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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B4%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" title="عائشة جلال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عائشة جلال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C5%9F%C9%99_C%C9%99lal" title="Ayşə Cəlal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ayşə Cəlal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ayesha Jalal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2" title="આયેશા જલાલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આયેશા જલાલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="आयशा जलाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयशा जलाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ayesha Jalal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B4%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" title="عائشة جلال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عائشة جلال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਆਇਸ਼ਾ ਜਲਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਸ਼ਾ ਜਲਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B4%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" title="عائشہ جلال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عائشہ جلال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B4%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" title="عائشہ جلال – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عائشہ جلال" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆயிசா சலால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆயிசா சலால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆయేషా జలాల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆయేషా జలాల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ayesha Jalal</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AyeshaJalal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/AyeshaJalal.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="438" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="438" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Jalal at <a href="/wiki/Lahore_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore University">Lahore University</a> in May 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1956 (age 67–68)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lahore,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore, Punjab">Lahore, Punjab</a>, Pakistan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Pakistani, American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Sugata Bose</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellows Program</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sitara-i-Imtiaz" title="Sitara-i-Imtiaz">Sitara-i-Imtiaz</a> (Star of Excellence) Award by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_University_of_Management_Sciences" title="Lahore University of Management Sciences">Lahore University of Management Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ayesha Jalal</b> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عائشہ جلال</span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Pakistani-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani-American">Pakistani-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> who serves as the Mary Richardson Professor of History at <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>, and was the recipient of the 1998 <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Foundation Fellowship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayesha_Jalal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayesha Jalal was born in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan in 1956, the daughter of Hamid Jalal, a senior Pakistani civil servant, and his wife Zakia Jalal. She is related in two ways to the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Saadat_Hasan_Manto" title="Saadat Hasan Manto">Saadat Hasan Manto</a>. Ayesha's paternal grandmother (Hamid Jalal's mother) was the sister of Manto. Secondly, Manto's wife Safia was the sister of Ayesha's mother Zakia Jalal. In other words, the uncle-nephew pair of Manto and Hamid Jalal were married to the sisters Safia and Zakia.<sup id="cite_ref-MF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jalal is married to the distinguished Indian historian <a href="/wiki/Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Sugata Bose</a>, who is a professor of history at Harvard. He is a grand-nephew of the Indian Bengali freedom fighter <a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayesha_Jalal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayesha Jalal came to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> at the age of 14, when her father was posted at Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Pakistan_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations">Mission to the United Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-MF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She obtained her BA, majoring in History and Political Science, from <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a>, USA, and her doctorate in history from <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where she wrote her Ph.D. dissertation: 'Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan'.<sup id="cite_ref-MF_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayesha Jalal studied at <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a> before moving to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MF_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where she received her doctorate in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-MF_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She stayed at Cambridge until 1987, working as a fellow of Trinity College and later as a <a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Leverhulme Fellow">Leverhulme Fellow</a>. She moved to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in 1985, to work as a fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson Center">Woodrow Wilson Center</a> and later as Academy Scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s Academy for International and Area Studies. She was hired by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> as an associate professor in 1991 but her tenureship was declined after review in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Justia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, she joined <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a> as a tenured professor.<sup id="cite_ref-tufts_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tufts-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AtlanticCouncil_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtlanticCouncil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bulk of her work deals with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> identities in modern <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayesha_Jalal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayesha Jalal has been Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> (1980–1984), Leverhulme Fellow at the Center of South Asian Studies, Cambridge (1984–1987), Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Center_for_International_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars">Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars</a> in Washington, DC (1985–1986), Academy Scholar at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s Academy for International and Area Studies (1988–1990), associate professor at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>'s Department of History (1991–1995). She has taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahore_University_of_Management_Sciences" title="Lahore University of Management Sciences">Lahore University of Management Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tufts_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tufts-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jalal sued <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> alleging bias after her tenure review for a professorship was declined in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Justia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayesha Jalal is among the most prominent American academics who write on the history of South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her book, <i>The Sole Spokesman</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1985 and 1994), Jalal gives her perspective of what happened in the years between the 1937 elections in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of the Indian subcontinent</a>, identifying the factors which led to the creation of Pakistan and provides new insights into the nature of the British transfer of power in India. In particular, she focuses on the role of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Jinnah">Mohammad Ali Jinnah</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>, and the main proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Nation_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Nation Theory">Two Nation Theory</a> on which the demand for Pakistan was based. Jinnah claimed to be the sole spokesman of all the Indian Muslims, not only in provinces where they were in a majority but also in the provinces where they were in a minority. Yet given the political geography of the subcontinent, it was clear that there would always be as many Muslims outside a specifically Muslim state as inside it. This book investigates how Jinnah proposed to resolve the contradiction between assertions of a "separate Muslim nation" and the need for a strategy which could safeguard the interests of all Indian Muslims. It does so by identifying Jinnah's real political aims, the reasons why he was reluctant to bring them into the open, and his success or failure in achieving them.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayesha_Jalal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A leading historian of Pakistan as well as South Asia, Ayesha Jalal has received numerous awards and acknowledgements: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> Fellowship (1980–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Foundation Fellowship">MacArthur Foundation Fellowship</a> (1998–2003)<sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MF_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara-i-Imtiaz" title="Sitara-i-Imtiaz">Sitara-i-Imtiaz</a> (Star of Distinction) by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Praise">Praise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayesha_Jalal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Praise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">newspaper of record</a> in India, calls her, "...one of Pakistan's most acclaimed historians..."<sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a>, a Pakistani newspaper states, "...Jalal is revered globally as a historian of meticulous methods."<sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 16, 2016, Maleeha Lodhi, Pakistani ambassador to the UN, said that she was “the greatest historian Pakistan has produced.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayesha_Jalal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJalal1990" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha (1990). <i>The state of martial rule: the origins of Pakistan's political economy of defence</i>. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521051842" title="Special:BookSources/9780521051842"><bdi>9780521051842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+state+of+martial+rule%3A+the+origins+of+Pakistan%27s+political+economy+of+defence&rft.place=Cambridge+England+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780521051842&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-MF_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal1994" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha (1994). <i>The sole spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the demand for Pakistan</i>. Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521458504" title="Special:BookSources/9780521458504"><bdi>9780521458504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sole+spokesman%3A+Jinnah%2C+the+Muslim+League%2C+and+the+demand+for+Pakistan&rft.place=Cambridge+Cambridgeshire+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780521458504&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span> First published 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MF_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal1995" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha (1995). <i>Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: a comparative and historical perspective</i>. Lahore, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789693506297" title="Special:BookSources/9789693506297"><bdi>9789693506297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+authoritarianism+in+South+Asia%3A+a+comparative+and+historical+perspective&rft.place=Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.pub=Sang-e-Meel+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789693506297&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MF_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalalBose1997" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha; <a href="/wiki/Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Bose, Sugata</a> (1997). <i>Nationalism, democracy, and development: state and politics in India</i>. Delhi New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195639445" title="Special:BookSources/9780195639445"><bdi>9780195639445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+democracy%2C+and+development%3A+state+and+politics+in+India&rft.place=Delhi+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780195639445&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft.au=Bose%2C+Sugata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal2000" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha (2000). <i>Self and sovereignty individual and community in South Asian Islam since 1850</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415220774" title="Special:BookSources/9780415220774"><bdi>9780415220774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self+and+sovereignty+individual+and+community+in+South+Asian+Islam+since+1850&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780415220774&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal2008" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes"><i>Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674047365" title="Special:BookSources/9780674047365"><bdi>9780674047365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partisans+of+Allah%3A+Jihad+in+South+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780674047365&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartisansofallah00ayes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AtlanticCouncil_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtlanticCouncil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalalBose2011" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha; <a href="/wiki/Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Bose, Sugata</a> (2011). <i>Modern South Asia: history, culture, political economy</i> (3rd ed.). London New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415779432" title="Special:BookSources/9780415779432"><bdi>9780415779432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+South+Asia%3A+history%2C+culture%2C+political+economy&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780415779432&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft.au=Bose%2C+Sugata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MF_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal2013" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha (2013). <i>The pity of partition: Manto's life, times, and work across the India-Pakistan divide</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691153629" title="Special:BookSources/9780691153629"><bdi>9780691153629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pity+of+partition%3A+Manto%27s+life%2C+times%2C+and+work+across+the+India-Pakistan+divide&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780691153629&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha (2014). <i>The struggle for Pakistan: a Muslim homeland and global politics</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674052895" title="Special:BookSources/9780674052895"><bdi>9780674052895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+struggle+for+Pakistan%3A+a+Muslim+homeland+and+global+politics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780674052895&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters_in_books">Chapters in books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayesha_Jalal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chapters in books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal1997" class="citation cs2">Jalal, Ayesha (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emerald.tufts.edu/~ajalal01/Articles/communalism.pdf">"Exploding Communalism : The Politics of Muslim Identity in South Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in <a href="/wiki/Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Bose, Sugata</a>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jalal, Ayesha</a> (eds.), <i>Nationalism, Democracy and Development: State and Politics in India</i>, Delhi: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195644425" title="Special:BookSources/9780195644425"><bdi>9780195644425</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exploding+Communalism+%3A+The+Politics+of+Muslim+Identity+in+South+Asia&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Democracy+and+Development%3A+State+and+Politics+in+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780195644425&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femerald.tufts.edu%2F~ajalal01%2FArticles%2Fcommunalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal2009" class="citation cs2">Jalal, Ayesha (2009), "Freedom and equality: from Iqbal's philosophy to Sen's ethical concerns", in <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Kanbur" title="Ravi Kanbur">Kanbur, Ravi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaushik_Basu" title="Kaushik Basu">Basu, Kaushik</a> (eds.), <i>Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of Amartya Sen | Volume II: Society, institutions and development</i>, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 452–469, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199239979" title="Special:BookSources/9780199239979"><bdi>9780199239979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freedom+and+equality%3A+from+Iqbal%27s+philosophy+to+Sen%27s+ethical+concerns&rft.btitle=Arguments+for+a+better+world%3A+essays+in+honor+of+Amartya+Sen+%26%23124%3B+Volume+II%3A+Society%2C+institutions+and+development&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pages=452-469&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199239979&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayesha_Jalal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tribune-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaiza_Rahman2014" class="citation news cs1">Faiza Rahman (20 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/696410/ayesha-jalal-borderline-politics/">"Ayesha Jalal: Borderline politics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ayesha+Jalal%3A+Borderline+politics&rft.date=2014-04-20&rft.au=Faiza+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F696410%2Fayesha-jalal-borderline-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaidi2017" class="citation web cs1">Zaidi, Hasan (2 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1342154">"Interview: "There Was Nothing 'Inevitable' About The July 1977 Coup" - Dr Ayesha Jalal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+%22There+Was+Nothing+%27Inevitable%27+About+The+July+1977+Coup%22+-+Dr+Ayesha+Jalal&rft.date=2017-07-02&rft.aulast=Zaidi&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1342154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MF_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MF_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MF_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MF_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MF_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MF_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MF_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MF_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MF_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MF_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macfound.org/fellows/583/">"Ayesha Jalal — MacArthur Foundation"</a>. <i>MacArthur Foundation website</i>. 1 July 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MacArthur+Foundation+website&rft.atitle=Ayesha+Jalal+%E2%80%94+MacArthur+Foundation&rft.date=1998-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macfound.org%2Ffellows%2F583%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheHindu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBook_Review2016" class="citation news cs1">Book Review (18 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/books/Pakistan-needs-to-breed-more-historians-Ayesha-Jalal/article13377953.ece">"Pakistan needs to breed more historians: Ayesha Jalal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Pakistan+needs+to+breed+more+historians%3A+Ayesha+Jalal&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft.au=Book+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2FPakistan-needs-to-breed-more-historians-Ayesha-Jalal%2Farticle13377953.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Justia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Justia_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Justia_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/4/224/2349910/">"Jalal v. Columbia University in City of New York, 4 F. Supp. 2d 224 (S.D.N.Y. 1998)"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=Jalal+v.+Columbia+University+in+City+of+New+York%2C+4+F.+Supp.+2d+224+%28S.D.N.Y.+1998%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fdistrict-courts%2FFSupp2%2F4%2F224%2F2349910%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tufts-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tufts_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tufts_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ase.tufts.edu/history/faculty/jalal.asp">"Department of History - Tufts University"</a>. <i>ase.tufts.edu website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ase.tufts.edu+website&rft.atitle=Department+of+History+-+Tufts+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fase.tufts.edu%2Fhistory%2Ffaculty%2Fjalal.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AtlanticCouncil-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AtlanticCouncil_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AtlanticCouncil_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072053/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/experts/list/ayesha-jalal">"Ayesha Jalal - Nonresident Senior Fellow, South Asia Center"</a>. <i>Atlantic Council website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/experts/list/ayesha-jalal">the original</a> on 22 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council+website&rft.atitle=Ayesha+Jalal+-+Nonresident+Senior+Fellow%2C+South+Asia+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fabout%2Fexperts%2Flist%2Fayesha-jalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChishty-Mujahid2015" class="citation news cs1">Chishty-Mujahid, Nadya (1 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1160651">"COVER STORY: The Struggle for Pakistan by Ayesha Jalal"</a>. <i>Dawn (newspaper)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+%28newspaper%29&rft.atitle=COVER+STORY%3A+The+Struggle+for+Pakistan+by+Ayesha+Jalal&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft.aulast=Chishty-Mujahid&rft.aufirst=Nadya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1160651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChotiner2014" class="citation news cs1">Chotiner, Isaac (26 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/book-review-the-struggle-for-pakistan-by-ayesha-jalal-1419614523">"Pakistan: The Land of the Pure"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+The+Land+of+the+Pure&rft.date=2014-12-26&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Chotiner&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fbook-review-the-struggle-for-pakistan-by-ayesha-jalal-1419614523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayesha_Jalal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tufts.edu/~ajalal01">Ayesha Jalal profile on Tufts University website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050216065435/http://www.mssu.edu/international/India/jalal.htm">"Profile of Ayesha Jalal (Archived)"</a>. 12 January 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mssu.edu/international/India/jalal.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+of+Ayesha+Jalal+%28Archived%29&rft.date=2004-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mssu.edu%2Finternational%2FIndia%2Fjalal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyesha+Jalal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4831210#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4831210#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109280043">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/97929805">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRQttw4JwQVhk8WbHwG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120231115">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84036460">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120016339">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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