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(PDF) Book review : Life after new media: mediation as a vital process by Sarah Kember and Joanna Zylinska
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DOAB provides a searchable index to peer-reviewed monographs and edited volumes published under an Open Access business model, with links to the full texts of the publications at the publisher’s website or repository. DOAB allows aggregators, libraries and other service providers to harvest metadata on Open Access monographs in order to integrate these in their catalogues and services. About this report This final evaluation and recommendation report is based on the user experiences, needs, and expectations as they emerged from the qualitative components (survey, workshop and online discussion platform) that were used to conduct the DOAB User Needs Analysis. This final public report, intended for the wider academic and publishing community, aims to advise in the establishment of procedures, criteria and standards concerning the set-up and functioning of the DOAB platform and service and to devise guidelines and recommendations for admission</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DOAB User Needs Analysis – Final Report ","attachmentId":33015104,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6105889/DOAB_User_Needs_Analysis_Final_Report","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6105889/DOAB_User_Needs_Analysis_Final_Report"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="41749647" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41749647/Publishing_and_the_Book_in_Africa_A_Literature_Review_for_2019">Publishing & the Book in Africa: A Literature Review for 2019</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1230718" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HansZell">Hans M Zell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The African Book Publishing Record, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This is the fifth in a series of annual reviews of select new literature in English that has appeared on the topic of publishing and the book sector in sub-Saharan Africa. Extensively and critically annotated and/or with abstracts, the present list brings together new literature published during the course of 2019, a total of 156 records. Records are grouped under a range of regional/country and topic-specific headings. The literature review covers books, chapters in books and edited collections, journal articles, Internet documents and reports, theses and dissertations, interviews, audio/video recordings, podcasts, as well as a number of blog postings. The Guest Essay in this edition, “African Books Collective: 30 Years of Providing Visibility for African Books in the Global Market Place”, has been contributed by Justin Cox, CEO, African Books Collective, the worldwide marketing and distribution organization for books from Africa that is celebrating its 30th year of trading in 2020.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Publishing \u0026 the Book in Africa: A Literature Review for 2019","attachmentId":61906137,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41749647/Publishing_and_the_Book_in_Africa_A_Literature_Review_for_2019","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41749647/Publishing_and_the_Book_in_Africa_A_Literature_Review_for_2019"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="4017379" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4017379/Applying_Copyright_Abandonment_in_the_Digital_Age">Applying Copyright Abandonment in the Digital Age</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4825030" href="https://uns-id.academia.edu/DennySulistyo">Denny Sulistyo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Copyright law protects orphan and parented works equallybut it shouldn't. Consequently, current law unnecessarily restrains public access to works that authors have not exercised dominion over for decades. This problem has come to the fore in the Google Books settlement, which critics argue will give Google a de facto monopoly over orphan works. But this criticism implicates an obvious question: Why are orphan works protected by copyright law in the first place? If orphan works were in the public domain, then no one would worry about Google's supposed "monopoly" because Google's competitors would be free to copy the works without facing class action lawsuits.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Applying Copyright Abandonment in the Digital Age","attachmentId":31561564,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4017379/Applying_Copyright_Abandonment_in_the_Digital_Age","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4017379/Applying_Copyright_Abandonment_in_the_Digital_Age"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="19596559" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19596559/Issues_related_to_the_adoption_of_e_books_in_academic_libraries_a_literature_review">Issues related to the adoption of e-books in academic libraries: a literature review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39968891" href="https://uct.academia.edu/MichelleKahn">Michelle Kahn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">While e-journals have successfully be integrated into library collections, the same cannot be said about e-books. In this paper, the obstacles to e-book adoption in academic libraries is discussed using a review of the English-language literature published over the period 2007 to 2013. Issues identified are the changing roles of libraries in the digital age; collection development strategies; complex e-book purchase models offered to libraries; questions of copyright, licensing and digital rights management; format considerations; and availability of hardware and software on which to read e-books. Libraries continue to face these challenges today.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Issues related to the adoption of e-books in academic libraries: a literature review","attachmentId":41304920,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19596559/Issues_related_to_the_adoption_of_e_books_in_academic_libraries_a_literature_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19596559/Issues_related_to_the_adoption_of_e_books_in_academic_libraries_a_literature_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="28242262" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28242262/Copyright_in_an_Era_of_Information_Overload_Toward_the_Privileging_of_Categorizers">Copyright in an Era of Information Overload: Toward the Privileging of Categorizers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50447682" href="https://umd.academia.edu/FPasquale">Frank Pasquale</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">60 Vanderbilt Law Review 133, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Copyright in an Era of Information Overload: Toward the Privileging of Categorizers","attachmentId":48561974,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28242262/Copyright_in_an_Era_of_Information_Overload_Toward_the_Privileging_of_Categorizers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28242262/Copyright_in_an_Era_of_Information_Overload_Toward_the_Privileging_of_Categorizers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="273622" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/273622/Overview_of_Open_Access_Models_for_E_Books_In_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences">Overview of Open Access Models for E-Books In the Humanities and Social Sciences </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="69384" href="https://coventry.academia.edu/JannekeAdema">Janneke Adema</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Open Access book publishing in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) is on the rise. Initiatives are emerging on an international scale, ranging from providing Open Access to single titles to full-fledged Open Access book publishers. Most of these efforts, however, are still in the experimental phase, testing and developing new publishing and business models as well as tracking customer behavior both online and offline. Nonetheless, some trends and patterns are discernable. This research has looked at a variety of initiatives and specifically at their publishing models, business models and publishing processes. Within these divisions, special attention has been paid to the nature of the content, the level of Open Access provided, the peer review and copyright policies and, finally, the strategies of collaboration. The Open Access book publishing initiatives analyzed in this report have been classified according to their publishing models, they have thus been categorized into commercial publishers, presses established by societies or academies, presses established by libraries, library-university collaborations, university presses, presses established by academics and press-commercial publisher partnerships. Although Open Access book publishing is still in the start-up phase, the steady increase in experiments reflects a need for new (sustainable) business models in the field of HSS monograph publishing and greater experimentation with digital monographs. The reasons given for choosing Open Access book publishing range from missionary motives (opening up the whole of scholarship to a broader, international public whilst at the same time battling the negative perceptions that still beleaguer Open Access publications) to economic motives (easier and cheaper to experiment with digital techniques, resources and cost-sharing in strategic partnerships, saving the monograph from a print-based model that is no longer sustainable). The characteristics particular to the monograph, and to monograph publishing and funding, create their own challenges, which these experiments hope to resolve. A few clear patterns emerge when we look at the collection of initiatives described in this report. First of all, the business models used are very straightforward, but also quite eclectic. Almost all of the experiments depend (substantially) on some kind of funding (internal, external, collaborative, project-based, structural, etc.). Moreover, they all hope to profit monetarily from the so-called hybrid model, offering the online version of the monograph for free in Open Access and charging a fee for the printed version. The eclectic nature of the models is due to the different kinds of funding they receive, but also to the fact that the hybrid model may not earn sufficient revenues in the long term. This has led to a variety of experiments with services that are either free or paid for on top of the available online content. When it comes to the publishing model used, new forms of on- and off-campus collaborations and partnerships have become quite common in Open Access book 7publishing. The rise of the so-called library-press collaboration, the establishment or revamping of a new institutional player, the scholarly communications or publishing office, and the rising and ongoing significance of academics and academic departments (including ICT) in Open Access initiatives is characteristic of this development. These kinds of university-based cross-collaborations are very influential when it comes to the business models used, serving as good examples of efficient task allocation and resource and infrastructure sharing. But, besides these innovative publishing models, more traditional publishing models will also continue to survive in Open Access book publishing. In the area of the quality control and peer review of Open Access books most of the initiatives insist on rigorous (double-blind) peer reviews and quality standards, thus attempting to counter the perception that Open Access publications are inherently of a lower quality. Alternative forms of quality appraisal, based on more open and alternative forms of peer review and utilizing download and usage statistics and bibliometrics are also being tried out. Some of these initiatives are very transparent about peer review policies, while others don't even mention their policies. The publishing process in Open Access book publishing has benefited significantly from the rise of POD and digital printing techniques. Moreover, both the digital and print workflows are often based on shared infrastructures, depending, of course, on the publishing model used. These workflows are frequently based on the use of open source production and management environments. The large variety of current copyright policies reflects the uncertainty, the lack of information, as well as the different opinions regarding what actually constitutes an Open Access publication, never mind what is actually permitted under an Open Access copyright policy. All in all, there is still a great deal of trepidation among (Open Access book) publishers regarding the use of most open copyright licenses that are based on allowing derivative works and commercial re-use. The sustainability of these initiatives and experiments is not the major focus of this report, because of their experimental status, and the uncertainty regarding what actually determines a sustainable business model (and whether we should be focusing on the sustainability of individual models or on the sustainability of the publishing system as a whole). One could say that, not unlike in a print-based model, (some kind of) funding remains essential. The pluralistic strategy that characterizes Open Access book publishing in the HSS, which is based on subsidies and institutional and government funding, and revenues from print sales and additional services, is not that different from the current printed book model. Funding has always been part of HSS book publishing and will probably remain a necessary part of (most) Open Access business models. A complementary approach, which considers publishing as an integral part of the costs of the research process itself may thus be necessary to make Open Access book publishing in the HSS sustainable.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Overview of Open Access Models for E-Books In the Humanities and Social Sciences ","attachmentId":3240862,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/273622/Overview_of_Open_Access_Models_for_E_Books_In_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/273622/Overview_of_Open_Access_Models_for_E_Books_In_the_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="402796" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/402796/Middle_America_meets_Middle_earth_American_Publication_and_Discussion_of_J_R_R_Tolkien_s_Lord_of_the_Rings_1954_1969">Middle America meets Middle-earth : American Publication and Discussion of J. R. R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings, 1954-1969.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="304659" href="https://npg.academia.edu/JRipp">J. Ripp</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study discusses the early publication history of Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings in the United States. It begins by examining the composition and publication of the book and its initial reception in American print media. Following an examination of the ambiguities of contemporary copyright law, the paper describes nearly simultaneous unauthorized and authorized mass-market publication of The Lord of the Rings, which resulted in radically increased public awareness of the book. Public discussion of The Lord of the Rings centered on the relationship between the essence of the book, and its perceived audience. While the book met with some mild controversy during the mid 1950s, discussion was confined to literary terms. Following the publication of two competing paperback editions in 1965, however, the print media generated a substantial body of literature reflecting a broader attempt to describe the social impact of a popular book on a popular audience.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Middle America meets Middle-earth : American Publication and Discussion of J. R. R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings, 1954-1969.","attachmentId":30844600,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/402796/Middle_America_meets_Middle_earth_American_Publication_and_Discussion_of_J_R_R_Tolkien_s_Lord_of_the_Rings_1954_1969","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/402796/Middle_America_meets_Middle_earth_American_Publication_and_Discussion_of_J_R_R_Tolkien_s_Lord_of_the_Rings_1954_1969"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="23675429" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23675429/The_Pre_History_of_Fair_Use">The Pre-History of Fair Use</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45674596" href="https://luc.academia.edu/MatthewSag">Matthew Sag</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article reconsiders the history of copyright’s pivotal fair use doctrine. The history of fair use does not in fact begin with early American cases such as Folsom v. Marsh in 1841, as most accounts assume - the complete history of the fair use doctrine begins with over a century of copyright litigation in the English courts. Reviewing this ‘pre-history’ of the American fair use doctrine leads to three significant conclusions. The first is that copyright and fair use evolved together. Virtually from its inception, statutory copyright went well beyond merely mechanical acts of reproduction and was defined by the concept of fair abridgment. The second insight gained by extending our historical view is that there is in fact substantial continuity between fair abridgment in the pre-modern era and fair use in the United States today. These findings have substantial implications for copyright law today, the principal one being that fair use is central to the formulation of copyright, a...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Pre-History of Fair Use","attachmentId":44079080,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23675429/The_Pre_History_of_Fair_Use","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23675429/The_Pre_History_of_Fair_Use"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="26040683" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26040683/A_CHALLENGE_COMES_FROM_THE_COPYLEFT_MOVEMENT_A_Challenge_Comes_from_Copyleft_Movement_A_Review_of_Literature_A_Challenge_Comes_from_Copyleft_Movement_A_Review_of_Literature">A CHALLENGE COMES FROM THE COPYLEFT MOVEMENT A Challenge Comes from Copyleft Movement A Review of Literature A Challenge Comes from Copyleft Movement A Review of Literature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49894165" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DevaWong">Deva Wong</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A CHALLENGE COMES FROM THE COPYLEFT MOVEMENT A Challenge Comes from Copyleft Movement A Review of Literature A Challenge Comes from Copyleft Movement A Review of Literature","attachmentId":46379876,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26040683/A_CHALLENGE_COMES_FROM_THE_COPYLEFT_MOVEMENT_A_Challenge_Comes_from_Copyleft_Movement_A_Review_of_Literature_A_Challenge_Comes_from_Copyleft_Movement_A_Review_of_Literature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26040683/A_CHALLENGE_COMES_FROM_THE_COPYLEFT_MOVEMENT_A_Challenge_Comes_from_Copyleft_Movement_A_Review_of_Literature_A_Challenge_Comes_from_Copyleft_Movement_A_Review_of_Literature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47393978,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47393978,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_47393978" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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