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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Imaginary colors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imaginary_colors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imaginary colors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imaginary_colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imaginary_colors_in_color_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaginary_colors_in_color_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Imaginary colors in color spaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaginary_colors_in_color_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chimerical_colors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chimerical_colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chimerical colors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chimerical_colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colors_outside_physical_color_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colors_outside_physical_color_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Colors outside physical color space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colors_outside_physical_color_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Color that cannot be perceived under ordinary viewing conditions</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Reddish green" redirects here. Reddish Green is also a place in <a href="/wiki/Reddish" title="Reddish">Reddish, Greater Manchester, UK</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_perception.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Color_perception.svg/290px-Color_perception.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Color_perception.svg/435px-Color_perception.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Color_perception.svg/580px-Color_perception.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The human eye's red-to-green and blue-to-yellow values of each one-wavelength visible color <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cones_SMJ2_E.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cones_SMJ2_E.svg/290px-Cones_SMJ2_E.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cones_SMJ2_E.svg/435px-Cones_SMJ2_E.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cones_SMJ2_E.svg/580px-Cones_SMJ2_E.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption> Human color <a href="/wiki/Sensation_and_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensation and perception">sensation</a> is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_sensitivity" title="Spectral sensitivity">sensitivity curves</a> <i>(shown here normalized)</i> of the three kinds of <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a>: respectively the short-, medium- and long-wavelength types.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Impossible colors</b> are <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a> that do not appear in ordinary <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual functioning</a>. Different <a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">color theories</a> suggest different hypothetical colors that humans are incapable of perceiving for one reason or another, and fictional colors are routinely created in popular culture. While some such colors have no basis in reality, phenomena such as cone cell fatigue enable colors to be perceived in certain circumstances that would not be otherwise. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opponent_process">Opponent process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impossible_color&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Opponent process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Impossible_color" title="Special:EditPage/Impossible color">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a></div> <p>The color opponent process is a color theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cone and rod cells in an antagonistic manner. The three types of <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> have some overlap in the wavelengths of light to which they respond, so it is more efficient for the visual system to record differences between the responses of cones, rather than each type of cone's individual response. The opponent color theory suggests that there are three opponent channels: </p> <ul><li>Red versus green</li> <li>Blue versus orange</li> <li>Black versus white (this is achromatic and detects light–dark variation or luminance)</li></ul> <p>Responses to one color of an opponent channel are antagonistic to those to the other color, and signals output from a place on the retina can contain one or the other but not both, for each opponent pair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imaginary_colors">Imaginary colors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impossible_color&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Imaginary colors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIExy1931.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/CIExy1931.png/195px-CIExy1931.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/CIExy1931.png/293px-CIExy1931.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/CIExy1931.png/390px-CIExy1931.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">The <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931</a> color space <a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">chromaticity</a> diagram. The white regions outside the black line correspond to imaginary colors. (The colors in this figure do not reproduce the actual colors in the diagram, due to the <a href="/wiki/SRGB_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="SRGB color space">limitations of RGB computer displays</a>.)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIExy1931_ProPhoto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CIExy1931_ProPhoto.svg/189px-CIExy1931_ProPhoto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="189" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CIExy1931_ProPhoto.svg/284px-CIExy1931_ProPhoto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CIExy1931_ProPhoto.svg/378px-CIExy1931_ProPhoto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">The <a href="/wiki/ProPhoto_RGB_color_space" title="ProPhoto RGB color space">ProPhoto RGB color space</a> uses fictitious green and blue primaries to obtain a broader <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> (space inside the triangle) than would be possible with three realistic primaries. However, some realistic colors still cannot be rendered using the <a href="/wiki/Colorant" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorant">colorants</a> that are available.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <i>fictitious color</i> or <i>imaginary color</i> is a point in a <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a> that corresponds to combinations of <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cell</a> responses in one eye that cannot be produced by the eye in normal circumstances seeing any possible light spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No physical object can have an imaginary color. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spectral_sensitivity" title="Spectral sensitivity">spectral sensitivity</a> curve of medium-wavelength ("M") cone cells overlaps those of short-wavelength ("S") and long-wavelength ("L") cone cells. Light of any <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> that interacts with M cones also interacts with S or L cones, or both, to some extent. Therefore, no wavelength and no <a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">spectral power distribution</a> excites only one sort of cone. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">If, for example, M cones could be excited alone, this would make the brain see an imaginary color greener than any physically possible green. Such a "hyper-green" color would be in the CIE 1931 color space chromaticity diagram in the blank area above the colored area and between the <i>y</i>-axis and the line <i>x</i>+<i>y</i>=1.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaginary_colors_in_color_spaces">Imaginary colors in color spaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impossible_color&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Imaginary colors in color spaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></div> <p>Although they cannot be seen, imaginary colors are often found in the mathematical descriptions that define <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color spaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any <a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive mixture</a> of two real colors is also a real color. When colors are displayed in the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931 XYZ color space</a>, additive mixture results in color along the line between the colors being mixed. By mixing any three colors, one can therefore create any color contained in the triangle they describe—this is called the <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> formed by those three colors, which are called <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary colors</a>. Any colors outside of this triangle cannot be obtained by mixing the chosen primaries. </p><p>When defining primaries, the goal is often to leave as many real colors in gamut as possible. Since the region of real colors is not a triangle (see illustration), it is not possible to pick three real colors that span the whole region. The gamut can be increased by selecting more than three real primary colors, but since the region of real colors is bounded by a smooth curve, there will always be some colors near its edges that are left out. For this reason, primary colors are often chosen that are outside of the region of real colors—that is, imaginary or fictitious primary colors—in order to capture the greatest area of real colors. </p><p>In computer and television screen color displays, the corners of the gamut triangle are defined by commercially available <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a> chosen to be as near as possible to pure red, green, and blue, within the area of real colors. Because of this, these displays inevitably exhibit colors nearest to real colors lying within its gamut triangle, rather than exact matches to real colors that plot outside of it. The specific gamuts available to commercial display devices vary by manufacturer and model and are often defined as part of international standards—for example, the gamut of <a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">chromaticities</a> defined by <a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB color space</a> was developed into a standard (IEC 61966-2-1:1999 <sup id="cite_ref-iecstd_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iecstd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) by the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chimerical_colors">Chimerical colors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impossible_color&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chimerical colors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimerical-color-demo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chimerical-color-demo.svg/220px-Chimerical-color-demo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chimerical-color-demo.svg/330px-Chimerical-color-demo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chimerical-color-demo.svg/440px-Chimerical-color-demo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>By staring at a "fatigue template" for 20–60 seconds, then switching to a neutral target, it is possible to view "impossible" colors.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>chimerical color</i> is an imaginary color that can be seen temporarily by looking steadily at a strong color until some of the cone cells become fatigued, temporarily changing their color sensitivities, and then looking at a markedly different color. The direct <a href="/wiki/Trichromatic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichromatic theory">trichromatic</a> description of vision cannot explain these colors, which can involve <a href="/wiki/Color_saturation" class="mw-redirect" title="Color saturation">saturation</a> signals outside the physical <a href="/wiki/Color_gamut" class="mw-redirect" title="Color gamut">gamut</a> imposed by the trichromatic model. <a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> color theories, which treat intensity and chroma as separate visual signals, provide a biophysical explanation of these chimerical colors.<sup id="cite_ref-Churchland_2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churchland_2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, staring at a saturated primary-color field and then looking at a white object results in an opposing shift in hue, causing an <a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">afterimage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">complementary color</a>. Exploration of the color space outside the range of "real colors" by this means is major corroborating evidence for the opponent-process theory of color vision. Chimerical colors can be seen while seeing with one eye or with both eyes, and are not observed to reproduce simultaneously qualities of opposing colors (e.g. "yellowish blue").<sup id="cite_ref-Churchland_2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churchland_2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chimerical colors include: </p> <dl><dt>Stygian colors</dt> <dd>These are simultaneously dark and impossibly saturated. For example, to see "stygian blue": staring at bright yellow causes a dark blue <a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">afterimage</a>, then on looking at black, the blue is seen as blue against the black, also as dark as the black. The color is not possible to achieve through normal vision, because the lack of incident light (in the black) prevents saturation of the blue/yellow chromatic signal (the blue appearance).</dd> <dt>Self-luminous colors</dt> <dd>These mimic the effect of glowing material, even when viewed on a medium such as paper, which can only reflect and not emit its own light. For example, to see "self-luminous red": staring at green causes a red afterimage, then on looking at white, the red is seen against the white and may seem to be brighter than the white.</dd> <dt>Hyperbolic colors</dt> <dd>These are impossibly highly saturated. For example, to see "hyperbolic orange": staring at bright cyan causes an orange afterimage, then on looking at orange, the resulting orange afterimage seen against the orange background may cause an orange color purer than the purest orange color that can be made by any normally seen light.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colors_outside_physical_color_space">Colors outside physical color space</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impossible_color&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colors outside physical color space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impossible_colors,_NCS_and_RGB_yellow_and_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_yellow_and_blue.svg/400px-Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_yellow_and_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_yellow_and_blue.svg/600px-Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_yellow_and_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_yellow_and_blue.svg/800px-Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_yellow_and_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Some people may be able to see the color "yellow–blue" in this image by letting their eyes cross so that both + symbols are on top of each other. In this image, both <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_Color_System" title="Natural Color System">Natural Color System</a> color pairs are provided. It may be necessary to zoom to adjust the image. </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impossible_colors,_NCS_and_RGB_red_and_green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_red_and_green.svg/400px-Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_red_and_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_red_and_green.svg/600px-Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_red_and_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_red_and_green.svg/800px-Impossible_colors%2C_NCS_and_RGB_red_and_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Some people may be able to see the color "red-green" in this image by letting their eyes cross so that both + symbols are on top of each other. In this image, both <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_Color_System" title="Natural Color System">Natural Color System</a> color pairs are provided. It may be necessary to zoom to adjust the image. </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wb_to_colours_when_rotating.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wb_to_colours_when_rotating.svg/230px-Wb_to_colours_when_rotating.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wb_to_colours_when_rotating.svg/345px-Wb_to_colours_when_rotating.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wb_to_colours_when_rotating.svg/460px-Wb_to_colours_when_rotating.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Most people see very bright colored concentric circles in this pattern, if it is printed and rotated at around 150–300 rpm. <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wb_to_colours_when_rotating_inverse.svg">Alternate version</a> with inverse contrast yields opposite effect. </figcaption></figure> <p>According to the opponent-process theory, under normal circumstances, there is no hue that could be described as a mixture of opponent hues; that is, as a hue looking "redgreen" or "yellowblue". </p><p>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Hewitt_D._Crane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewitt D. Crane">Hewitt D. Crane</a> and Thomas P. Piantanida performed tests using an <a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye-tracker</a> device that had a field of a vertical red stripe adjacent to a vertical green stripe, or several narrow alternating red and green stripes (or in some cases, yellow and blue instead). The device could track involuntary movements of one eye (there was a patch over the other eye) and adjust mirrors so the image would follow the eye and the boundaries of the stripes were always on the same places on the eye's retina; the field outside the stripes was blanked with occluders. Under such conditions, the edges between the stripes seemed to disappear (perhaps due to edge-detecting <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> becoming fatigued) and the colors flowed into each other in the brain's <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a>, overriding the opponency mechanisms and producing not the color expected from mixing paints or from mixing lights on a screen, but new colors entirely, which are not in the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931 color space</a>, either in its real part or in its imaginary parts. For red-and-green, some saw an even field of the new color; some saw a regular pattern of just-visible green dots and red dots; some saw islands of one color on a background of the other color. Some of the volunteers for the experiment reported that afterward, they could still imagine the new colors for a period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitt_1983_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt_1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Some observers indicated that although they were aware that what they were viewing was a color (that is, the field was not achromatic), they were unable to name or describe the color. One of these observers was an artist with large color vocabulary. Other observers of the novel hues described the first stimulus as a reddish-green.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In 2001, Vincent A. Billock and Gerald A. Gleason and Brian H. Tsou set up an experiment to test a theory that the 1983 experiment did not control for variations in the perceived <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> of the colors from subject to subject: two colors are equiluminant for an observer when rapidly alternating between the colors produces the least impression of flickering. The 2001 experiment was similar but controlled for luminance.<sup id="cite_ref-josaa_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josaa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had these observations: </p> <blockquote> <p>Some subjects (4 out of 7) described transparency phenomena—as though the opponent colors originated in two depth planes and could be seen, one through the other. ... </p><p>We found that when colors were equiluminant, subjects saw reddish greens, bluish yellows, or a multistable spatial color exchange (an entirely novel perceptual phenomena  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]); when the colors were nonequiluminant, subjects saw spurious pattern formation. </p> </blockquote> <p>This led them to propose a "soft-wired model of cortical color opponency", in which populations of neurons compete to fire and in which the "losing" neurons go completely silent. In this model, eliminating competition by, for instance, inhibiting connections between neural populations can allow mutually exclusive neurons to fire together.<sup id="cite_ref-josaa_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josaa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hsieh and Tse in 2006 disputed the existence of colors forbidden by opponency theory and claimed they are, in reality, intermediate colors. However, by their own account their methods differed from Crane and Piantanida: "They stabilized the border between two colors on the retina using an eye tracker linked to deflector mirrors, whereas we relied on visual fixation." Hsieh and Tse do not compare their methods to Billock and Tsou, and do not cite their work, even though it was published five years earlier in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">binocular rivalry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impossible_color&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some works of fiction have mentioned fictional colors outside of the normal human visual spectrum that have not been observed yet and whose observation may require advanced technology, different physics, or magic.<sup id="cite_ref-Westfahl2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westfahl2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theroux2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theroux2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolf2020_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Introduction of a new color is often an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> intending to deliver additional information to the reader.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such colors are primarily discussed in literary works, as they are currently impossible to visualize (when a new color is shown in the episode "<a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_(Futurama)" title="Reincarnation (Futurama)">Reincarnation</a>" of the animated show <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i>, the animation for that segment of the show is purposely kept in shades of gray<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <ul><li>One of the earliest examples of fictional colors comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a> 1893 horror short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Damned_Thing_(short_story)" title="The Damned Thing (short story)">The Damned Thing</a>," wherein the titular monster is theorized to have been a color beyond human senses, rendering the monster itself invisible.</li> <li>Popular examples include the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Voyage_to_Arcturus" title="A Voyage to Arcturus">A Voyage to Arcturus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay_(novelist)" title="David Lindsay (novelist)">David Lindsay</a>, which mentions two new primary colors, "ulfire" and "jale".<sup id="cite_ref-Westfahl2005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westfahl2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Colour_Out_of_Space" title="The Colour Out of Space">The Colour Out of Space</a>," a 1927 story by <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H.P. Lovecraft</a>, is named after an otherwise unnamed color, usually not observable by humans, generated by <a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_Mythos_deities#Great_Old_Ones" title="Cthulhu Mythos deities">alien entities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Theroux2017_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theroux2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a> in her novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colors_of_Space" title="The Colors of Space">The Colors of Space</a></i> (1963) mentions "the eighth color" made visible during the <a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">FTL</a> travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Westfahl2005_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westfahl2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolf2020_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Philip K. Dick's 1969 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Pot-Healer" title="Galactic Pot-Healer">Galactic Pot-Healer</a></i> mentions a color "rej".</li> <li>Brazilian writer <a href="/wiki/Ziraldo_Alves_Pinto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziraldo Alves Pinto">Ziraldo</a>'s 1969 children's book <i><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flicts" class="extiw" title="pt:Flicts">Flicts</a></i> tells the story of a color of the same name (represented as an earthy shade of beige) that is segregated by the other colors found in the rainbow, flags and elsewhere, because flicts is rare, seen as uncharacteristic, and therefore undervalued; at the end of the book, flicts finds its place as the color of the moon. (After being gifted an English copy of the book, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> signed it and wrote "The moon is flicts.")<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a> series that began with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colour_of_Magic" title="The Colour of Magic">The Colour of Magic</a></i> (1983), describes the eighth color "<a href="/wiki/Octarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Octarine">octarine</a>", resembling a "fluorescent greenish-yellow purple" color, which can be seen only by magicians and cats.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a>'s science fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Deepness_in_the_Sky" title="A Deepness in the Sky">A Deepness in the Sky</a></i> includes a species who can see a color whose name is translated as "plaid" (including a reference to "alpha plaid").<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_London" title="Fallen London">Fallen London</a></i> (2009), <i><a href="/wiki/Sunless_Sea" title="Sunless Sea">Sunless Sea</a></i> (2015), and <i><a href="/wiki/Sunless_Skies" title="Sunless Skies">Sunless Skies</a></i> (2019), which take place in a shared universe created by <a href="/wiki/Failbetter_Games" title="Failbetter Games">Failbetter Games</a>, there exist seven colors as part of a "Neathbow" that cannot be viewed in plain sunlight, are counterparts to regular colors, and have fantastical properties, such as "irrigo" and "violant", which remove and reinforce memories, respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>"Pleurigloss" is the favorite color of the immortal afterlife-being Michael from the 2020 television show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Place" title="The Good Place">The Good Place</a></i>. In the show, pleurigloss is described as "the color of when a soldier comes home from war and sees his dog for the first time”.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impossible_color&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_color" title="Bastard color">Bastard color</a> – Type of color in theatre lighting: in theatre lighting, typically in a <a href="/wiki/Color_gel" title="Color gel">color gel</a>, a color blended with small amounts of complementary colors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> – Producing colors by combining the primary or secondary colors in different amounts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color vision</a> – Ability to perceive differences in light frequency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_color" title="False color">False-color image</a> – Methods of visualizing information by translating to colors, an image that depicts an object in colors that differ from those that a visible-colors-only photograph would show.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_gray" title="Middle gray">Middle gray</a> – Shade of the color gray used to adjust photographs to match perceptual brightness, as opposed to absolute brightness as measured by a digital camera.</li> <li>Non-visible <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic waves</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>, etc.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_Grey" title="Shades of Grey">Shades of Grey</a></i> – 2009 novel by Jasper Fforde, a novel where social class is determined by the specific colors that one can see</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral color</a> – Color evoked by a single wavelength of light in the visible spectrum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a> – Type of color vision with four types of cone cells, having four primary colors</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impossible_color&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacEvoy2005" class="citation web cs1">MacEvoy, Bruce (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color1.html">"Light and the eye"</a>. <i>Handprint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handprint&rft.atitle=Light+and+the+eye&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=MacEvoy&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handprint.com%2FHP%2FWCL%2Fcolor1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1998" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, R. W. (1998). <i>Measuring Colour</i> (3rd ed.). 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(1983). "On Seeing Reddish Green and Yellowish Blue". <i>Science</i>. <b>221</b> (4615): 1078–80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Sci...221.1078C">1983Sci...221.1078C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.221.4615.1078">10.1126/science.221.4615.1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1691544">1691544</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17736657">17736657</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34878248">34878248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=On+Seeing+Reddish+Green+and+Yellowish+Blue&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=4615&rft.pages=1078-80&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34878248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Sci...221.1078C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17736657&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.221.4615.1078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1691544%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Hewitt+D.&rft.au=Piantanida%2C+Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarez_JSuarez2009" class="citation journal cs1">Suarez J; Suarez, Juan (2009). "Reddish Green: A Challenge for Modal Claims About Phenomenal Structure". <i>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</i>. <b>78</b> (2): 346–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1933-1592.2009.00247.x">10.1111/j.1933-1592.2009.00247.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=Reddish+Green%3A+A+Challenge+for+Modal+Claims+About+Phenomenal+Structure&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=346-91&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1933-1592.2009.00247.x&rft.au=Suarez+J&rft.au=Suarez%2C+Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josaa-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-josaa_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josaa_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillockGerald_A._GleasonBrian_H._Tsou2001" class="citation journal cs1">Billock, Vincent A.; Gerald A. Gleason; Brian H. Tsou (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610040346/http://aris.ss.uci.edu/~kjameson/BillockEtAlImpossibleColorsJOSA2001.pdf">"Perception of forbidden colors in retinally stabilized equiluminant images: an indication of softwired cortical color opponency?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America A</i>. <b>18</b> (10). Optical Society of America: 2398–2403. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JOSAA..18.2398B">2001JOSAA..18.2398B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAA.18.002398">10.1364/JOSAA.18.002398</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11583256">11583256</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aris.ss.uci.edu/~kjameson/BillockEtAlImpossibleColorsJOSA2001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America+A&rft.atitle=Perception+of+forbidden+colors+in+retinally+stabilized+equiluminant+images%3A+an+indication+of+softwired+cortical+color+opponency%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2398-2403&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11583256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSAA.18.002398&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JOSAA..18.2398B&rft.aulast=Billock&rft.aufirst=Vincent+A.&rft.au=Gerald+A.+Gleason&rft.au=Brian+H.+Tsou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faris.ss.uci.edu%2F~kjameson%2FBillockEtAlImpossibleColorsJOSA2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiehTse2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hsieh, P.-J.; Tse, P. U. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.visres.2005.11.030">"Illusory color mixing upon perceptual fading and filling-in does not result in "forbidden colors"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Vision Research</i>. <b>46</b> (14): 2251–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.visres.2005.11.030">10.1016/j.visres.2005.11.030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469353">16469353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vision+Research&rft.atitle=Illusory+color+mixing+upon+perceptual+fading+and+filling-in+does+not+result+in+%22forbidden+colors%22&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2251-58&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.visres.2005.11.030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16469353&rft.aulast=Hsieh&rft.aufirst=P.-J.&rft.au=Tse%2C+P.+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.visres.2005.11.030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westfahl2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westfahl2005_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westfahl2005_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westfahl2005_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Westfahl2005" class="citation book cs1">Gary Westfahl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQMQQyIaACYC&pg=PA143"><i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32951-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32951-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy%3A+Themes%2C+Works%2C+and+Wonders&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32951-7&rft.au=Gary+Westfahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQMQQyIaACYC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theroux2017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theroux2017_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theroux2017_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Theroux2017" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Theroux (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA640"><i>Einstein's Beets</i></a>. Fantagraphics Books. p. 640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60699-976-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60699-976-9"><bdi>978-1-60699-976-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+Beets&rft.pages=640&rft.pub=Fantagraphics+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-60699-976-9&rft.au=Alexander+Theroux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-XpSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf2020-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf2020_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf2020_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_J.P._Wolf2020" class="citation book cs1">Mark J.P. Wolf (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-XkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT116"><i>World-Builders on World-Building: An Exploration of Subcreation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 116–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-51601-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-51601-6"><bdi>978-0-429-51601-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World-Builders+on+World-Building%3A+An+Exploration+of+Subcreation&rft.pages=116-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-429-51601-6&rft.au=Mark+J.P.+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-XkDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2012_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_D._Smith2012" class="citation book cs1">Eric D. Smith (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfVpUxuiudkC&pg=PA74"><i>Globalization, Utopia and Postcolonial Science Fiction: New Maps of Hope</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-35447-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-35447-0"><bdi>978-0-230-35447-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization%2C+Utopia+and+Postcolonial+Science+Fiction%3A+New+Maps+of+Hope&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-35447-0&rft.au=Eric+D.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfVpUxuiudkC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurland2016" class="citation web cs1">Kurland, Daniel (2 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2016/02/that-time-futurama-was-reborn-as-a-video-game-anime-and-more.html">"That Time 'Futurama' Was Reborn as a Video Game, Anime, and More"</a>. <i>Vulture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vulture&rft.atitle=That+Time+%27Futurama%27+Was+Reborn+as+a+Video+Game%2C+Anime%2C+and+More&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.aulast=Kurland&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fthat-time-futurama-was-reborn-as-a-video-game-anime-and-more.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colourlovers.com/blog/2008/04/19/octarine-the-imaginary-color-of-magic/">"Octarine: The Imaginary Color of Magic"</a>. <i>www.colourlovers.com</i>. 19 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.colourlovers.com&rft.atitle=Octarine%3A+The+Imaginary+Color+of+Magic&rft.date=2008-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colourlovers.com%2Fblog%2F2008%2F04%2F19%2Foctarine-the-imaginary-color-of-magic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernor_Vinge2007" class="citation book cs1">Vernor Vinge (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GUUvxumMf6kC&q=plaid"><i>A Deepness in the Sky</i></a>. Tor Books. pp. 56, 176, 444, 445, 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429915090" title="Special:BookSources/9781429915090"><bdi>9781429915090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Deepness+in+the+Sky&rft.pages=56%2C+176%2C+444%2C+445%2C+446&rft.pub=Tor+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781429915090&rft.au=Vernor+Vinge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGUUvxumMf6kC%26q%3Dplaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/the-good-place-leaps-into-the-unknown-and-greatness-1798189378">"The Good Place leaps into the unknown—and greatness"</a>. <i>TV Club</i>. 21 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV+Club&rft.atitle=The+Good+Place+leaps+into+the+unknown%E2%80%94and+greatness&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Fthe-good-place-leaps-into-the-unknown-and-greatness-1798189378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impossible_color&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillockTsou2010" class="citation journal cs1">Billock, Vincent A.; Tsou, Brian H. (2010). "Seeing Forbidden Colors". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>302</b> (2): 72–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SciAm.302b..72B">2010SciAm.302b..72B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0210-72">10.1038/scientificamerican0210-72</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20128226">20128226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Seeing+Forbidden+Colors&rft.volume=302&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=72-77&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20128226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0210-72&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010SciAm.302b..72B&rft.aulast=Billock&rft.aufirst=Vincent+A.&rft.au=Tsou%2C+Brian+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahashiEjima1984" class="citation journal cs1">Takahashi, Shigeko; Ejima, Yoshimichi (1984). "Spatial properties of red-green and yellow-blue perceptual opponent-color response". <i>Vision Research</i>. <b>24</b> (9): 987–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0042-6989%2884%2990075-0">10.1016/0042-6989(84)90075-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6506487">6506487</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2440866">2440866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vision+Research&rft.atitle=Spatial+properties+of+red-green+and+yellow-blue+perceptual+opponent-color+response&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=987-94&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2440866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6506487&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0042-6989%2884%2990075-0&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Shigeko&rft.au=Ejima%2C+Yoshimichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibino1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hibino, H (1992). "Red-green and yellow-blue opponent-color responses as a function of retinal eccentricity". <i>Vision Research</i>. <b>32</b> (10): 1955–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0042-6989%2892%2990055-n">10.1016/0042-6989(92)90055-n</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1287992">1287992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10997569">10997569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vision+Research&rft.atitle=Red-green+and+yellow-blue+opponent-color+responses+as+a+function+of+retinal+eccentricity&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1955-64&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10997569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1287992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0042-6989%2892%2990055-n&rft.aulast=Hibino&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpossible+color" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Macpherson, F. (2003) "Novel Colours and the Content of Experience", <i>Pacific Philosophical Quarterly,</i> 84(1): 43-66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0114.00162">https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0114.00162</a></li> <li>Macpherson, F. (2021) ‘Novel Colour Experiences and Their Implications’, in D. Brown and F. Macpherson (eds.) <i>The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Colour,</i> London: Routledge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impossible_color&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury2014" class="citation web cs1">Bradbury, Aaron (1 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012858/http://www.luniere.com/2014/03/01/hyperbolic-orange-and-the-river-to-hell/">"Hyperbolic Orange and the River to Hell"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luniere.com/2014/03/01/hyperbolic-orange-and-the-river-to-hell/">the original</a> on 12 November 2020. <q>It is possible however to see colours that aren't in reality. 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data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_space" title="Template:Color space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_space" title="Template talk:Color space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color models</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_appearance_model" title="Color appearance model">CAM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIECAM02" title="CIECAM02">CIECAM02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM_(color_appearance_model)" title="ICAM (color appearance model)">iCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM16" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM16">CAM16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIECAM16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIECAM16 (page does not exist)">CIECAM16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">XYZ (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space#CIE_RGB_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">RGB (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1960_color_space" title="CIE 1960 color space">YUV (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1964_color_space" title="CIE 1964 color space">UVW (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIELAB_color_space" title="CIELAB color space">CIELAB (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIELUV" title="CIELUV">CIELUV (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIECAM02" title="CIECAM02">CIECAM02</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIECAM16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIECAM16 (page does not exist)">CIECAM16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_spaces" title="RGB color spaces">RGB color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rg_chromaticity" title="Rg chromaticity">rg chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_space" title="Adobe RGB color space">Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-gamut_RGB_color_space" title="Wide-gamut RGB color space">Wide-gamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProPhoto_RGB_color_space" title="ProPhoto RGB color space">ProPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScRGB" title="ScRGB">scRGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCI-P3" title="DCI-P3">DCI-P3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC#SMPTE_C" title="NTSC">SMPTE 240M/"C"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">Y′UV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">YUV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDbDr" title="YDbDr">YDbDr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIQ" title="YIQ">YIQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICtCp" title="ICtCp">ICtCp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YPbPr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XvYCC" title="XvYCC">xvYCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YCoCg" title="YCoCg">YCoCg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CcMmYK_color_model" title="CcMmYK color model">CcMmYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorADD" title="ColorADD">ColorADD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloroid" title="Coloroid">Coloroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachrome" title="Hexachrome">Hexachrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSL, HSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_color_space" title="HCL color space">HCL</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imaginary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklab_color_space" title="Oklab color space">Oklab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSA-UCS" title="OSA-UCS">OSA-UCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Color_Coordinate_System" title="Practical Color Coordinate System">PCCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RG_color_models" title="RG color models">RG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RYB_color_model" title="RYB color model">RYB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HWB_color_model" title="HWB color model">HWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YJK" title="YJK">YJK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSL_color_space" title="TSL color space">TSL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems<br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Color_Encoding_System" title="Academy Color Encoding System">ACES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Media_Alliance" title="News Media Alliance">ANPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">CI list of dyes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Corporation" title="DIC Corporation">DIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Standard_595" title="Federal Standard 595">Federal Standard 595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HKS_(colour_system)" title="HKS (colour system)">HKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICC_profile" title="ICC profile">ICC profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Color_System" title="Natural Color System">NCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_color_system" title="Ostwald color system">Ostwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAL_colour_standard" title="RAL colour standard">RAL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JIS_Z8102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JIS Z8102 (page does not exist)">JIS Z8102</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS%E6%85%A3%E7%94%A8%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D" class="extiw" title="ja:JIS慣用色名">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_physiology" title="Template:Eye physiology">Color vision</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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