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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background and publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critical analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critical_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Old Man and the Sea</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="الشيخ والبحر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشيخ والبحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%85%27%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%80" title="দ্য অ'ল্ড মেন এণ্ড দ্য ছী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দ্য অ'ল্ড মেন এণ্ড দ্য ছী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="The Old Man and the Sea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoca_v%C9%99_d%C9%99niz_(povest)" title="Qoca və dəniz (povest) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qoca və dəniz (povest)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="قوجا و دنیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوجا و دنیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="দি ওল্ড ম্যান অ্যান্ড দ্য সি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দি ওল্ড ম্যান অ্যান্ড দ্য সি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" title="Ҡарт һәм диңгеҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡарт һәм диңгеҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Стары і мора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стары і мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Старецът и морето – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Старецът и морето" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starac_i_more_(roman)" title="Starac i more (roman) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Starac i more (roman)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_vell_i_la_mar" title="El vell i la mar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El vell i la mar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C5%99ec_a_mo%C5%99e" title="Stařec a moře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stařec a moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="The Old Man and the Sea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_gamle_mand_og_havet" title="Den gamle mand og havet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den gamle mand og havet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_alte_Mann_und_das_Meer" title="Der alte Mann und das Meer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der alte Mann und das Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanamees_ja_meri" title="Vanamees ja meri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanamees ja meri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F_%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%B7_%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ο γέρος και η θάλασσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ο γέρος και η θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_viejo_y_el_mar" title="El viejo y el mar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El viejo y el mar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_oldulo_kaj_la_maro" title="La oldulo kaj la maro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La oldulo kaj la maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agurea_eta_itsasoa" title="Agurea eta itsasoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Agurea eta itsasoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پیرمرد و دریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیرمرد و دریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Vieil_Homme_et_la_Mer" title="Le Vieil Homme et la Mer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Vieil Homme et la Mer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_vello_e_o_mar" title="O vello e o mar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="O vello e o mar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%BC_%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A4" title="노인과 바다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노인과 바다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%87_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A8" title="Ծերունին և ծովը – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծերունին և ծովը" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starac_i_more" title="Starac i more – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starac i more" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelaki_Tua_dan_Laut" title="Lelaki Tua dan Laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lelaki Tua dan Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_vecchio_e_il_mare" title="Il vecchio e il mare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il vecchio e il mare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הזקן והים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הזקן והים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="მოხუცი და ზღვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოხუცი და ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Шал мен теңіз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шал мен теңіз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalem%C3%AAr_%C3%BB_Behr_(pirt%C3%BBk)" title="Kalemêr û Behr (pirtûk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kalemêr û Behr (pirtûk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Чал жана деңиз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чал жана деңиз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="The Old Man and the Sea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmgalvis_un_j%C5%ABra" title="Sirmgalvis un jūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sirmgalvis un jūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senis_ir_j%C5%ABra" title="Senis ir jūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senis ir jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_%C3%B6reg_hal%C3%A1sz_%C3%A9s_a_tenger_(reg%C3%A9ny)" title="Az öreg halász és a tenger (regény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az öreg halász és a tenger (regény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Старецот и морето – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Старецот и морето" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82" title="കിഴവനും കടലും – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിഴവനും കടലും" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="ბადიდი დო ზუღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბადიდი დო ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="The Old Man and the Sea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ပင်လယ်ပြာနှင့် တံငါအို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်လယ်ပြာနှင့် တံငါအို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_oude_man_en_de_zee" title="De oude man en de zee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="De oude man en de zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="द ओल्ड म्यान एण्ड द सी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="द ओल्ड म्यान एण्ड द सी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%A8%E6%B5%B7" title="老人と海 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="老人と海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_gamle_mannen_og_havet" title="Den gamle mannen og havet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den gamle mannen og havet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_gamle_mannen_og_havet" title="Den gamle mannen og havet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den gamle mannen og havet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chol_va_dengiz" title="Chol va dengiz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chol va dengiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬੁੱਢਾ ਅਤੇ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁੱਢਾ ਅਤੇ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%88%DA%BE%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="بڈھا تے سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بڈھا تے سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/a_ramaljeng_katua_ljavek" title="a ramaljeng katua ljavek – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="a ramaljeng katua ljavek" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stary_cz%C5%82owiek_i_morze" title="Stary człowiek i morze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stary człowiek i morze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Velho_e_o_Mar" title="O Velho e o Mar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O Velho e o Mar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83tr%C3%A2nul_%C8%99i_marea_(roman)" title="Bătrânul și marea (roman) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătrânul și marea (roman)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Старик и море – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старик и море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaku_dhe_deti" title="Plaku dhe deti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plaku dhe deti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Old Man and the Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starec_a_more" title="Starec a more – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Starec a more" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starec_in_morje" title="Starec in morje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Starec in morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پیرەمێرد و زەریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیرەمێرد و زەریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Старац и море – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Старац и море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="The Old Man and the Sea" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalaki_Kolot_jeung_Laut" title="Lalaki Kolot jeung Laut – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lalaki Kolot jeung Laut" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanhus_ja_meri" title="Vanhus ja meri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vanhus ja meri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_gamle_och_havet" title="Den gamle och havet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Den gamle och havet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கிழவனும் கடலும் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிழவனும் கடலும்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%92%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="เฒ่าผจญทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฒ่าผจญทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%91" title="Пирмард ва дарё – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пирмард ва дарё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Fl%C4%B1_Adam_ve_Deniz" title="Yaşlı Adam ve Deniz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaşlı Adam ve Deniz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Старий і море – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Старий і море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%A7" title="سمندر اور بوڑھا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمندر اور بوڑھا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ng_gi%C3%A0_v%C3%A0_bi%E1%BB%83n_c%E1%BA%A3" title="Ông già và biển cả – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ông già và biển cả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="The Old Man and the Sea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E6%90%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="老人搭海 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="老人搭海" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea">reviewed</a> on <i>8 December 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1952 novella by Ernest Hemingway</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the novella by Ernest Hemingway. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Old Man and the Sea (disambiguation)">The Old Man and the Sea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;"><b>The Old Man and the Sea</b> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27%27The+Old+Man+and+the+Sea%27%27%27&rft.author=%5B%5BErnest+Hemingway%5D%5D&rft.date=September+1%2C+1952&rft.pub=%5B%5BCharles+Scribner%27s+Sons%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldmansea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Oldmansea.jpg/220px-Oldmansea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/73/Oldmansea.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="383" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Original book cover</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">Literary fiction</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">September 1, 1952</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a> (1953)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> (1954)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9075-9027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9075-9027-6">978-1-9075-9027-6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">813.52</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PS3515.E37</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Old Man and the Sea</b></i> is a 1952 <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a> by the American author <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>. Written between December 1950 and February 1951, it was the last major fictional work Hemingway published during his lifetime. It tells the story of Santiago, an aging fisherman, and his long struggle to catch a giant <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a>. The novella was highly anticipated and was released to record sales; the initial critical reception was equally positive, but attitudes have varied significantly since then. </p><p>Hemingway began writing <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> during a tumultuous period in his life. His previous novel <i><a href="/wiki/Across_the_River_and_Into_the_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Across the River and Into the Trees">Across the River and Into the Trees</a></i> had met with negative reviews and, amid a breakdown in relations with his wife <a href="/wiki/Mary_Welsh_Hemingway" title="Mary Welsh Hemingway">Mary</a>, he had fallen in love with his muse <a href="/wiki/Adriana_Ivancich" title="Adriana Ivancich">Adriana Ivancich</a>. Having completed one book of a planned "sea trilogy", Hemingway began to write as an addendum a story about an old man and a marlin that had originally been told to him fifteen years earlier. He wrote up to a thousand words a day, completing the 26,531-word manuscript in six weeks. </p><p>Over the following year, Hemingway became increasingly convinced that the manuscript would stand on its own as a novella. <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>Life</i> magazine</a> published the full novella in its September 1, 1952 issue. Hemingway's publisher, <a href="/wiki/Scribner%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribner's">Scribner's</a>, released their first edition a week later on the 8th. Thanks to favorable early reviews and word-of-mouth, popular anticipation was so high that both releases were heavily bootlegged. The magazine sold a record 5.3 million copies in two days, while Scribner's sold tens of thousands of copies. Translated into nine languages by the end of 1952, <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> remained on the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>New York Times</i> bestseller list</a> for six months. In 1953, it received the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a>, and it was the only work explicitly mentioned when Hemingway was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1954. </p><p>Early reviews were positive, with many hailing what they saw as a return to form for Hemingway after <i>Across the River</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s negative reception. The acclaim lessened over time, as literary critics began to think the initial reception overblown and over-enthusiastic. Whether <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> is inferior or equal to Hemingway's other works has since been the subject of scholarly debate. Thematic analysis has focused on <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> imagery and symbolism, on the similarity of the novella's themes to its predecessors in the Hemingway canon, and on the character of the fisherman Santiago. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Santiago is an elderly fisherman who has not caught a fish in eighty-four days and is considered <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salado" class="extiw" title="wikt:salado">salao</a></i> (very unlucky). Manolin, who had been trained by Santiago, has been forced by his parents to work on a different, luckier boat; Manolin still helps Santiago prepare his gear every morning and evening and brings him food. They talk about baseball and <a href="/wiki/Joe_DiMaggio" title="Joe DiMaggio">Joe DiMaggio</a>, before the boy leaves and Santiago sleeps. He dreams of the sights and experiences of his youth. </p><p>On the eighty-fifth day of his streak, Santiago takes his <a href="/wiki/Skiff" title="Skiff">skiff</a> out early, intending to row far into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. He catches nothing except a small <a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a> in the morning before hooking a huge <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a>. The fish is too heavy to haul in and begins to tow the skiff farther out to sea. Santiago holds on through the night, eating the albacore after sunrise. He sees the marlin for the first time—it is longer than the boat. Santiago increasingly appreciates the fish, showing respect and compassion towards his adversary. Sunset arrives for a second time and the fisherman manages some sleep; he is awoken by the fish panicking but manages to recover his equilibrium. On the third morning the marlin begins to circle. Almost delirious, Santiago draws the marlin in and <a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoons</a> it. He lashes the fish to his boat. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mako_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Mako shark">mako shark</a> smells blood in the water and takes a forty-pound bite of the marlin. Killing the shark but losing his harpoon, Santiago lashes his knife to an oar as a makeshift spear and kills three more sharks before the knife blade snaps. Cursing himself for going out too far, he apologises to the mutilated carcass of the marlin. He clubs two more sharks at sunset, but the marlin is now half-eaten. In the third night, the sharks come as a pack and leave only bones behind them. Santiago reaches shore and sleeps in his shack, leaving the skeleton tied to his skiff. </p><p>In the morning, Manolin cries when he sees Santiago's state. He brings coffee and sits with Santiago until he wakes. He insists on accompanying Santiago in the future. A fisherman measures the marlin at eighteen feet long, and a pair of tourists mistake its skeleton for that of a shark. Santiago goes back to sleep and dreams of lions on an African beach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_publication">Background and publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Hemingway_at_the_Finca_Vigia,_Cuba_1946_-_NARA_-_192660.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a man reclining on a chair on a porch, smiling at the camera and holding a drink." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ernest_Hemingway_at_the_Finca_Vigia%2C_Cuba_1946_-_NARA_-_192660.jpg/220px-Ernest_Hemingway_at_the_Finca_Vigia%2C_Cuba_1946_-_NARA_-_192660.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ernest_Hemingway_at_the_Finca_Vigia%2C_Cuba_1946_-_NARA_-_192660.jpg/330px-Ernest_Hemingway_at_the_Finca_Vigia%2C_Cuba_1946_-_NARA_-_192660.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ernest_Hemingway_at_the_Finca_Vigia%2C_Cuba_1946_-_NARA_-_192660.jpg/440px-Ernest_Hemingway_at_the_Finca_Vigia%2C_Cuba_1946_-_NARA_-_192660.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Hemingway at the <a href="/wiki/Finca_Vig%C3%ADa" title="Finca Vigía">Finca Vigía</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> residence where he wrote <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i>, in 1946.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> was Ernest Hemingway's sixth major novel, following <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> (1926), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a></i> (1929), <i><a href="/wiki/To_Have_and_Have_Not" title="To Have and Have Not">To Have and Have Not</a></i> (1937), <i><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a></i> (1940), and <i><a href="/wiki/Across_the_River_and_Into_the_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Across the River and Into the Trees">Across the River and Into the Trees</a></i> (1950).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker19621Kosiba2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker19621Kosiba2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the latter, published on September 7, sold 75,000 copies in its first month and remained on the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>New York Times</i> bestseller list</a> for twenty-one weeks, critical reception was largely negative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999228–229Baker1988486_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999228–229Baker1988486-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid a breakdown in marital relations with his wife <a href="/wiki/Mary_Welsh_Hemingway" title="Mary Welsh Hemingway">Mary</a>, Hemingway fell deeper into love with his <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">muse</a>, the young Italian <a href="/wiki/Adriana_Ivancich" title="Adriana Ivancich">Adriana Ivancich</a>, who spent the winter of 1950–51 in the Hemingways' company in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. Suddenly finding himself able to write in early December, he completed one book (published in 1970 as <a href="/wiki/Islands_in_the_Stream_(novel)" title="Islands in the Stream (novel)"><i>Islands in the Stream</i></a>) of a planned "sea trilogy", and, as his passion for Ivancich cooled, set about writing another story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999250–257Baker1988488–489_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999250–257Baker1988488–489-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1930s, the Cuban guide Carlos Gutiérrez had related a story involving an old man and a giant marlin to Hemingway, who retold it in <a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)"><i>Esquire</i> magazine</a> in an essay titled "On the Blue Water: A Gulf Stream Letter".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xiii_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xiii-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mary Cruz, this tale was likely first told by the Cuban author <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Meza_y_Su%C3%A1rez_Incl%C3%A1n" title="Ramón Meza y Suárez Inclán">Ramón Meza y Suárez Inclán</a> in 1891 and was consistently retold by fishermen over the next forty years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz1981168–170_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz1981168–170-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant influence came from Hemingway's own experience with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, where he sailed for thousands of hours in the decades before writing <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i>. He greatly enjoyed the sport of <a href="/wiki/Big-game_fishing" title="Big-game fishing">big-game fishing</a>, participating in and winning several tournaments, and he also became an avid amateur naturalist, inviting luminaries such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Weed_Fowler" title="Henry Weed Fowler">Henry Weed Fowler</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Cadwalader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Cadwalader (page does not exist)">Charles Cadwalader</a> to record and describe catches on his boat, the <a href="/wiki/Pilar_(boat)" title="Pilar (boat)"><i>Pilar</i></a>. During a single month on board, aided by Hemingway's skill in fishing and sailing, the <a href="/wiki/Ichthyologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyologist">ichthyologist</a> Fowler learnt enough to "revise the classification of marlin for the whole North Atlantic."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988264SylvesterGrimesHays2018xiv_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988264SylvesterGrimesHays2018xiv-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Hemingway_Aboard_the_Pilar_1935_-_NARA_-_192674.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bearded man sitting on cushions on a boat in the sea aims a gun at the camera; the man looking next to him looks exasperated." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ernest_Hemingway_Aboard_the_Pilar_1935_-_NARA_-_192674.jpg/300px-Ernest_Hemingway_Aboard_the_Pilar_1935_-_NARA_-_192674.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ernest_Hemingway_Aboard_the_Pilar_1935_-_NARA_-_192674.jpg/450px-Ernest_Hemingway_Aboard_the_Pilar_1935_-_NARA_-_192674.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ernest_Hemingway_Aboard_the_Pilar_1935_-_NARA_-_192674.jpg/600px-Ernest_Hemingway_Aboard_the_Pilar_1935_-_NARA_-_192674.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2018" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of an old bearded man sitting under fishing rods in a dimly lit ship's cabin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg/300px-Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg/450px-Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg/600px-Ernest_Hemingway_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2934" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Hemingway on board the <i><a href="/wiki/Pilar_(boat)" title="Pilar (boat)">Pilar</a></i> in 1935 (<i>top</i>) and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1950</span> (<i>bottom</i>)</div></div></div></div> <p>Having put off a novelisation for sixteen years, but aided by his love and knowledge of fishing and the sea, Hemingway suddenly found himself writing a thousand words a day—twice as fast as usual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988489SylvesterGrimesHays2018xiv_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988489SylvesterGrimesHays2018xiv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Ivancich's departure on February 7, 1951, caused Hemingway some disquiet, the novella was essentially finished by February 17; Mary, who read each day's production in the evenings, commented that she was "prepared to pardon [Hemingway] for all the disagreeable things [he] had done."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988489–490Reynolds1999238_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988489–490Reynolds1999238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemingway was himself struck by the quality of this seemingly simple story, which he had written in little more than six weeks. Over the next few months, he sent copies to trusted friends and associates including his publisher <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner_III" title="Charles Scribner III">Charles Scribner</a> and his friend <a href="/wiki/A._E._Hotchner" title="A. E. Hotchner">A. E. Hotchner</a>, who all responded very positively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999238,_249Baker1988490,_492_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999238,_249Baker1988490,_492-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 26,531-word manuscript was held in temporary abeyance for over a year, during which time Hemingway became increasingly certain he wished to publish it on its own merits, rather than as an addendum to the "sea trilogy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988492–493,_499_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988492–493,_499-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversations with <a href="/wiki/Leland_Hayward" title="Leland Hayward">Leland Hayward</a> and Wallace Meyer encouraged him in this direction—Hemingway was delighted when Hayward secured the publication of the entire novella in one issue of <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>Life</i> magazine</a> in May 1952. As he wrote to Meyer, Hemingway wished to rebuff the idea he should only write <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment" title="Crime and Punishment">Crime and Punishment</a></i>-like novels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485Baker1988499–501_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485Baker1988499–501-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rejected the initial cover designs from his publisher <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>, and asked Ivancich to draw a set of sketches which he found much more suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988501_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988501-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had intended to dedicate the book to Mary and to his boat, the <a href="/wiki/Pilar_(boat)" title="Pilar (boat)">Pilar</a>, but changed his mind on <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> when thinking about friends he had lost; Mary generously accepted the new dedication, to Scribner and <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Perkins" title="Maxwell Perkins">Max Perkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999250_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999250-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events moved slowly yet positively during the summer. Hemingway's old adversary <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> released a highly positive review, and <a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">word-of-mouth</a> reached such proportions that both the <i>Life</i> and Scribner's editions were heavily bootlegged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988503–504_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988503–504-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Life</i> released their <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> printing, containing the first publication of <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i>, on September 1, 1952; they sold a record 5.3 million copies in two days. Advanced sales of Scribner's edition in America and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>'s edition in Britain reached a total of 70,000, and afterwards combined weekly sales in the two countries averaged 5,000. It remained on the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>New York Times</i> bestseller list</a> for twenty-six weeks and had been translated into nine languages by the start of 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485Reynolds1999258Baker1988504–505_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485Reynolds1999258Baker1988504–505-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_legacy">Reception and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> met with popular acclaim. In the three weeks after publication, Hemingway received more than eighty letters a day from well-wishers, and <i>Life</i> received many more. Religious figures began to cite the book's themes in their <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988505_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988505-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critical reception was initially equally positive, placing the novella as superior in quality to <i>Across the River</i> and equal to Hemingway's earliest works. With <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i> magazine</a> labelling it a "masterpiece", <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Connolly" title="Cyril Connolly">Cyril Connolly</a> praised "the best story Hemingway has ever written" and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Schorer" title="Mark Schorer">Mark Schorer</a> noted that Hemingway's "incomparable" work set him apart as "the greatest craftsman in the American novel in this century".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999258–259Meyers1982412Meyers1985486–487Schorer1962134_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999258–259Meyers1982412Meyers1985486–487Schorer1962134-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many reviewers, seeing it as "the apex of the Hemingway canon", termed it a "classic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xix–xx_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xix–xx-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemingway's favourite review was from the art historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Berenson" title="Bernard Berenson">Bernard Berenson</a>, who wrote that <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> was superior to <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i> and equal in many ways to the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric epics">Homeric epics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988505Reynolds1999259_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988505Reynolds1999259-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the early adulation faded, less positive reviews began to appear. <a href="/wiki/Delmore_Schwartz" title="Delmore Schwartz">Delmore Schwartz</a> believed that the initial reviewers had prejudiced public opinion in their relief that the novella was not as bad as <i>Across the River</i>. <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Krim" title="Seymour Krim">Seymour Krim</a> wrote that <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> was "only more of the same", while <a href="/wiki/John_W._Aldridge" title="John W. Aldridge">John W. Aldridge</a> felt himself "unable to share in the prevailing wild enthusiasm" for the novella.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985487–488Reynolds1999259_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985487–488Reynolds1999259-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Meyers" title="Jeffrey Meyers">Jeffrey Meyers</a> called it Hemingway's "most overrated work", a "mock-serious fable" with "radical weaknesses".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985488–489_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985488–489-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the cooling critical outlook, <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a> on May 4, 1953—this was the first time Hemingway had received the award, having been overlooked previously for <i>A Farewell to Arms</i> and <i>For Whom the Bell Tolls</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999263Baker1988510Meyers1985489_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999263Baker1988510Meyers1985489-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also accepted a Medal of Honor from <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a>'s newly-established Cuban dictatorship, despite personally disapproving of the new regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988506_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988506-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s highest recognition came on October 28, 1954, as the only work of Hemingway's mentioned by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> when awarding him the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>; they praised its "powerful, style-making mastery of the art of modern narration".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver1999246Nobel_Prize_citation_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver1999246Nobel_Prize_citation-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> has been the subject of a significant amount of critical commentary that has changed over the generations. <a href="/wiki/Wirt_Williams" title="Wirt Williams">Wirt Williams</a> noted that early scholarship focused upon "the naturalistic tragedy, the Christian tragedy, the parable of art and the artist, and even the autobiographical mode".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1981173SylvesterGrimesHays2018xxi_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1981173SylvesterGrimesHays2018xxi-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of these themes continued into the 1960s, during which John Killinger connected the novella with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hovey" title="Richard Hovey">Richard Hovey</a> linked its themes to the <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a>. However, Philip Young's republication of <i>Ernest Hemingway: A Reconsideration</i> in 1966 was much less positive than the original edition in 1952, setting the disinterested scholarly tone that would dominate the next decades. Analysis only restarted in earnest with the publication of Gerry Brenner's hyper-critical <i> The Old Man and the Sea: The Story of a Common Man</i> in 1991, and has continued unabated since.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xxiii–xxvii_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xxiii–xxvii-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in 1985, Meyers noted that <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> was used in <a href="/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Teaching English as a second or foreign language">English lessons</a> in schools worldwide and continued to earn $100,000 per year in royalties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>, it was a favourite book of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, who saw himself, like Santiago, as "struggl[ing] against overwhelming odds with courage, perseverance, and dignity".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Read" title="The Big Read">The Big Read</a>, a 2003 survey of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s 200 "best-loved novels" conducted by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, listed <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> at number 173.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemingway was directly involved in making a <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1958_film)" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1958 film)">1958 film adaptation</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a>. Production was marred by numerous difficulties and although the film soundtrack, composed by <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Tiomkin" title="Dimitri Tiomkin">Dimitri Tiomkin</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Academy Award for Best Original Score">Academy Award for Best Original Score</a>, Hemingway heartily disliked the final film.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver1999247–248Meyers1985489–493_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver1999247–248Meyers1985489–493-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two more adaptations have been produced: a <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1990_film)" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1990 film)">1990 television film</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver1999248_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver1999248-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1999_film)" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1999 film)">1999 production</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Petrov_(animator)" title="Aleksandr Petrov (animator)">Aleksandr Petrov</a> which won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film">Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_analysis">Critical analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Critical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality_and_accuracy">Quality and accuracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Quality and accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some literary critics find <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> inferior to Hemingway's earlier works. <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Macdonald" title="Dwight Macdonald">Dwight Macdonald</a> criticises the pseudo-archaic prose which pretends it is <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>, but in reality is anything but.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1960593,_596_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1960593,_596-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He compares the novella unfavourably with Hemingway's earlier works; he deplored <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> as garrulous and repetitive when compared to the "disciplined, businesslike understatement" of <a href="/wiki/The_Undefeated_(short_story)" title="The Undefeated (short story)"><i>The Undefeated</i></a>, a short story Hemingway wrote in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1960597–598_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1960597–598-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Brenner characterises the novella as riddled with amateurish mistakes in style and prose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner199168–78_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner199168–78-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meyers criticises <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s melodrama, symbolism, and irony, concluding, like Macdonald, that "Hemingway either deceived himself about the profundity of his art" or expertly satisfied the desires of a pretentious audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985489_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985489-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Weeks notes that the novella abounds in factual impossibilities—he cites Santiago's near-<a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a> in identifying fishes and judging weather patterns. Weeks maintains that Hemingway—previously criticized for his distaste for narrative invention—had instilled insincerity at the heart of his novel. He concluded that <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> is "an inferior Hemingway novel."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks1962188–192_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks1962188–192-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bickford Sylvester comments that most of the errors Weeks outlined were based upon faults in then-current science, and some others were intended to nudge readers towards the work's subtext and deepest details.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester1996265–266_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester1996265–266-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylvester argues that seemingly-implausible narrative details in <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> are actually hints. He cites the baseball conversation between Santiago and Manolin, which subtly indicates not only the precise dates of the novella's events (September 12–16, 1950) but also parallels the fisherman with his hero DiMaggio, also the son of a fisherman, who similarly resurged in performance during that week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester1996246–249,_256–261_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester1996246–249,_256–261-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical">Classical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:304px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_Sankt_Jakobus_der_%C3%84ltere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a bearded man in brown robes praying next to a brown wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rembrandt_-_Sankt_Jakobus_der_%C3%84ltere.jpg/250px-Rembrandt_-_Sankt_Jakobus_der_%C3%84ltere.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rembrandt_-_Sankt_Jakobus_der_%C3%84ltere.jpg/375px-Rembrandt_-_Sankt_Jakobus_der_%C3%84ltere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rembrandt_-_Sankt_Jakobus_der_%C3%84ltere.jpg/500px-Rembrandt_-_Sankt_Jakobus_der_%C3%84ltere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:304px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_St_Jacobus_in_Budapest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a haloed warrior on a white horse carrying a flag and killing a man, while an angel looks on from a cloud." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_St_Jacobus_in_Budapest.jpg/154px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_St_Jacobus_in_Budapest.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_St_Jacobus_in_Budapest.jpg/231px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_St_Jacobus_in_Budapest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_St_Jacobus_in_Budapest.jpg/308px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_St_Jacobus_in_Budapest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="2390" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Different depictions of <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">St. James</a>, Santiago's namesake.<br /><i>Left</i>: James, the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">Pilgrim</a> Saint, painted by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> in 1661.<br /><i>Right</i>: The warrior <a href="/wiki/James_Matamoros" title="James Matamoros">James Matamoros</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Tiepolo</a> in 1749–50.</div></div></div></div> <p>The novella contains significant <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a>. The name "Santiago" is Spanish for <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">St. James</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostle</a> who had previously, according to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, been a fisherman, and who posthumously became the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> with his shrine at <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver1999246_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver1999246-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to a Father Brown in 1954, Hemingway wrote "You know about Santiago and you know that the name is no accident"; the academic <a href="/wiki/H._R._Stoneback" title="H. R. Stoneback">H. R. Stoneback</a> argues that this means <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> has deep connections to <a href="/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago" title="Camino de Santiago">the pilgrimage to Santiago</a>, which is also heavily drawn upon in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i>. Stoneback draws an explicit link between the events of the novella and the <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_catch_of_fish" title="Miraculous catch of fish">miraculous catch of fish</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>—both involve fishermen experiencing bad luck, going out into the deep sea, and taking a great catch; he also connects repeated allusions to <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> in Hemingway's text to <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela#Legends" title="Santiago de Compostela">the traditional Latin etymology</a> of "Compostela"—<i>campus stellae</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">field of stars</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014170–173_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014170–173-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stoneback argues that Hemingway emphasises "the humility and gentleness, the poverty, resolution and endurance of St. James the pilgrim" while de-emphasising the warrior <a href="/wiki/James_Matamoros" title="James Matamoros">James Matamoros</a>; this choice "reconstruct[s] the paradigm of sainthood".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014173,_176_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014173,_176-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Santiago's credos is that "a man can be destroyed but not defeated", a theme which is present in most of Hemingway's protagonists and stories, from Jake Barnes in <i>The Sun Also Rises</i> to Robert Jordan in <i>For Whom the Bell Tolls</i>, and Richard Cantwell in <i>Across the River</i>; it is also a primary theme in <i>To Have and Have Not</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver1999Meyers1985489_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver1999Meyers1985489-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Backman views Santiago as the climactic "matador" of Hemingway's works, who manages to seek a type of natural violence quite unlike the "violent ritualized" <a href="/wiki/Bullfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullfight">bullfighting</a> or "uneasily insistent" killing found in previous novels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackman1962142–143_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackman1962142–143-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Waldmeir similarly finds <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> to contain a better synthesis of Hemingway's views on mortality than works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Afternoon" title="Death in the Afternoon">Death in the Afternoon</a></i> (1932).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmeir1962145–149_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmeir1962145–149-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many critics have drawn parallels not only between Santiago and St. James, but between Santiago and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> himself, especially with regard to Christ's <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a>. Melvin Backman outlines several, beginning with the Santiago's wish to "rest gently ... against the wood and think of nothing"; Sylvester, Grimes, and Hays also cite the preceding scene, in which Santiago is cut and bleeds from near the eye, as a <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmatic</a> evocation of the wounds inflicted by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackman1962142SylvesterGrimesHays201869_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackman1962142SylvesterGrimesHays201869-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An often-cited passage occurs when Santiago spots two sharks:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackman1962143Oliver199957,_247Waldmeir1962144_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackman1962143Oliver199957,_247Waldmeir1962144-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Ay," he said aloud. There is no translation for this word and perhaps it is just a noise such as a man might make, involuntarily, feeling the nail go through his hands and into the wood.</p></blockquote> <p>This passage was characterised by Sylvester, Grimes, and Hays as "a clear reference to a <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>"; taking place, like Christ's death, at three o'clock on a Friday afternoon, it acts as the climax of the religious parallels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018104_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018104-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brenner finds the Christian allusions deeply problematic, commenting that the "facile linking of Santiago's name with Christ's" was unnecessary and disrespectful towards the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner199137–38_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner199137–38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dismissing both Brenner's conclusion and any approach which defines Santiago as a Christ-figure as overly simplistic, Stoneback argues that the figure of Santiago ultimately embodied Hemingway's ideals, and was intended to be esteemed as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014176–177_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014176–177-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brenner's 1991 critique characterises Santiago as a supremely flawed individual: unintelligent, arrogant, <a href="/wiki/Paternalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternalist">paternalist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-environmentalist">anti-environmentalist</a>. He criticises the fisherman's inability to ignore economic considerations as he loots the sea of its treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner199154–66_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner199154–66-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further commented that Santiago, portrayed as blatantly sexist and hostile towards all things female, was in fact <a href="/wiki/Feminization_(sociology)" title="Feminization (sociology)">feminized</a> by his <a href="/wiki/Latent_homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Latent homosexual">secret desire</a> for Manolin, who was himself alternately traumatised and manipulated by Santiago's aggression and duplicity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner199180–96_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner199180–96-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brenner's analysis has been strongly criticised: Stoneback terms it a "jejune litany of ... shock-schlock critical fast-food [and] tired old questions", while Sylvester, Grimes, and Hays notes that "much of the book reeks of rabid exaggeration and misreading".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014167–168SylvesterGrimesHays2018xxvi_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014167–168SylvesterGrimesHays2018xxvi-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In answer to Glen Love's similar <a href="/wiki/Ecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist">ecologist</a> critiques, they write that both Brenner and Love dismiss economic realities and ask the uneducated Santiago to consider problems that few outside biology cared about in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xxvi_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xxvi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Susan Beegel, analysing <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i> from an <a href="/wiki/Ecofeminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecofeminist">ecofeminist</a> perspective,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays201849_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays201849-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rejects Brenner's view of Santiago's sexism; instead, she writes that Santiago is in effect wedded to and at the service of the female sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeegel1985141–142,_146_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeegel1985141–142,_146-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beegel nevertheless characterises Santiago as viewing the feminine sea as tumultuous, cruel, and chaotic, and thus in need of being overcome by male power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeegel1985141–146_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeegel1985141–146-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylvester, Grimes, and Hays disagree, viewing Santiago's approach as wholly respectful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays201849_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays201849-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeffrey Herlihy comments that Santiago's Spanish heritage must be considered to be a major, and yet invisible, aspect of the novel. Even though Santiago is firmly embedded in Cuban culture, he dreams about Spain every night, and Herlily believes that this <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migrant</a> background acts "as a concealed foundation to the novella."<sup id="cite_ref-Cuba_in_Hemingway_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuba_in_Hemingway-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker19621Kosiba2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker19621Kosiba2012_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1962">Baker 1962</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFKosiba2012">Kosiba 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999228–229Baker1988486-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999228–229Baker1988486_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1999">Reynolds 1999</a>, pp. 228–229; <a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999250–257Baker1988488–489-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999250–257Baker1988488–489_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1999">Reynolds 1999</a>, pp. 250–257; <a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, pp. 488–489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xiii-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xiii_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018">Sylvester, Grimes & Hays 2018</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz1981168–170-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz1981168–170_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruz1981">Cruz 1981</a>, pp. 168–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988264SylvesterGrimesHays2018xiv-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988264SylvesterGrimesHays2018xiv_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, p. 264; <a href="#CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018">Sylvester, Grimes & Hays 2018</a>, p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988489SylvesterGrimesHays2018xiv-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988489SylvesterGrimesHays2018xiv_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, p. 489; <a href="#CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018">Sylvester, Grimes & Hays 2018</a>, p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988489–490Reynolds1999238-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988489–490Reynolds1999238_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, pp. 489–490; <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1999">Reynolds 1999</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999238,_249Baker1988490,_492-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999238,_249Baker1988490,_492_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1999">Reynolds 1999</a>, pp. 238, 249; <a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, pp. 490, 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988492–493,_499-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988492–493,_499_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, pp. 492–493, 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485Baker1988499–501-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485Baker1988499–501_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1985">Meyers 1985</a>, p. 485; <a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, pp. 499–501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988501-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988501_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, p. 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999250-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999250_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1999">Reynolds 1999</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988503–504-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988503–504_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, pp. 503–504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485Reynolds1999258Baker1988504–505-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485Reynolds1999258Baker1988504–505_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1985">Meyers 1985</a>, p. 485; <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1999">Reynolds 1999</a>, p. 258; <a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, pp. 504–505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988505-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988505_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999258–259Meyers1982412Meyers1985486–487Schorer1962134-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999258–259Meyers1982412Meyers1985486–487Schorer1962134_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1999">Reynolds 1999</a>, pp. 258–259; <a href="#CITEREFMeyers1982">Meyers 1982</a>, p. 412; <a href="#CITEREFMeyers1985">Meyers 1985</a>, pp. 486–487; <a href="#CITEREFSchorer1962">Schorer 1962</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xix–xx-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xix–xx_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018">Sylvester, Grimes & Hays 2018</a>, pp. xix–xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988505Reynolds1999259-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988505Reynolds1999259_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, p. 505; <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1999">Reynolds 1999</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985487–488Reynolds1999259-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985487–488Reynolds1999259_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1985">Meyers 1985</a>, pp. 487–488; <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1999">Reynolds 1999</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985488–489-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985488–489_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1985">Meyers 1985</a>, pp. 488–489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999263Baker1988510Meyers1985489-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1999263Baker1988510Meyers1985489_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1999">Reynolds 1999</a>, p. 263; <a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, p. 510; <a href="#CITEREFMeyers1985">Meyers 1985</a>, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1988506-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1988506_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1988">Baker 1988</a>, p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver1999246Nobel_Prize_citation-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver1999246Nobel_Prize_citation_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliver1999">Oliver 1999</a>, p. 246; <a href="#CITEREFNobel_Prize_citation">Nobel Prize citation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1981173SylvesterGrimesHays2018xxi-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1981173SylvesterGrimesHays2018xxi_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1981">Williams 1981</a>, p. 173; <a href="#CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018">Sylvester, Grimes & Hays 2018</a>, p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xxiii–xxvii-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xxiii–xxvii_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018">Sylvester, Grimes & Hays 2018</a>, pp. xxiii–xxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985485_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1985">Meyers 1985</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613050723/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/chap1.html">"Regime Strategic Intent – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/chap1.html">the original</a> on June 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regime+Strategic+Intent+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freports%2Fgeneral-reports-1%2Firaq_wmd_2004%2Fchap1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top200_2.shtml">"BBC – The Big Read – Top 200 (150–200)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031119033852/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top200_2.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+The+Big+Read+%E2%80%93+Top+200+%28150%E2%80%93200%29&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Farts%2Fbigread%2Ftop200_2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver1999247–248Meyers1985489–493-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver1999247–248Meyers1985489–493_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliver1999">Oliver 1999</a>, pp. 247–248; <a href="#CITEREFMeyers1985">Meyers 1985</a>, pp. 489–493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver1999248-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver1999248_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliver1999">Oliver 1999</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000">"The 72nd Academy Awards, 2000"</a>. <i>Oscars.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417092419/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oscars.org&rft.atitle=The+72nd+Academy+Awards%2C+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1960593,_596-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1960593,_596_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacdonald1960">Macdonald 1960</a>, pp. 593, 596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1960597–598-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1960597–598_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacdonald1960">Macdonald 1960</a>, pp. 597–598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner199168–78-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner199168–78_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenner1991">Brenner 1991</a>, pp. 68–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985489-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1985489_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1985">Meyers 1985</a>, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks1962188–192-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks1962188–192_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeeks1962">Weeks 1962</a>, pp. 188–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester1996265–266-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester1996265–266_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSylvester1996">Sylvester 1996</a>, pp. 265–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester1996246–249,_256–261-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester1996246–249,_256–261_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSylvester1996">Sylvester 1996</a>, pp. 246–249, 256–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver1999246-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver1999246_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliver1999">Oliver 1999</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014170–173-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014170–173_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneback2014">Stoneback 2014</a>, pp. 170–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014173,_176-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014173,_176_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneback2014">Stoneback 2014</a>, pp. 173, 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver1999Meyers1985489-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver1999Meyers1985489_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliver1999">Oliver 1999</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMeyers1985">Meyers 1985</a>, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackman1962142–143-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackman1962142–143_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBackman1962">Backman 1962</a>, pp. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmeir1962145–149-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmeir1962145–149_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaldmeir1962">Waldmeir 1962</a>, pp. 145–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackman1962142SylvesterGrimesHays201869-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackman1962142SylvesterGrimesHays201869_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBackman1962">Backman 1962</a>, p. 142; <a href="#CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018">Sylvester, Grimes & Hays 2018</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackman1962143Oliver199957,_247Waldmeir1962144-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackman1962143Oliver199957,_247Waldmeir1962144_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBackman1962">Backman 1962</a>, p. 143; <a href="#CITEREFOliver1999">Oliver 1999</a>, pp. 57, 247; <a href="#CITEREFWaldmeir1962">Waldmeir 1962</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018104-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018104_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018">Sylvester, Grimes & Hays 2018</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner199137–38-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner199137–38_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenner1991">Brenner 1991</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014176–177-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014176–177_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneback2014">Stoneback 2014</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner199154–66-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner199154–66_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenner1991">Brenner 1991</a>, pp. 54–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner199180–96-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner199180–96_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenner1991">Brenner 1991</a>, pp. 80–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014167–168SylvesterGrimesHays2018xxvi-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneback2014167–168SylvesterGrimesHays2018xxvi_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneback2014">Stoneback 2014</a>, pp. 167–168; <a href="#CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018">Sylvester, Grimes & Hays 2018</a>, p. xxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xxvi-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays2018xxvi_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018">Sylvester, Grimes & Hays 2018</a>, p. xxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays201849-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays201849_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvesterGrimesHays201849_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018">Sylvester, Grimes & Hays 2018</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeegel1985141–142,_146-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeegel1985141–142,_146_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeegel1985">Beegel 1985</a>, pp. 141–142, 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeegel1985141–146-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeegel1985141–146_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeegel1985">Beegel 1985</a>, pp. 141–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuba_in_Hemingway-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cuba_in_Hemingway_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy-Mera,_Jeffrey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33255402">"Cuba in Hemingway"</a>. <i>The Hemingway Review</i>. <b>36</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">8–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhem.2017.0001">10.1353/hem.2017.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149158145">149158145</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817062422/https://www.academia.edu/33255402/Cuba_in_Hemingway">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hemingway+Review&rft.atitle=Cuba+in+Hemingway&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhem.2017.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149158145%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Herlihy-Mera%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33255402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy2011" class="citation book cs1">Herlihy, Jeffrey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/982945"><i>In Paris or Paname: Hemingway's Expatriate Nationalism</i></a>. New York: Rodopi. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042034099" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042034099"><bdi>978-9042034099</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817062441/https://www.academia.edu/982945/In_Paris_or_Paname_Hemingways_Expatriate_Nationalism_Preview_">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Paris+or+Paname%3A+Hemingway%27s+Expatriate+Nationalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9042034099&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F982945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Baker" title="Carlos Baker">Baker, Carlos</a> (1962). <i>Ernest Hemingway: Critiques of Four Major Novels</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/564729505">564729505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernest+Hemingway%3A+Critiques+of+Four+Major+Novels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F564729505&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Baker" title="Carlos Baker">Baker, Carlos</a> (1988) [1969]. <i>Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Inc." title="Macmillan Inc.">Macmillan Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-0016905" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-0016905"><bdi>0-02-0016905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernest+Hemingway%3A+A+Life+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Inc.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-02-0016905&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackman1962" class="citation book cs1">Backman, Melvin (1962) [1955]. "Hemingway: The Matador and the Crucified". In <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Baker" title="Carlos Baker">Baker, Carlos</a> (ed.). <i>Ernest Hemingway: Critiques of Four Major Novels</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/564729505">564729505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hemingway%3A+The+Matador+and+the+Crucified&rft.btitle=Ernest+Hemingway%3A+Critiques+of+Four+Major+Novels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F564729505&rft.aulast=Backman&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeegel1985" class="citation book cs1">Beegel, Susan (1985). "Santiago and the Eternal Feminine: Gendering <i>La Mar</i> in <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i>". In Broer, Lawrence; Holland, Gloria (eds.). <i>Hemingway and Women: Female Critics and the Female Voice</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1136-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1136-0"><bdi>978-0-8173-1136-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Santiago+and+the+Eternal+Feminine%3A+Gendering+La+Mar+in+The+Old+Man+and+the+Sea&rft.btitle=Hemingway+and+Women%3A+Female+Critics+and+the+Female+Voice&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1136-0&rft.aulast=Beegel&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1991" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Gerry (1991). <i>The Old Man and the Sea: Story of a Common Man</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Twayne Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-8040-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-8040-6"><bdi>978-0-8057-8040-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Man+and+the+Sea%3A+Story+of+a+Common+Man&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-8040-6&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cruz, Mary (1981). <i>Cuba y hemingway en gran río de azul</i> [<i>Cuba and Hemingway on the Great Blue River</i>] (in Spanish). Translated by Delpino, Mary. <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>: Unión de Escritores y Artistes de Cuba.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+y+hemingway+en+gran+r%C3%ADo+de+azul&rft.place=Havana&rft.pub=Uni%C3%B3n+de+Escritores+y+Artistes+de+Cuba&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosiba2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kosiba, Sara (2012). "Ernest Hemingway". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bibliographies_Online" title="Oxford Bibliographies Online">Oxford Bibliographies Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199827251-0022">10.1093/obo/9780199827251-0022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982725-1"><bdi>978-0-19-982725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ernest+Hemingway&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+Online&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199827251-0022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-982725-1&rft.aulast=Kosiba&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald1960" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Macdonald" title="Dwight Macdonald">Macdonald, Dwight</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/partisanreview/books/PR1960V27N4/HTML/files/assets/basic-html/page22.html">"Masscult and Midcult: II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Review" title="Partisan Review">Partisan Review</a></i>. Vol. 27, no. 4. pp. <span class="nowrap">589–</span>631. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504122927/https://www.bu.edu/partisanreview/books/PR1960V27N4/HTML/files/assets/basic-html/page22.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2023</span> – via Boston University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Partisan+Review&rft.atitle=Masscult+and+Midcult%3A+II&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E589-%3C%2Fspan%3E631&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fpartisanreview%2Fbooks%2FPR1960V27N4%2FHTML%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fbasic-html%2Fpage22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Meyers" title="Jeffrey Meyers">Meyers, Jeffrey</a> (1982). <i>Hemingway: The Critical Heritage</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-5437-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-5437-0"><bdi>978-0-0601-5437-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hemingway%3A+The+Critical+Heritage&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-0601-5437-0&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Meyers" title="Jeffrey Meyers">Meyers, Jeffrey</a> (1985). <i>Hemingway: A Biography</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-5437-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-5437-0"><bdi>978-0-0601-5437-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hemingway%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-0601-5437-0&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobel_Prize_citation" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1954/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i>. Nobel Prize Outreach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140320/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1954/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F1954%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1999" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Michael S. (1999). <i>Hemingway: The Final Years</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8460-3376-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8460-3376-6"><bdi>978-1-8460-3376-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hemingway%3A+The+Final+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-8460-3376-6&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1999" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Charles M. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ernesthemingwayt0000oliv"><i>Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work</i></a></span>. New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3934-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3934-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-3934-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernest+Hemingway+A+to+Z%3A+The+Essential+Reference+to+the+Life+and+Work&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-3934-0&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fernesthemingwayt0000oliv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchorer1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schorer" title="Mark Schorer">Schorer, Mark</a> (1962) [1952]. "With Grace Under Pressure". In <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Baker" title="Carlos Baker">Baker, Carlos</a> (ed.). <i>Ernest Hemingway: Critiques of Four Major Novels</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/564729505">564729505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=With+Grace+Under+Pressure&rft.btitle=Ernest+Hemingway%3A+Critiques+of+Four+Major+Novels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F564729505&rft.aulast=Schorer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneback2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._R._Stoneback" title="H. R. Stoneback">Stoneback, H. R.</a> (2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'You Know The Name Is No Accident': Hemingway and the Matter of Santiago". In Sylvester, Bickford; Grimes, Larry (eds.). <i>Hemingway, Cuba, and the Cuban Works</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kent,_Ohio" title="Kent, Ohio">Kent</a>: Kent State University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6063-5181-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6063-5181-9"><bdi>978-1-6063-5181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27You+Know+The+Name+Is+No+Accident%27%3A+Hemingway+and+the+Matter+of+Santiago&rft.btitle=Hemingway%2C+Cuba%2C+and+the+Cuban+Works&rft.place=Kent&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-6063-5181-9&rft.aulast=Stoneback&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvester1996" class="citation book cs1">Sylvester, Bickford (1996). "The Cuban Context in The Old Man and the Sea". In Donaldson, Scott (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Hemingway</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">243–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139000345" title="Special:BookSources/9781139000345"><bdi>9781139000345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cuban+Context+in+The+Old+Man+and+the+Sea&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Hemingway&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781139000345&rft.aulast=Sylvester&rft.aufirst=Bickford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvesterGrimesHays2018" class="citation book cs1">Sylvester, Bickford; Grimes, Larry; Hays, Peter L. (2018). <i>Reading Hemingway's </i>The Old Man and the Sea<i>: Glossary and Commentary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kent,_Ohio" title="Kent, Ohio">Kent</a>: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6063-5342-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6063-5342-4"><bdi>978-1-6063-5342-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Hemingway%27s+The+Old+Man+and+the+Sea%3A+Glossary+and+Commentary&rft.place=Kent&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-6063-5342-4&rft.aulast=Sylvester&rft.aufirst=Bickford&rft.au=Grimes%2C+Larry&rft.au=Hays%2C+Peter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmeir1962" class="citation book cs1">Waldmeir, Joseph (1962). "<i>Confiteor Hominem</i>: Ernest Hemingway's Religion of Man". In <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Baker" title="Carlos Baker">Baker, Carlos</a> (ed.). <i>Ernest Hemingway: Critiques of Four Major Novels</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/564729505">564729505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confiteor+Hominem%3A+Ernest+Hemingway%27s+Religion+of+Man&rft.btitle=Ernest+Hemingway%3A+Critiques+of+Four+Major+Novels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F564729505&rft.aulast=Waldmeir&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1962" class="citation journal cs1">Weeks, Robert (1962). "Fakery in <i>The Old Man and the Sea</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/College_English" title="College English">College English</a></i>. <b>XXIV</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">188–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F373283">10.2307/373283</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/373283">373283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+English&rft.atitle=Fakery+in+The+Old+Man+and+the+Sea&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F373283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F373283%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wirt_Williams" title="Wirt Williams">Williams, Wirt</a> (1981). <i>The Tragic Art of Ernest Hemingway</i>. <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0884-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0884-0"><bdi>978-0-8071-0884-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragic+Art+of+Ernest+Hemingway&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-0884-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Wirt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Baker" title="Carlos Baker">Baker, Carlos</a> (1962). "Hemingway's Ancient Mariner". <i>Ernest Hemingway: Critiques of Four Major Novels</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">156–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/564729505">564729505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hemingway%27s+Ancient+Mariner&rft.btitle=Ernest+Hemingway%3A+Critiques+of+Four+Major+Novels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F564729505&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Baker" title="Carlos Baker">Baker, Carlos</a> (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hemingwaywritera00bake"><i>Hemingway: The Writer as Artist</i></a></span> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691013055" title="Special:BookSources/0691013055"><bdi>0691013055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hemingway%3A+The+Writer+as+Artist&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0691013055&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhemingwaywritera00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burhans Jr., Clinton S. (1962). "<i>The Old Man and the Sea</i>: Hemingway's Tragic Vision of Man". In <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Baker" title="Carlos Baker">Baker, Carlos</a> (ed.). <i>Ernest Hemingway: Critiques of Four Major Novels</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">150–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/564729505">564729505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Old+Man+and+the+Sea%3A+Hemingway%27s+Tragic+Vision+of+Man&rft.btitle=Ernest+Hemingway%3A+Critiques+of+Four+Major+Novels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F564729505&rft.aulast=Burhans+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Clinton+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jobes, Katharine T., ed. (1968). <i>Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Old Man and the Sea</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0136339174" title="Special:BookSources/0136339174"><bdi>0136339174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+Interpretations+of+The+Old+Man+and+the+Sea&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0136339174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Old+Man+and+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a><br />1953</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> </b><br />1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a><br />1955</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Ambersons">The Magnificent Ambersons</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alice_Adams_(novel)" title="Alice Adams (novel)">Alice Adams</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_of_Ours" title="One of Ours">One of Ours</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Able_McLaughlins" title="The Able McLaughlins">The Able McLaughlins</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wilson_(novelist)" title="Margaret Wilson (novelist)">Margaret Wilson</a> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(novel)" title="So Big (novel)">So Big</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrowsmith_(novel)" title="Arrowsmith (novel)">Arrowsmith</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> (1926; declined)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Autumn" title="Early Autumn">Early Autumn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bromfield" title="Louis Bromfield">Louis Bromfield</a> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_of_San_Luis_Rey" title="The Bridge of San Luis Rey">The Bridge of San Luis Rey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Sister_Mary" title="Scarlet Sister Mary">Scarlet Sister Mary</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Peterkin" title="Julia Peterkin">Julia Peterkin</a> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laughing_Boy_(novel)" title="Laughing Boy (novel)">Laughing Boy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_La_Farge" title="Oliver La Farge">Oliver La Farge</a> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Grace" title="Years of Grace">Years of Grace</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ayer_Barnes" title="Margaret Ayer Barnes">Margaret Ayer Barnes</a> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Earth" title="The Good Earth">The Good Earth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Store_(novel)" title="The Store (novel)">The Store</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sigismund_Stribling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Sigismund Stribling">Thomas Sigismund Stribling</a> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamb_in_His_Bosom" title="Lamb in His Bosom">Lamb in His Bosom</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Pafford_Miller" title="Caroline Pafford Miller">Caroline Pafford Miller</a> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Now_in_November" title="Now in November">Now in November</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Johnson" title="Josephine Johnson">Josephine Winslow Johnson</a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey_in_the_Horn" title="Honey in the Horn">Honey in the Horn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/H._L._Davis" title="H. L. Davis">Harold L. Davis</a> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell</a> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_George_Apley" title="The Late George Apley">The Late George Apley</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_P._Marquand" title="John P. Marquand">John Phillips Marquand</a> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Yearling" title="The Yearling">The Yearling</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Kinnan_Rawlings" title="Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings">Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings</a> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_This_Our_Life_(novel)" title="In This Our Life (novel)">In This Our Life</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow" title="Ellen Glasgow">Ellen Glasgow</a> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Teeth_(novel)" title="Dragon's Teeth (novel)">Dragon's Teeth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_in_the_Dark" title="Journey in the Dark">Journey in the Dark</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Flavin" title="Martin Flavin">Martin Flavin</a> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Bell_for_Adano_(novel)" title="A Bell for Adano (novel)">A Bell for Adano</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Hersey" title="John Hersey">John Hersey</a> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men" title="All the King's Men">All the King's Men</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_South_Pacific" title="Tales of the South Pacific">Tales of the South Pacific</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James A. Michener</a> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guard_of_Honor" title="Guard of Honor">Guard of Honor</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Gould_Cozzens" title="James Gould Cozzens">James Gould Cozzens</a> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_West" title="The Way West">The Way West</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/A._B._Guthrie_Jr." title="A. B. Guthrie Jr.">A. B. Guthrie Jr.</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Town_(Richter_novel)" title="The Town (Richter novel)">The Town</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Richter" title="Conrad Richter">Conrad Richter</a> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny" title="The Caine Mutiny">The Caine Mutiny</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a> (1952)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Old Man and the Sea</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fable" title="A Fable">A Fable</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andersonville_(novel)" title="Andersonville (novel)">Andersonville</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/MacKinlay_Kantor" title="MacKinlay Kantor">MacKinlay Kantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Death_in_the_Family" title="A Death in the Family">A Death in the Family</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Agee" title="James Agee">James Agee</a> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Jaimie_McPheeters" title="The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters">The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_Taylor" title="Robert Lewis Taylor">Robert Lewis Taylor</a> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advise_and_Consent" title="Advise and Consent">Advise and Consent</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Drury" title="Allen Drury">Allen Drury</a> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird" title="To Kill a Mockingbird">To Kill a Mockingbird</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Harper_Lee" title="Harper Lee">Harper Lee</a> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Edge_of_Sadness" title="The Edge of Sadness">The Edge of Sadness</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O%27Connor" title="Edwin O'Connor">Edwin O'Connor</a> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reivers" title="The Reivers">The Reivers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keepers_of_the_House" title="The Keepers of the House">The Keepers of the House</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Grau" title="Shirley Ann Grau">Shirley Ann Grau</a> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter">The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Katherine Anne Porter</a> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_(novel)" title="The Fixer (novel)">The Fixer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_Made_of_Dawn" title="House Made of Dawn">House Made of Dawn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/N._Scott_Momaday" title="N. Scott Momaday">N. Scott Momaday</a> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Jean_Stafford" title="The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford">The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Stafford" title="Jean Stafford">Jean Stafford</a> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_Repose" title="Angle of Repose">Angle of Repose</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Optimist%27s_Daughter" title="The Optimist's Daughter">The Optimist's Daughter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">No award given</a> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_Angels" title="The Killer Angels">The Killer Angels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shaara" title="Michael Shaara">Michael Shaara</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_Gift" title="Humboldt's Gift">Humboldt's Gift</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_(novel)#Pulitzer_Prize" title="A River Runs Through It (novel)">No award given</a> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elbow_Room_(short_story_collection)" title="Elbow Room (short story collection)">Elbow Room</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Alan_McPherson" title="James Alan McPherson">James Alan McPherson</a> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_John_Cheever" title="The Stories of John Cheever">The Stories of John Cheever</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Executioner%27s_Song" title="The Executioner's Song">The Executioner's Song</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces" title="A Confederacy of Dunces">A Confederacy of Dunces</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Is_Rich" title="Rabbit Is Rich">Rabbit Is Rich</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple" title="The Color Purple">The Color Purple</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ironweed_(novel)" title="Ironweed (novel)">Ironweed</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William Kennedy</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_(novel)" title="Foreign Affairs (novel)">Foreign Affairs</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alison_Lurie" title="Alison Lurie">Alison Lurie</a> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Dove" title="Lonesome Dove">Lonesome Dove</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_McMurtry" title="Larry McMurtry">Larry McMurtry</a> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Summons_to_Memphis" title="A Summons to Memphis">A Summons to Memphis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthew_Hillsman_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Matthew Hillsman Taylor">Peter Taylor</a> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breathing_Lessons" title="Breathing Lessons">Breathing Lessons</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Tyler" title="Anne Tyler">Anne Tyler</a> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mambo_Kings_Play_Songs_of_Love" title="The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love">The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hijuelos" title="Oscar Hijuelos">Oscar Hijuelos</a> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_at_Rest" title="Rabbit at Rest">Rabbit at Rest</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Acres" title="A Thousand Acres">A Thousand Acres</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Smiley" title="Jane Smiley">Jane Smiley</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Good_Scent_from_a_Strange_Mountain" title="A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain">A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Olen_Butler" title="Robert Olen Butler">Robert Olen Butler</a> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shipping_News" title="The Shipping News">The Shipping News</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Proulx" title="Annie Proulx">E. Annie Proulx</a> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Diaries" title="The Stone Diaries">The Stone Diaries</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Ford_novel)" title="Independence Day (Ford novel)">Independence Day</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ford" title="Richard Ford">Richard Ford</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dressler:_The_Tale_of_an_American_Dreamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer">Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Millhauser" title="Steven Millhauser">Steven Millhauser</a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Pastoral" title="American Pastoral">American Pastoral</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(novel)" title="The Hours (novel)">The Hours</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cunningham" title="Michael Cunningham">Michael Cunningham</a> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_of_Maladies" title="Interpreter of Maladies">Interpreter of Maladies</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jhumpa_Lahiri" title="Jhumpa Lahiri">Jhumpa Lahiri</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Kavalier_%26_Clay" title="The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay">The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_Falls" title="Empire Falls">Empire Falls</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russo" title="Richard Russo">Richard Russo</a> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_(novel)" title="Middlesex (novel)">Middlesex</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides" title="Jeffrey Eugenides">Jeffrey Eugenides</a> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Jones" title="Edward P. Jones">Edward P. Jones</a> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilead_(novel)" title="Gilead (novel)">Gilead</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/March_(novel)" title="March (novel)">March</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Brooks_(writer)" title="Geraldine Brooks (writer)">Geraldine Brooks</a> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road" title="The Road">The Road</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brief_Wondrous_Life_of_Oscar_Wao" title="The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao">The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Junot_D%C3%ADaz" title="Junot Díaz">Junot Díaz</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olive_Kitteridge" title="Olive Kitteridge">Olive Kitteridge</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Strout" title="Elizabeth Strout">Elizabeth Strout</a> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinkers_(novel)" title="Tinkers (novel)">Tinkers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harding_(author)" title="Paul Harding (author)">Paul Harding</a> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Goon_Squad" title="A Visit from the Goon Squad">A Visit from the Goon Squad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Egan" title="Jennifer Egan">Jennifer Egan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Pulitzer_Prize" title="2012 Pulitzer Prize">No award given</a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_Master%27s_Son" title="The Orphan Master's Son">The Orphan Master's Son</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnson_(writer)" title="Adam Johnson (writer)">Adam Johnson</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Goldfinch_(novel)" title="The Goldfinch (novel)">The Goldfinch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Donna_Tartt" title="Donna Tartt">Donna Tartt</a> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Light_We_Cannot_See" title="All the Light We Cannot See">All the Light We Cannot See</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Doerr" title="Anthony Doerr">Anthony Doerr</a> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sympathizer" title="The Sympathizer">The Sympathizer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Viet_Thanh_Nguyen" title="Viet Thanh Nguyen">Viet Thanh Nguyen</a> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Less_(novel)" title="Less (novel)">Less</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sean_Greer" title="Andrew Sean Greer">Andrew Sean Greer</a> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Overstory" title="The Overstory">The Overstory</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nickel_Boys" title="The Nickel Boys">The Nickel Boys</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watchman_(novel)" title="The Night Watchman (novel)">The Night Watchman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Netanyahus" title="The Netanyahus">The Netanyahus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Cohen_(writer)" title="Joshua Cohen (writer)">Joshua Cohen</a> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demon_Copperhead" title="Demon Copperhead">Demon Copperhead</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver" title="Barbara Kingsolver">Barbara Kingsolver</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Trust_(novel)" title="Trust (novel)">Trust</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Diaz_(writer)" title="Hernan Diaz (writer)">Hernan Diaz</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(Phillips_novel)" title="Night Watch (Phillips novel)">Night Watch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jayne_Anne_Phillips" title="Jayne Anne Phillips">Jayne Anne Phillips</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ernest_Hemingway234" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ernest_Hemingway" title="Template:Ernest Hemingway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ernest_Hemingway" title="Template talk:Ernest Hemingway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ernest_Hemingway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ernest Hemingway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ernest_Hemingway234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_bibliography" title="Ernest Hemingway bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Torrents_of_Spring" title="The Torrents of Spring">The Torrents of Spring</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Have_and_Have_Not" title="To Have and Have Not">To Have and Have Not</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Across_the_River_and_into_the_Trees" title="Across the River and into the Trees">Across the River and into the Trees</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Old Man and the Sea</a></i> (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Afternoon" title="Death in the Afternoon">Death in the Afternoon</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Hills_of_Africa" title="Green Hills of Africa">Green Hills of Africa</a></i> (1935)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Moveable_Feast" title="A Moveable Feast">A Moveable Feast</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islands_in_the_Stream_(novel)" title="Islands in the Stream (novel)">Islands in the Stream</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dangerous_Summer" title="The Dangerous Summer">The Dangerous Summer</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_(novel)" title="The Garden of Eden (novel)">The Garden of Eden</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/True_at_First_Light" title="True at First Light">True at First Light</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Kilimanjaro" title="Under Kilimanjaro">Under Kilimanjaro</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Up_In_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Up In Michigan">Up In Michigan</a>" (1921)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Indian_Camp" title="Indian Camp">Indian Camp</a>" (1924)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_and_the_Doctor%27s_Wife" title="The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife">The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Something" title="The End of Something">The End of Something</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three-Day_Blow" title="The Three-Day Blow">The Three-Day Blow</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Battler" title="The Battler">The Battler</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Very_Short_Story" title="A Very Short Story">A Very Short Story</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Home" title="Soldier's Home">Soldier's Home</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Revolutionist" title="The Revolutionist">The Revolutionist</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mr._and_Mrs._Elliot" title="Mr. and Mrs. Elliot">Mr. and Mrs. Elliot</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cat_in_the_Rain" title="Cat in the Rain">Cat in the Rain</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Out_of_Season_(short_story)" title="Out of Season (short story)">Out of Season</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cross_Country_Snow" title="Cross Country Snow">Cross Country Snow</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Old_Man_(short_story)" title="My Old Man (short story)">My Old Man</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Two-Hearted_River" title="Big Two-Hearted River">Big Two-Hearted River</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Banal_Story" title="Banal Story">Banal Story</a>" (1926)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Today_is_Friday" title="Today is Friday">Today is Friday</a>" (1926)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Canary_for_One" title="A Canary for One">A Canary for One</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fifty_Grand" title="Fifty Grand">Fifty Grand</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hills_Like_White_Elephants" title="Hills Like White Elephants">Hills Like White Elephants</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(Hemingway_short_story)" title="The Killers (Hemingway short story)">The Killers</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Undefeated_(short_story)" title="The Undefeated (short story)">The Undefeated</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Che_Ti_Dice_La_Patria%3F" title="Che Ti Dice La Patria?">Che Ti Dice La Patria?</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_Another_Country" title="In Another Country">In Another Country</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Now_I_Lay_Me" title="Now I Lay Me">Now I Lay Me</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Simple_Enquiry" title="A Simple Enquiry">A Simple Enquiry</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ten_Indians" title="Ten Indians">Ten Indians</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/An_Alpine_Idyll" title="An Alpine Idyll">An Alpine Idyll</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Pursuit_Race" title="A Pursuit Race">A Pursuit Race</a>" (1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Quai_at_Smyrna" title="On the Quai at Smyrna">On the Quai at Smyrna</a>" (1930)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fathers_and_Sons_(short_story)" title="Fathers and Sons (short story)">Fathers and Sons</a>" (1932)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Natural_History_of_the_Dead" title="A Natural History of the Dead">A Natural History of the Dead</a>" (1932)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Clean,_Well-Lighted_Place" title="A Clean, Well-Lighted Place">A Clean, Well-Lighted Place</a>" (1933)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Day%27s_Wait" title="A Day's Wait">A Day's Wait</a>" (1933)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Gambler,_the_Nun,_and_the_Radio" title="The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio">The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio</a>" (1933)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Way_You%27ll_Never_Be" title="A Way You'll Never Be">A Way You'll Never Be</a>" (1933)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(short_story)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story)">The Snows of Kilimanjaro</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Capital_of_the_World_(short_story)" title="The Capital of the World (short story)">The Capital of the World</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Short_Happy_Life_of_Francis_Macomber" title="The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber">The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Man_at_the_Bridge" title="Old Man at the Bridge">Old Man at the Bridge</a>" (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story<br /> collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Stories_and_Ten_Poems" title="Three Stories and Ten Poems">Three Stories and Ten Poems</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(short_story_collection)" title="In Our Time (short story collection)">In Our Time</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_Without_Women_(short_story_collection)" title="Men Without Women (short story collection)">Men Without Women</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winner_Take_Nothing" title="Winner Take Nothing">Winner Take Nothing</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Column_and_the_First_Forty-Nine_Stories" title="The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories">The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(short_story_collection)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story collection)">The Snows of Kilimanjaro</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><span class="wrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Column_and_Four_Stories_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War">The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War</a></i> (1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nick_Adams_Stories" title="The Nick Adams Stories">The Nick Adams Stories</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Short_Stories_of_Ernest_Hemingway" title="The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway">The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway:_The_Collected_Stories" title="Ernest Hemingway: The Collected Stories">Ernest Hemingway: The Collected Stories</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Story fragments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Writing_(Hemingway)" title="On Writing (Hemingway)">On Writing</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/88_Poems" title="88 Poems">88 Poems</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Poems" title="Complete Poems">Complete Poems</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Today_is_Friday" title="Today is Friday">Today is Friday</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Column_and_the_First_Forty-Nine_Stories" title="The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories">The Fifth Column</a></i> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Earth" title="The Spanish Earth">The Spanish Earth</a></i> (1937 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters and<br />journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/By-Line:_Ernest_Hemingway" title="By-Line: Ernest Hemingway">By-Line: Ernest Hemingway</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway:_Selected_Letters,_1917%E2%80%931961" title="Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917–1961">Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917–1961</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dateline:_Toronto" title="Dateline: Toronto">Dateline: Toronto</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Edition_of_the_Letters_of_Ernest_Hemingway" title="The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway">The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>The Sun Also Rises</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises_(1957_film)" title="The Sun Also Rises (1957 film)">1957 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises_(1984_film)" title="The Sun Also Rises (1984 film)">1984 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises_(opera)" title="The Sun Also Rises (opera)">Opera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Select_(The_Sun_Also_Rises)" title="The Select (The Sun Also Rises)">The Select (The Sun Also Rises)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises_(ballet)" title="The Sun Also Rises (ballet)">Ballet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"The Killers"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(1946_film)" title="The Killers (1946 film)">1946 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(1956_film)" title="The Killers (1956 film)">1956 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(1964_film)" title="The Killers (1964 film)">1964 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(Bukowski_short_story)" title="The Killers (Bukowski short story)">Bukowski short story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>A Farewell to Arms</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms_(1932_film)" title="A Farewell to Arms (1932 film)">1932 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms_(1957_film)" title="A Farewell to Arms (1957 film)">1957 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms_(TV_series)" title="A Farewell to Arms (TV series)">1966 TV series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>To Have and Have Not</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_Have_and_Have_Not_(film)" title="To Have and Have Not (film)">1944 film</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Breaking_Point_(1950_film)" title="The Breaking Point (1950 film)">The Breaking Point</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gun_Runners" title="The Gun Runners">The Gun Runners</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Khorshid" title="Captain Khorshid">Captain Khorshid</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>For Whom the Bell Tolls</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(film)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)">1943 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(Playhouse_90)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (Playhouse 90)">1959 TV play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(TV_series)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (TV series)">1965 TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(Metallica_song)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (Metallica song)">1984 song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>The Old Man and the Sea</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1958_film)" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1958 film)">1958 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1990_film)" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1990 film)">1990 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1999_film)" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1999 film)">1999 animated film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Macomber_Affair" title="The Macomber Affair">The Macomber Affair</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_My_Skin_(1950_film)" title="Under My Skin (1950 film)">Under My Skin</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(1952_film)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952 film)">The Snows of Kilimanjaro</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemingway%27s_Adventures_of_a_Young_Man" title="Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man">Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islands_in_the_Stream_(film)" title="Islands in the Stream (film)">Islands in the Stream</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Home_(film)" title="Soldier's Home (film)">Soldier's Home</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Old_Man_(film)" title="My Old Man (film)">My Old Man</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_the_Storm_(2001_film)" title="After the Storm (2001 film)">After the Storm</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_(2008_film)" title="The Garden of Eden (2008 film)">The Garden of Eden</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Across_the_River_and_into_the_Trees_(film)" title="Across the River and into the Trees (film)">Across the River and into the Trees</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Ernest_Hemingway" title="Birthplace of Ernest Hemingway">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_Cottage" title="Ernest Hemingway Cottage">Michigan cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfeiffer_House_and_Carriage_House" title="Pfeiffer House and Carriage House">Hemingway-Pfeiffer House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_House" title="Ernest Hemingway House">Key West home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Ambos_Mundos_(Havana)" title="Hotel Ambos Mundos (Havana)">Hotel Ambos Mundos, Havana home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finca_Vig%C3%ADa" title="Finca Vigía">Finca Vigía, Cuba home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_and_Mary_Hemingway_House" title="Ernest and Mary Hemingway House">Idaho home</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacall_to_Arms" title="Bacall to Arms">Bacall to Arms</a></i> (1946 cartoon)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemingway:_On_the_Edge" title="Hemingway: On the Edge">Hemingway: On the Edge</a></i> (1987 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Love_and_War_(1996_film)" title="In Love and War (1996 film)">In Love and War</a></i> (1996 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_in_Paris" title="Midnight in Paris">Midnight in Paris</a></i> (2011 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemingway_%26_Gellhorn" title="Hemingway & Gellhorn">Hemingway & Gellhorn</a></i> (2012 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_%26_Hemingway:_The_True_Gen" title="Cooper & Hemingway: The True Gen">Cooper & Hemingway: The True Gen</a></i> (2013 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papa:_Hemingway_in_Cuba" title="Papa: Hemingway in Cuba">Papa: Hemingway in Cuba</a></i> (2015 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(2016_film)" title="Genius (2016 film)">Genius</a></i> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemingway_(film)" title="Hemingway (film)">Hemingway</a></i> (2021 documentary series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Adams_(character)" title="Nick Adams (character)">Nick Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridita" title="Floridita">Floridita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_(boat)" title="Pilar (boat)"><i>Pilar</i> (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg_theory" title="Iceberg theory">Iceberg theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway_International_Billfishing_Tournament" title="Ernest Hemingway International Billfishing Tournament">Ernest Hemingway International Billfishing Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Imitation_Hemingway_Competition" title="International Imitation Hemingway Competition">International Imitation Hemingway Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Perkins" title="Maxwell Perkins">Maxwell Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_Ivancich" title="Adriana Ivancich">Adriana Ivancich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingway_Foundation/PEN_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award">Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Hemingway" title="Premio Hemingway">Premio Hemingway</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hello_Hemingway" title="Hello Hemingway">Hello Hemingway</a></i> (1990 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemingway:_A_Portrait" title="Hemingway: A Portrait">Hemingway: A Portrait</a></i> (1999 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin%27s_Hemingway_Adventure" title="Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure">Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure</a></i> (1999 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingway_(crater)" title="Hemingway (crater)">Hemingway crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum#The_Ernest_Hemingway_Collection" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">Kennedy Library Hemingway collection</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemingwaya" title="Hemingwaya">Hemingwaya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Richardson" title="Hadley Richardson">Elizabeth Hadley Richardson</a> <small>(first wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Hemingway" title="Jack Hemingway">Jack Hemingway</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Pfeiffer" title="Pauline Pfeiffer">Pauline Pfeiffer</a> <small>(second wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hemingway" title="Patrick Hemingway">Patrick Hemingway</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Hemingway" title="Gloria Hemingway">Gloria Hemingway</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Gellhorn" title="Martha Gellhorn">Martha Gellhorn</a> <small>(third wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Welsh_Hemingway" title="Mary Welsh Hemingway">Mary Welsh Hemingway</a> <small>(fourth wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorian_Hemingway" title="Lorian Hemingway">Lorian Hemingway</a> <small>(granddaughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaux_Hemingway" title="Margaux Hemingway">Margaux Hemingway</a> <small>(granddaughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hemingway" title="John Hemingway">John Hemingway</a> <small>(grandson)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariel_Hemingway" title="Mariel Hemingway">Mariel Hemingway</a> <small>(granddaughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hall_Hemingway" title="Grace Hall Hemingway">Grace Hall Hemingway</a> <small>(mother)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Hemingway" title="Leicester Hemingway">Leicester Hemingway</a> <small>(brother)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26505#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/177763072">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4099230-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012068821">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122159627">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122159627">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35186463">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3383723">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000395388&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007588284905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030821118">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/611898dc-f990-4277-88fe-6bdc78102f2c">MusicBrainz work</a></span><ul><li><span 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