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href="#Roots_of_Muslim_separatism_in_Colonial_India_(17th_century–1940s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Roots of Muslim separatism in Colonial India (17th century–1940s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots_of_Muslim_separatism_in_Colonial_India_(17th_century–1940s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relevant_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relevant_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relevant opinions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relevant_opinions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relevant opinions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relevant_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>British officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arya_Samaj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arya_Samaj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Arya Samaj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arya_Samaj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savarkar,_Hindu_Mahasabha_and_RSS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savarkar,_Hindu_Mahasabha_and_RSS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Savarkar, Hindu Mahasabha and RSS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savarkar,_Hindu_Mahasabha_and_RSS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Muhammad Ali Jinnah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_of_Ahmadis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_of_Ahmadis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Support of Ahmadis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_of_Ahmadis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_of_Ambedkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_of_Ambedkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Support of Ambedkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_of_Ambedkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_the_Barelvis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_the_Barelvis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Views of the Barelvis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_the_Barelvis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-Muslim_League_Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-Muslim_League_Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Pro-Muslim League Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-Muslim_League_Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Opposition to the partition of India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposition to the partition of India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-All_India_Azad_Muslim_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_India_Azad_Muslim_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>All India Azad Muslim Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_India_Azad_Muslim_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_the_Khudai_Khidmatgar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_the_Khudai_Khidmatgar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_the_Khudai_Khidmatgar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahatma_Gandhi's_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahatma_Gandhi's_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mahatma Gandhi's view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahatma_Gandhi's_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maulana_Sayyid_Abul_Kalam_Azad's_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maulana_Sayyid_Abul_Kalam_Azad's_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Azad's view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maulana_Sayyid_Abul_Kalam_Azad's_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-View_of_the_Deobandi_ulema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_of_the_Deobandi_ulema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>View of the Deobandi ulema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_of_the_Deobandi_ulema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-partition_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-partition_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-partition debate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-partition_debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-partition debate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-partition_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_of_Bangladesh's_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_Bangladesh's_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Impact of Bangladesh's creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_Bangladesh's_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_and_provincial_groups_in_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_and_provincial_groups_in_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ethnic and provincial groups in Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_and_provincial_groups_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan-Islamic_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-Islamic_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pan-Islamic identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-Islamic_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-partition_perspectives_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-partition_perspectives_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Post-partition perspectives in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-partition_perspectives_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinions_in_Pakistan_and_Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions_in_Pakistan_and_Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Opinions in Pakistan and Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinions_in_Pakistan_and_Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Two-nation theory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نظرية الأمتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظرية الأمتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="দ্বি জাতি তত্ত্ব – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দ্বি জাতি তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="দ্বিজাতি তত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিজাতি তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwei-Nationen-Theorie" title="Zwei-Nationen-Theorie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwei-Nationen-Theorie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_de_las_dos_naciones" title="Teoría de las dos naciones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teoría de las dos naciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA" title="نظریه دو ملت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظریه دو ملت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_des_deux_nations" title="Théorie des deux nations – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théorie des deux nations" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="두 국가 이론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="두 국가 이론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="द्विराष्ट्र सिद्धांत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्विराष्ट्र सिद्धांत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_dua_bangsa" title="Teori dua bangsa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teori dua bangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4" title="ದ್ವಿ-ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ವಿ-ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="دو قومی نظریہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دو قومی نظریہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_das_Duas_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Teoria das Duas Nações – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teoria das Duas Nações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Теория двух наций – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теория двух наций" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Two-nation theory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%87_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="ٻه قومي نظريو (پاڪستان) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻه قومي نظريو (پاڪستان)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="ద్విజాతి సిద్ధాంతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్విజాతి సిద్ధాంతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ทฤษฎีสองชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทฤษฎีสองชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_Nation_Theory&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Nation Theory">Two Nation Theory</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political ideology that, in the Indian subcontinent, Hindus and Muslims are separate nations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the same phrase applied to Irish politics, see <a href="/wiki/Two_nations_theory_(Ireland)" title="Two nations theory (Ireland)">Two nations theory (Ireland)</a>. For a proposed solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, see <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">Two-state solution</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_percent_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Muslim_percent_1909.jpg/220px-Muslim_percent_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Muslim_percent_1909.jpg/330px-Muslim_percent_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Muslim_percent_1909.jpg/440px-Muslim_percent_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the Muslim population based on percentage in India, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>two-nation theory</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">religious nationalism</a> that advocated <a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim Indian nationhood</a>, with separate homelands for <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Indian Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Indian Hindus</a> within a decolonised <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, which ultimately led to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Conflict_Analysis_in_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Conflict_Analysis_in-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its various descriptions of religious differences were the main factor in Muslim separatist thought in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, asserting that Indian Muslims and Indian Hindus are two separate nations, each with their own customs, <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, interests, and ways of life. </p><p>Subsequently, it was used by the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a> to justify the claim that the Muslims of India should have a separate homeland with the withdrawal of British rule from the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-khan1940_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan1940-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assumption of the Muslims of India of belonging to a separate identity and having a right to their own country, also rested on their pre-eminent claim to political power that flowed from the experience of Muslim dominance in India, while simultaneously it made identification with the former imperial Muslim power an essential part of being Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory was adopted and promoted by the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> and became the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Two-Nation theory argued for a different state for the Muslims of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian Empire</a> as Muslims would not be able to succeed politically in a Hindu-majority India; this interpretation nevertheless promised a democratic state where Muslims and non-Muslims would be treated equally.<sup id="cite_ref-caldarola1982_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caldarola1982-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two nation theory sought to establish a separate state for Indian Muslims from the northwestern provinces and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal region</a> of colonial India.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> claims to be the inheritor of the traditions of Muslim India, and the heir of the two-nation theory.<sup id="cite_ref-chandra1996_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chandra1996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS) supported the Two-nation theory. According to them, Hindus and Muslim cannot live together so they favour India to become a religious Hindu state.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Partition_of_India" title="Opposition to the Partition of India">Opposition to the two-nation theory</a> came chiefly from Hindus, and some Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabasa2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabasa2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ali2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They conceived India as a <a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">single Indian nation</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Muslim_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Muslim unity">Hindus and Muslims</a> are two intertwined communities.<sup id="cite_ref-zakaria2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakaria2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republic of India officially rejected the two-nation theory and chose to be a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>, enshrining the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">composite nationalism</a> in its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ali2006_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, a Muslim-majority region three-fifths of which is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>, and the oldest dispute before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, is a venue for both competing ideologies of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> nationhood. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Modern_India">Pre-Modern India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-Modern India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen1907India1700a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Joppen1907India1700a.jpg/220px-Joppen1907India1700a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Joppen1907India1700a.jpg/330px-Joppen1907India1700a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Joppen1907India1700a.jpg/440px-Joppen1907India1700a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Mughal Empire in 1700</figcaption></figure> <p>Pakistani historians such as <a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi">Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi</a> base the two-nation theory on the distinctiveness of medieval Indo-Muslim culture or civilization. It is described that by assimilating many aspects of Indian culture in customs, social manners, architecture, painting and music, the Muslims of India established a new distinct Indo-Muslim culture or civilization, which not only maintained its separate identity from other Muslim peoples such as the Arabs and the Persians, etc, but also simultaneously maintained the distinctiveness of this new culture from the former Hindu India by being essentially <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> in character.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chandra1996_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chandra1996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sandria_B._Freitag_1989_104_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandria_B._Freitag_1989_104-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is seen as a conscious decision of the Muslims of India. According to Qureshi, the distinctiveness of Muslim India could only be maintained by the political domination of the Muslims over the Hindus. Any sharing of political power with the Hindus was considered dangerous and the first step towards the political abdication of the Indian Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-chandra1996_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chandra1996-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asgharali2002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asgharali2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is generally believed in Pakistan that the movement for Muslim self-awakening and identity was started by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a> (1564–1624), who fought against emperor Akbar's religious syncretist <i><a href="/wiki/Din-i_Ilahi" title="Din-i Ilahi">Din-i Ilahi</a></i> movement and is thus considered "for contemporary official Pakistani historians" to be the founder of the Two-nation theory,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was particularly intensified under the Muslim reformer <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Waliullah">Shah Waliullah</a> (1703-1762) who, because he wanted to give back to Muslims their self-consciousness during the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal empire</a> and the rise of the non-Muslim powers like the <a href="/wiki/Marathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathas">Marathas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, launched a mass-movement of the religious education which made "them conscious of their distinct nationhood which in turn culminated in the form of Two Nation Theory and ultimately the creation of Pakistan."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roots_of_Muslim_separatism_in_Colonial_India_(17th_century–1940s)"><span id="Roots_of_Muslim_separatism_in_Colonial_India_.2817th_century.E2.80.931940s.29"></span>Roots of Muslim separatism in Colonial India (17th century–1940s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roots of Muslim separatism in Colonial India (17th century–1940s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani nationalism</a></div> <p>M. S. Jain and others have traced the origins of the two nation-theory to <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Ahmed Khan">Syed Ahmed Khan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a>, consisting of his followers such as <a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syed Ahmed Khan was the grandson of the Mughal Vizier of <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Shah II">Akbar Shah II</a>, Dabir-ud-Daula,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Mohsin-ul-Mulk belonged to a family that played an important part in shaping the fortunes of the Mughal Empire, known as the <a href="/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bara" title="Sadaat-e-Bara">Sadaat-e-Bara</a>, who had been <a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker"><i>de-facto</i> sovereigns</a> of the Mughal Empire in the 1710s.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Early Associates of Syed Ahmed Khan</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syed_Ahmed_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Syed Ahmed Khan"><img alt="Syed Ahmed Khan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Syed_Ahmed_Khan.jpg/90px-Syed_Ahmed_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Syed_Ahmed_Khan.jpg/135px-Syed_Ahmed_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Syed_Ahmed_Khan.jpg/180px-Syed_Ahmed_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="825" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Ahmed Khan">Syed Ahmed Khan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NawabMushtaqHussain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waqar-ul-Mulk"><img alt="Waqar-ul-Mulk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NawabMushtaqHussain.jpg/120px-NawabMushtaqHussain.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/NawabMushtaqHussain.jpg/180px-NawabMushtaqHussain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/NawabMushtaqHussain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Waqar-ul-Mulk" title="Waqar-ul-Mulk">Waqar-ul-Mulk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk"><img alt="Mohsin-ul-Mulk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg/120px-Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg/180px-Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg/240px-Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>This feudal Indian Muslim service gentry, which performed both clerical and military service for the Mughal Empire and the British, provided cultural and literary patronage, which acted even after the fall of Muslim political power, as preservers of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> traditions and values.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandria_B._Freitag_1989_104_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandria_B._Freitag_1989_104-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They consisted of a group of feudal elites with an interest in preserving their power and position in relation to Hindus and the British.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resistance of Hindus towards the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu language</a> prompted Syed Ahmed Khan and his associates to view Indian Muslims as not only having their own separate culture, but belonging to a separate nation, using the Urdu word, "Qawm".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Syed_Ahmad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmed Khan</a> provided a modern idiom in which to express the quest for Islamic identity,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His concept of Indian Muslim identity placed great importance on nativity and the cultural values of Muslim India, and his writings became a dissemination of ideas about a national identity that was both Muslim and Indian.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, many Pakistanis often quote modernist and reformist scholar Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) as the architect of the two-nation theory. For instance, in 1876, Syed Ahmed Khan exclaimed when speaking at Benares: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their religion and way of life was quite distinct from each other. Now I am convinced that these communities will not join wholeheartedly in anything. At present there is no open hostility between the two communities but it will increase immensely in the future. He who lives, will see.” <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohsinul_Mulk,_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg/220px-Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg/330px-Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg/440px-Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="1157" /></a><figcaption>Syed Ahmed Khan, Mohsin-ul-Mulk and Syed Mahmud</figcaption></figure><p> In their view, Indo-Muslim culture had participants from certain sections of Hindus as well, who had been influenced a great deal by Indo-Muslim culture and had adopted some Muslim traditions during Muslim rule. However, the cultural ties with Hindus were scuttled due to Hindu revivalism after the advent of the British.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> was seen politically threatening and he dispensed with composite Indian nationalism. In an 1887 speech, he said:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now suppose that all the English were to leave India—then who would be rulers of India? Is it possible that under these circumstances two nations, Mohammedan and Hindu, could sit on the same throne and remain equal in power? Most certainly not. It is necessary that one of them should conquer the other and thrust it down. To hope that both could remain equal is to desire the impossible and inconceivable.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India1765and1805b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/India1765and1805b.jpg/350px-India1765and1805b.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/India1765and1805b.jpg/525px-India1765and1805b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/India1765and1805b.jpg/700px-India1765and1805b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>The changing Indian political scenario in the second half of the 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1888, in a critical assessment of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, which promoted <a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">composite nationalism</a> among all the castes and creeds of colonial India, he also considered Muslims to be a separate nationality among many others: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The aims and objects of the Indian National Congress are based upon an ignorance of history and present-day politics; they do not take into consideration that India is inhabited by different nationalities: they presuppose that the Muslims, the Marathas, the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Banias, the Sudras, the Sikhs, the Bengalis, the Madrasis, and the Peshawaris can all be treated alike and all of them belong to the same nation. The Congress thinks that they profess the same religion, that they speak the same language, that their way of life and customs are the same... I consider the experiment which the Indian National Congress wants to make fraught with dangers and suffering for all the nationalities of India, especially for the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg/250px-All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg/375px-All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg/500px-All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>All India Muslim league conference, 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1925, during the Aligarh session of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>, which he chaired, <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahim_(judge)" title="Abdur Rahim (judge)">Justice Abdur Rahim</a> (1867–1952) was one of the first to openly articulate on how Muslims and Hindu constitute two nations, and while it would become common rhetoric, later on, the historian <a href="/wiki/S._M._Ikram" title="S. M. Ikram">S. M. Ikram</a> says that it "created quite a sensation in the twenties": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Hindus and Muslims are not two religious sects like the Protestants and Catholics of England, but form two distinct communities of peoples, and so they regard themselves. Their respective attitude towards life, distinctive culture, civilization and social habits, their traditions and history, no less than their religion, divide them so completely that the fact that they have lived in the same country for nearly 1,000 years has contributed hardly anything to their fusion into a nation... Any of us Indian Muslims travelling for instance in Afghanistan, Persia, and Central Asia, among Chinese Muslims, Arabs, and Turks, would at once be made at home and would not find anything to which we are not accustomed. On the contrary in India, we find ourselves in all social matters total aliens when we cross the street and enter that part of the town where our Hindu fellow townsmen live.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>More substantially and influentially than Justice Rahim, or the historiography of British administrators, the poet-philosopher <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> (1877–1938) provided the philosophical exposition and <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> (1871–1948) translated it into the political reality of a nation-state.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Hindu nationalists also tended to believe Hindus and Muslims are different peoples, as illustrated by a statement made by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1937 during the 19th session of the Hindu Mahasabha in Ahmedabad regarding two nations:- </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are two antagonistic nations living side by side in India. India cannot be assumed today to be a unitarian and homogenous nation. On the contrary, there are two nations in the main: the Hindus and the Muslims, in India.<sup id="cite_ref-counterview_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterview-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg/220px-Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg/330px-Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg/440px-Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the All-India Muslim League</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>, in attempting to represent Indian Muslims, felt that the Muslims of the subcontinent were a distinct and separate nation from the Hindus. At first they demanded separate electorates, but when they opined that Muslims would not be safe in a Hindu-dominated <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, they began to demand a separate state. The League demanded <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> for Muslim-majority areas in the form of a sovereign state promising minorities equal rights and safeguards in these Muslim majority areas.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scholars argue that the creation of Pakistan through the partition of India was orchestrated by an elite class of Muslims in colonial India, not the common man.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rabasa2004_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabasa2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of Islamic political parties, religious schools, and organizations <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">opposed the partition of India</a> and advocated a <a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">composite nationalism</a> of all the people of the country in opposition to British rule (especially the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Azad_Muslim_Conference" title="All India Azad Muslim Conference">All India Azad Muslim Conference</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fazal2014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fazal2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In 1941, a CID report states that thousands of Muslim weavers under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Momin_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Momin Conference">Momin Conference</a> and coming from Bihar and Eastern U.P. descended in Delhi demonstrating against the proposed two-nation theory. A gathering of more than fifty thousand people from an unorganized sector was not usual at that time, so its importance should be duly recognized. The non-<i>ashraf</i> Muslims constituting a majority of Indian Muslims were opposed to partition but sadly they were not heard. They were firm believers of Islam yet they were opposed to Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Fazal2014_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fazal2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On the other hand, Ian Copland, in his book discussing the end of the British rule in the Indian subcontinent, precises that it was not an élite-driven movement alone, who are said to have birthed separatism "as a defence against the threats posed to their social position by the introduction of representative government and competitive recruitment to the public service", but that the Muslim masses participated into it massively because of the religious polarization which had been created by <a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a> towards the last quarter of the 19th century, especially with the openly anti-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> and the whole <a href="/wiki/Cow_protection_movement" title="Cow protection movement">cow protection movement</a>, and "the fact that some of the loudest spokesmen for the Hindu cause and some of the biggest donors to the Arya Samaj and the cow protection movement came from the Hindu merchant and money lending communities, the principal agents of lower-class Muslim economic dependency, reinforced this sense of insecurity", and because of Muslim resistance, "each year brought new riots" so that "by the end of the century, Hindu-Muslim relations had become so soured by this deadly roundabout of blood-letting, grief and revenge that it would have taken a mighty concerted effort by the leaders of the two communities to repair the breach."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevant_opinions">Relevant opinions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relevant opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The, "Two Nation Theory", has become the official narrative in Pakistan for the creation of the state and key to how Pakistan defines itself, based on religion; seeking a separate homeland for Muslims, Jinnah had said in a speech in Lahore leading up to the partition that Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literary traditions, neither intermarrying nor eating together, belonging to two different civilisations whose ideas and conceptions are incompatible.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory rested on the view that Muslim Indians and Hindu Indians were two separate nations due to being from different religious communities.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Conflict_Analysis_in_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Conflict_Analysis_in-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It asserted that India was not a nation. It also asserted that Hindus and Muslims of the Indian subcontinent were each a nation, despite great variations in language, culture and ethnicity within each of those groups.<sup id="cite_ref-saigol1995_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saigol1995-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_officials">British officials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beck" title="Theodore Beck">Theodore Beck</a>, who played a major role in founding of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> in 1906, was supportive of two-nation theory. Another British official includes <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Morison" title="Theodore Morison">Theodore Morison</a>. Both Beck and Morison believed that parliamentary system of majority rule would be disadvantageous for the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_2020_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arya_Samaj">Arya Samaj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arya Samaj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Parmanand" title="Bhai Parmanand">Bhai Parmanand</a> while reading letters of <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> to him in 1909, had jotted an idea that "the territory beyond <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> could be united with North-West Frontier Province into a great <a href="/wiki/Musulman" class="mw-redirect" title="Musulman">Musulman</a> Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> of the region should come away, while at the same time the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Musulmans</a> in the rest of the country should go and settle in this territory".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> laid out his own version of two-nation theory. He wrote in <i>The Tribune</i> on 14 December 1924: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Under my scheme the Muslims will have four Muslim States: (1) The Pathan Province or the North-West Frontier; (2) Western Punjab (3) Sindh and (4) Eastern Bengal. If there are compact Muslim communities in any other part of India, sufficiently large to form a province, they should be similarly constituted. But it should be distinctly understood that this is not a united India. It means a clear partition of India into a Muslim India and a non-Muslim India.</p></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-Hoodbhoy_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoodbhoy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonney_2004_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonney_2004-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savarkar,_Hindu_Mahasabha_and_RSS"><span id="Savarkar.2C_Hindu_Mahasabha_and_RSS"></span>Savarkar, Hindu Mahasabha and RSS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Savarkar, Hindu Mahasabha and RSS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The embryonic form of a two-nation theory was seen in <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> ideology since 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Bapu_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bapu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savarkar in 1937 during the 19th session of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> in Ahmedabad supported two-nation theory.<sup id="cite_ref-counterview_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterview-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said:- </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are two antagonistic nations living side by side in India. India cannot be assumed today to be a unitarian and homogenous nation. On the contrary, there are two nations in the main: the Hindus and the Muslims, in India.<sup id="cite_ref-counterview_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterview-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Savarkar declared on August 15, 1943 in Nagpur: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have no quarrel with Mr Jinnah's two-nation theory. We Hindus are a nation by ourselves and it is a historical fact that Hindus and Muslims are two nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherjee_Ramaswamy_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee_Ramaswamy-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Savarkar saw Muslims in the Indian police and military to be "potential traitors". He advocated that India reduce the number of Muslims in the military, police and public service and ban Muslims from owning or working in munitions factories.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savarkar criticized Gandhi for being concerned about Indian Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS) chief <a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">M. S. Golwalkar</a> believed that the 'partition' actually "meant an acknowledgement that the Muslims formed a distinct and antagonistic national community ... won for itself a distinct state by vivisection of the country in which they had originally come as invaders and where they had been trying to settle down as conquerors".<sup id="cite_ref-Bapu_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bapu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muhammad Ali Jinnah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_(Photo_429-8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg/220px-Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg/330px-Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg/440px-Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah addresses the delegates to the Moslem Political Convention held in New Delhi during 1943</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg/220px-Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg/330px-Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg/440px-Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah and Iqbal</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>'s All India Muslim League presidential address delivered in Lahore, on March 22, 1940, he explained: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, <a href="/wiki/Litterateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Litterateur">litterateurs</a>. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><sup id="cite_ref-Quaid_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quaid-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1944, Jinnah said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We maintain and hold that Muslims and Hindus are two major nations by any definition or test of a nation. We are a nation of hundred million and what is more, we are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendar, history and tradition, and aptitude and ambitions. In short, we have our own outlook on life and of life.</p></blockquote> <p>In an interview with British journalist <a href="/wiki/Beverley_Nichols" title="Beverley Nichols">Beverley Nichols</a>, he said in 1943: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Islam is not only a religious doctrine but also a realistic code of conduct in terms of every day and everything important in life: our history, our laws and our jurisprudence. In all these things, our outlook is not only fundamentally different but also opposed to Hindus. There is nothing in life that links us together. Our names, clothes, food, festivals, and rituals, all are different. Our economic life, our educational ideas, treatment of women, attitude towards animals, and humanitarian considerations, all are very different.</p></blockquote><p> In May 1947, he took an entirely different approach when he told <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Mountbatten</a>, who was in charge of British India's transition to independence: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Your Excellency doesn't understand that the Punjab is a nation. Bengal is a nation. A man is a Punjabi or a Bengali first before he is a Hindu or a Muslim. If you give us those provinces you must, under no condition, partition them. You will destroy their viability and cause endless bloodshed and trouble.</p></blockquote><p> Mountbatten replied: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yes, of course. A man is not only a Punjabi or a Bengali before he is a Muslim or Hindu, but he is an Indian before all else. What you're saying is the perfect, absolute answer I've been looking for. You've presented me the arguments to keep India united.</p></blockquote> <p><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_of_Ahmadis">Support of Ahmadis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Support of Ahmadis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirza_Nasir_Chating_with_Furqan_Force_Colonel_Sahibzada_Mubarak_Ahmad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mirza_Nasir_Chating_with_Furqan_Force_Colonel_Sahibzada_Mubarak_Ahmad.jpg/220px-Mirza_Nasir_Chating_with_Furqan_Force_Colonel_Sahibzada_Mubarak_Ahmad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mirza_Nasir_Chating_with_Furqan_Force_Colonel_Sahibzada_Mubarak_Ahmad.jpg/330px-Mirza_Nasir_Chating_with_Furqan_Force_Colonel_Sahibzada_Mubarak_Ahmad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mirza_Nasir_Chating_with_Furqan_Force_Colonel_Sahibzada_Mubarak_Ahmad.jpg/440px-Mirza_Nasir_Chating_with_Furqan_Force_Colonel_Sahibzada_Mubarak_Ahmad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Third Caliph</a> of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Nasir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Nasir Ahmad">Mirza Nasir Ahmad</a> conversing with <a href="/wiki/Furqan_Force" title="Furqan Force">Furqan Force</a> colonel Sahibzada Mubarak Ahmad,</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Jama%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at">Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at</a> staunchly supported Jinnah and his two-nation theory.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaudary Zafarullah Khan, an Ahmadi leader, drafted the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> that separatist leaders interpreted as calling for the creation of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Khalid_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalid-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaudary Zafarullah Khan was asked by Jinnah to represent the Muslim League to the Radcliffe Commission, which was charged with drawing the line between an independent India and newly created Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Khalid_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalid-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmadis argued to try to ensure that the city of <a href="/wiki/Qadian,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadian, India">Qadian, India</a> would fall into the newly created state of Pakistan, though they were unsuccessful in doing so <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the creation of Pakistan, many Ahmadis held prominent posts in government positions;<sup id="cite_ref-Khalid_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalid-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948</a>, in which Pakistan tried to capture the state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at created the <a href="/wiki/Furqan_Force" title="Furqan Force">Furqan Force</a> to fight Indian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Valentine2008_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentine2008-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_of_Ambedkar">Support of Ambedkar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Support of Ambedkar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg/220px-Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg/330px-Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg/440px-Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Ambedkar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers,_WW1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers%2C_WW1.jpg/220px-Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers%2C_WW1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers%2C_WW1.jpg/330px-Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers%2C_WW1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers%2C_WW1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Punjabi Muslim soldiers in the British Indian Army</figcaption></figure> <p>In his 1945 book <i>Pakistan, Or the Partition of India</i>, the Indian statesman, Buddhist and <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> activist,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhimrao_Ramji_Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar">Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar</a>, wrote a sub-chapter titled "If Muslims truly and deeply desire Pakistan, their choice ought to be accepted". Ambedkar's anti-Muslim rhetoric in his book was paradoxical, which in order to agree with Jinnah's two-nation theory, played on every stereotype of Muslim barbarism. It emphasized the threat that the Muslim dominance in the Indian army posed to free India, and about the frightful fate that the Hindus would face if Pakistan was not separated.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asserted that, if the Muslims were bent on the creation of Pakistan, the demand should be conceded in the interest of the safety of India. He asks whether Muslims in the army could be trusted to defend India in the event of Muslims invading India or in the case of a Muslim rebellion, as the bulk of the fighting forces available for the defence of India mostly came from areas which were to be included in Pakistan. "[W]hom would the Indian Muslims in the army side with?" he questioned. According to him, the assumption that Hindus and Muslims could live under one state if they were distinct nations was but "an empty sermon, a mad project, to which no sane man would agree".<sup id="cite_ref-Ambedkar_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambedkar-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In direct relation to the two-nation theory, he notably says in the book: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The real explanation of this failure of Hindu-Muslim unity lies in the failure to realize that what stands between the Hindus and Muslims is not a mere matter of difference and that this antagonism is not to be attributed to material causes. It is formed by causes which take their origin in historical, religious, cultural and social antipathy, of which political antipathy is only a reflection. These form one deep river of discontent which, being regularly fed by these sources, keeps on mounting to a head and overflowing its ordinary channels. Any current of water flowing from another source, however pure, when it joins it, instead of altering the colour or diluting its strength becomes lost in the mainstream. The silt of this antagonism which this current has deposited has become permanent and deep. So long as this silt keeps on accumulating and so long as this antagonism lasts, it is unnatural to expect this antipathy between Hindus and Muslims to give place to unity.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Ambedkar, Hindu Nationalists naturally felt a resentment towards the assertion that Muslim India was a separate nation, because the Hindus felt ashamed to admit that India was not a nation, and despite attempts by the Hindus to prove to the English that India was in fact a nation, a deadlier blow arrived from the Muslim League which "cuts the whole ground from under the feet of the Hindu politicians."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ambedkar asserted that the separation of Muslims from India would benefit India, as the army would no longed be dominated by Muslims. Therefore, the Hindu civilian government would not be vulnerable to the army.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_of_the_Barelvis">Views of the Barelvis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Views of the Barelvis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Except_from_the_Fatwa-i-Razaviya,_Volume_21.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Except_from_the_Fatwa-i-Razaviya%2C_Volume_21.webp/220px-Except_from_the_Fatwa-i-Razaviya%2C_Volume_21.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Except_from_the_Fatwa-i-Razaviya%2C_Volume_21.webp/330px-Except_from_the_Fatwa-i-Razaviya%2C_Volume_21.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Except_from_the_Fatwa-i-Razaviya%2C_Volume_21.webp/440px-Except_from_the_Fatwa-i-Razaviya%2C_Volume_21.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>Except from the Fatwa-i-Razaviya, Volume 21</figcaption></figure> <p>The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmad Raza Khan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported the Muslim League and Pakistan's demand, arguing that befriending 'unbelievers' was forbidden in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Sikand2005_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sikand2005-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Barelvi scholars <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">opposed the partition of India</a> and the League's demand to be seen as the only representative of Indian Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Kukreja_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kukreja-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Raza Khan wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Fatawa-e-Razvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatawa-e-Razvia">Fatawa-e-Radaviyyah</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p> "Pay heed, at this time in which the country is not in their hands [Hindus], how many obstacles they place for your religious symbols...When authority shall be in their hands, what can be guessed of that time? For example, at this time ritual slaughtering [qurbānī] occurs with restrictions and limitations...at that time they shall make it a crime worse than murder of a human. </p><p>Shall the [British] government grant you [Muslims] alone the country? This is not possible. Nor shall they [Hindus] alone be granted it, then you shall have to share, or you shall have to divide the country. In the event of the second, it is apparent that no Indian city is free from Muslim population, then upon those hundreds of thousands of Muslims you have implemented laws in opposition to your pure Sharīáh with your united effort and you shall be responsible for that...In the event of the first, shall the Hindus agree that the country be shared and that the laws be solely the laws of Islām? Certainly not! Eventually you shall have to agree with them in one law or another that is in opposition to Islām...This is all in the case that dispute does not arise, and if it does break out, and experience informs that it certainly shall, if at that time the Hindus, as per their habit, play innocent and place all the blame upon your heads, then who shall be responsible for raising mischief in the land and opposing the Divine command, “Do not throw yourselves into destruction”, placing the lives and honour of yourselves and of hundreds of thousands of innocent Muslims in danger? May Allāh grant correct understanding! Āmīn." </p> </blockquote> <p>In 1946, the support of the Barelvi Ulama across India was formalized in support of Pakistan in order to give it religious legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pir Jamaat Ali Shah, who claimed an extensive following in rural Northern Punjab and influential Muslims elsewhere, lent unequivocal support for the anti-Hindu stance of the Barelvi Ulama.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-Muslim_League_Newspapers">Pro-Muslim League Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pro-Muslim League Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The case for Indo-Muslim identity was based on cultural grounds, understood as an ethnic Muslim identity as well as a clearly identifiable cultural history. In 1947, Dawn made a case for cultural nationalism based on art, literature, and way of life, and crucial to this claim of a nationhood separated from the majority 'Hindu' community was the fixing of a national culture that could be specific to Indian Muslims. In this case, the writer's rather sophisticated definition of 'common culture' - 'developed manifestations of thought and feeling' - serve to reinforce this distinctiveness. Indian Muslims thought differently, felt differently, had a different and unique history and therefore had a common purpose and interest, and therefore belonged to a different nation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India">Opposition to the partition of India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Opposition to the partition of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Critical_caricatureof_Syed_Ahmed_Khan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Critical_caricatureof_Syed_Ahmed_Khan.png/220px-Critical_caricatureof_Syed_Ahmed_Khan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Critical_caricatureof_Syed_Ahmed_Khan.png/330px-Critical_caricatureof_Syed_Ahmed_Khan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Critical_caricatureof_Syed_Ahmed_Khan.png/440px-Critical_caricatureof_Syed_Ahmed_Khan.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Critical caricature of Syed Ahmed Khan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badshah_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Badshah_Khan.jpg/220px-Badshah_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Badshah_Khan.jpg/330px-Badshah_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Badshah_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> leaders <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> both championed <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Muslim_unity" title="Hindu–Muslim unity">Hindu–Muslim unity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">opposed the partition of colonial India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">Opposition to the partition of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">Composite nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Muslim_unity" title="Hindu–Muslim unity">Hindu–Muslim unity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb" title="Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb">Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb</a></div> <p>The state of India officially rejected the two-nation theory and chose to be a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>, enshrining the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">composite nationalism</a> in its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott2011_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ali2006_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All_India_Azad_Muslim_Conference">All India Azad Muslim Conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: All India Azad Muslim Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/All_India_Azad_Muslim_Conference" title="All India Azad Muslim Conference">All India Azad Muslim Conference</a>, which represented nationalist Muslims, gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">independent and united India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government, however, sidelined this nationalist Muslim organization and came to see Jinnah, who advocated separatism, as the sole representative of Indian Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Shodganga_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shodganga-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_the_Khudai_Khidmatgar">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a>, also known as the "Frontier Gandhi" or "Sarhadi Gandhi", was not convinced by the two-nation theory and wanted a single united India as a home for both Hindus and Muslims. He was from the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Frontier_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Frontier Province">North West Frontier Province</a> of British India, now in present-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. He believed that the partition would be harmful to the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. After partition, following a majority of the NWFP voters going for Pakistan in a controversial referendum,<sup id="cite_ref-Phadnis_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phadnis-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghaffar Khan resigned himself to their choice and took an oath of allegiance to the new country on February 23, 1948, during a session of the Constituent Assembly, and his second son, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Wali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Wali Khan">Wali Khan</a>, "played by the rules of the political system" as well.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahatma_Gandhi's_view"><span id="Mahatma_Gandhi.27s_view"></span>Mahatma Gandhi's view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mahatma Gandhi's view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> was against the division of India on the basis of religion. He once wrote:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasoon2010_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasoon2010-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arnold2014_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold2014-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chakraborty2014_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakraborty2014-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Banerjee1981_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banerjee1981-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parekh1991_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parekh1991-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maulana_Sayyid_Abul_Kalam_Azad's_view"><span id="Maulana_Sayyid_Abul_Kalam_Azad.27s_view"></span>Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Azad's view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Azad's view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Azad</a> was a member of the Indian National Congress and was known as a champion of <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Muslim_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Muslim unity">Hindu-Muslim unity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naqvi_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naqvi-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that Muslims were native to India and had made India their home.<sup id="cite_ref-Naqvi_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naqvi-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural treasures of undivided India such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> of Delhi to the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> of Agra to the <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a> of Lahore reflected an Indo-Islamic cultural legacy in the whole country, which would remain inaccessible to Muslims if they were divided through a partition of India.<sup id="cite_ref-Naqvi_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naqvi-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opposed the partition of India for as long as he lived.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="View_of_the_Deobandi_ulema">View of the Deobandi ulema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: View of the Deobandi ulema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Composite_Nationalism_and_Islam" title="Composite Nationalism and Islam">Composite Nationalism and Islam</a></div> <p>The two-nation theory and the partition of India were vehemently opposed by the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a> Islamic religious scholars, being represented by the <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Hind" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind">Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind</a> that supported both the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Azad_Muslim_Conference" title="All India Azad Muslim Conference">All India Azad Muslim Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Qasmi_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qasmi-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kukreja_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kukreja-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QasmiRobb2017_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QasmiRobb2017-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ali2006_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal of Darul Uloom Deoband, Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madni, not only opposed the two-nation theory but sought to redefine the Indian Muslim nationhood. He advocated <a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">composite Indian nationalism</a>, believing that nations in modern times were formed on the basis of land, culture, and history.<sup id="cite_ref-Moj2015_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moj2015-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and other leading Deobandi ulama endorsed territorial nationalism, stating that Islam permitted it.<sup id="cite_ref-Sikand2005_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sikand2005-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite opposition from the leading Deobandi scholars, Ashraf Ali Thanvi and Mufti Muhammad Shafi instead tried to justify the two-nation theory and concept of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan1988_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan1988-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most decisive Deobandi refutation of Madani's "united nationalism", was the commentary I'la al-Sunan, written by Ashraf Ali Thanvi's nephew, which stated that in a mixed nation society, the distinction and identity of Muslim life is diluted. A unified nation where non-Muslims form the numerical majority would result in the "destruction of Islam, its laws, and its rituals, and it is therefore forbidden from the viewpoint of the Shari'ah." Since the distinguishing the Muslims from unbelievers is one of the "fundamentals" of the Shari'ah, anyone who denies the importance of Islamic law in maintaining sharp boundaries between Muslim and non-Muslim - he says in a thiny veiled allusion to Madani - "is neither a competent scholar of Islamic law nor even a proper Muslim." In order to reconcile the two views, Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi, who travelled between India and Pakistan several times to resolve the split on the nationalist question, he declared that the split did not constitute a contradiction within Deobandi school based in theology, but merely the political attitude towards the question of sovereign power.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-partition_debate">Post-partition debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Post-partition debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar debates on national identity existed within India at the linguistic, provincial and religious levels. While some argued that Indian Muslims were one nation, others argued they were not. </p><p>Since the partition, the theory has been subjected to animated debates and different interpretations on several grounds. Mr. Niaz Murtaza, a Pakistani scholar with a doctoral degree from the Berkeley-based University of California, wrote in his <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i> column (April 11, 2017):<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the two-nation theory is eternally true, why did Muslims come to Hindu India from Arabia? Why did they live with and rule Hindus for centuries instead of giving them a separate state based on such a theory? Why did the two-nation theory emerge when Hindu rule became certain? All this can only be justified by an absurd sense of superiority claiming a divine birthright to rule others, which many Muslims do hold despite their dismal morals and progress today.</p></blockquote> <p>To Indian nationalists, the British government intentionally divided India in order to keep the nation weak.<sup id="cite_ref-Yousaf2018_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yousaf2018-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ambedkar, the British colonial government and British commentators made "it a point of speaking of Indians as the people of India and avoid speaking of an Indian nation."<sup id="cite_ref-khan1940_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan1940-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was cited as a key reason for British control of the country: since Indians were not a nation, they were theoretically not capable of national <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lowell1918_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowell1918-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some Indian leaders insisted that Indians were one nation, others agreed that Indians were not yet a nation but there was "no reason why in the course of time they should not grow into a nation."<sup id="cite_ref-khan1940_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan1940-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars note that a national consciousness has always been present in "India", or more broadly the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, even if it was not articulated in modern terms.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian historians such as <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a> have claimed that the partition of India was a result of the <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide-and-rule</a> policies of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial government</a> initiated after <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Muslim_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Muslim unity">Hindus and Muslims</a> united together to fight against the British East India Company in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera.com_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a> argued that Indian Muslims were not yet a nation, but could be forged into one.<sup id="cite_ref-khan1940_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan1940-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Gilani, Pakistani school textbooks make a mistake as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Qasim">Muhammad bin Qasim</a> is often referred to as the first Pakistani.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:Pakistan_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Pakistan-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Prakash K. Singh attributes the arrival of Muhammad bin Qasim as the first step towards the creation of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Prakash_K._Singh_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakash_K._Singh-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> considered the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan movement">Pakistan movement</a> to have started when the first Muslim put a foot in the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway of Islam">Gateway of Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many common Muslims criticized the two-nation theory as favoring only the elite class of Muslims, causing the deaths of over one million innocent people.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabasa2004_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabasa2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his memoirs entitled <i>Pathway to Pakistan</i> (1961), <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman</a>, a prominent leader of the Pakistan movement and the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Pakistan Muslim League</a>, has written: "The two-nation theory, which we had used in the fight for Pakistan, had created not only bad blood against the Muslims of the minority provinces but also an ideological wedge, between them and the Hindus of India.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961390_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961390-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further wrote: "He (<a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a>) doubted the utility of the two-nation theory, which to my mind also had never paid any dividends to us, but after the partition, it proved positively injurious to the Muslims of India, and on a long-view basis for Muslims everywhere."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961400_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961400-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Khaliquzzaman, on August 1, 1947, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Jinnah</a> invited the Muslim League members of India's constituent assembly to a farewell meeting at his Delhi house. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mr. Rizwanullah put some awkward questions concerning the position of Muslims, who would be left over in India, their status and their future. I had never before found Mr. Jinnah so disconcerted as on that occasion, probably because he was realizing then quite vividly what was immediately in store for the Muslims. Finding the situation awkward, I asked my friends and colleagues to end the discussion. I believe as a result of our farewell meeting, Mr. Jinnah took the earliest opportunity to bid goodbye to his two-nation theory in his speech on 11 August 1947 as the governor general-designate and President of the constituent assembly of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961321_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961321-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In his August 11, 1947 speech, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Jinnah</a> had spoken of composite <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani nationalism</a>, effectively negating the faith-based nationalism that he had advocated in his speech of March 22, 1940. In his August 11 speech, he said that non-Muslims would be equal citizens of Pakistan and that there would be no discrimination against them. "You may belong to any religion or caste or creed that has nothing to do with the business of the state." On the other hand, far from being an ideological point (transition from faith-based to composite nationalism), it was mainly tactical: <a href="/wiki/Dilip_Hiro" title="Dilip Hiro">Dilip Hiro</a> says that "extracts of this speech were widely disseminated" in order to abort the communal violence in Punjab and the NWFP, where Muslims and Sikhs-Hindus were butchering each other and which greatly disturbed Jinnah on a personal level, but "the tactic had little if any, impact on the horrendous barbarity that was being perpetrated on the plains of Punjab."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Indian scholar, Venkat Dhulipala, who in his book <i>Creating a New Medina</i> precisely shows that Pakistan was meant to be a new Medina, an Islamic state, and not only a state for Muslims, so it was meant to be ideological from the beginning with no space for composite nationalism, in an interview also says that the speech "was made primarily keeping in mind the tremendous violence that was going on", that it was "directed at protecting Muslims from even greater violence in areas where they were vulnerable", "it was pragmatism", and to vindicate this, the historian goes on to say that "after all, a few months later, when asked to open the doors of the Muslim League to all Pakistanis irrespective of their religion or creed, the same Jinnah refused, saying that Pakistan was not ready for it."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory has faced skepticism because Muslims did not entirely separate from Hindus and about one-third of all Muslims continued to live in post-partition India as Indian citizens alongside a much larger Hindu majority.<sup id="cite_ref-haqqani2005_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haqqani2005-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urdupoint2010jsa_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urdupoint2010jsa-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People or religious organizations among others, who moved from India to Pakistan after the partition and instigated the anti-Ahmadi movement, compelled Pakistan into giving up its inclination to secularism in favor of a theocratic state.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune_pk_2011_h847_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune_pk_2011_h847-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_Bangladesh's_creation"><span id="Impact_of_Bangladesh.27s_creation"></span>Impact of Bangladesh's creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Impact of Bangladesh's creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">subsequent partition of Pakistan itself</a> into the present-day nations of Pakistan and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> was cited as proof both that Muslims did not constitute one nation and that religion alone was not a defining factor for nationhood.<sup id="cite_ref-haqqani2005_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haqqani2005-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urdupoint2010jsa_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urdupoint2010jsa-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voll1994_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voll1994-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baxter1998_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter1998-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians have claimed that the theory was a creation of a few Muslim intellectuals.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Altaf_Hussain_(Pakistani_politician)" title="Altaf Hussain (Pakistani politician)">Altaf Hussain</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan">Muttahida Qaumi Movement</a> believes that history has proved the two-nation theory wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He contended, "The idea of Pakistan was dead at its inception when the majority of Muslims (in Muslim-minority areas of India) chose to stay back after partition, a truism reiterated in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pakistani scholar <a href="/wiki/Tarek_Fatah" title="Tarek Fatah">Tarek Fatah</a> termed the two-nation theory "absurd".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i> column <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Husain" title="Irfan Husain">Irfan Husain</a>, a well-known political commentator, observed that it has now become an "impossible and exceedingly boring task of defending a defunct theory".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However some Pakistanis, including a retired Pakistani brigadier, Shaukat Qadir, believe that the theory could only be disproved with the reunification of independent <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dailytimes1_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailytimes1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Professor <a href="/wiki/Sharif_al_Mujahid" title="Sharif al Mujahid">Sharif al Mujahid</a>, one of the most preeminent experts on <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Jinnah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan movement">Pakistan movement</a>, the two-nation theory was relevant only in the pre-1947 subcontinental context.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He is of the opinion that the creation of Pakistan rendered it obsolete because the two nations had transformed themselves into Indian and Pakistani nations.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Muqtada Mansoor, a columnist for Express newspaper, has quoted <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Sattar" title="Farooq Sattar">Farooq Sattar</a>, a prominent leader of the <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan">MQM</a>, as saying that his party did not accept the two-nation theory. "Even if there was such a theory, it has sunk in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1973, there was a movement against the recognition of Bangladesh in Pakistan. Its main argument was that Bangladesh's recognition would negate the two-nation theory. However, <a href="/wiki/Salman_Sayyid" title="Salman Sayyid">Salman Sayyid</a> says that 1971 is not so much the failure of the two-nation theory and the advent of a <a href="/wiki/Supremacism#Islamic" title="Supremacism">united Islamic polity</a> despite ethnic and cultural difference, but more so the defeat of "a <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian</a>-style nation-state, which insists that linguistic, cultural and ethnic homogeneity is necessary for high 'sociopolitical cohesion'. The break-up of united Pakistan should be seen as another failure of this Westphalian-inspired <a href="/wiki/Kemalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemalist">Kemalist</a> model of nation-building, rather than an illustration of the inability of <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Muslim political identity</a> to sustain a unified state structure."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Bangladesh academics have rejected the notion that 1971 erased the legitimacy of the two-nation theory as well, like Akhand Akhtar Hossain, who thus notes that, after independence, "Bengali ethnicity soon lost influence as a marker of identity for the country's majority population, their Muslim identity regaining prominence and differentiating them from the Hindus of West Bengal",<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Taj ul-Islam Hashmi, who says that Islam came back to Bangladeshi politics in August 1975, as the death of <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> "brought Islam-oriented state ideology by shunning secularism and socialism." He has quoted Basant Chatterjee, an Indian Bengali journalist, as rebuking the idea of the failure of two-nation theory, arguing that, had it happened, Muslim-majority Bangladesh would have joined Hindu-majority West Bengal in India.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._N._Dixit" class="mw-redirect" title="J. N. Dixit">J. N. Dixit</a>, a former ambassador of India to Pakistan, thought the same, stating that Bangladeshis "wanted to emerge not only as an independent Bengali country but as an independent Bengali Muslim country. In this, they proved the British Viceroy Lord <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">George Curzon</a> (1899-1905) correct. His <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">partition of Bengal in 1905</a> creating two provinces, one with a Muslim majority and the other with a Hindu majority, seems to have been confirmed by Bangladesh's emergence as a Muslim state. So one should not be carried away by the claim of the two-nation theory having been disproved."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dixit has narrated an anecdote. During Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's visit to <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> in July 1974, after <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> went to Lahore to attend the Islamic summit in February 1974: "As the motorcade moved out, Mujib's car was decorated with garlands of chappals and anti-Awami League slogans were shouted together with slogans such as: "Bhutto Zindabad", and "Bangladesh-Pakistan Friendship Zindabad"." He opines that Bhutto's aim was "to revive the Islamic consciousness in Bangladesh" and "India might have created Bangladesh, but he would see that India would have to deal with not one, but two Pakistans, one in the west and another in the east."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_and_provincial_groups_in_Pakistan">Ethnic and provincial groups in Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethnic and provincial groups in Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several ethnic and provincial leaders in Pakistan also began to use the term "nation" to describe their provinces and argued that their very existence was threatened by the concept of amalgamation into a Pakistani nation on the basis that Muslims were one nation.<sup id="cite_ref-iops2005fds_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iops2005fds-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mustafa2003s_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mustafa2003s-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been alleged that the idea that Islam is the basis of nationhood embroils Pakistan too deeply in the affairs of other predominantly Muslim states and regions, prevents the emergence of a unique sense of Pakistani nationhood that is independent of reference to India, and encourages the growth of a fundamentalist culture in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-brass2002_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brass2002-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-burki1999_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burki1999-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ahmar2001_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahmar2001-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, because partition divided Indian Muslims into three groups (of roughly 190 million people each in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) instead of forming a single community inside a united India that would have numbered about 570 million people and potentially exercised great influence over the entire subcontinent. So, the two-nation theory is sometimes alleged to have ultimately weakened the position of Muslims on the subcontinent and resulted in large-scale territorial shrinkage or skewing for cultural aspects that became associated with Muslims (e.g., the decline of <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu language</a> in India).<sup id="cite_ref-kibria2009_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kibria2009-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mahajan2002_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahajan2002-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This criticism has received a mixed response in Pakistan. A poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Pakistan" title="Gallup Pakistan">Gallup Pakistan</a> in 2011 shows that an overwhelming majority (92%) of Pakistanis held the view that separation from India was justified in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistani commentators have contended that two nations did not necessarily imply two states, and the fact that Bangladesh did not merge into India after separating from Pakistan supports the two-nation theory.<sup id="cite_ref-khan2005skd_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan2005skd-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dailytimes1_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailytimes1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Counters to this question was the argument that despite the still-extant Muslim minority in India, and asserted variously that Indian Muslims have been "Hinduized" (i.e., lost much of their Muslim identity due to assimilation into <a href="/wiki/Hindu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu culture">Hindu culture</a>), or that they are treated as an excluded or alien group by an allegedly Hindu-dominated India.<sup id="cite_ref-haddad2000_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haddad2000-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors such as lower literacy and education levels among Indian Muslims as compared to Indian Hindus, longstanding cultural differences, and outbreaks of religious violence such as those occurring during the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Gujarat violence">2002 Gujarat riots</a> in India are cited.<sup id="cite_ref-Two-Nation_Theory_Exists_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two-Nation_Theory_Exists-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-Islamic_identity">Pan-Islamic identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pan-Islamic identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></div> <p>The emergence of a sense of identity that is pan-Islamic rather than Pakistani has been defended as consistent with the founding ideology of Pakistan and the concept that "Islam itself is a nationality," despite the commonly held notion of "nationality, to Muslims, is like idol worship."<sup id="cite_ref-jan1993_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jan1993-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-burke1974_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burke1974-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some have emphasized that promoting the primacy of a pan-Islamic identity (over all other identities) is essential to maintaining a distinctiveness from India and preventing national "collapse", others have argued that the two-nation theory has served its purpose in "midwifing" Pakistan into existence and should now be discarded to allow Pakistan to emerge as a normal nation-state.<sup id="cite_ref-burki1999_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burki1999-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-syed1974_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syed1974-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-partition_perspectives_in_India">Post-partition perspectives in India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Post-partition perspectives in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republic of India officially rejected the two-nation theory and chose to be a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>, enshrining the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">composite nationalism</a> in its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott2011_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ali2006_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constitutionally, India rejects the two-nation theory and regards Indian Muslims as equal citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-ref71puyox_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref71puyox-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, in post-independence India, the two-nation theory helped advance the cause of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalist</a> groups seeking to identify a "Hindu national culture" as the core identity of an Indian.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the acknowledgment of the common ethnicity of Indian Hindus and Muslims while requiring that all adopt a Hindu identity to be truly Indian. From the Hindu nationalist perspective, this concedes the ethnic reality that Indian Muslims are "flesh of our flesh and blood of our blood" but still presses for an officially recognized equation of national and religious identity, i.e., that "an Indian is a Hindu."<sup id="cite_ref-suryadinata2000_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suryadinata2000-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory and the very existence of Pakistan has caused Indian far-right extremist groups to allege that Indian Muslims "cannot be loyal citizens of India" or any other non-Muslim nation, and are "always capable and ready to perform traitorous acts".<sup id="cite_ref-ref54jezil_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref54jezil-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref29gixuv_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref29gixuv-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BJP's general secretary <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Vijayvargiya" title="Kailash Vijayvargiya">Kailash Vijayvargiya</a> has said that after the partition in 1947, whatever was left of India constituted a "Hindu Rashtra" (Hindu Nation).<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinions_in_Pakistan_and_Bangladesh">Opinions in Pakistan and Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Opinions in Pakistan and Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> and the attendant marginalisation of Muslims in India, some in Pakistan and Bangladesh have argued that Jinnah's views had been vindicated. People including General <a href="/wiki/Qamar_Javed_Bajwa" title="Qamar Javed Bajwa">Qamar Javed Bajwa</a> believed that the separation of the Muslim-majority areas into Pakistan has saved many Muslims from domination by the Hindu nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-International_Conflict_Analysis_in-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_Conflict_Analysis_in_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Conflict_Analysis_in_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBhatti2015" class="citation book cs1">Bhatti, Safeer Tariq (3 December 2015). <i>International Conflict Analysis in South Asia: A Study of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan</i>. UPA. p. xxxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-6647-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-6647-3"><bdi>978-0-7618-6647-3</bdi></a>. <q>The religious nationalism sentiment is based upon the two nation theory that Hindus and Muslims are of two separate religious communities and separate nations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Conflict+Analysis+in+South+Asia%3A+A+Study+of+Sectarian+Violence+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=xxxi&rft.pub=UPA&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-6647-3&rft.aulast=Bhatti&rft.aufirst=Safeer+Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan1940-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khan1940_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khan1940_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khan1940_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khan1940_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiaquat_Ali_Khan1940" class="citation cs2">Liaquat Ali Khan (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swIYjzJOx5wC"><i>Pakistan: The Heart of Asia</i></a>, Thacker & Co. Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443726672" title="Special:BookSources/9781443726672"><bdi>9781443726672</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144038/https://books.google.com/books?id=swIYjzJOx5wC">archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+Heart+of+Asia&rft.pub=Thacker+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9781443726672&rft.au=Liaquat+Ali+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswIYjzJOx5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarzana_Shaikh2018" class="citation book cs1">Farzana Shaikh (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MARREAAAQBAJ&dq=It+flowed+from+the+experience+of+Muslim+dominance+in+India,+which+reinforced+the+idea+that+an+essential+part+of+being+Muslim+entailed+belonging+to,+or+identifying+with,+the+ruling+power%3B+but+it+also+derived+from+an+Islamically+informed+discourse+that+valued+power+as+an+instrument+in+the+service+of+God%E2%80%99s+Law.&pg=PA15"><i>Making Sense of Pakistan</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092911-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092911-4"><bdi>978-0-19-092911-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325210016/https://books.google.com/books?id=MARREAAAQBAJ&dq=It+flowed+from+the+experience+of+Muslim+dominance+in+India,+which+reinforced+the+idea+that+an+essential+part+of+being+Muslim+entailed+belonging+to,+or+identifying+with,+the+ruling+power%3B+but+it+also+derived+from+an+Islamically+informed+discourse+that+valued+power+as+an+instrument+in+the+service+of+God%E2%80%99s+Law.&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092911-4&rft.au=Farzana+Shaikh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMARREAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DIt%2Bflowed%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bexperience%2Bof%2BMuslim%2Bdominance%2Bin%2BIndia%2C%2Bwhich%2Breinforced%2Bthe%2Bidea%2Bthat%2Ban%2Bessential%2Bpart%2Bof%2Bbeing%2BMuslim%2Bentailed%2Bbelonging%2Bto%2C%2Bor%2Bidentifying%2Bwith%2C%2Bthe%2Bruling%2Bpower%253B%2Bbut%2Bit%2Balso%2Bderived%2Bfrom%2Ban%2BIslamically%2Binformed%2Bdiscourse%2Bthat%2Bvalued%2Bpower%2Bas%2Ban%2Binstrument%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bservice%2Bof%2BGod%25E2%2580%2599s%2BLaw.%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1988" class="citation cs2">O'Brien, Conor Cruise (August 1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/88aug/obrien.htm">"Holy War Against India"</a>, <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128075043/https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/88aug/obrien.htm">archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Holy+War+Against+India&rft.date=1988-08&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Conor+Cruise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpast%2Fdocs%2Fissues%2F88aug%2Fobrien.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span> Quoting Jinnah: "Islam and Hinduism are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but in fact different and distinct social orders, and it is only a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state ... must lead to a growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caldarola1982-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caldarola1982_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlo_Caldarola1982" class="citation cs2">Carlo Caldarola (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1ME01zxL98C"><i>Religions and societies, Asia and the Middle East</i></a>, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 262–263, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3259-4"><bdi>978-90-279-3259-4</bdi></a>, <q>They simply advocated a democratic state in which all citizens, Muslims and non-Muslims alike, would enjoy equal rights.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+and+societies%2C+Asia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=262-263&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-90-279-3259-4&rft.au=Carlo+Caldarola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1ME01zxL98C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabartyPandey2009" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarty, Bidyut; Pandey, Rajendra Kumar (10 July 2009). <i>Modern Indian Political Thought: Text and Context</i>. SAGE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-189-3"><bdi>978-93-5280-189-3</bdi></a>. <q>Conceptualising Pakistan in a two nation theory format, Iqbal offered a map of the redistribution of territory forming a Muslim state comprising the north-west part of India and Bengal (Datta 2002: 5037).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Indian+Political+Thought%3A+Text+and+Context&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft.isbn=978-93-5280-189-3&rft.aulast=Chakrabarty&rft.aufirst=Bidyut&rft.au=Pandey%2C+Rajendra+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chandra1996-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chandra1996_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chandra1996_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chandra1996_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra1996" class="citation cs2">Satish Chandra (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAkVclcWWeUC&dq=two+nation+theory+delhi+sultanate&pg=PA43"><i>Historiography, Religion, and State in Medieval India</i></a>, Har-Anand Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124100356" title="Special:BookSources/9788124100356"><bdi>9788124100356</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040537/https://books.google.com/books?id=XAkVclcWWeUC&dq=two+nation+theory+delhi+sultanate&pg=PA43">archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historiography%2C+Religion%2C+and+State+in+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788124100356&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAkVclcWWeUC%26dq%3Dtwo%2Bnation%2Btheory%2Bdelhi%2Bsultanate%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBapu2013" class="citation book cs1">Bapu, Prabhu (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC"><i>Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History</i></a>. Online access with subscription: Proquest Ebook Central. Routledge. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1"><bdi>978-0-415-67165-1</bdi></a>. <q>I have no quarrel with Mr. Jinnah's two-nation theory. We, Hindus, are a nation by oursleves and it is a historical fact that Hindus and Muslims are two nations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Mahasabha+in+Colonial+North+India%2C+1915-1930%3A+Constructing+Nation+and+History&rft.series=Online+access+with+subscription%3A+Proquest+Ebook+Central&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67165-1&rft.aulast=Bapu&rft.aufirst=Prabhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUFalxUFFWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabasa2004-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rabasa2004_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabasa2004_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabasa2004_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabasaWaxmanLarsonMarcum2004" class="citation book cs1">Rabasa, Angel; Waxman, Matthew; Larson, Eric V.; Marcum, Cheryl Y. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i1cyn36g3E4C&pg=PA299"><i>The Muslim World After 9/11</i></a>. Rand Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3755-8"><bdi>978-0-8330-3755-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040540/https://books.google.com/books?id=i1cyn36g3E4C&pg=PA299">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>However, many Indian Muslims regarded India as their permanent home and supported the concept of a secular, unified state that would include both Hindus and Muslims. After centuries of joint history and coexistence, these Muslims firmly believed that India was fundamentally a multireligious entity and that Muslims were an integral part of the state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+World+After+9%2F11&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-3755-8&rft.aulast=Rabasa&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft.au=Waxman%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Larson%2C+Eric+V.&rft.au=Marcum%2C+Cheryl+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1cyn36g3E4C%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ali2006_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali2006_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali2006_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali2006_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali2006_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2006" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Asghar Ali (2006). <i>They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities</i>. Hope India Publications. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7871-091-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7871-091-4"><bdi>978-81-7871-091-4</bdi></a>. <q>Mr. Jinnah and his Muslim League ultimately propounded the two nation theory. But the 'Ulama rejected this theory and found justification in Islam for composite nationalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Too+Fought+for+India%27s+Freedom%3A+The+Role+of+Minorities&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Hope+India+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-7871-091-4&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Asghar+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zakaria2004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zakaria2004_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafiq_Zakaria2004" class="citation cs2">Rafiq Zakaria (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aMlKSmWRQ8cC"><i>Indian Muslims: where have they gone wrong?</i></a>, Popular Prakashan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-201-0"><bdi>978-81-7991-201-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Muslims%3A+where+have+they+gone+wrong%3F&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-201-0&rft.au=Rafiq+Zakaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aMlKSmWRQ8cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott2011-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2011_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2011_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott2011_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2011" class="citation book cs1">Scott, David (2011). <i>Handbook of India's International Relations</i>. Routledge. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81131-9"><bdi>978-1-136-81131-9</bdi></a>. <q>On the other hand the Republic of India rejected the very foundations of the two-nation theory and, refusing to see itself a Hindu India, it proclaimed and rejoiced in religious pluralism supported by a secular state ideology and for a geographical sense of what India was.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+India%27s+International+Relations&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81131-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Jalal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ayesha Jalal (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/self-and-sovereignty/page/17/mode/2up?q=cultural"><i>Self And Sovereignty: Individual And Community in South Asian Islam since 1850</i></a>. p. 17. <q>not in some syncretic weave obliterating the religiously informed cultural identifies of Muslims but permitting the emergence of what has been variously described as Indo-Persian or the Indo-Islamic style of the arts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self+And+Sovereignty%3A+Individual+And+Community+in+South+Asian+Islam+since+1850&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fself-and-sovereignty%2Fpage%2F17%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dcultural&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandria_B._Freitag_1989_104-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sandria_B._Freitag_1989_104_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandria_B._Freitag_1989_104_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandria_B._Freitag1989" class="citation book cs1">Sandria B. Freitag (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6FqVKJNCfQC&dq=rohilkhand+indo-muslim+state&pg=PA102"><i>Collective Action and Community Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520064393" title="Special:BookSources/9780520064393"><bdi>9780520064393</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041934/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6FqVKJNCfQC&dq=rohilkhand+indo-muslim+state&pg=PA102">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+Action+and+Community+Public+Arenas+and+the+Emergence+of+Communalism+in+North+India&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780520064393&rft.au=Sandria+B.+Freitag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6FqVKJNCfQC%26dq%3Drohilkhand%2Bindo-muslim%2Bstate%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asgharali2002-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asgharali2002_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsghar_Ali_Engineer2002" class="citation cs2">Asghar Ali Engineer (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qJG7GapE_IC&dq=two+nation+theory+centra+asian&pg=PA253"><i>Competing Nationalisms in South Asia</i></a>, Orient BlackSwan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125022213" title="Special:BookSources/9788125022213"><bdi>9788125022213</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040525/https://books.google.com/books?id=7qJG7GapE_IC&dq=two+nation+theory+centra+asian&pg=PA253">archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competing+Nationalisms+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Orient+BlackSwan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788125022213&rft.au=Asghar+Ali+Engineer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qJG7GapE_IC%26dq%3Dtwo%2Bnation%2Btheory%2Bcentra%2Basian%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Buehler, "Ahmad Sirhindī: Nationalist Hero, Good Sufi, or Bad Sufi?" in Clinton Bennett, Charles M. Ramsey (ed.), <i>South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny</i>, A&C Black (2012), p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Ikram Chaghatai (ed.),<i>Shah Waliullah (1703 - 1762): His Religious and Political Thought</i>, Sang-e-Meel Publications (2005), p. 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Brass2005" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. Brass (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagereligion0000bras/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Language, Religion and Politics in North India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521203241" title="Special:BookSources/9780521203241"><bdi>9780521203241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Religion+and+Politics+in+North+India&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521203241&rft.au=Paul+R.+Brass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagereligion0000bras%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1885" class="citation book cs1">Graham, George Farquhar (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.6209/page/n5"><i>The Life and Work of Syed Ahmed Khan</i></a>. Black wood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Work+of+Syed+Ahmed+Khan&rft.pub=Black+wood&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=George+Farquhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.6209%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.M._Ikram1995" class="citation book cs1">S.M. Ikram (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&dq=Mohsin-ul-Mulk+barah&pg=PA76"><i>Indian Muslims and Partition of India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171563746" title="Special:BookSources/9788171563746"><bdi>9788171563746</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422094717/https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&dq=Mohsin-ul-Mulk+barah&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Muslims+and+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788171563746&rft.au=S.M.+Ikram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7q9EubOYZmwC%26dq%3DMohsin-ul-Mulk%2Bbarah%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&q=sayyid%20brotherhood%20barha"><i>Mohammad Yasin</i></a>. Upper India Publishing House. 1958. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325044854/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&q=sayyid%20brotherhood%20barha">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohammad+Yasin&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Upper+India+Publishing+House&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRz16lub2uRgC%26q%3Dsayyid%2520brotherhood%2520barha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Brass2005" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. Brass (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&dq=two+nation+theory+mohsin+mulk&pg=PA168"><i>Language, Religion and Politics in North India</i></a>. iUniverse. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595343942" title="Special:BookSources/9780595343942"><bdi>9780595343942</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422094751/https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&dq=two+nation+theory+mohsin+mulk&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Religion+and+Politics+in+North+India&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780595343942&rft.au=Paul+R.+Brass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSylBHS8IJAUC%26dq%3Dtwo%2Bnation%2Btheory%2Bmohsin%2Bmulk%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopi_Chand_Narang2022" class="citation book cs1">Gopi Chand Narang (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LSeEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mohsin+-+ul+-+mulk+Urdu&pg=PT72"><i>India's Freedom Struggle and the Urdu Poetry</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000827835" title="Special:BookSources/9781000827835"><bdi>9781000827835</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422094718/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LSeEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mohsin+-+ul+-+mulk+Urdu&pg=PT72">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Freedom+Struggle+and+the+Urdu+Poetry&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781000827835&rft.au=Gopi+Chand+Narang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LSeEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMohsin%2B-%2Bul%2B-%2Bmulk%2BUrdu%26pg%3DPT72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akbar Ahmed, <i>Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The search for Saladin</i>, Routledge (2005), p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafey_Kidwai2020" class="citation book cs1">Shafey Kidwai (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HLIHEAAAQBAJ&dq=indo-muslim+identity+syed+ahmed+khan&pg=PT113"><i>Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Reason, Religion and Nation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000297737" title="Special:BookSources/9781000297737"><bdi>9781000297737</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512061851/https://books.google.com/books?id=HLIHEAAAQBAJ&dq=indo-muslim+identity+syed+ahmed+khan&pg=PT113">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Syed+Ahmad+Khan%3A+Reason%2C+Religion+and+Nation&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781000297737&rft.au=Shafey+Kidwai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHLIHEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dindo-muslim%2Bidentity%2Bsyed%2Bahmed%2Bkhan%26pg%3DPT113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRameshwar_Prasad_Misra2007" class="citation book cs1">Rameshwar Prasad Misra (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kp6x7zDLhfMC&dq=I+am+convinced+now+that+Hindus+and+Muslims+could+never+become+one+nation+as+their+religion+and+way+of+life+was+quite+distinct+from+each+other.%E2%80%9D&pg=PA175"><i>Rediscovering Gandhi:Volume 1</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180693755" title="Special:BookSources/9788180693755"><bdi>9788180693755</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512061853/https://books.google.com/books?id=kp6x7zDLhfMC&dq=I+am+convinced+now+that+Hindus+and+Muslims+could+never+become+one+nation+as+their+religion+and+way+of+life+was+quite+distinct+from+each+other.%E2%80%9D&pg=PA175">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Gandhi%3AVolume+1&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788180693755&rft.au=Rameshwar+Prasad+Misra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkp6x7zDLhfMC%26dq%3DI%2Bam%2Bconvinced%2Bnow%2Bthat%2BHindus%2Band%2BMuslims%2Bcould%2Bnever%2Bbecome%2Bone%2Bnation%2Bas%2Btheir%2Breligion%2Band%2Bway%2Bof%2Blife%2Bwas%2Bquite%2Bdistinct%2Bfrom%2Beach%2Bother.%25E2%2580%259D%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TCZuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Indo+-+Muslim+culture+,+which+had+thus+%22+a+definite+entity+%22+,+claimed+participants+from+the+Hindus+as+well+."><i>Pakistan Pictorial</i></a>. Pakistan Publications. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040532/https://books.google.com/books?id=TCZuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Indo+-+Muslim+culture+,+which+had+thus+%22+a+definite+entity+%22+,+claimed+participants+from+the+Hindus+as+well+.">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Indo - Muslim culture, which had thus " a definite entity ", claimed participants from the Hindus as well . They had also been influenced by Islamic culture a good deal and had come to adopt some of the Islamic traditions during</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Pictorial&rft.pub=Pakistan+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTCZuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BIndo%2B-%2BMuslim%2Bculture%2B%2C%2Bwhich%2Bhad%2Bthus%2B%2522%2Ba%2Bdefinite%2Bentity%2B%2522%2B%2C%2Bclaimed%2Bparticipants%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BHindus%2Bas%2Bwell%2B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiauddin_Ahmed" class="citation book cs1">Ziauddin Ahmed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xloBAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Indo+-+Muslim+culture+,+which+had+thus+%22+a+definite+entity+%22+,+claimed+participants+from+the+Hindus+as+well+."><i>Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Founder of Pakistan</i></a>. the University of Michigan. p. 132. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040538/https://books.google.com/books?id=xloBAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Indo+-+Muslim+culture+,+which+had+thus+%22+a+definite+entity+%22+,+claimed+participants+from+the+Hindus+as+well+.">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohammad+Ali+Jinnah%2C+Founder+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=the+University+of+Michigan&rft.au=Ziauddin+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxloBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BIndo%2B-%2BMuslim%2Bculture%2B%2C%2Bwhich%2Bhad%2Bthus%2B%2522%2Ba%2Bdefinite%2Bentity%2B%2522%2B%2C%2Bclaimed%2Bparticipants%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BHindus%2Bas%2Bwell%2B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain1989" class="citation cs2">Hussain, Akmal (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9DmV9-0on0C&pg=PA201">"The Crisis of State Power in Pakistan"</a>, in Ponna Wignaraja; Akmal Hussain (eds.), <i>The Challenge in South Asia: Development, Democracy and Regional Cooperation</i>, United Nations University Press, p. 201, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9603-8"><bdi>978-0-8039-9603-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115015242/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9DmV9-0on0C&pg=PA201">archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+of+State+Power+in+Pakistan&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+in+South+Asia%3A+Development%2C+Democracy+and+Regional+Cooperation&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-9603-8&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Akmal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9DmV9-0on0C%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald James Larson, <i>India's Agony Over Religion: Confronting Diversity in Teacher Education</i>, SUNY Press (1995), p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.M. Ikram, <i>Indian Muslims and Partition of India</i>, Atlantic Publishers & Dist (1995), p. 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2005" class="citation cs2">Wolpert, Stanley A. (12 July 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0PqPAAACAAJ"><i>Jinnah of Pakistan</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 47–48, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567859-8"><bdi>978-0-19-567859-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-07-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567859-8&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd0PqPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-counterview-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-counterview_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-counterview_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-counterview_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html">"Savarkar in Ahmedabad 'declared' two-nation theory in 1937, Jinnah followed 3 years later"</a>. 24 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426154721/https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Savarkar+in+Ahmedabad+%27declared%27+two-nation+theory+in+1937%2C+Jinnah+followed+3+years+later&rft.date=2016-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterview.net%2F2016%2F01%2Fsavarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanjan2018" class="citation book cs1">Ranjan, Amit (2018). <i>Partition of India: Postcolonial Legacies</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75052-6"><bdi>978-0-429-75052-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partition+of+India%3A+Postcolonial+Legacies&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-75052-6&rft.aulast=Ranjan&rft.aufirst=Amit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomireddi2015" class="citation news cs1">Komireddi, Kapil (17 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-long-troubling-consequences-of-indias-partition-that-created-pakistan/2015/04/17/8bf2669a-c746-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html">"The long, troubling consequences of India's partition that created Pakistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108113700/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-long-troubling-consequences-of-indias-partition-that-created-pakistan/2015/04/17/8bf2669a-c746-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>The idea of Pakistan emerged from the anxieties and prejudices of a decaying class of India's Muslim elites, who claimed that Islam's purity would be contaminated in a pluralistic society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+long%2C+troubling+consequences+of+India%27s+partition+that+created+Pakistan&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft.aulast=Komireddi&rft.aufirst=Kapil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fthe-long-troubling-consequences-of-indias-partition-that-created-pakistan%2F2015%2F04%2F17%2F8bf2669a-c746-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fazal2014-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fazal2014_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fazal2014_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazal2014" class="citation book cs1">Fazal, Tanweer (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1WwtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162"><i>Nation-state and Minority Rights in India: Comparative Perspectives on Muslim and Sikh Identities</i></a>. Routledge. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75179-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75179-3"><bdi>978-1-317-75179-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040544/https://books.google.com/books?id=1WwtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation-state+and+Minority+Rights+in+India%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Muslim+and+Sikh+Identities&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75179-3&rft.aulast=Fazal&rft.aufirst=Tanweer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1WwtBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Copland, <i>India 1885-1947: The Unmaking of an Empire</i>, Pearson Education (2001), pp. 57-58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKermani2017" class="citation web cs1">Kermani, Secunder (18 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40961603">"How Jinnah's ideology shapes Pakistan's identity"</a>. <i>BBC Home</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Home&rft.atitle=How+Jinnah%27s+ideology+shapes+Pakistan%27s+identity&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft.aulast=Kermani&rft.aufirst=Secunder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-40961603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span> Quote="Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literary traditions. They neither intermarry nor eat together, and indeed they belong to two different civilisations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaculty_of_History2017" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/why-was-british-india-partitioned-in-1947-considering-the-role-of-muhammad-ali-0">"Why was British India Partitioned in 1947? Considering the role of Muhammad Ali Jinnah"</a>. <i>Faculty of History</i>. 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faculty+of+History&rft.atitle=Why+was+British+India+Partitioned+in+1947%3F+Considering+the+role+of+Muhammad+Ali+Jinnah&rft.date=2017-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ox.ac.uk%2Fwhy-was-british-india-partitioned-in-1947-considering-the-role-of-muhammad-ali-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_P._Cohen2004" class="citation book cs1">Stephen P. Cohen (2004). <i>The Idea of Pakistan</i>. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Stephen+P.+Cohen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saigol1995-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saigol1995_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubina_Saigol1995" class="citation cs2">Rubina Saigol (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d82eAAAAMAAJ"><i>Knowledge and identity: articulation of gender in educational discourse in Pakistan</i></a>, ASR Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-8217-30-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-8217-30-3"><bdi>978-969-8217-30-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+and+identity%3A+articulation+of+gender+in+educational+discourse+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=ASR+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-969-8217-30-3&rft.au=Rubina+Saigol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd82eAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed_2020-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_2020_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2020" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, I. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hP9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT118"><i>Jinnah: His Successes, Failures and Role in History</i></a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-664-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-664-3"><bdi>978-93-5305-664-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711040219/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hP9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT118">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah%3A+His+Successes%2C+Failures+and+Role+in+History&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-93-5305-664-3&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hP9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmanand,_Bhai" class="citation book cs1">Parmanand, Bhai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life"><i>The Story of my Life</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life/page/n73">41</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+my+Life&rft.pages=41-&rft.au=Parmanand%2C+Bhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot,_Christophe2009" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&pg=PA193"><i>Hindu Nationalism: A Reader</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 193–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2803-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-2803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=193-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6&rft.au=Jaffrelot%2C+Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmOXWgr53A5kC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam" class="citation journal cs1">Islam, Shamsul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4819117">"Hindus- Muslims in 1857 & Emergence of 2 Nation Theory"</a>. Shamsul Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711040215/https://www.academia.edu/4819117">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hindus-+Muslims+in+1857+%26+Emergence+of+2+Nation+Theory&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Shamsul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4819117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoodbhoy-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoodbhoy_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoodbhoy2023" class="citation book cs1">Hoodbhoy, P. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MgSqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT231"><i>Pakistan: Origins, Identity and Future</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85667-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85667-5"><bdi>978-1-000-85667-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711040219/https://books.google.com/books?id=MgSqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT231">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Origins%2C+Identity+and+Future&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-85667-5&rft.aulast=Hoodbhoy&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMgSqEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonney_2004-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonney_2004_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonney2004" class="citation book cs1">Bonney, R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SpmpK8hgbkkC&pg=PA7"><i>Three Giants of South Asia: Gandhi, Ambedkar, and Jinnah on Self-determination</i></a>. South Asian history academic papers. Media House. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7495-174-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7495-174-8"><bdi>978-81-7495-174-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711040220/https://books.google.com/books?id=SpmpK8hgbkkC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Giants+of+South+Asia%3A+Gandhi%2C+Ambedkar%2C+and+Jinnah+on+Self-determination&rft.series=South+Asian+history+academic+papers&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Media+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7495-174-8&rft.aulast=Bonney&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSpmpK8hgbkkC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bapu-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bapu_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bapu_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBapu2013" class="citation book cs1">Bapu, Prabhu (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC"><i>Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History</i></a>. Online access with subscription: Proquest Ebook Central. Routledge. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1"><bdi>978-0-415-67165-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Mahasabha+in+Colonial+North+India%2C+1915-1930%3A+Constructing+Nation+and+History&rft.series=Online+access+with+subscription%3A+Proquest+Ebook+Central&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67165-1&rft.aulast=Bapu&rft.aufirst=Prabhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUFalxUFFWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukherjee_Ramaswamy-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mukherjee_Ramaswamy_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjeeRamaswamy1996" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, S.; Ramaswamy, S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bO4aqix_0qkC"><i>Political Science Annual 1996</i></a>. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-833-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-833-9"><bdi>978-81-7100-833-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215111249/https://books.google.com/books?id=bO4aqix_0qkC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Science+Annual+1996&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7100-833-9&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ramaswamy%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbO4aqix_0qkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKean1996" class="citation book cs1">McKean, L. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC"><i>Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56010-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56010-6"><bdi>978-0-226-56010-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240130152328/https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Enterprise%3A+Gurus+and+the+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-56010-6&rft.aulast=McKean&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsI7Hy8H34YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowenKazamias2009" class="citation book cs1">Cowen, R.; Kazamias, A.M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCJFq4D4r-8C"><i>International Handbook of Comparative Education</i></a>. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer Netherlands. p. 880. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6403-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6403-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-6403-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Comparative+Education&rft.series=Springer+International+Handbooks+of+Education&rft.pages=880&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6403-6&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Kazamias%2C+A.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxCJFq4D4r-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quaid-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quaid_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfficial_website" class="citation web cs1">Official website, Nazaria-e-Pakistan Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628044030/http://www.nazariapak.info/data/quaid/statements/two-nation.asp">"Excerpt from the presidential address delivered Muhammad Ali Jinnah in Lahore on March 22, 1940"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nazariapak.info/data/quaid/statements/two-nation.asp">the original</a> on 28 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excerpt+from+the+presidential+address+delivered+Muhammad+Ali+Jinnah+in+Lahore+on+March+22%2C+1940&rft.aulast=Official+website&rft.aufirst=Nazaria-e-Pakistan+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nazariapak.info%2Fdata%2Fquaid%2Fstatements%2Ftwo-nation.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/cabinetmissionplan/mountbatten-and-jinnah-negotiations-on-pakistan-april-">"Mountbatten and Jinnah negotiations on Pakistan April-July 1947 - CabinetMissionPlan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009164532/https://sites.google.com/site/cabinetmissionplan/mountbatten-and-jinnah-negotiations-on-pakistan-april-">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountbatten+and+Jinnah+negotiations+on+Pakistan+April-July+1947+-+CabinetMissionPlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fcabinetmissionplan%2Fmountbatten-and-jinnah-negotiations-on-pakistan-april-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Minority Interest". <i><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Herald_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Herald Publications">The Herald</a></i>. <b>22</b> (1–3). <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Herald_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Herald Publications">Pakistan Herald Publications</a>: 15. 1991. <q>When the Quaid-e-Azam was fighting his battle for Pakistan, only the Ahmadiya community, out of all religious groups, supported him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Minority+Interest&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalid-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khalid_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khalid_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khalid_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid2017" class="citation web cs1">Khalid, Haroon (6 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/836580/how-ahmadis-became-anti-pakistan-and-those-who-opposed-its-creation-came-to-define-nationalism">"Pakistan paradox: Ahmadis are anti-national but those who opposed the country's creation are not"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scroll.in" title="Scroll.in">Scroll.in</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119000118/https://scroll.in/article/836580/how-ahmadis-became-anti-pakistan-and-those-who-opposed-its-creation-came-to-define-nationalism">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Pakistan+paradox%3A+Ahmadis+are+anti-national+but+those+who+opposed+the+country%27s+creation+are+not&rft.date=2017-05-06&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Haroon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F836580%2Fhow-ahmadis-became-anti-pakistan-and-those-who-opposed-its-creation-came-to-define-nationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalzani2020" class="citation book cs1">Balzani, Marzia (2020). <i>Ahmadiyya Islam and the Muslim Diaspora: Living at the End of Days</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-76953-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-76953-2"><bdi>978-1-351-76953-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahmadiyya+Islam+and+the+Muslim+Diaspora%3A+Living+at+the+End+of+Days&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-351-76953-2&rft.aulast=Balzani&rft.aufirst=Marzia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valentine2008-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Valentine2008_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2008" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Simon Ross (2008). <i>Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8"><bdi>978-0-231-70094-8</bdi></a>. <q>In 1948, after the creation of Pakistan, when the Dogra Regime and the Indian forces were invading Kashmir, the Ahmadi community raised a volunteer force, the Furqan Force which actively fought against Indian troops.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Ahmadiyya+Jama%CA%BBat%3A+History%2C+Belief%2C+Practice&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70094-8&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Simon+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Robert Jr</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald S. Lopez, Jr.">Lopez, Donald S. Jr.</a>, eds. (2013). <i>Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691157863" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691157863"><bdi>978-0691157863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0691157863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaisal_Devji2013" class="citation book cs1">Faisal Devji (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=savUAQAAQBAJ&dq=two+nation+theory+muslim+dominance&pg=PA194"><i>Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674074163" title="Special:BookSources/9780674074163"><bdi>9780674074163</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040529/https://books.google.com/books?id=savUAQAAQBAJ&dq=two+nation+theory+muslim+dominance&pg=PA194">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Zion%3A+Pakistan+as+a+Political+Idea&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780674074163&rft.au=Faisal+Devji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsavUAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtwo%2Bnation%2Btheory%2Bmuslim%2Bdominance%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ambedkar-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ambedkar_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbedkar1945" class="citation book cs1">Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/307a.html#part_2"><i>Pakistan, Or the Partition of India</i></a>. Mumbai: Thackers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626013944/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/307a.html#part_2">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+Or+the+Partition+of+India&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=Thackers&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Ambedkar&rft.aufirst=Bhimrao+Ramji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00ambedkar%2Fambedkar_partition%2F307a.html%23part_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, <i>Pakistan Or Partition of India</i>, Thacker limited (1945), p. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbedkar1945" class="citation book cs1">Ambedkar (1945). <i>Pakistan or the Partition of India</i>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+or+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Ambedkar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_P._Cohen2004" class="citation book cs1">Stephen P. Cohen (2004). <i>the Idea of Pakistan</i>. Brookings Institution Press. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Idea+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Stephen+P.+Cohen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilal_Zahoor,_Raza_Rumi2020" class="citation book cs1">Bilal Zahoor, Raza Rumi (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxD8DwAAQBAJ&dq=ahmad+raza+khan+pakistan&pg=PA34"><i>Rethinking Pakistan: A 21st Century Perspective</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785274930" title="Special:BookSources/9781785274930"><bdi>9781785274930</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422094752/https://books.google.com/books?id=RxD8DwAAQBAJ&dq=ahmad+raza+khan+pakistan&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Pakistan%3A+A+21st+Century+Perspective&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781785274930&rft.au=Bilal+Zahoor%2C+Raza+Rumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxD8DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dahmad%2Braza%2Bkhan%2Bpakistan%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sikand2005-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sikand2005_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sikand2005_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoginder_Sikand2005" class="citation book cs1">Yoginder Sikand (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dK6_IMuqWpoC&pg=PA228"><i>Bastions of the Believers: Madrasas and Islamic Education in India</i></a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 228–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400020-3"><bdi>978-0-14-400020-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bastions+of+the+Believers%3A+Madrasas+and+Islamic+Education+in+India&rft.pages=228-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400020-3&rft.au=Yoginder+Sikand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdK6_IMuqWpoC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kukreja-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kukreja_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kukreja_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKukrejaSingh2005" class="citation book cs1">Kukreja, Veena; Singh, M. P. (2005). <i>Pakistan: Democracy, Development, and Security Issues</i>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-332-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-332-3"><bdi>978-93-5280-332-3</bdi></a>. <q>The latter two organizations were offshoots of the pre-independence Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind and were comprised mainly of Deobandi Muslims (Deoband was the site for the Indian Academy of Theology and Islamic Jurisprudence). The Deobandis had supported the Congress Party prior to partition in the effort to terminate British rule in India. Deobandis also were prominent in the Khilafat movement of the 1920s, a movement Jinnah had publicly opposed. The Muslim League, therefore, had difficulty in recruiting ulema in the cause of Pakistan, and Jinnah and other League politicians were largely inclined to leave the religious teachers to their tasks in administering to the spiritual life of Indian Muslims. If the League touched any of the <i>ulema</i> it was the Barelvis, but they too never supported the Muslim League, let alone the latter's call to represent all Indian Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Democracy%2C+Development%2C+and+Security+Issues&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-93-5280-332-3&rft.aulast=Kukreja&rft.aufirst=Veena&rft.au=Singh%2C+M.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Tariq_lahori2014" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad Tariq lahori (11 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FatawaRazawiyaJild21/page/n183/mode/2up"><i>Fatawa Razawiya Jild 21</i></a>. p. 184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatawa+Razawiya+Jild+21&rft.pages=184&rft.date=2014-01-11&rft.au=Muhammad+Tariq+lahori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FFatawaRazawiyaJild21%2Fpage%2Fn183%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnil_Maheshwari,_Richa_Singh2021" class="citation book cs1">Anil Maheshwari, Richa Singh (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMMpEAAAQBAJ&dq=barelvis+partition&pg=PT66"><i>Syncretic Islam: Life and Times of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789354350092" title="Special:BookSources/9789354350092"><bdi>9789354350092</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040543/https://books.google.com/books?id=YMMpEAAAQBAJ&dq=barelvis+partition&pg=PT66">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syncretic+Islam%3A+Life+and+Times+of+Ahmad+Raza+Khan+Barelvi&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789354350092&rft.au=Anil+Maheshwari%2C+Richa+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMMpEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbarelvis%2Bpartition%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilal_Zahoor,_Raza_Rumid2020" class="citation book cs1">Bilal Zahoor, Raza Rumid (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxD8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Jamaat+Ali+Shah++Barelvi&pg=PA35"><i>Rethinking Pakistan: A 21st Century Perspective</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785274930" title="Special:BookSources/9781785274930"><bdi>9781785274930</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040523/https://books.google.com/books?id=RxD8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Jamaat+Ali+Shah++Barelvi&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Pakistan%3A+A+21st+Century+Perspective&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781785274930&rft.au=Bilal+Zahoor%2C+Raza+Rumid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxD8DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DJamaat%2BAli%2BShah%2B%2BBarelvi%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUgsAwAAQBAJ&dq=two+nation+theory+islam+ethnic+identity+culture&pg=PA203"><i>Being Bengali: At Home and in the World</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317818908" title="Special:BookSources/9781317818908"><bdi>9781317818908</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422040528/https://books.google.com/books?id=DUgsAwAAQBAJ&dq=two+nation+theory+islam+ethnic+identity+culture&pg=PA203">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>Dawn made a case for cultural nationalisn based on art/architecture, literature/language, and 'way of life'. Crucial to this claim of a nationhood separated from the majority 'Hindu' community was the fixing of a national culture that could be specific to Indian Muslims. In this case, the writer's rather sophisticated definition of 'common culture' - 'developed manifestations of thought and feeling' - serve to reinforce this distinctiveness. Indian Muslims thought differently, felt differently, had a different and unique history and therefore had a common purpose and interest</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Bengali%3A+At+Home+and+in+the+World&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317818908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUgsAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtwo%2Bnation%2Btheory%2Bislam%2Bethnic%2Bidentity%2Bculture%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40961603">"The Two Nation Theory has also led to debate over whether Pakistan was intended as a secular homeland for Indian Muslims or an Islamic state"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Two+Nation+Theory+has+also+led+to+debate+over+whether+Pakistan+was+intended+as+a+secular+homeland+for+Indian+Muslims+or+an+Islamic+state&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-40961603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQasmiRobb2017" class="citation book cs1">Qasmi, Ali Usman; Robb, Megan Eaton (2017). <i>Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108621236" title="Special:BookSources/9781108621236"><bdi>9781108621236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+against+the+Muslim+League%3A+Critiques+of+the+Idea+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781108621236&rft.aulast=Qasmi&rft.aufirst=Ali+Usman&rft.au=Robb%2C+Megan+Eaton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shodganga-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shodganga_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQaiser2005" class="citation cs2">Qaiser, Rizwan (2005), "Towards United and Federate India: 1940-47", <i>Maulana Abul Kalam Azad a study of his role in Indian Nationalist Movement 1919–47</i>, Jawaharlal Nehru University/Shodhganga, Chapter 5, pp. 193, 198, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F31090">10603/31090</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+United+and+Federate+India%3A+1940-47&rft.btitle=Maulana+Abul+Kalam+Azad+a+study+of+his+role+in+Indian+Nationalist+Movement+1919%E2%80%9347&rft.pages=Chapter+5%2C+pp.-193%2C+198&rft.pub=Jawaharlal+Nehru+University%2FShodhganga&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F31090&rft.aulast=Qaiser&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phadnis-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phadnis_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhadnis2017" class="citation web cs1">Phadnis, Aditi (2 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/britain-created-pakistan/20171102.htm">"Britain created Pakistan"</a>. Rediff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816134904/https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/britain-created-pakistan/20171102.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain+created+Pakistan&rft.pub=Rediff&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft.aulast=Phadnis&rft.aufirst=Aditi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2Finterview%2Fbritain-created-pakistan%2F20171102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Christophe Jaffrelot</a>, <i>The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience</i>, Oxford University Press (2015), p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prasoon2010-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prasoon2010_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Prasoon2010" class="citation book cs1">Prof. Prasoon (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qfEbNpv7ggC&pg=PA120"><i>My Letters.... M.K.Gandhi</i></a>. Pustak Mahal. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-223-1109-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-223-1109-9"><bdi>978-81-223-1109-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Letters....+M.K.Gandhi&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Pustak+Mahal&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-223-1109-9&rft.au=Prof.+Prasoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qfEbNpv7ggC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold2014-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold2014_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Arnold2014" class="citation book cs1">David Arnold (17 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWzXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT170"><i>Gandhi</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88234-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88234-3"><bdi>978-1-317-88234-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88234-3&rft.au=David+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWzXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakraborty2014-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chakraborty2014_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMridula_Nath_Chakraborty2014" class="citation book cs1">Mridula Nath Chakraborty (26 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUgsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203"><i>Being Bengali: At Home and in the World</i></a>. Routledge. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81890-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81890-8"><bdi>978-1-317-81890-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Bengali%3A+At+Home+and+in+the+World&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81890-8&rft.au=Mridula+Nath+Chakraborty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUgsAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banerjee1981-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banerjee1981_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnil_Chandra_Banerjee1981" class="citation book cs1">Anil Chandra Banerjee (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APLmIxRyEjEC&pg=PA236"><i>Two Nations: The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 236. GGKEY:HJDP3TYZJLW.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Nations%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Muslim+Nationalism&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Anil+Chandra+Banerjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPLmIxRyEjEC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parekh1991-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parekh1991_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhikhu_Parekh1991" class="citation book cs1">Bhikhu Parekh (25 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sP2wCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178"><i>Gandhi's Political Philosophy: A Critical Examination</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12242-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12242-4"><bdi>978-1-349-12242-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Political+Philosophy%3A+A+Critical+Examination&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1991-11-25&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12242-4&rft.au=Bhikhu+Parekh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsP2wCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naqvi-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naqvi_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naqvi_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naqvi_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaqvi2020" class="citation web cs1">Naqvi, Saeed (31 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/310120/why-didnt-we-listen-to-maulana-azads-warning.html">"Why didn't we listen to Maulana Azad's warning?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729121546/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/310120/why-didnt-we-listen-to-maulana-azads-warning.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Why+didn%27t+we+listen+to+Maulana+Azad%27s+warning%3F&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft.aulast=Naqvi&rft.aufirst=Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2F310120%2Fwhy-didnt-we-listen-to-maulana-azads-warning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maulana-azad-opposed-partition-till-last-breath-experts-116022301000_1.html">"Maulana Azad opposed Partition till last breath: Experts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a></i>. 23 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307230844/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maulana-azad-opposed-partition-till-last-breath-experts-116022301000_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Maulana+Azad+opposed+Partition+till+last+breath%3A+Experts&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-ians%2Fmaulana-azad-opposed-partition-till-last-breath-experts-116022301000_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qasmi-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qasmi_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQasmi2005" class="citation book cs1">Qasmi, Muhammadullah Khalili (2005). <i>Madrasa Education: Its Strength and Weakness</i>. Markazul Ma'arif Education and Research Centre (MMERC). p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7827-113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7827-113-2"><bdi>978-81-7827-113-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Deobandis opposed partition, rejected the two-nation theory and strongly supported the nationalist movement led by the Congress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madrasa+Education%3A+Its+Strength+and+Weakness&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Markazul+Ma%27arif+Education+and+Research+Centre+%28MMERC%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7827-113-2&rft.aulast=Qasmi&rft.aufirst=Muhammadullah+Khalili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QasmiRobb2017-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QasmiRobb2017_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQasmiRobb2017" class="citation book cs1">Qasmi, Ali Usman; Robb, Megan Eaton (2017). <i>Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108621236" title="Special:BookSources/9781108621236"><bdi>9781108621236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+against+the+Muslim+League%3A+Critiques+of+the+Idea+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781108621236&rft.aulast=Qasmi&rft.aufirst=Ali+Usman&rft.au=Robb%2C+Megan+Eaton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moj2015-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moj2015_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Moj2015" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad Moj (1 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies</i></a>. Anthem Press. pp. 81–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-389-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-389-3"><bdi>978-1-78308-389-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deoband+Madrassah+Movement%3A+Countercultural+Trends+and+Tendencies&rft.pages=81-&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78308-389-3&rft.au=Muhammad+Moj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmbm2BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan1988-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khan1988_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafique_Ali_Khan1988" class="citation book cs1">Shafique Ali Khan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=910eAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Lahore resolution: arguments for and against : history and criticism</i></a>. Royal Book Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789694070810" title="Special:BookSources/9789694070810"><bdi>9789694070810</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144044/https://books.google.com/books?id=910eAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lahore+resolution%3A+arguments+for+and+against+%3A+history+and+criticism&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Co.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9789694070810&rft.au=Shafique+Ali+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D910eAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Inglehart2003" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Inglehart (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPbtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Islam, Gender, Culture, and Democracy: Findings from the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey</i></a>. De Sitter Publications. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9698707-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9698707-7-7"><bdi>978-0-9698707-7-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144046/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPbtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Gender%2C+Culture%2C+and+Democracy%3A+Findings+from+the+World+Values+Survey+and+the+European+Values+Survey&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=De+Sitter+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9698707-7-7&rft.au=Ronald+Inglehart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFPbtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaqeeb_Jan2019" class="citation book cs1">Naqeeb Jan (2019). <i>The Metacolonial State: Pakistan, Critical Ontology, and the Biopolitical Horizons of Political Islam</i>. Wiley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metacolonial+State%3A+Pakistan%2C+Critical+Ontology%2C+and+the+Biopolitical+Horizons+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Naqeeb+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurtaza2017" class="citation web cs1">Murtaza, Dr Niaz (11 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1326135">"National myths"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=National+myths&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft.aulast=Murtaza&rft.aufirst=Dr+Niaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1326135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yousaf2018-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yousaf2018_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousaf2018" class="citation web cs1">Yousaf, Nasim (31 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalvillagespace.com/why-allama-mashriqi-opposed-the-partition-of-india/">"Why Allama Mashriqi opposed the partition of India?"</a>. Global Village Space. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020457/https://www.globalvillagespace.com/why-allama-mashriqi-opposed-the-partition-of-india/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Allama+Mashriqi+opposed+the+partition+of+India%3F&rft.pub=Global+Village+Space&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft.aulast=Yousaf&rft.aufirst=Nasim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalvillagespace.com%2Fwhy-allama-mashriqi-opposed-the-partition-of-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lowell1918-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lowell1918_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott_Lawrence_Lowell1918" class="citation cs2">Abbott Lawrence Lowell (1918), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9gMAAAAYAAJ"><i>Greater European governments</i></a>, Harvard University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+European+governments&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1918&rft.au=Abbott+Lawrence+Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9gMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukherjee,_Nationhood_and_Statehood_in_India2001">Mukherjee, Nationhood and Statehood in India 2001</a>, p. 6: "Obviously the inhabitants of the subcontinent were considered by the Puranic authors as forming a nation, at least geographically and culturally. There were feelings among at least a section of the public that the whole of the subcontinent (or by and large the major part of it) was inhabited by a people or a group of peoples sharing a link-culture or some common features of an "umbrella" culture in so deep a manner that they could be called by a common name—Bhārati. So geographically and culturally, if not politically and ethnically, the Bhāratis were a nation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera.com-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera.com_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2017" class="citation web cs1">Tharoor, Shashi (10 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/08/partition-british-game-divide-rule-170808101655163.html">"The Partition: The British game of 'divide and rule'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922165201/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/08/partition-british-game-divide-rule-170808101655163.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=The+Partition%3A+The+British+game+of+%27divide+and+rule%27&rft.date=2017-08-10&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Shashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2017%2F08%2Fpartition-british-game-divide-rule-170808101655163.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilani2004" class="citation news cs1">Gilani, Waqar (30 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606172153/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-3-2004_pg7_16">"History books contain major distortions"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-3-2004_pg7_16">the original</a> on 6 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=History+books+contain+major+distortions&rft.date=2004-03-30&rft.aulast=Gilani&rft.aufirst=Waqar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3Dstory_30-3-2004_pg7_16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Pakistan-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Pakistan_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723113602/http://infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx">"Information of Pakistan"</a>. 23 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx">the original</a> on 23 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+of+Pakistan&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfopak.gov.pk%2FHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakash_K._Singh-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prakash_K._Singh_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash_K._Singh2008" class="citation book cs1">Prakash K. Singh (2008). <i>Encyclopaedia on Jinnah</i>. Vol. 5. Anmol Publications. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126137794" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126137794"><bdi>978-8126137794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+on+Jinnah&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8126137794&rft.au=Prakash+K.+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bepf.punjab.gov.pk/independence_through_ages">"Independence Through Ages"</a>. <i>bepf.punjab.gov.pk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207082914/https://bepf.punjab.gov.pk/independence_through_ages">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bepf.punjab.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Independence+Through+Ages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbepf.punjab.gov.pk%2Findependence_through_ages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2009" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Prakash K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cL0VAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Pakistan+Movement+started+when+the+first+Muslim+put+his+foot+on+the+soil+of+Sindh,+the+gateway+of+Islam+in+India.%22"><i>Encyclopaedia on Jinnah</i></a>. Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126137794" title="Special:BookSources/9788126137794"><bdi>9788126137794</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116113612/https://books.google.com/books?id=cL0VAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Pakistan+Movement+started+when+the+first+Muslim+put+his+foot+on+the+soil+of+Sindh,+the+gateway+of+Islam+in+India.%22">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+on+Jinnah&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788126137794&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Prakash+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcL0VAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BPakistan%2BMovement%2Bstarted%2Bwhen%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2BMuslim%2Bput%2Bhis%2Bfoot%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bsoil%2Bof%2BSindh%2C%2Bthe%2Bgateway%2Bof%2BIslam%2Bin%2BIndia.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961390-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961390_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961">Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan 1961</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961400-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961400_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961">Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan 1961</a>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961321-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961321_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961">Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan 1961</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dilip Hiro, <i>The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan</i>, Hachette UK (2015), p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjaz_Ashraf2016" class="citation web cs1">Ajaz Ashraf (28 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/810132/the-venkat-dhulipala-interview-on-the-partition-issue-jinnah-and-ambedkar-were-on-the-same-page">"The Venkat Dhulipala interview: 'On the Partition issue, Jinnah and Ambedkar were on the same page"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scroll.in" title="Scroll.in">Scroll.in</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205112539/http://scroll.in/article/810132/the-venkat-dhulipala-interview-on-the-partition-issue-jinnah-and-ambedkar-were-on-the-same-page">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=The+Venkat+Dhulipala+interview%3A+%27On+the+Partition+issue%2C+Jinnah+and+Ambedkar+were+on+the+same+page&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft.au=Ajaz+Ashraf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F810132%2Fthe-venkat-dhulipala-interview-on-the-partition-issue-jinnah-and-ambedkar-were-on-the-same-page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haqqani2005-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haqqani2005_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haqqani2005_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusain_Haqqani2005" class="citation cs2">Husain Haqqani (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC"><i>Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military</i></a>, Carnegie Endowment, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1"><bdi>978-0-87003-214-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Between+Mosque+and+Military&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-214-1&rft.au=Husain+Haqqani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYppZ_dEjdIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urdupoint2010jsa-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urdupoint2010jsa_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urdupoint2010jsa_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112183547/http://akhbar.urdupoint.com/khas/interviews/Hassan-Nissar.shtml">"کالم نگار جہالت اور جذبات فروشی کا کام کرتے ہیں ('Columnists are peddling ignorance and raw emotionalism')"</a>, <i>Urdu Point</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://akhbar.urdupoint.com/khas/interviews/Hassan-Nissar.shtml">the original</a> on 12 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urdu+Point&rft.atitle=%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C+%DA%A9%D8%A7+%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85+%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%92+%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%BA+%28%27Columnists+are+peddling+ignorance+and+raw+emotionalism%27%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fakhbar.urdupoint.com%2Fkhas%2Finterviews%2FHassan-Nissar.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Express_Tribune_pk_2011_h847-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune_pk_2011_h847_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/104683/jinnah-and-the-religious-right">"Jinnah and the religious right"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 16 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Jinnah+and+the+religious+right&rft.date=2011-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F104683%2Fjinnah-and-the-religious-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voll1994-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-voll1994_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Baxter1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Baxter" title="Craig Baxter">Craig Baxter</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WtsqZZJ1tToC"><i>Islam, Continuity and Change in the Modern World</i></a>, Syracuse University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2639-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2639-8"><bdi>978-0-8156-2639-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Continuity+and+Change+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2639-8&rft.au=Craig+Baxter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWtsqZZJ1tToC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baxter1998-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baxter1998_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Baxter1998" class="citation cs2">Craig Baxter (1998), <i>Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State</i>, Westview Press, p. xiii, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3632-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-3632-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+From+a+Nation+to+a+State&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3632-9&rft.au=Craig+Baxter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altaf Hussain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mqm.org/English-News/Apr-2000/TWO%20NATION%20THEORY.htm">Two Nation Theory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831160803/http://www.mqm.org/English-News/Apr-2000/TWO%20NATION%20THEORY.htm">Archived</a> 31 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Muttahida Quami Movement, April 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmaury_de_Riencourt1982–83" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amaury_de_Riencourt" title="Amaury de Riencourt">Amaury de Riencourt</a> (Winter 1982–83). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030519075744/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19821201faessay8309/amaury-de-riencourt/india-and-pakistan-in-the-shadow-of-afghanistan.html">"India and Pakistan in the Shadow of Afghanistan"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19821201faessay8309/amaury-de-riencourt/india-and-pakistan-in-the-shadow-of-afghanistan.html">the original</a> on 19 May 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=India+and+Pakistan+in+the+Shadow+of+Afghanistan&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=1982%2F1983&rft.au=Amaury+de+Riencourt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F19821201faessay8309%2Famaury-de-riencourt%2Findia-and-pakistan-in-the-shadow-of-afghanistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altaf Hussain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mqm.org/English-News/Jun-2000/twonation-210600.htm">The slogan of two-nation theory was raised to deceive the one hundred million Muslims of the subcontinent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721195349/http://www.mqm.org/English-News/Jun-2000/twonation-210600.htm">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Muttahida Quaumi Movement, 21 June 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaruqui2005" class="citation news cs1">Faruqui, Ahmad (19 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050320023956/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GC19Df04.html">"Jinnah's unfulfilled vision: The Idea of Pakistan by Stephen Cohen"</a>. <i>Asia Times</i>. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 20 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Jinnah%27s+unfulfilled+vision%3A+The+Idea+of+Pakistan+by+Stephen+Cohen&rft.date=2005-03-19&rft.aulast=Faruqui&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSouth_Asia%2FGC19Df04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAarti_Tikoo_Singh2013" class="citation news cs1">Aarti Tikoo Singh (19 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/Tarek-Fatah-India-is-the-only-country-where-Muslims-exert-influence-without-fear/articleshow/19619612.cms">"Tarek Fatah: India is the only country where Muslims exert influence without fear"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308210816/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/Tarek-Fatah-India-is-the-only-country-where-Muslims-exert-influence-without-fear/articleshow/19619612.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tarek+Fatah%3A+India+is+the+only+country+where+Muslims+exert+influence+without+fear&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft.au=Aarti+Tikoo+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Finterviews%2FTarek-Fatah-India-is-the-only-country-where-Muslims-exert-influence-without-fear%2Farticleshow%2F19619612.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irfan Husain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/mazdak/20001104.htm">A discourse of the deaf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112170527/http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/mazdak/20001104.htm">Archived</a> 12 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Dawn</i>, 4 November 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailytimes1-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dailytimes1_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dailytimes1_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-4-2004_pg3_5">"India and Partition"</a>. Daily Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020200059/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-4-2004_pg3_5">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+and+Partition&rft.pub=Daily+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3Dstory_10-4-2004_pg3_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jinnah-institute.org/feature/august-11-1947-jinnahs-paradigmatic-shift/">Jinnah's paradigmatic shift</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031220625/https://jinnah-institute.org/feature/august-11-1947-jinnahs-paradigmatic-shift/">Archived</a> 31 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jinnah Institute, 4 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The News, March 23, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daily Express, Lahore, March 24, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salman Sayyid, <i>Recalling the Caliphate: Decolonisation and World Order</i>, C. Hurst & Co. (2014), p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akhand Akhtar Hossain, "Islamic Resurgence in Bangladesh's Culture and Politics: Origins, Dynamics and Implications" in <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i>, Volume 23, Issue 2, May 2012, Pages 165–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taj ul-Islam Hashmi, "Islam in Bangladesh politics" in Hussin Mutalib and Taj ul-Islam Hashmi (editors), <i>Islam, Muslims and the Modern State: Case Studies of Muslims in Thirteen Countries</i>, Springer (2016), pp. 100-103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. N. Dixit, <i>India-Pakistan in War and Peace</i>, Routledge (2003), p. 387</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. N. Dixit, <i>India-Pakistan in War and Peace</i>, Routledge (2003), p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iops2005fds-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iops2005fds_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Policy_Studies,_Islamabad2005" class="citation cs2">Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1uGNAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pakistan political perspective, Volume 14</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+political+perspective%2C+Volume+14&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Institute+of+Policy+Studies%2C+Islamabad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1uGNAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mustafa2003s-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mustafa2003s_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayid_Ghulam_MustafaAli_Ahmed_Qureshi2003" class="citation cs2">Sayid Ghulam Mustafa; Ali Ahmed Qureshi (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfdtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sayyed: as we knew him</i></a>, Manchhar Publications, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144038/https://books.google.com/books?id=rfdtAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sayyed%3A+as+we+knew+him&rft.pub=Manchhar+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Sayid+Ghulam+Mustafa&rft.au=Ali+Ahmed+Qureshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrfdtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brass2002-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brass2002_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._BrassAchin_VanaikAsgharali_Engineer2002" class="citation cs2">Paul R. Brass; Achin Vanaik; Asgharali Engineer (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qJG7GapE_I"><i>Competing nationalisms in South Asia: essays for Asghar Ali Engineer</i></a>, Orient Blackswan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2221-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2221-3"><bdi>978-81-250-2221-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competing+nationalisms+in+South+Asia%3A+essays+for+Asghar+Ali+Engineer&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2221-3&rft.au=Paul+R.+Brass&rft.au=Achin+Vanaik&rft.au=Asgharali+Engineer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qJG7GapE_I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burki1999-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burki1999_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burki1999_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahid_Javed_Burki1999" class="citation cs2">Shahid Javed Burki (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0qwWSbboAAC"><i>Pakistan: fifty years of nationhood</i></a>, Westview Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3621-3"><bdi>978-0-8133-3621-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+fifty+years+of+nationhood&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3621-3&rft.au=Shahid+Javed+Burki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT0qwWSbboAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmar2001-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ahmar2001_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoonis_Ahmar2001" class="citation cs2">Moonis Ahmar (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cO52DJYhF14C"><i>The CTBT debate in Pakistan</i></a>, Har-Anand Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0818-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0818-5"><bdi>978-81-241-0818-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CTBT+debate+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0818-5&rft.au=Moonis+Ahmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcO52DJYhF14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kibria2009-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kibria2009_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhulam_Kibria2009" class="citation cs2">Ghulam Kibria (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNDsAAAAMAAJ"><i>A shattered dream: understanding Pakistan's underdevelopment</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577947-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577947-9"><bdi>978-0-19-577947-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+shattered+dream%3A+understanding+Pakistan%27s+underdevelopment&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577947-9&rft.au=Ghulam+Kibria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNDsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahajan2002-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mahajan2002_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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Burke (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8QCmx0u7FUC"><i>Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies</i></a>, University of Minnesota Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0720-4"><bdi>978-0-8166-0720-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mainsprings+of+Indian+and+Pakistani+foreign+policies&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0720-4&rft.au=S.+M.+Burke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm8QCmx0u7FUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-syed1974-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-syed1974_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnwar_Hussain_Syed1974" class="citation cs2">Anwar Hussain Syed (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-eJOu2ZUkkC"><i>China & Pakistan: diplomacy of an entente cordiale</i></a>, University of Massachusetts Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-160-5"><bdi>978-0-87023-160-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+%26+Pakistan%3A+diplomacy+of+an+entente+cordiale&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-87023-160-5&rft.au=Anwar+Hussain+Syed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-eJOu2ZUkkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref71puyox-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref71puyox_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasjit_Singh1999" class="citation cs2">Jasjit Singh (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBFuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kargil 1999: Pakistan's fourth war for Kashmir</i></a>, Knowledge World, 1999, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186019221" title="Special:BookSources/9788186019221"><bdi>9788186019221</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kargil+1999%3A+Pakistan%27s+fourth+war+for+Kashmir&rft.pub=Knowledge+World%2C+1999&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788186019221&rft.au=Jasjit+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammyh_S._Khan,_Ted_Svensson,_Yashpal_A._Jogdand,_James_H._Liu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sammyh S. Khan, Ted Svensson, Yashpal A. Jogdand, James H. Liu (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/5027/5027.html">"Lessons From the Past for the Future: The Definition and Mobilisation of Hindu Nationhood by the Hindu Nationalist Movement of India"</a>. <i>Journal of Social and Political Psychology</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 477–511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5964%2Fjspp.v5i2.736">10.5964/jspp.v5i2.736</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301155748/https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/5027/5027.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Hindu nationalist movement in fact supported the notion of a two-nation theory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Political+Psychology&rft.atitle=Lessons+From+the+Past+for+the+Future%3A+The+Definition+and+Mobilisation+of+Hindu+Nationhood+by+the+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement+of+India&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=477-511&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5964%2Fjspp.v5i2.736&rft.au=Sammyh+S.+Khan%2C+Ted+Svensson%2C+Yashpal+A.+Jogdand%2C+James+H.+Liu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjspp.psychopen.eu%2Findex.php%2Fjspp%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5027%2F5027.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suryadinata2000-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suryadinata2000_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSridharan2000" class="citation cs2">Sridharan, Kripa (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEcHhROO_qUC&pg=PA310">"Grasping the Nettle: Indian Nationalism and Globalization"</a>, in Leo Suryadinata (ed.), <i>Nationalism and globalization: east and west</i>, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 294–318, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-078-2"><bdi>978-981-230-078-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grasping+the+Nettle%3A+Indian+Nationalism+and+Globalization&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+globalization%3A+east+and+west&rft.pages=294-318&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-981-230-078-2&rft.aulast=Sridharan&rft.aufirst=Kripa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEcHhROO_qUC%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref54jezil-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref54jezil_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogindar_Sikand2006" class="citation cs2">Yogindar Sikand (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqII1zqXt-4C"><i>Muslims in India: Contemporary Social and Political Discourses</i></a>, Hope India Publications, 2006, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178711157" title="Special:BookSources/9788178711157"><bdi>9788178711157</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+India%3A+Contemporary+Social+and+Political+Discourses&rft.pub=Hope+India+Publications%2C+2006&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788178711157&rft.au=Yogindar+Sikand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAqII1zqXt-4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref29gixuv-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref29gixuv_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarence_Maloney1974" class="citation cs2">Clarence Maloney (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cOptAAAAMAAJ"><i>Peoples of South Asia</i></a>, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030849695" title="Special:BookSources/9780030849695"><bdi>9780030849695</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+South+Asia&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston%2C+1974&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780030849695&rft.au=Clarence+Maloney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcOptAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hindu-rashtra-partition-india-pakistan-bjp-kailash-vijayvargiya-2349908-2023-03-22">"After Partition, India became a Hindu nation: BJP's Kailash Vijayvargiya"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 22 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416111920/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hindu-rashtra-partition-india-pakistan-bjp-kailash-vijayvargiya-2349908-2023-03-22">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=After+Partition%2C+India+became+a+Hindu+nation%3A+BJP%27s+Kailash+Vijayvargiya&rft.date=2023-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fhindu-rashtra-partition-india-pakistan-bjp-kailash-vijayvargiya-2349908-2023-03-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2124851/quaids-two-nation-theory-acknowledged-reality-today-coas">"Quaid's two-nation theory more acknowledged reality today, says Gen Qamar"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 25 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426094258/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2124851/quaids-two-nation-theory-acknowledged-reality-today-coas">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Quaid%27s+two-nation+theory+more+acknowledged+reality+today%2C+says+Gen+Qamar&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2124851%2Fquaids-two-nation-theory-acknowledged-reality-today-coas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_Serajul2019" class="citation web cs1">M Serajul, Islam (25 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newagebd.net/article/94532/the-two-nation-theory-and-the-present-day-india">"The two-nation theory and the present-day India"</a>. <i>New Age</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717082019/https://www.newagebd.net/article/94532/the-two-nation-theory-and-the-present-day-india">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Age&rft.atitle=The+two-nation+theory+and+the+present-day+India&rft.date=2019-12-25&rft.aulast=M+Serajul&rft.aufirst=Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newagebd.net%2Farticle%2F94532%2Fthe-two-nation-theory-and-the-present-day-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid2020" class="citation news cs1">Khalid, Haroon (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/jinnah-was-right-but-pakistan-has-a-long-way-to-go-38894">"Jinnah was right. But Pakistan has a long way to go"</a>. <i>TRT World</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717022604/https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/jinnah-was-right-but-pakistan-has-a-long-way-to-go-38894">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TRT+World&rft.atitle=Jinnah+was+right.+But+Pakistan+has+a+long+way+to+go&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Haroon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fopinion%2Fjinnah-was-right-but-pakistan-has-a-long-way-to-go-38894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee,_Nationhood_and_Statehood_in_India2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/B._N._Mukherjee" title="B. N. Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTGKAAAAMAAJ"><i>Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey</i></a>, Regency Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-26-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-26-1"><bdi>978-81-87498-26-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationhood+and+Statehood+in+India%3A+A+historical+survey&rft.pub=Regency+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-87498-26-1&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Bratindra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTGKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaliquzzaman,_Pathway_to_Pakistan1961" class="citation cs2">Khaliquzzaman, Choudhry (1961), <i>Pathway to Pakistan</i>, Lahore: Brothers' Publisher (published 1993)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathway+to+Pakistan&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Brothers%27+Publisher&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Khaliquzzaman&rft.aufirst=Choudhry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-nation_theory&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory_of_Pakistan_website2003" class="citation web cs1">Story of Pakistan website, Jin Technologies (Pvt) Limited (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A129">"The Ideology of Pakistan: Two-Nation Theory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060511170712/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A129">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ideology+of+Pakistan%3A+Two-Nation+Theory&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=Story+of+Pakistan+website&rft.aufirst=Jin+Technologies+%28Pvt%29+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storyofpakistan.com%2Farticletext.asp%3Fartid%3DA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Story of the Nation divided by group connected by heart; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-gyankosh.in/2020/07/two-nation-theory.html">two nation theory E-Gyankosh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712184523/https://www.e-gyankosh.in/2020/07/two-nation-theory.html">Archived</a> 12 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir_Zia2019" class="citation news cs1">Amir Zia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/detail/NjQ0MQ==.html">"Increasing Marginalization of Muslims in India: Vindication of Two-nation Theory"</a>. <i>Hilal English (The Pakistan Armed Forces Magazine)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hilal+English+%28The+Pakistan+Armed+Forces+Magazine%29&rft.atitle=Increasing+Marginalization+of+Muslims+in+India%3A+Vindication+of+Two-nation+Theory&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Amir+Zia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhilal.gov.pk%2Feng-article%2Fdetail%2FNjQ0MQ%3D%3D.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-nation+theory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam"><i>Reconstruction</i> (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini"><i>Forty Hadith</i> (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> <i>Principles</i> (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)"><i>Milestones</i> (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government"><i>Islamic Government</i> (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration"><i>Islamic Declaration</i> (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> <i>The Green Book</i> (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical<br /> events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Segregation_in_countries_by_type_(in_some_countries,_categories_overlap)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Segregation_by_type" title="Template:Segregation by type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Segregation_by_type" title="Template talk:Segregation by type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation_by_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation by type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Segregation_in_countries_by_type_(in_some_countries,_categories_overlap)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Committee" title="Tal Committee">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Muslims_from_Serbia_(1862)" title="Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Greece and Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Saudi_Arabia" title="Religious segregation">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Bahrain" title="Religious segregation">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Myanmar" title="Religious segregation">Myanmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Ethnic and racial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Bahrain" title="Racial segregation">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid_in_Brazil" title="Social apartheid in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgaria and Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_population_exchange" title="Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange">Czechoslovakia and Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Fiji" title="Racial segregation">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_situation_in_the_French_suburbs" title="Social situation in the French suburbs">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche" title="Nur für Deutsche">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Rhodesia" title="Racial segregation">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudization" title="Saudization">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emiratisation" title="Emiratisation">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racial segregation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">Massive resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Afghanistan" title="Sex segregation in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sex segregation in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_public_restrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex segregation in public restrooms">Sex segregation in public restrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist feminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_zoning" title="Exclusionary zoning">Exclusionary zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">Residential segregation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafrada" title="Hafrada">Hafrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_minority" title="Majority minority">Majority minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rankism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">Second-class citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid" title="Social apartheid">Social apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Segregation" title="Category:Segregation">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caste" title="Category:Caste">caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex_segregation" title="Category:Sex segregation">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racial_segregation" title="Category:Racial segregation">racial</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Segregation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Segregation">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Template:Muhammad Ali Jinnah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Template talk:Muhammad Ali Jinnah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad Ali Jinnah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah%27s_11th_August_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah's 11th August Speech">11th August Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_nation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two nation theory">Two nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaidportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Quaidportrait.jpg/80px-Quaidportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Quaidportrait.jpg/120px-Quaidportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Quaidportrait.jpg/160px-Quaidportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_family" title="Jinnah family">Family</a> and personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_family#Second_generation" title="Jinnah family">Shireen Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emibai_Jinnah" title="Emibai Jinnah">Emibai Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanbai_Jinnah" title="Rattanbai Jinnah">Maryam Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Wadia" title="Dina Wadia">Dina Wadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Mansion">South Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Residency" title="Quaid-e-Azam Residency">Quaid-e-Azam Residency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam" title="Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam">Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e-Jinnah,_Karachi" title="Bagh-e-Jinnah, Karachi">Bagh-e-Jinnah, Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e-Jinnah,_Lahore" title="Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore">Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnah_Caddesi" title="Cinnah Caddesi">Cinnah Caddesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jenah_Expressway" title="Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway">Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_House,_Karachi" title="Governor's House, Karachi">Governor's House, Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Antarctic_Station" title="Jinnah Antarctic Station">Jinnah Antarctic Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Barrage" title="Jinnah Barrage">Jinnah Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Bridge" title="Jinnah Bridge">Jinnah Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_College_for_Women" title="Jinnah College for Women">Jinnah College for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Convention_Centre" title="Jinnah Convention Centre">Jinnah Convention Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Hospital,_Kabul" title="Jinnah Hospital, Kabul">Jinnah Hospital, Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Hospital,_Lahore" title="Jinnah Hospital, Lahore">Jinnah Hospital, Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport" title="Jinnah International Airport">Jinnah International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Mansion">Jinnah Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Medical_and_Dental_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Medical and Dental College">Jinnah Medical and Dental College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Memorial_Mosque" title="Jinnah Memorial Mosque">Jinnah Memorial Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Naval_Base" title="Jinnah Naval Base">Jinnah Naval Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Park" title="Jinnah Park">Jinnah Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Jinnah Polytechnic Institute">Jinnah Polytechnic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Postgraduate_Medical_Centre" title="Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre">Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Sindh_Medical_University" title="Jinnah Sindh Medical University">Jinnah Sindh Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Sports_Stadium" title="Jinnah Sports Stadium">Jinnah Sports Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Stadium,_Gujranwala" title="Jinnah Stadium, Gujranwala">Jinnah Stadium, Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Stadium,_Sialkot" title="Jinnah Stadium, Sialkot">Jinnah Stadium, Sialkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Tower" title="Jinnah Tower">Jinnah Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_University_for_Women" title="Jinnah University for Women">Jinnah University for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah-class_frigate" title="Jinnah-class frigate">Jinnah-class frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah%27s_People%27s_Memorial_Hall" title="Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall">Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah_University" title="Mohammad Ali Jinnah University">Mohammad Ali Jinnah University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_Road" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road">Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Jinnah)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Jinnah)">Pakistan Muslim League (J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology,_Sahiwal" title="Quaid-e-Azam College of Engineering and Technology, Sahiwal">Quaid-e-Azam College of Engineering and Technology, Sahiwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_House" title="Quaid-e-Azam House">Quaid-e-Azam House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Inter_Provincial_Youth_Games" title="Quaid-e-Azam Inter Provincial Youth Games">Quaid-e-Azam Inter Provincial Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_International_Cup" title="Quaid-e-Azam International Cup">Quaid-e-Azam International Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_International_Hospital" title="Quaid-e-Azam International Hospital">Quaid-e-Azam International Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Law_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-e-Azam Law College">Quaid-e-Azam Law College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Law_College_Nawabshah" title="Quaid-e-Azam Law College Nawabshah">Quaid-e-Azam Law College Nawabshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Library" title="Quaid-e-Azam Library">Quaid-e-Azam Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Medical_College" title="Quaid-e-Azam Medical College">Quaid-e-Azam Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Police_Medal" title="Quaid-e-Azam Police Medal">Quaid-e-Azam Police Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Public_School" title="Quaid-e-Azam Public School">Quaid-e-Azam Public School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Residency" title="Quaid-e-Azam Residency">Quaid-e-Azam Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Solar_Park" title="Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park">Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Stadium" title="Quaid-e-Azam Stadium">Quaid-e-Azam Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Tourist_Lodge" title="Quaid-e-Azam Tourist Lodge">Quaid-e-Azam Tourist Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Trophy" title="Quaid-e-Azam Trophy">Quaid-e-Azam Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-i-Azam_University" title="Quaid-i-Azam University">Quaid-i-Azam University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam" title="Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam">Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_Case" title="Caucus Case">Caucus Case</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Brother_(book)" title="My Brother (book)">My Brother</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e-Jinnah_(Lahore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh-e-Jinnah (Lahore)">Bagh-e-Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_(film)" title="Jinnah (film)"><i>Jinnah</i> (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnah_Caddesi" title="Cinnah Caddesi">Cinnah Caddesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jenah_Expressway" title="Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway">Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_House" title="Quaid-e-Azam House">Quaid-i-Azam House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Madressatul_Islam_University" title="Sindh Madressatul Islam University">Sindh Madressatul Islam University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-i-Azam_Academy" title="Quaid-i-Azam Academy">Quaid-i-Azam Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah%27s_People%27s_Memorial_Hall" title="Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall">Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakul (hat)">Jinnah Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Governor_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindh Governor House">Governor General House</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinnah:_India,_Partition,_Independence" title="Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence">Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_properties_of_Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="List of properties of Muhammad Ali Jinnah">List of properties of Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Wikiquotes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template talk:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pakistani_history_(1947%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Pakistani history (1947–present)">timeline: 1947–present)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuddhi movement">Shuddhi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">Allahabad Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration" title="Pakistan Declaration">Now or Never pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_nation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two nation theory">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani monarchy">Pakistani monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Day (Pakistan)">Republic Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Protestant Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party,_1940_(Photo_429-6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre."><img alt="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/70px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/105px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/140px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.</figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pakistan"><img alt="Flag of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Pakistan</figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State emblem of Pakistan"><img alt="State emblem of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>State emblem of Pakistan</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Muslim_League" title="Punjab Muslim League">Punjab Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League" title="Bengal Provincial Muslim League">Bengal Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionist Muslim League">Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Students_Federation" title="All India Muslim Students Federation">Student Federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaksars">Khaksars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Renaissance_Society" title="East Pakistan Renaissance Society">Renaissance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pakistan" title="List of newspapers in Pakistan">Print media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)"><i>Dawn</i> </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Jang" title="Daily Jang">Daily <i>Jang</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaiwaqt" title="Nawaiwaqt"><i>Nawa-i-Waqt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar_(newspaper)" title="Zamindar (newspaper)"><i>Contractor</i> </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah" title="Khwaja Salimullah">Khwaja Salimullah</a> (Nawab Salimullah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali" title="Syed Ameer Ali">Syed Ameer Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Ali_(freedom_fighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaukat Ali (freedom fighter)">Maulana Shaukat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Mohammad_Khan_V" title="Sadeq Mohammad Khan V">Sadeq Mohammad Khan V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Shafi" title="Mian Muhammad Shafi">Mian Muhammad Shafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Abdul_Rashid" title="Mian Abdul Rashid">Mian Abdul Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqar-ul-Mulk" title="Waqar-ul-Mulk">Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Yar_Jung" title="Bahadur Yar Jung">Bahadur Yar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq_(Urdu_scholar)" title="Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar)">Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Abdul Qayyum Khan">Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rab_Nishtar" title="Abdur Rab Nishtar">Abdur Rab Nishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Choudhary Rahmat Ali">Choudhary Rahmat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ali_Shah" title="Jamaat Ali Shah">Jamaat Ali Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Syed" title="G. M. Syed">G. M. Syed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazanfar_Ali_Khan" title="Ghazanfar Ali Khan">Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Khan_Jamali" title="Jafar Khan Jamali">Jafar Khan Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Bhik_Nairang" title="Ghulam Bhik Nairang">Ghulam Bhik Nairang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasrat_Mohani" title="Hasrat Mohani">Hasrat Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Mohammad_Ismail_Khan" title="Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan">Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogendra_Nath_Mandal" title="Jogendra Nath Mandal">Jogendra Nath Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Khurshid" class="mw-redirect" title="K. H. Khurshid">K. H. Khurshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Husain" title="Mahmud Husain">Mahmud Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amir_Ahmed_Khan" title="Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan">Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan</a> (Raja Saheb of Mahmudabad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Zafarullah Khan">Muhammad Zafarullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Mohammad_Isa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Mohammad Isa">Qazi Mohammad Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan">Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi" title="Ashraf Ali Thanwi">Ashraf Ali Thanwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Shabbir Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ali_Khan" title="Zafar Ali Khan">Zafar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">Activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Nizami" title="Hamid Nizami">Hamid Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Haroon" title="Abdullah Haroon">Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Haroon" title="Yusuf Haroon">Yusuf Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Haroon" title="Mahmoud Haroon">Mahmoud Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaf_Husain" title="Altaf Husain">Altaf Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamjee_Haji_Dawood" title="Adamjee Haji Dawood">Adamjee Haji Dawood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shafi_Deobandi" title="Muhammad Shafi Deobandi">Muhammad Shafi Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Zafar Ahmad Usmani">Zafar Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_Lahori" title="Ahmed Ali Lahori">Ahmed Ali Lahori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Barkat_Ali" title="Malik Barkat Ali">Malik Barkat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslam_Khattak" title="Aslam Khattak">Aslam Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khattak" title="Yusuf Khattak">Yusuf Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Iftikharuddin" title="Mian Iftikharuddin">Mian Iftikharuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnawaz_Khan_Mamdot" title="Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot">Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Hussain_Khan_Mamdot" title="Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot">Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Hayat_Khan" title="Sikandar Hayat Khan">Sikandar Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Hayat_Khan" title="Shaukat Hayat Khan">Shaukat Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Ahmad" title="Ziauddin Ahmad">Ziauddin Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ahmad_Haleem" title="Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem">Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem</a></li> <li>Maulana <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Rasool_Mehr" title="Ghulam Rasool Mehr">Ghulam Rasool Mehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim Said">Hakeem Mohammad Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Ghulam_Abbas" title="Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas">Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan">Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Ibrahim_Khan" title="Sardar Ibrahim Khan">Sardar Ibrahim Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_Mohammad_Khan" title="Fida Mohammad Khan">Fida Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(Muslim_leader)" title="Abdul Qadir (Muslim leader)">Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Sharif" title="M. M. Sharif">M. M. Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Abdul_Qayyum" title="Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum">Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaludin_Abdur_Rahim" title="Jalaludin Abdur Rahim">Jalaludin Abdur Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._A._Suleri" title="Z. A. Suleri">Z. A. Suleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Allana" title="G. Allana">G. Allana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi">Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Baba" title="Jalal Baba">Jalal Baba</a> of NWFP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Ghafoor_Hazarvi" title="Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi">Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Karam_Shah_al-Azhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari">Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_ul-Hasanat" title="Amin ul-Hasanat">Amin ul-Hasanat</a> (Pir of Manki Sharif)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Wajid_Ali" title="Syed Wajid Ali">Syed Wajid Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafeez_Jalandhari" title="Hafeez Jalandhari">Hafeez Jalandhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Shahnawaz" title="Jahanara Shahnawaz">Jahanara Shahnawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Abdullah_Haroon" title="Lady Abdullah Haroon">Lady Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ismail_Zabeeh" title="Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh">Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Begum_(politician)" title="Fatima Begum (politician)">Fatima Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseer_Ahmad_Malhi" title="Naseer Ahmad Malhi">Naseer Ahmad Malhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Saeed_Nagi" title="Ahmed Saeed Nagi">Ahmed Saeed Nagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niaz_Ali_Khan_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niaz Ali Khan (politician)">Niaz Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Habibullah_Khan_Saadi" title="Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi">Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Rahimtoola" title="Habib Rahimtoola">Habib Rahimtoola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al_Mujahid" title="Sharif al Mujahid">Sharif al Mujahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Sughra_Begum" title="Fatima Sughra Begum">Fatima Sughra Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Khan_Niazi" title="Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi">Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viqar-un-Nisa_Noon" title="Viqar-un-Nisa Noon">Viqar-un-Nisa Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Rokhri" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri">Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Qadri_Badayuni" title="Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni">Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Aurang_Zeb_Khan" title="Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan">Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ropari" title="Abdullah Ropari">Abdullah Ropari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibrahim_Mir_Sialkoti" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti">Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Pakistan" title="Category:Books about Pakistan">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Pakistan"><i>Idea of Pakistan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah:_India,_Partition,_Independence" title="Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence"><i>Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Afghanistan_and_Baluchistan" title="Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan"><i>Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan:_A_Personal_History" title="Pakistan: A Personal History"><i>Pakistan: A Personal History</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto"><i>The Myth of Independence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven"><i>Pakistan: A Hard Country</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?"><i>Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan"><i>Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan" title="Minar-e-Pakistan">Minar-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Pakistan" title="Bab-e-Pakistan">Bab-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Monument" title="Pakistan Monument">Pakistan Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarat_Residency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziarat Residency">Ziarat Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal's Tom'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library of Pakistan">National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliq_Deena_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaliq Deena Hall">Deena Public Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Khyber" title="Bab-e-Khyber">Bab-e-Khyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Terminal">Jinnah Terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">In Memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Day" title="Pakistan Day"><i>Youm-e-Pakistan</i> <small>(<b>23 March</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Constitution Day (Pakistan)"><i>Youm-e-Dastur</i> <small>(<b>10 April</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Takbir" title="Youm-e-Takbir"><i>Youm-e-Takbir</i> <small>(<b>28 May</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)"><i>Youm-e-Azadi</i> <small>(<b>14 August</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Day" title="Defence Day"><i>Youm-e-Difah</i> <small>(<b>6 September</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Day" title="Azad Kashmir Day"><i>Youm-e-Tasees</i> <small>(<b>24 October</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Day" title="Iqbal Day"><i>Youm-e-Iqbal</i> <small>(<b>9 November</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara_Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Bara Din"><i>Youm-e-Viladat</i> <small>(<b>25 December</b>)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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