasunak eragindako gaixotasunek sortutako beldurraren ondorioz<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Giza osasunean duen garrantzia dela eta, gaur egunera arte, nutrizioaren inguruko azterketa zientifikoak garrantzi handia eman dio giza elikadurari eta nekazaritzari, baita ekologiari ere<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrizio_motak">Nutrizio motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nutrizio motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Nutrizio motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Bor-manimuni.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bor-manimuni.JPG/117px-Bor-manimuni.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bor-manimuni.JPG/176px-Bor-manimuni.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bor-manimuni.JPG/234px-Bor-manimuni.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>Landareak autotrofoak dira.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrizio_autotrofoa">Nutrizio autotrofoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nutrizio autotrofoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Nutrizio autotrofoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beren elikagaiak ekoizten dituzten organismoek egiten dutena da. Izaki autotrofoak substantzia ez-organikoetatik abiatuta, beraien metabolismorako beharrezko substantziak sintetizatzeko gai dira. Auto “norbera” eta trofo “elikatzen dena” terminoetatik dator autotrofo hitza, beraz, “bere kabuz elikatzen dela” esan nahi du. Landare gehienen nutrizio mota da. </p><p>Organismo autotrofoek beraien masa zelularra eta materia organikoa karbono dioxidotik (CO<sub>2</sub>) abiatuta sortzen dute, energia-iturri gisa argia edo substantzia kimikoak erabiliz. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Goldmantelziesel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Goldmantelziesel.jpg/118px-Goldmantelziesel.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Goldmantelziesel.jpg/177px-Goldmantelziesel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Goldmantelziesel.jpg/236px-Goldmantelziesel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption>Animaliak heterotrofoak dira.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrizio_heterotrofoa">Nutrizio heterotrofoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nutrizio heterotrofoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Nutrizio heterotrofoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bizi ahal izateko besteen beharra duten organismoen gauzatzen dutena da. Heterotrofo terminoa hetero “beste bat”, “desberdina” eta trofo “elikatzen dena” terminoetatik dator, beraz, “beste batzuez elikatzen dela” esan nahi du. Beraz, organismo heterotrofoak beste organismo batzuek sintetizatutako materia organikoz elikatzen direnak dira, autotrofoek zein heterotrofoek sortutakoak. Animalia, onddo eta bakterio eta protozoo gehienen nutrizio mota da. </p><p>Izaki heterotrofoak autotrofoen menpe daude, izan ere, izaki autotrofoen eta hauek sortutako materiaren energia erabiltzen dutelako molekula organiko konplexuak sintetizatzeko. Izaki heterotrofoek, autotrofoek jandako molekulak hautsiz eskuratzen dute energia. Animalia haragijaleak ere izaki autotrofoen menpe daude hein batean, harrapakinetatik lortutako energia eta konposizio organikoa, hauek aurretik jandako izaki autotrofoetatik datorrelako. </p><p>Organismo autotrofoek eta heterotrofoek elkarren beharra dute existitu ahal izateko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrienteak">Nutrienteak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nutrienteak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Nutrienteak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organismoak behar dituen sei mantenugai edo nutriente mota daude: karbohidratoak, proteinak, lipidoak, bitaminak, mineralak eta ura. Egunero sei mantenugai multzoak kontsumitzea garrantzitsua da, gorputz funtzio osasuntsua eraiki zein mantentzeko eta aldi berean osasun egoera ezin hobea bermatzeko. </p><p>Nutrienteak eguneko beharrizanak kontuan hartuta sailka daitezke, makronutrienteen gomendio dietetikoetan oinarrituta, hau da, eguneko ekarpenik handiena behar dugun mantenugaiak dira, hala nola, karbohidratoak, proteinak, lipidoak eta ura. Mikronutrienteak, aldiz, neurri txikiagoan behar ditugunak dira, esaterako, bitaminak eta mineralak. </p><p>Gure organismoan mantenugaiek betetzen dituzten funtzio nagusiak hauek dira: funtzio energetikoa (energia lortzea), funtzio egituratzailea (egiturak prestatzea) eta funtzio erregulatzailea (prozesu metabolikoak erregulatzea). </p><p>Elikaduran, organismo baten dieta, jaten dituen elikagaien batura da. Dieta osasungarri batek hobetu egiten du organismo baten osasun fisikoa eta mentala. Horretarako, nutrienteak, hau da, bitaminak, mineralak, proteinen aminoazidoak eta koipearen gantz-azidoak xurgatu behar dira. Dieta orekatua funtsezko eta ez-funtsezko nutriente guztien kantitate egokien batura da. Hala ere, adinaren, pisuaren, sexuaren, jarduera fisikoaren mailaren eta gehiagoren arabera alda daiteke. </p><p>Mantenugaien orekarik ezak, gehiegikeriaren edo eskasiaren ondoriozko osasun eskas batera eraman dezake, hain zuzen ere malnutriziora. Izan ere, nutrienteen gehiegikeriak edo eskasiak eragin zuzena du hormonen funtzioan. Gainera, hormonek neurri handi batean geneen espresioa arautzen dutenez, elikaduraren eta geneen arteko erlazioa adierazten dute, gure fenotipoan adieraziz. Behaketa askok erakutsi dute gainera, nutrizioak funtsezko papera betetzen duela hormonen jardueran zein funtzioan, eta beraz, osasunean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erlazionatutako_gaixotasunak">Erlazionatutako gaixotasunak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erlazionatutako gaixotasunak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Erlazionatutako gaixotasunak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Munduko_Osasun_Erakundea" title="Munduko Osasun Erakundea">Osasunaren Mundu Erakundearen</a> (OME) arabera, gosea baino gehiago, gaur egungo arazoa mikronutrienteen eskasia da, hau da, bitamina eta mineralena. Mikronutriente hauek, organismoari hazkuntza bermatzeaz gain, bere bizi-funtzioak mantentzea ahalbidetzen baitute. </p><p>Honen harira, elikadura desegokiaren ondorio diren gaixotasun ugari daude; elikadura gehiegikeriagatik, eskasiagatik edota kalitate txarragatik garatutakoak. Esaterako: <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ateroesklerosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ateroesklerosi">ateroesklerosia</a>, minbizi mota batzuk, diabetes mellitusa, obesitatea, hipertentsio arteriala, desnutrizioa, abitaminosia, bozio endemikoa, bulimia edota anorexia nerbiosoak, bigorexia, etab. Gaixotasun hauez gain, heste meharrari eragiten dioten hainbat gaixotasunek nutrienteen xurgapen okerra eragin dezakete, besteak beste tratatu edota diagnostikatu gabeko zeliakia eta Crohnen gaixotasuna<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nutrizioa prozesu fisiologiko bat da, nahi gabekoa eta inkontzientea, organismoan aurrera eramaten dena eta eguneroko eskakizunekin zuzenki erlazionatuta dagoena. Nutrizio egokia (dieta orekatua ariketa fisiko erregularrarekin uztartuta) osasun ezin hobea bermatzeko ezinbesteko elementua da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elikadura_piramidea">Elikadura piramidea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Elikadura piramidea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Elikadura piramidea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Loma_Linda_University_Vegetarian_Food_Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Loma_Linda_University_Vegetarian_Food_Pyramid.jpg/299px-Loma_Linda_University_Vegetarian_Food_Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Loma_Linda_University_Vegetarian_Food_Pyramid.jpg/449px-Loma_Linda_University_Vegetarian_Food_Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Loma_Linda_University_Vegetarian_Food_Pyramid.jpg/598px-Loma_Linda_University_Vegetarian_Food_Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Elikadura piramidea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dietari dagokionez parametro bat ezartzeko, kontsumitu beharreko elikagai nagusiak grafikoki irudikatzeko modu bat dago. Normalki, piramide baten bidez egiten da, nutrizio-piramide deritzona, nahiz eta bestelako eredu batzuk ere badauden. </p><p>Piramidearen oinarrian, eremurik handienean, zerealak edo aleak (batez ere integralak) agertzen dira, gure dietaren oinarria osatzen dutenak. Piramidearen erdian, aldiz, begetalak eta frutak<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ageri dira, energia naturalagoa eta bigarren mailako efekturik gabekoa izaten laguntzen dutenak. Gure energiaren %50a baino gehiago karbohidratoetatik datorrela ziurtatzeko, talde honetan iradokitako zatiak kontsumitzea beharrezkoa da. </p><p>Piramidearen erpinerantz hurbildu ahala, elikagai taldeak txikitzen doaz, talde horietan irudikatutako elikagai kopurua osasun egoki baterako behar dena baino txikiagoa baita. Azkenik, piramidearen erpinak elikagai talderik txikiena adierazten du, besteak beste, koipeak,olioak eta azukreak irudikatuz bertan, neurri txikiagoan kontsumitu behar baitira hauek. </p><p>Oso garrantzitsua da eredu hauek elikagaien baliokidetasun taulekin indartzea, horrela, kontsumitu beharreko elikagai talde bakoitzaren ikuspegi argiagoa izanik. Elikagaien pisua edo tamaina berdina izateak, ez du baliokidetasun harremanik erakusten. Izan ere, ekarpen energetiko berdina duten elikagaiak alderatuz gero, bolumenak oso desberdinak izan daitezkeelako<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oreka_energetikoa">Oreka energetikoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oreka energetikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Oreka energetikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oreka energetikoa, energia-kontsumoaren eta energia-gastuaren arteko erlazioa da. </p><p>Elikagai bat irensten dugunean energia lortzen dugu; egunean kontsumitzen dugun energia kopuru bera gastatzen dugunean, oreka bat lortuko dugu. Egunean kontsumitzen duguna baino energia kopuru txikiagoa gastatzen badugu, aldiz, oreka edo balantze positiboa lortuko dugu, eta azkenik, egunean kontsumitutakoa baino energia gehiago gastatzen badugu, balantze negatiboa lortuko dugu. Egoera fisiologiko batzuetan beharrezkoa da balantze positiboa edukitzea, adibidez, haurdunaldian, edoskitzaroan, haurtzaroan, nerabezaroan edo gaixotasun batengatik pisua nabarmen galtzerakoan. Kontrara, balantze negatiboa eragitea komeni da, osasungarriak ez diren pisu igoeratara irits daitekeenean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erlazionatutako_kontzeptuak">Erlazionatutako kontzeptuak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erlazionatutako kontzeptuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Erlazionatutako kontzeptuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Begetarianismoa</b></li> <li><b>Dietetika</b>: Dietetika elikaduraz osasuna nola zaindu aztertzen duen jakintza-arloa da, pertsona bakoitzaren ezaugarriak eta egoera kontuan harturik, bakoitzarentzat dieta egokia ezartzeko.</li> <li><b>Dietista-nutrizionista</b>: Dietista edo nutrizionista <a href="/wiki/Elikadura" title="Elikadura">elikaduran</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">nutrizioan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Dietetika" title="Dietetika">dietetikan</a> aditua den osasun-profesionala da.</li> <li><b>Elikadura-piramidea</b></li> <li><b>Elikagaien azterketa</b></li> <li><b>Sukaldaritza</b> edo <b>kozinatzea</b>: <a href="/wiki/Janari" class="mw-redirect" title="Janari">elikagaiak</a> aukeratu, prestatu eta kozinatzeko teknika eta praktika <a href="/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura">kulturalen</a> multzoa da.</li> <li><b>Egunean gomendatutako kantitatea</b>: Populazio batentzako erreferentziazko nutrizio-ingestek, nutrizio-ekarpen orekatua ziurtatuko duten gomendio dietetikoak prestatzeko aukera ematen dute, osasun-egoera on bati eusteko eta gaixotasun kronikoak saihesteko.</li> <li><b>Ingestioa</b></li> <li><b>Kirol nutrizioa</b></li> <li><b>Mirarizko produktuak</b></li> <li><b>Nutriologia:</b> Elikadura-prozesuak eta hauek metabolismoan, osasun-egoeran eta gorputz-osaeran eta prozesu kimikoekin duen erlazioa aztertzen dituen zientzia da.</li> <li><b>Nutrigenomika:</b> Elikadura- eta genetika-faktoreen arteko, eta horiek metabolismoan, osasun-egoeran eta gaixotasunen arriskuan dituzten ondorioen arteko elkarreraginaren azterketa.</li> <li><b>Trofologia:</b> Elikagaien generoa aztertzen duen zientzia da. Elikagaien konbinazioan eta azidotasunean oinarritutako elikadura-gomendioen multzoa adierazteko ere erabiltzen da termino hau.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCabrera_Padilla;_Sanz_Esteban;_Bárcena_Rodríguez,2011">Cabrera Padilla; Sanz Esteban; Bárcena Rodríguez,, Antonio María; Miguel; Jesús.  (2011). <i>La organización del cuerpo de un ser vivo. </i> San Fernando de Henares: Oxford University Press, 5 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788467364446" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788467364446">9788467364446</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCarpenter2003-03">Carpenter, Kenneth J..  (2003-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022316622156579">«A Short History of Nutritional Science: Part 1 (1785–1885)»</a> <i>The Journal of Nutrition</i> 133 (3): 638–645.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F133.3.638">10.1093/jn/133.3.638</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-11-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFStafford2010-12">Stafford, Ned.  (2010-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/468S16a">«History: The changing notion of food»</a> <i>Nature</i> 468 (7327): S16–S17.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F468S16a">10.1038/468S16a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-11-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMozaffarianRosenbergUauy2018-06-13">Mozaffarian, Dariush; Rosenberg, Irwin; Uauy, Ricardo.  (2018-06-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.k2392">«History of modern nutrition science—implications for current research, dietary guidelines, and food policy»</a> <i>BMJ</i>: k2392.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.k2392">10.1136/bmj.k2392</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138">0959-8138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29899124">29899124</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5998735">PMC5998735</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-11-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSimpsonRaubenheimer2012-07-22">Simpson, Stephen J.; Raubenheimer, David.  (2012-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691145655.003.0011">«Perspectives»</a> <i>The Nature of Nutrition</i> (Princeton University Press) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-11-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJames2005-04">James, Stephen P..  (2005-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016508505001769">«National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement on Celiac Disease, June 28–30, 2004»</a> <i>Gastroenterology</i> 128 (4): S1–S9.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2005.02.007">10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.007</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-11-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPapadiaSabatinoCorazzaForbes2014-02">Papadia, Cinzia; Sabatino, Antonio Di; Corazza, Gino Roberto; Forbes, Alastair.  (2014-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11739-012-0877-7">«Diagnosing small bowel malabsorption: a review»</a> <i>Internal and Emergency Medicine</i> 9 (1): 3–8.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11739-012-0877-7">10.1007/s11739-012-0877-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1828-0447">1828-0447</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-11-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecosdelcombeima.com/entretenimiento-y-cultura/nota-161595-beneficios-de-la-fruta-para-el-organismo">«Beneficios de la fruta para el organismo»</a> <i>Patrimonio Radial del Tolima Ecos del Combeima Ibagué</i> 2020-09-13 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-11-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPérez,_Marván_Laborde2005">Pérez, Marván Laborde, Ana Berta, Leticia.  (2005). <i>Dietas normales y terapéuticas: los alimentos en la salud y en la enfermedad.. </i> La Prensa Médica Mexicana, México</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elikadura" title="Elikadura">Elikadura</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrizio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aesan.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/seguridad_alimentaria/evaluacion_riesgos/informes_comite/INR.pdf">https://www.aesan.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/seguridad_alimentaria/evaluacion_riesgos/informes_comite/INR.pdf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" 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data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138622" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2138622">Q2138622</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nutrition">Nutrition</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q2138622%22">Q2138622</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX524953">XX524953</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644258">10644258</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/016224">016224</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/nutrition">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009747">D009747</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" 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