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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Other names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_Wednesday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_Wednesday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Origin of Wednesday </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_Wednesday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Attestations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attestations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attestations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_era_to_Migration_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_era_to_Migration_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Roman era to Migration Period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_era_to_Migration_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Old_English_Pedigrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Old_English_Pedigrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 In Old English Pedigrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Old_English_Pedigrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_Age_to_post-Viking_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_Age_to_post-Viking_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Viking Age to post-Viking Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_Age_to_post-Viking_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetic_Edda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_Edda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Poetic Edda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_Edda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_Edda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_Edda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Prose Edda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_Edda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heimskringla_and_sagas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heimskringla_and_sagas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Heimskringla and sagas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heimskringla_and_sagas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Modern folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Archaeological record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Origin and theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Modern influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Odin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotan" title="Wotan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wotan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أودين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أودين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="অডিন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অডিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%ADn" title="Odín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Odín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ওডিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওডিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Один – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Один" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Одзін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Одзін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Одын – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Одын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Один – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Один" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodan" title="Wodan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wodan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin_(d%C3%A9u)" title="Odin (déu) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Odin (déu)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93din" title="Ódin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ódin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Όντιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όντιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%ADn" title="Odín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Odín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odino" title="Odino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Odino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اودین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اودین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0in" title="Óðin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Óðin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weda" title="Weda – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Weda" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93idin" title="Óidin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Óidin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%ADn" title="Odín – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Odín" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%94%98" title="오딘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오딘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6_(%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Օդին (դիցաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օդին (դիցաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="ओडिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओडिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Один – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Один" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0inn" title="Óðinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Óðinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odino" title="Odino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Odino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אודין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אודין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ოდინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოდინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Один – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Один" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%AEn" title="Odîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Odîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othinus" title="Othinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Othinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odins" title="Odins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Odins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odinas" title="Odinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Odinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Один – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Один" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86" title="اودن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اودن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯣꯗꯤꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯣꯗꯤꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အိုးဒင်နတ်ဘုရား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုးဒင်နတ်ဘုရား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin_(god)" title="Odin (god) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Odin (god)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="オーディン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーディン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyn" title="Odyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Один – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Один" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodan" title="Woodan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Woodan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odini" title="Odini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Odini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin_(boh)" title="Odin (boh) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odin (boh)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ئۆدن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆدن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Один – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Один" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oden" title="Oden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udin" title="Udin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Udin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Один – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Один" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="โอดินน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอดินน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Одін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Одін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Odin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%B8%81" title="奥丁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥丁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%B8%81" title="奧丁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧丁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%B8%81" title="奥丁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥丁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43610#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Widely revered deity in Germanic mythology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Germanic deity. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Odin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Odin (disambiguation)">Odin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Woden" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Woden_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Woden (disambiguation)">Woden (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman,_1886_(Odin,_the_Wanderer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/170px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/255px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/340px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Odin, in his guise as a wanderer, as imagined by <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Rosen" title="Georg von Rosen">Georg von Rosen</a> (1886)</figcaption></figure> Odin (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈoʊdɪn/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: Óðinn) is a widely revered <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">god</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, the source of most surviving information about him, associates him with wisdom, healing, death, royalty, the gallows, knowledge, war, battle, victory, sorcery, poetry, frenzy, and the <a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">runic alphabet</a>, and depicts him as the husband of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a>. In wider <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a> and paganism, the god was also known in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> as Wōden, in <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> as Uuôden, in <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> as Wuodan, in <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> as Wêda, and in <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> as Wuotan, all ultimately stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonym</a> *Wōðanaz, meaning 'lord of frenzy', or 'leader of the possessed'. Odin appears as a prominent god throughout the recorded history of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, from the Roman occupation of regions of <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> (from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2 BCE) through movement of peoples during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> (4th to 6th centuries CE) and the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> (8th to 11th centuries CE). In the modern period, the rural folklore of Germanic Europe continued to acknowledge Odin. References to him appear in place names throughout regions historically inhabited by the ancient Germanic peoples, and the day of the week <a href="/wiki/Wednesday" title="Wednesday">Wednesday</a> bears his name in many Germanic languages, including in English. In Old English texts, Odin holds a particular place as a <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerized</a> ancestral figure among royalty, and he is frequently referred to as a founding figure among various other Germanic peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Langobards" class="mw-redirect" title="Langobards">Langobards</a>, while some Old Norse sources depict him as an enthroned ruler of the gods. Forms of his name appear frequently throughout the Germanic record, although narratives regarding Odin are mainly found in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> works recorded in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Iceland</a>, primarily around the 13th century. These texts make up the bulk of modern understanding of Norse mythology. Old Norse texts portray Odin as the son of <a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a> along with two brothers, <a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a>, and he fathered <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Odin" title="Sons of Odin">many sons</a>, most famously the gods <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> (with <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a> (with Frigg). He is known by <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">hundreds of names</a>. Odin is frequently portrayed as one-eyed and long-bearded, wielding a spear named <a href="/wiki/Gungnir" title="Gungnir">Gungnir</a> or appearing in disguise wearing a cloak and a broad hat. He is often accompanied by his animal <a href="/wiki/Familiars" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiars">familiars</a>—the wolves <a href="/wiki/Geri_and_Freki" title="Geri and Freki">Geri and Freki</a> and the ravens <a href="/wiki/Huginn_and_Muninn" title="Huginn and Muninn">Huginn and Muninn</a>, who bring him information from all over <a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Midgard</a>—and he rides the flying, eight-legged steed <a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a> across the sky and into the underworld. In these texts he frequently seeks greater knowledge, most famously by obtaining the <a href="/wiki/Mead_of_Poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mead of Poetry">Mead of Poetry</a>, and makes wagers with his wife Frigg over his endeavors. He takes part both in the <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation of the world</a> by slaying the primordial being <a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a> and in giving life to the first two humans <a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a>. He also provides mankind knowledge of runic writing and <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">poetry</a>, showing aspects of a <a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">culture hero</a>. He has a particular association with the <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> holiday. Odin is also associated with the divine battlefield maidens, the <a href="/wiki/Valkyries" class="mw-redirect" title="Valkyries">valkyries</a>, and he oversees <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a>, where he receives half of those who die in battle, the <a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">einherjar</a>, sending the other half to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>'s <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a>. Odin consults the disembodied, <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">herb-embalmed</a> head of the wise <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a>, who foretells the doom of <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a> and urges Odin to lead the einherjar into battle before being consumed by the monstrous wolf <a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a>. In later folklore, Odin sometimes appears as a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a>, a ghostly procession of the dead through the winter sky. He is associated with charms and other forms of magic, particularly in Old English and Old Norse texts. The figure of Odin is a frequent subject of interest in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic studies">Germanic studies</a>, and scholars have advanced numerous theories regarding his development. Some of these focus on Odin's particular relation to other figures; for example, Freyja's husband <a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a> appears to be something of an etymological doublet of the god, while Odin's wife Frigg is in many ways similar to Freyja, and Odin has a particular relation to <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a>. Other approaches focus on Odin's place in the historical record, exploring whether Odin derives from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a> or developed later in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic society">Germanic society</a>. In the modern period, Odin has inspired numerous works of poetry, music, and other cultural expressions. He is venerated with other Germanic gods in most forms of the new religious movement <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a>; some branches focus particularly on him. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymological_origin">Etymological origin</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonym</a> Óðinn (runic <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227795492">.mw-parser-output .script-runic{font-family:"BabelStone Runic","FreeMono",Junicode,Code2000,Hnias,"Noto Sans Runic","San Francisco","New York"}</style>ᚢᚦᛁᚾ on the <a href="/wiki/Ribe_skull_fragment" title="Ribe skull fragment">Ribe skull fragment</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of other medieval Germanic names, including <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> Wōden, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> Wōdan, <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> Wuodan, and <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> Wuotan (<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Old Bavarian</a> Wûtan).<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> They all derive from the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> masculine theonym *Wōðanaz (or *Wōdunaz).<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Translated as 'lord of frenzy',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007137-7">[7]</a> or as 'leader of the possessed',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow200128-8">[8]</a> *Wōðanaz stems from the Proto-Germanic adjective *wōðaz ('possessed, inspired, delirious, raging') attached to the suffix *-naz ('master of').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007137-7">[7]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_Inscription_S%C3%B6_Fv2011;307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Runic_Inscription_S%C3%B6_Fv2011%3B307.jpg/200px-Runic_Inscription_S%C3%B6_Fv2011%3B307.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Runic_Inscription_S%C3%B6_Fv2011%3B307.jpg/300px-Runic_Inscription_S%C3%B6_Fv2011%3B307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Runic_Inscription_S%C3%B6_Fv2011%3B307.jpg/400px-Runic_Inscription_S%C3%B6_Fv2011%3B307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Woðinz (read from right to left), a probably authentic attestation of a pre-Viking Age form of Odin, on the <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_stone" title="Strängnäs stone">Strängnäs stone</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Internal_reconstruction" title="Internal reconstruction">Internal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative reconstruction">comparative</a> evidence all point to the ideas of a divine possession or inspiration, and an <a href="/wiki/Ecstatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecstatic">ecstatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013592-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2020140-10">[10]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a> (1075–1080 AD), <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> explicitly associates Wodan with the Latin term furor, which can be translated as 'rage', 'fury', 'madness', or 'frenzy' (Wodan id est furor : "Odin, that is, furor").<a href="#cite_note-ORCHARD168-169-11">[11]</a> As of 2011, an attestation of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> Woðinz, on the <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_stone" title="Strängnäs stone">Strängnäs stone</a>, has been accepted as probably authentic, but the name may be used as a related adjective instead meaning "with a gift for (divine) possession" (ON: øðinn).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Other Germanic cognates derived from *wōðaz include <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> woþs ('possessed'), Old Norse óðr ('mad, frantic, furious'), Old English wōd ('insane, frenzied') and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> woed ('frantic, wild, crazy'), along with the <a href="/wiki/Nominalization" title="Nominalization">substantivized</a> forms Old Norse óðr ('mind, wit, sense; song, poetry'), Old English wōþ ('sound, noise; voice, song'), Old High German wuot ('thrill, violent agitation') and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> woet ('rage, frenzy'), from the same root as the original adjective. The Proto-Germanic terms *wōðīn ('madness, fury') and *wōðjanan ('to rage') can also be reconstructed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> Early epigraphic attestations of the adjective include un-wōdz ('calm one', i.e. 'not-furious'; 200 CE) and wōdu-rīde ('furious rider'; 400 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2020140-10">[10]</a> Philologist <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(philologist)" title="Jan de Vries (philologist)">Jan de Vries</a> has argued that the Old Norse deities Óðinn and <a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a> were probably originally connected (as in the doublet <a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr–Ullinn</a>), with Óðr (*wōðaz) being the elder form and the ultimate source of the name Óðinn (*wōða-naz). He further suggested that the god of rage Óðr–Óðinn stood in opposition to the god of glorious majesty Ullr–Ullinn in a similar manner to the Vedic contrast between <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b104-13">[13]</a> The adjective *wōðaz ultimately stems from a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Pre-Germanic</a> form *uoh₂-tós, which is related to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> terms *<a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">wātis</a>, meaning 'seer, sooth-sayer' (cf. <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> wāteis, <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> fáith 'prophet') and *wātus, meaning 'prophesy, poetic inspiration' (cf. Old Irish fáth 'prophetic wisdom, maxims', <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> guaut 'prophetic verse, panegyric').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013592-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2020140-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> According to some scholars, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term vātēs ('prophet, seer') is probably a Celtic loanword from the Gaulish language, making *uoh₂-tós ~ *ueh₂-tus ('god-inspired') a shared religious term common to Germanic and Celtic rather than an inherited word of earlier <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013592-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2020140-10">[10]</a> In the case a borrowing scenario is excluded, a PIE <a href="/wiki/Etymon" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymon">etymon</a> *(H)ueh₂-tis ('prophet, seer') can also be posited as the common ancestor of the attested Germanic, Celtic and Latin forms.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_names">Other names</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">More than 170 names</a> are recorded for Odin; the names are variously descriptive of attributes of the god, refer to myths involving him, or refer to religious practices associated with him. This multitude makes Odin the god with the most known names among the Germanic peoples.<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK-248-15">[15]</a> Steve Martin has pointed out that the name Odinsberg (Ounesberry, Ounsberry, Othenburgh)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Yorkshire" title="Cleveland, Yorkshire">Cleveland Yorkshire</a>, now corrupted to <a href="/wiki/Roseberry_Topping" title="Roseberry Topping">Roseberry (Topping)</a>, may derive from the time of the Anglian settlements, with nearby Newton under Roseberry and Great Ayton<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> having Anglo Saxon suffixes. The very dramatic rocky peak was an obvious place for divine association, and may have replaced Bronze Age/Iron Age beliefs of divinity there, given that a hoard of bronze votive axes and other objects was buried by the summit.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> It could be a rare example, then, of Nordic-Germanic theology displacing earlier Celtic mythology in an imposing place of tribal prominence. In his opera cycle <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> refers to the god as Wotan, a spelling of his own invention which combines the Old High German Wuotan with the <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> Wodan.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_Wednesday">Origin of Wednesday</h3></div> The modern English <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">weekday name</a> Wednesday derives from Old English Wōdnesdæg, meaning 'day of Wōden'. Cognate terms are found in other Germanic languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> and Middle Dutch Wōdensdach (modern Dutch woensdag), <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> Wērnisdei (≈ Wērendei) and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> Óðinsdagr (cf. Danish, Norwegian, Swedish onsdag). All of these terms derive from Late Proto-Germanic *Wodanesdag ('Day of Wōðanaz'), a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of Latin Mercurii dies ('Day of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>'; cf. modern Italian mercoledì, French mercredi, Spanish miércoles).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1962416-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK-371-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attestations">Attestations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era_to_Migration_Period">Roman era to Migration Period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronspl%C3%A5t_2_fr_Torslunda_sn,_%C3%96land_(Stjerna,_Hj%C3%A4lmar_och_sv%C3%A4rd_i_Beovulf_(1903)_sid_103).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bronspl%C3%A5t_2_fr_Torslunda_sn%2C_%C3%96land_%28Stjerna%2C_Hj%C3%A4lmar_och_sv%C3%A4rd_i_Beovulf_%281903%29_sid_103%29.jpg/220px-Bronspl%C3%A5t_2_fr_Torslunda_sn%2C_%C3%96land_%28Stjerna%2C_Hj%C3%A4lmar_och_sv%C3%A4rd_i_Beovulf_%281903%29_sid_103%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bronspl%C3%A5t_2_fr_Torslunda_sn%2C_%C3%96land_%28Stjerna%2C_Hj%C3%A4lmar_och_sv%C3%A4rd_i_Beovulf_%281903%29_sid_103%29.jpg/330px-Bronspl%C3%A5t_2_fr_Torslunda_sn%2C_%C3%96land_%28Stjerna%2C_Hj%C3%A4lmar_och_sv%C3%A4rd_i_Beovulf_%281903%29_sid_103%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bronspl%C3%A5t_2_fr_Torslunda_sn%2C_%C3%96land_%28Stjerna%2C_Hj%C3%A4lmar_och_sv%C3%A4rd_i_Beovulf_%281903%29_sid_103%29.jpg/440px-Bronspl%C3%A5t_2_fr_Torslunda_sn%2C_%C3%96land_%28Stjerna%2C_Hj%C3%A4lmar_och_sv%C3%A4rd_i_Beovulf_%281903%29_sid_103%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Torslunda_plates" title="Torslunda plates">Torslunda plates</a>. The figure to the left was cast with both eyes, but afterwards the right eye was removed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019309-23">[23]</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C5%8D%C3%B0nas_inscription_-_Vindelev_Hoard,_bracteate_X_13_-_IMG_3633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/W%C5%8D%C3%B0nas_inscription_-_Vindelev_Hoard%2C_bracteate_X_13_-_IMG_3633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-W%C5%8D%C3%B0nas_inscription_-_Vindelev_Hoard%2C_bracteate_X_13_-_IMG_3633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/W%C5%8D%C3%B0nas_inscription_-_Vindelev_Hoard%2C_bracteate_X_13_-_IMG_3633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-W%C5%8D%C3%B0nas_inscription_-_Vindelev_Hoard%2C_bracteate_X_13_-_IMG_3633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/W%C5%8D%C3%B0nas_inscription_-_Vindelev_Hoard%2C_bracteate_X_13_-_IMG_3633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-W%C5%8D%C3%B0nas_inscription_-_Vindelev_Hoard%2C_bracteate_X_13_-_IMG_3633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>The name Wōđnas on a bracteate from the early 5th century AD written as a mirrored text</figcaption></figure> The earliest records of the Germanic peoples were recorded by the Romans, and in these works Odin is frequently referred to—via a process known as <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio romana">interpretatio romana</a> (where characteristics perceived to be similar by Romans result in identification of a non-Roman god as a Roman deity)—as the Roman god <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>. The first clear example of this occurs in the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>'s late 1st-century work <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a>, where, writing about the religion of the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> (a confederation of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>), he comments that "among the gods Mercury is the one they principally worship. They regard it as a religious duty to offer to him, on fixed days, human as well as other sacrificial victims. Hercules and Mars they appease by animal offerings of the permitted kind" and adds that a portion of the Suebi also venerate "Isis". In this instance, Tacitus refers to the god Odin as "Mercury", Thor as "<a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>", and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>". The <a href="/wiki/%22Isis%22_of_the_Suebi" title=""Isis" of the Suebi">"Isis" of the Suebi</a> has been debated and may represent "<a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>".<a href="#cite_note-BIRLEY41-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Anthony Birley</a> noted that Odin's apparent identification with Mercury has little to do with Mercury's classical role of being messenger of the gods, but appears to be due to Mercury's role of <a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">psychopomp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BIRLEY41-24">[24]</a> Other contemporary evidence may also have led to the equation of Odin with Mercury; Odin, like Mercury, may have at this time already been pictured with a staff and hat, may have been considered a trader god, and the two may have been seen as parallel in their roles as wandering deities. But their rankings in their respective religious spheres may have been very different.<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK244-25">[25]</a> Also, Tacitus's "among the gods Mercury is the one they principally worship" is an exact quote from <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a> (1st century BCE) in which Caesar is referring to the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> and not the Germanic peoples. Regarding the Germanic peoples, Caesar states: "[T]hey consider the gods only the ones that they can see, the Sun, Fire and the Moon", which scholars reject as clearly mistaken, regardless of what may have led to the statement.<a href="#cite_note-BIRLEY41-24">[24]</a> There is no direct, undisputed evidence for the worship of Odin/Mercury among the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, and the existence of a cult of Odin among them is debated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201317-26">[26]</a> Richard North and <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a> have both argued that the Goths did not worship Odin, Wolfram contending that the use of Greek names of the week in Gothic provides evidence of that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer2021646-27">[27]</a> One possible reading of the Gothic <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Pietroassa" title="Ring of Pietroassa">Ring of Pietroassa</a> is that the inscription "gutaniowi hailag" means "sacred to Wodan-Jove", but this is highly disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn201317-26">[26]</a> The earliest clear reference to Odin by name is found on a C-<a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteate</a> discovered in Denmark in 2020. Dated to as early as the 400s, the bracteate features a Proto-Norse <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a> inscription reading "He is Odin’s man" (iz Wōd[a]nas weraz).<a href="#cite_note-Brooks-ABC-28">[28]</a> Although the English kingdoms were nominally <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">converted to Christianity</a> by the end of the 7th century, Woden is <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_royal_genealogies" title="Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies">frequently listed</a> as a founding figure among the Old English royalty.<a href="#cite_note-HERBERT-7-29">[29]</a> Odin is also either directly or indirectly mentioned a few times in the surviving Old English poetic corpus, including the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a> and likely also the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_rune_poem" title="Old English rune poem">Old English rune poem</a>. Odin may also be referenced in the riddle <a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Saturn" title="Solomon and Saturn">Solomon and Saturn</a>. In the Nine Herbs Charm, Woden is said to have slain a wyrm (serpent, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Germanic dragon</a>) by way of nine "glory twigs". Preserved from an 11th-century manuscript, the poem is, according to Bill Griffiths, "one of the most enigmatic of Old English texts". The section that mentions Woden is as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="ang" class="poem"> + wyrm com snican, toslat he nan, ða genam woden VIIII wuldortanas, sloh ða þa næddran þæt heo on VIIII tofleah Þær gaændade æppel and attor þæt heo næfre ne wolde on hus bugan.<a href="#cite_note-GRIFFITHS-183-30">[30]</a> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> A serpent came crawling (but) it destroyed no one when Woden took nine twigs of glory, (and) then struck the adder so that it flew into nine (pieces). There archived apple and poison that it never would re-enter the house.<a href="#cite_note-GRIFFITHS-183-30">[30]</a> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left"> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Bill Griffiths (2006) </td></tr></tbody></table> The emendation of nan to 'man' has been proposed. The next <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> comments on the creation of the herbs <a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">chervil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a> while hanging in heaven by the 'wise lord' (witig drihten) and before sending them down among mankind. Regarding this, Griffith comments that "In a Christian context 'hanging in heaven' would refer to <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">the crucifixion</a>; but (remembering that Woden was mentioned a few lines previously) there is also a parallel, perhaps a better one, with Odin, as his crucifixion was associated with learning."<a href="#cite_note-GRIFFITHS-183-30">[30]</a> The Old English gnomic poem <a href="/wiki/Maxims_(Old_English_poems)" title="Maxims (Old English poems)">Maxims I</a> also mentions Woden by name in the (alliterative) phrase Woden worhte <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9_(shrine)" title="Vé (shrine)">weos</a>, ('Woden made idols'), in which he is contrasted with and denounced against the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christian God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MAXIMS-I-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_os.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Runic_letter_os.svg/100px-Runic_letter_os.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Runic_letter_os.svg/150px-Runic_letter_os.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Runic_letter_os.svg/200px-Runic_letter_os.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>The Old English rune ós, which is described in the Old English rune poem</figcaption></figure> The Old English <a href="/wiki/Rune_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">rune poem</a> recounts the Old English runic alphabet, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">futhorc</a>. The stanza for the rune <a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)">ós</a> reads as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="ang" class="poem"> ōs byþ ordfruma ǣlcre sprǣce wīsdōmes wraþu and wītena frōfur and eorla gehwām ēadnys and tō hiht<a href="#cite_note-POLLINGTON-46-32">[32]</a> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> god is the origin of all language wisdom's foundation and wise man's comfort and to every hero blessing and hope<a href="#cite_note-POLLINGTON-46-32">[32]</a> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left"> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Stephen Pollington (2008) </td></tr></tbody></table> The first word of this stanza, ōs (Latin 'mouth') is a <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a> for Old English os, a particularly heathen word for 'god'. Due to this and the content of the stanzas, several scholars have posited that this poem is censored, having originally referred to Odin.<a href="#cite_note-OE-RUNE-ODIN-33">[33]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Herbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen Herbert (page does not exist)">Kathleen Herbert</a> comments that "Os was cognate with As in Norse, where it meant one of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>, the chief family of gods. In Old English, it could be used as an element in first names: Osric, Oswald, Osmund, etc. but it was not used as a word to refer to the God of Christians. Woden was equated with Mercury, the god of eloquence (among other things). The tales about the Norse god Odin tell how he gave one of his eyes in return for wisdom; he also won the mead of poetic inspiration. Luckily for Christian rune-masters, the Latin word os could be substituted without ruining the sense, to keep the outward form of the rune name without obviously referring to Woden."<a href="#cite_note-HERBERT-33-34">[34]</a> In the prose narrative of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Saturn" title="Solomon and Saturn">Solomon and Saturn</a>, "Mercurius the Giant" (Mercurius se gygand) is referred to as an inventor of letters. This may also be a reference to Odin, who is in Norse mythology the founder of the runic alphabets, and the gloss a continuation of the practice of equating Odin with Mercury found as early as Tacitus.<a href="#cite_note-WODEN-MERCURIUS-35">[35]</a> One of the Solomon and Saturn poems is additionally in the style of later Old Norse material featuring Odin, such as the Old Norse poem <a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nism%C3%A1l" title="Vafþrúðnismál">Vafþrúðnismál</a>, featuring Odin and the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötunn</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a> engaging in a deadly game of wits.<a href="#cite_note-WILLIAMSON-14-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/220px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/330px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/440px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Odin and Frea look down from their window in the heavens to the Winnili women in an illustration by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Doepler" title="Emil Doepler">Emil Doepler</a>, 1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/220px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/330px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/440px-Wodan_Frea_Himmelsfenster_II_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Winnili women with their hair tied as beards look up at Godan and Frea in an illustration by Emil Doepler, 1905</figcaption></figure> The 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Origo_Gentis_Langobardorum" title="Origo Gentis Langobardorum">Origo Gentis Langobardorum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>'s 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Historia_Langobardorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Langobardorum">Historia Langobardorum</a> derived from it, recount a founding myth of the Langobards (<a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>), a Germanic people who ruled a region of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>. According to this legend, a "small people" known as the <a href="/wiki/Winnili" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnili">Winnili</a> were ruled by a woman named <a href="/wiki/Gambara_(Lombard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambara (Lombard)">Gambara</a> who had two sons, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ybor_and_Aio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ybor and Aio (page does not exist)">Ybor and Aio</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, ruled by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambri_and_Assi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambri and Assi (page does not exist)">Ambri and Assi</a>, came to the Winnili with their army and demanded that they pay them tribute or prepare for war. Ybor, Aio, and their mother Gambara rejected their demands for tribute. Ambri and Assi then asked the god Godan for victory over the Winnili, to which Godan responded (in the longer version in the Origo): "Whom I shall first see when at sunrise, to them will I give the victory."<a href="#cite_note-FOULKE-315-316-37">[37]</a> Meanwhile, Ybor and Aio called upon Frea, Godan's wife. Frea counselled them that "at sunrise the Winnil[i] should come, and that their women, with their hair let down around the face in the likeness of a beard should also come with their husbands". At sunrise, Frea turned Godan's bed around to face east and woke him. Godan saw the Winnili and their whiskered women and asked, "who are those Long-beards?" Frea responded to Godan, "As you have given them a name, give them also the victory". Godan did so, "so that they should defend themselves according to his counsel and obtain the victory". Thenceforth the Winnili were known as the Langobards ('long-beards').<a href="#cite_note-FOULKE-316-317-38">[38]</a> Writing in the mid-7th century, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_of_Bobbio" title="Jonas of Bobbio">Jonas of Bobbio</a> wrote that earlier that century the Irish missionary <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a> disrupted an offering of beer to Odin (vodano) "(whom others called Mercury)" in <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MUNRO31-32-39">[39]</a> A few centuries later, 9th-century document from what is now <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, Germany, known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_Baptismal_Vow" title="Old Saxon Baptismal Vow">Old Saxon Baptismal Vow</a> records the names of three Old Saxon gods, UUôden ('Woden'), <a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnôte</a>, and Thunaer ('Thor'), whom pagan converts were to renounce as <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK276-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wodan_heilt_Balders_Pferd_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wodan_heilt_Balders_Pferd_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/220px-Wodan_heilt_Balders_Pferd_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wodan_heilt_Balders_Pferd_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/330px-Wodan_heilt_Balders_Pferd_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wodan_heilt_Balders_Pferd_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/440px-Wodan_heilt_Balders_Pferd_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>Odin Heals Balder's Horse by Emil Doepler, 1905</figcaption></figure> A 10th-century manuscript found in <a href="/wiki/Merseburg" title="Merseburg">Merseburg</a>, Germany, features a heathen invocation known as the <a href="/wiki/Merseburg_Incantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseburg Incantations">Second Merseburg Incantation</a>, which calls upon Odin and other gods and goddesses from the continental Germanic pantheon to assist in healing a horse: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="goh" class="poem"> Phol ende uuodan uuoran zi holza. du uuart demo balderes uolon sin uuoz birenkit. thu biguol en <a href="/wiki/Sinthgunt" title="Sinthgunt">sinthgunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(sun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sól (sun)">sunna</a> era suister, thu biguol en friia, <a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">uolla</a> era suister thu biguol en uuodan, so he uuola conda: sose benrenki, sose bluotrenki, sose lidirenki: ben zi bena, bluot si bluoda, lid zi geliden, sose gelimida sin!<a href="#cite_note-GRIFFITHS-174-41">[41]</a> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> Phol and Woden travelled to the forest. Then was for Baldur's foal its foot wrenched. Then encharmed it Sindgund (and) Sunna her sister, then encharmed it Frija (and) Volla her sister, then encharmed it Woden, as he the best could, As the bone-wrench, so for the blood wrench, (and) so the limb-wrench bone to bone, blood to blood, limb to limb, so be glued.<a href="#cite_note-GRIFFITHS-174-41">[41]</a> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left"> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Bill Griffiths translation </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Old_English_Pedigrees">In Old English Pedigrees</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Old_English_royal_genealogies" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English royal genealogies">Old English royal genealogies</a> record Woden as an ancestor of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey" title="Kingdom of Lindsey">Lindsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a> (which eventually became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Wessex">Wessex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> accounting for in 7 of the 8 genealogies, and all but Essex, who instead traced their ancestry to <a href="/wiki/Saxnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxnot">Saxnot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cult_assim_davis-42">[42]</a> Some of these genealogies expand on ancestry beyond Woden, giving his father as Frealaf beginning in the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-Cult_assim_davis-42">[42]</a> The Welsh 9th centurry <a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a> also includes Woden in its pedigree of Hengist, and shows Woden's ancestry as "VVoden, filii Frealaf, filii Fredulf, filii Finn, filii Fodepald, filii Geta",<a href="#cite_note-Nennius_in_latin-43">[43]</a> who is said to be the son of a god other than Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-Brittonum_yale-44">[44]</a> This lines up with the Lindsey genealogy which says that Frealaf was the son of Friothulf, son of Finn, son of Godulf, son of Geat,<a href="#cite_note-Cult_assim_davis-42">[42]</a> although Nennius seems to have replaced Godulf with Fodepald. Other genealogies of Odin include further ancestry beyond Geat, giving Geat's father as Tætwa son of Beaw son of Sceldi son of Heremod son of Itermon son of Hathra son of Guala son of Bedwig son of Sceaf, who is the son of <a href="/wiki/Noah_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah (Bible)">Noah</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A.S._Chronicle-Giles_on_wikisource-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_Age_to_post-Viking_Age">Viking Age to post-Viking Age</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olaus_Magnus_-_On_the_three_Main_Gods_of_the_Geats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Olaus_Magnus_-_On_the_three_Main_Gods_of_the_Geats.jpg/220px-Olaus_Magnus_-_On_the_three_Main_Gods_of_the_Geats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Olaus_Magnus_-_On_the_three_Main_Gods_of_the_Geats.jpg/330px-Olaus_Magnus_-_On_the_three_Main_Gods_of_the_Geats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Olaus_Magnus_-_On_the_three_Main_Gods_of_the_Geats.jpg/440px-Olaus_Magnus_-_On_the_three_Main_Gods_of_the_Geats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century depiction of Norse gods by <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a>: from left to right, <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a>, Odin, and Thor</figcaption></figure> In the 11th century, chronicler <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> recorded in a <a href="/wiki/Scholion" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholion">scholion</a> of his <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_Ecclesiae_Pontificum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum</a> that a statue of Thor, whom Adam describes as "mightiest", sat enthroned in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a> (located in Gamla Uppsala, Sweden) flanked by Wodan (Odin) and "<a href="/wiki/Fricco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricco">Fricco</a>". Regarding Odin, Adam defines him as "frenzy" (Wodan, id est furor) and says that he "rules war and gives people strength against the enemy" and that the people of the temple depict him as wearing armour, "as our people depict Mars". According to Adam, the people of Uppsala had appointed priests (<a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">gothi</a>) to each of the gods, who were to offer up sacrifices (<a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">blót</a>), and in times of war sacrifices were made to images of Odin.<a href="#cite_note-ORCHARD168-169-11">[11]</a> In the 12th century, centuries after Norway was "officially" Christianised, Odin was still being invoked by the population, as evidenced by a stick bearing a runic message found among the <a href="/wiki/Bryggen_inscriptions" title="Bryggen inscriptions">Bryggen inscriptions</a> in Bergen, Norway. On the stick, both Thor and Odin are called upon for help; Thor is asked to "receive" the reader, and Odin to "own" them.<a href="#cite_note-MCLEOD-MEES-30-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poetic_Edda">Poetic Edda</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ask_and_Embla_by_Robert_Engels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ask_and_Embla_by_Robert_Engels.jpg/170px-Ask_and_Embla_by_Robert_Engels.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ask_and_Embla_by_Robert_Engels.jpg/255px-Ask_and_Embla_by_Robert_Engels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ask_and_Embla_by_Robert_Engels.jpg/340px-Ask_and_Embla_by_Robert_Engels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>The trio of gods giving life to the first humans, <a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a>, by Robert Engels, 1919</figcaption></figure> Odin is mentioned or appears in most poems of the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a>, compiled in the 13th century from traditional source material reaching back to the pagan period. The poem <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a> features Odin in a dialogue with an undead <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">völva</a>, who gives him wisdom from ages past and foretells the onset of <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a>, the destruction and rebirth of the world. Among the information the völva recounts is the story of the first human beings (<a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a>), found and given life by a trio of gods; Odin, <a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a>: In stanza 17 of the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá, the völva reciting the poem states that Hœnir, Lóðurr and Odin once found Ask and Embla on land. The völva says that the two were capable of very little, lacking in ørlög and says that they were given three gifts by the three gods: <blockquote> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td lang="non"> <dl><dd>Ǫnd þau né átto, óð þau né hǫfðo,</dd> <dd>lá né læti né lito góða.</dd> <dd>Ǫnd gaf Óðinn, óð gaf Hœnir,</dd> <dd>lá gaf Lóðurr ok lito góða.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Old Norse:<a href="#cite_note-DRONKE11-47">[47]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Spirit they possessed not, sense they had not,</dd> <dd>blood nor motive powers, nor goodly colour.</dd> <dd>Spirit gave Odin, sense gave Hœnir,</dd> <dd>blood gave Lodur, and goodly colour.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Benjamin Thorpe</a> translation:<a href="#cite_note-THORPE5-48">[48]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Soul they had not, sense they had not,</dd> <dd>Heat nor motion, nor goodly hue;</dd> <dd>Soul gave Othin, sense gave Hönir,</dd> <dd>Heat gave Lothur and goodly hue.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Bellows_(businessman)" title="Henry Adams Bellows (businessman)">Henry Adams Bellows</a> translation:<a href="#cite_note-BELLOWS8-49">[49]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </blockquote> The meaning of these gifts has been a matter of scholarly disagreement and translations therefore vary.<a href="#cite_note-SCHACH93-50">[50]</a> Later in the poem, the völva recounts the events of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a>, the war between <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a> and the Æsir, two groups of gods. During this, the first war of the world, Odin flung his spear into the opposing forces of the Vanir.<a href="#cite_note-DRONKE-13-51">[51]</a> The völva tells Odin that she knows where he has hidden his eye; in the spring <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a>, and from it "<a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a> drinks mead every morning".<a href="#cite_note-DRONKE-14-52">[52]</a> After Odin gives her necklaces, she continues to recount more information, including a list of <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">valkyries</a>, referred to as nǫnnor Herians 'the ladies of War Lord'; in other words, the ladies of Odin.<a href="#cite_note-DRONKE-15-53">[53]</a> In foretelling the events of Ragnarök, the völva predicts the death of Odin; Odin will fight the monstrous wolf <a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a> during the great battle at Ragnarök. Odin will be consumed by the wolf, yet Odin's son <a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a> will avenge him by stabbing the wolf in the heart.<a href="#cite_note-DRONKE-21-22-54">[54]</a> After the world is burned and renewed, the surviving and returning gods will meet and recall Odin's deeds and "ancient runes".<a href="#cite_note-DRONKE-23-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_(vector).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg/170px-The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg/255px-The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg/340px-The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Odin sacrificing himself upon <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a> as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> The poem <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a> (Old Norse 'Sayings of the High One') consists entirely of wisdom verse attributed to Odin. This advice ranges from the practical ("A man shouldn't hold onto the cup but drink in moderation, it's necessary to speak or be silent; no man will blame you for impoliteness if you go early to bed"), to the mythological (such as Odin's recounting of his retrieval of <a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r%C5%93rir" class="mw-redirect" title="Óðrœrir">Óðrœrir</a>, the vessel containing the <a href="/wiki/Mead_of_poetry" title="Mead of poetry">mead of poetry</a>), and to the mystical (the final section of the poem consists of Odin's recollection of eighteen charms).<a href="#cite_note-HAVAMAL-SUMMARY-56">[56]</a> Among the various scenes that Odin recounts is his self-sacrifice: <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <dl><dd>I know that I hung on a wind-rocked tree,</dd> <dd>nine whole nights,</dd> <dd>with a spear wounded, and to Odin offered,</dd> <dd>myself to myself;</dd> <dd>on that tree, of which no one knows</dd> <dd>from what root it springs.</dd> <dd>Bread no one gave me, nor a horn of drink,</dd> <dd>downward I peered,</dd> <dd>to runes applied myself, wailing learnt them,</dd> <dd>then fell down thence.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Benjamin Thorpe</a> translation:<a href="#cite_note-THORPE-44-45-57">[57]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>I ween that I hung on the windy tree,</dd> <dd>Hung there for nine nights full nine;</dd> <dd>With the spear I was wounded, and offered I was,</dd> <dd>To Othin, myself to myself,</dd> <dd>On the tree that none may know</dd> <dd>What root beneath it runs.</dd> <dd>None made me happy with a loaf or horn,</dd> <dd>And there below I looked;</dd> <dd>I took up the runes, shrieking I took them,</dd> <dd>And forthwith back I fell.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Bellows_(businessman)" title="Henry Adams Bellows (businessman)">Henry Adams Bellows</a> translation:<a href="#cite_note-BELLOWS-60-61-58">[58]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>I know that I hung on a windy tree</dd> <dd>nine long nights,</dd> <dd>wounded with a spear, dedicated to Odin,</dd> <dd>myself to myself,</dd> <dd>on that tree of which no man knows</dd> <dd>from where its roots run.</dd> <dd>No bread did they give me nor a drink from a horn,</dd> <dd>downwards I peered;</dd> <dd>I took up the runes, screaming I took them,</dd> <dd>then I fell back from there.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Carolyne_Larrington" title="Carolyne Larrington">Carolyne Larrington</a> translation:<a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON-34-59">[59]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> While the name of the tree is not provided in the poem and other trees exist in Norse mythology, the tree is near universally accepted as the cosmic tree <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>, and if the tree is Yggdrasil, then the name Yggdrasil (Old Norse 'Ygg's steed') directly relates to this story. Odin is associated with hanging and <a href="/wiki/Gallows" title="Gallows">gallows</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Lindow" title="John Lindow">John Lindow</a> comments that "the hanged 'ride' the gallows".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2001319–322-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ring48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ring48.jpg/170px-Ring48.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ring48.jpg/255px-Ring48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ring48.jpg/340px-Ring48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>After being put to sleep by Odin and being awoken by the hero Sigurd, the valkyrie Sigrífa says a pagan prayer; illustration (1911) by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a></figcaption></figure> In the prose introduction to the poem <a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a>, the hero <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a> rides up to Hindarfell and heads south towards "the land of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>". On the mountain Sigurd sees a great light, "as if fire were burning, which blazed up to the sky". Sigurd approaches it, and there he sees a skjaldborg (a <a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">tactical formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shield_wall" title="Shield wall">shield wall</a>) with a banner flying overhead. Sigurd enters the skjaldborg, and sees a warrior lying there—asleep and fully armed. Sigurd removes the helmet of the warrior, and sees the face of a woman. The woman's <a href="/wiki/Corslet" title="Corslet">corslet</a> is so tight that it seems to have grown into the woman's body. Sigurd uses his sword <a href="/wiki/Gram_(mythology)" title="Gram (mythology)">Gram</a> to cut the corslet, starting from the neck of the corslet downwards, he continues cutting down her sleeves, and takes the corslet off her.<a href="#cite_note-THORPE180-61">[61]</a> The woman wakes, sits up, looks at Sigurd, and the two converse in two stanzas of verse. In the second stanza, the woman explains that Odin placed a sleeping spell on her which she could not break, and due to that spell she has been asleep a long time. Sigurd asks for her name, and the woman gives Sigurd a <a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">horn</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> to help him retain her words in his memory. The woman recites a heathen prayer in two stanzas. A prose narrative explains that the woman is named <a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigrdrífa">Sigrdrífa</a> and that she is a valkyrie.<a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON166-167-62">[62]</a> A narrative relates that Sigrdrífa explains to Sigurd that there were two kings fighting one another. Odin had promised one of these—Hjalmgunnar—victory in battle, yet she had "brought down" Hjalmgunnar in battle. Odin pricked her with a sleeping-thorn in consequence, told her that she would never again "fight victoriously in battle", and condemned her to marriage. In response, Sigrdrífa told Odin she had sworn a great oath that she would never wed a man who knew fear. Sigurd asks Sigrdrífa to share with him her wisdom of all worlds. The poem continues in verse, where Sigrdrífa provides Sigurd with knowledge in inscribing <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">runes</a>, mystic wisdom, and <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON167-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prose_Edda">Prose Edda</h4></div> Odin is mentioned throughout the books of the <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a>, composed in the 13th century and drawing from earlier traditional material. The god is introduced at length in chapter nine of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, which explains that he is described as ruling over <a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a>, the domain of the gods, on his throne, that he is the 'father of all', and that from him all the gods, all of humankind (by way of <a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a>), and everything else he has made or produced. According to Gylfaginning, in Asgard: <dl><dd>There the gods and their descendants lived and there took place as a result many developments both on earth and aloft. In the city there is a seat called <a href="/wiki/Hlidskialf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hlidskialf">Hlidskialf</a>, and when Odin sat in that throne he saw over <a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">all worlds</a> and every man's activity and understood everything he saw. His wife was called <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg Fiorgvin's daughter</a>, and from them is descended the family line that we call the Æsir race, who have resided in Old Asgard and the realms that belong to it, and that whole line of descent is of divine origin. And this is why he can be called All-father, that he is father of all gods and of men and of everything that has been brought into being by him and his power. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">The earth was his daughter and his wife</a>. Out of her he begot the first of his ons, that is <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Asa-Thor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAULKES-12-13-64">[64]</a></dd></dl> In the Prose Edda book <a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a> (chapter 38), the enthroned figure of <a href="/wiki/High,_Just-As-High,_and_Third" class="mw-redirect" title="High, Just-As-High, and Third">High</a> (Harr), tells Gangleri (king <a href="/wiki/Gylfi" title="Gylfi">Gylfi</a> in disguise) that two ravens named <a href="/wiki/Huginn_and_Muninn" title="Huginn and Muninn">Huginn and Muninn</a> sit on Odin's shoulders. The ravens tell Odin everything they see and hear. Odin sends Huginn and Muninn out at dawn, and the birds fly all over the world before returning at dinner-time. As a result, Odin is kept informed of many events. High adds that it is from this association that Odin is referred to as "raven-god". The above-mentioned stanza from Grímnismál is then quoted.<a href="#cite_note-FAULKES33-65">[65]</a> In the same chapter, the enthroned figure of High explains that Odin gives all of the food on his table to his wolves <a href="/wiki/Geri_and_Freki" title="Geri and Freki">Geri and Freki</a> and that Odin requires no food, for wine is to him both meat and drink.<a href="#cite_note-FAULKES33-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heimskringla_and_sagas">Heimskringla and sagas</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/220px-%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/330px-%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/440px-%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Óðinn throws his spear at the Vanir host in an illustration by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a> (1895)</figcaption></figure> Odin is mentioned several times in the sagas that make up <a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a>, the first section of Heimskringla, an <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerised</a> account of the origin of the gods is provided. Odin is introduced in chapter two, where he is said to have lived in "the land or home of the Æsir" (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: Ásaland eða Ásaheimr), the capital of which being <a href="/wiki/%C3%81sgar%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Ásgarðr">Ásgarðr</a>. Ásgarðr was ruled by Odin, a great chieftain, and was "a great place for sacrifices". It was the custom there that twelve temple priests were ranked highest; they administered sacrifices and held judgements over men. "Called diar or chiefs", the people were obliged to serve under them and respect them. Odin was a very successful warrior and travelled widely, conquering many lands. Odin was so successful that he never lost a battle. As a result, according to the <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">saga</a>, men came to believe that "it was granted to him" to win all battles. Before Odin sent his men to war or to perform tasks for him, he would place his hands upon their heads and give them a bjannak ('<a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessing</a>', ultimately from Latin benedictio) and the men would believe that they would also prevail. The men placed all of their faith in Odin, and wherever they called his name they would receive assistance from doing so. Odin was often gone for great spans of time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollander19647-66">[66]</a> Chapter 3 says that Odin had two brothers, <a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vé and Vili</a>. While Odin was gone, his brothers governed his realm. Once Odin was gone for so long that the Æsir believed that he would not return, his brothers began to divvy up Odin's inheritance, "but his wife Frigg they shared between them. However, afterwards, [Odin] returned and took possession of his wife again".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollander19647-66">[66]</a> Chapter 4 describes the Æsir–<a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a> War. According to the chapter, Odin "made war on the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>". The Vanir defended their land and the battle turned to a stalemate, both sides having devastated each other's lands. As part of a peace agreement, the two sides exchanged hostages. One of the exchanges went awry and resulted in the Vanir decapitating one of the hostages sent to them by the Æsir, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a>. The Vanir sent Mímir's head to the Æsir, whereupon Odin "took it and embalmed it with herbs so that it would not rot, and spoke charms [Old Norse <a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">galdr</a>] over it", which imbued the head with the ability to answer Odin and "tell him many <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> things".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollander19647–8-67">[67]</a> In <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a>, the great king <a href="/wiki/Rerir" title="Rerir">Rerir</a> and his wife (unnamed) are unable to conceive a child; "that lack displeased them both, and they fervently implored the gods that they might have a child. It is said that Frigg heard their prayers and told Odin what they asked", and the two gods subsequently sent a <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a> to present Rerir an apple that falls onto his lap while he sits on a burial mound and Rerir's wife subsequently becomes pregnant with the namesake of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung" title="Völsung">Völsung</a> family line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock199036-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odin,_Sleipnir,_Geri,_Freki,_Huginn_and_Muninn_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Odin%2C_Sleipnir%2C_Geri%2C_Freki%2C_Huginn_and_Muninn_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/220px-Odin%2C_Sleipnir%2C_Geri%2C_Freki%2C_Huginn_and_Muninn_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Odin%2C_Sleipnir%2C_Geri%2C_Freki%2C_Huginn_and_Muninn_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/330px-Odin%2C_Sleipnir%2C_Geri%2C_Freki%2C_Huginn_and_Muninn_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Odin%2C_Sleipnir%2C_Geri%2C_Freki%2C_Huginn_and_Muninn_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Odin sits atop his steed Sleipnir, his ravens <a href="/wiki/Huginn_and_Muninn" title="Huginn and Muninn">Huginn and Muninn</a> and wolves <a href="/wiki/Geri_and_Freki" title="Geri and Freki">Geri and Freki</a> nearby (1895) by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a></figcaption></figure> In the 13th century legendary saga <a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga_ok_Hei%C3%B0reks" title="Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks">Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks</a>, the poem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hei%C3%B0reks_g%C3%A1tur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heiðreks gátur (page does not exist)">Heiðreks gátur</a> contains a riddle that mentions <a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a> and Odin: <blockquote> 36. <a href="/wiki/Gestumblindi" title="Gestumblindi">Gestumblindi</a> said: <dl><dd>Who are the twain</dd> <dd>that on ten feet run?</dd> <dd>three eyes they have,</dd> <dd>but only one tail.</dd> <dd>All right guess now</dd> <dd>this riddle, Heithrek!</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Heidrek" title="Heidrek">Heithrek</a> said: <dl><dd>Good is thy riddle, Gestumblindi,</dd> <dd>and guessed it is:</dd> <dd>that is Odin riding on Sleipnir.<a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER91-69">[69]</a></dd></dl> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_folklore">Modern folklore</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odin%27s_hunt_(Malmstr%C3%B6m).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Odin%27s_hunt_%28Malmstr%C3%B6m%29.jpg/170px-Odin%27s_hunt_%28Malmstr%C3%B6m%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Odin%27s_hunt_%28Malmstr%C3%B6m%29.jpg/255px-Odin%27s_hunt_%28Malmstr%C3%B6m%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Odin%27s_hunt_%28Malmstr%C3%B6m%29.jpg/340px-Odin%27s_hunt_%28Malmstr%C3%B6m%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Odin's hunt (<a href="/wiki/August_Malmstr%C3%B6m" title="August Malmström">August Malmström</a>)</figcaption></figure> Local folklore and folk practice recognised Odin as late as the 19th century in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. In a work published in the mid-19th century, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Benjamin Thorpe</a> records that on <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, "many traditions and stories of Odin the Old still live in the mouths of the people". Thorpe notes that, in <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a> in Sweden, "it was formerly the custom to leave a sheaf on the field for Odin's horses", and cites other examples, such as in Kråktorpsgård, <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrow</a> was purported to have been opened in the 18th century, purportedly containing the body of Odin. After Christianization, the mound was known as Helvetesbackke (Swedish "Hell's Mound"). Local legend dictates that after it was opened, "there burst forth a wondrous fire, like a flash of lightning", and that a coffin full of flint and a lamp were excavated. Thorpe additionally relates that legend has it that a priest who dwelt around Troienborg had once sowed some rye, and that when the rye sprang up, so came Odin riding from the hills each evening. Odin was so massive that he towered over the farm-yard buildings, spear in hand. Halting before the entry way, he kept all from entering or leaving all night, which occurred every night until the rye was cut.<a href="#cite_note-Thorpe-1851-50-51-70">[70]</a> Thorpe relates that "a story is also current of a golden ship, which is said to be sunk in Runemad, near the Nyckelberg, in which, according to tradition, Odin fetched the slain from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Battle of Brávellir">battle of Bråvalla</a> to Valhall", and that Kettilsås, according to legend, derives its name from "one Ketill Runske, who stole Odin's runic staves" (runekaflar) and then bound Odin's dogs, bull, and a <a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaid</a> who came to help Odin. Thorpe notes that numerous other traditions existed in Sweden at the time of his writing.<a href="#cite_note-THORPE51-71">[71]</a> Thorpe records (1851) that in Sweden, "when a noise, like that of carriages and horses, is heard by night, the people say: 'Odin is passing by'".<a href="#cite_note-THORPE-1851-199-72">[72]</a> Odin and the gods <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a> help a farmer and a boy escape the wrath of a bet-winning jötunn in <a href="/wiki/Loka_T%C3%A1ttur" title="Loka Táttur">Loka Táttur</a> or Lokka Táttur, a Faroese ballad dating to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HIRSCHFELD-30-31-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_record">Archaeological record</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bracteate_from_Funen,_Denmark_(DR_BR42).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/220px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/330px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/440px-Bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>A C-type bracteate (<a href="/wiki/Alu_(runic)#DR_BR42" title="Alu (runic)">DR BR42</a>) featuring a figure above a horse flanked by a bird</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Del_av_hj%C3%A4lm_vendel_vendeltid_m%C3%B6jligen_oden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Del_av_hj%C3%A4lm_vendel_vendeltid_m%C3%B6jligen_oden.jpg/220px-Del_av_hj%C3%A4lm_vendel_vendeltid_m%C3%B6jligen_oden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Del_av_hj%C3%A4lm_vendel_vendeltid_m%C3%B6jligen_oden.jpg/330px-Del_av_hj%C3%A4lm_vendel_vendeltid_m%C3%B6jligen_oden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Del_av_hj%C3%A4lm_vendel_vendeltid_m%C3%B6jligen_oden.jpg/440px-Del_av_hj%C3%A4lm_vendel_vendeltid_m%C3%B6jligen_oden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption>A plate from a <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> Vendel era helmet featuring a figure riding a horse, accompanied by two ravens, holding a spear and shield, and confronted by a serpent</figcaption></figure> References to or depictions of Odin appear on numerous objects. <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> (5th and 6th century CE) gold bracteates (types A, B, and C) feature a depiction of a human figure above a horse, holding a spear and flanked by one or two birds. The presence of the birds has led to the iconographic identification of the human figure as the god Odin, flanked by Huginn and Muninn. Like the Prose Edda description of the ravens, a bird is sometimes depicted at the ear of the human, or at the ear of the horse. Bracteates have been found in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and, in smaller numbers, England and areas south of Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK43AND164-74">[74]</a> Austrian Germanist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Rudolf Simek</a> states that these bracteates may depict Odin and his ravens healing a horse and may indicate that the birds were originally not simply his battlefield companions but also "Odin's helpers in his veterinary function."<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK164-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vendel_Period" title="Vendel Period">Vendel Period</a> helmet plates (from the 6th or 7th century) found in a grave in Sweden depict a helmeted figure holding a spear and a shield while riding a horse, flanked by two birds. The plate has been interpreted as Odin accompanied by two birds; his ravens.<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK164LINDOW187-76">[76]</a> Two of the 8th century picture stones from the island of Gotland, Sweden depict eight-legged horses, which are thought by most scholars to depict Sleipnir: the <a href="/wiki/Tj%C3%A4ngvide_image_stone" title="Tjängvide image stone">Tjängvide image stone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ardre_image_stones" title="Ardre image stones">Ardre VIII image stone</a>. Both stones feature a rider sitting atop an eight-legged horse, which some scholars view as Odin. Above the rider on the Tjängvide image stone is a horizontal figure holding a spear, which may be a valkyrie, and a female figure greets the rider with a cup. The scene has been interpreted as a rider arriving at the world of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2001277-77">[77]</a> The mid-7th century <a href="/wiki/Eggja_stone" title="Eggja stone">Eggja stone</a> bearing the Odinic name haras (Old Norse 'army god') may be interpreted as depicting Sleipnir.<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK140-78">[78]</a> A pair of identical <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe#Germanic_Iron_Age" title="Archaeology of Northern Europe">Germanic Iron Age</a> bird-shaped brooches from <a href="/wiki/Bejsebakke" title="Bejsebakke">Bejsebakke</a> in northern Denmark may be depictions of Huginn and Muninn. The back of each bird features a mask-motif, and the feet of the birds are shaped like the heads of animals. The feathers of the birds are also composed of animal-heads. Together, the animal-heads on the feathers form a mask on the back of the bird. The birds have powerful beaks and fan-shaped tails, indicating that they are ravens. The brooches were intended to be worn on each shoulder, after Germanic Iron Age fashion.<a href="#cite_note-PETERSEN62-79">[79]</a> Archaeologist Peter Vang Petersen comments that while the symbolism of the brooches is open to debate, the shape of the beaks and tail feathers confirms the brooch depictions are ravens. Petersen notes that "raven-shaped ornaments worn as a pair, after the fashion of the day, one on each shoulder, makes one's thoughts turn towards Odin's ravens and the cult of Odin in the Germanic Iron Age." Petersen says that Odin is associated with <a href="/wiki/Disguise" title="Disguise">disguise</a>, and that the masks on the ravens may be portraits of Odin.<a href="#cite_note-PETERSEN62-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_tapestry_fragments" title="Oseberg tapestry fragments">Oseberg tapestry fragments</a>, discovered within the Viking Age Oseberg ship burial in Norway, features a scene containing two black birds hovering over a horse, possibly originally leading a wagon (as a part of a procession of horse-led wagons on the tapestry). In her examination of the tapestry, scholar Anne Stine Ingstad interprets these birds as Huginn and Muninn flying over a covered cart containing an image of Odin, drawing comparison to the images of <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a> attested by Tacitus in 1 CE.<a href="#cite_note-INGSTAD141-142-80">[80]</a> Excavations in <a href="/wiki/Ribe" title="Ribe">Ribe</a>, Denmark have recovered a <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> lead metal-caster's mould and 11 identical casting-moulds. These objects depict a moustached man wearing a helmet that features two head-ornaments. Archaeologist Stig Jensen proposes these head-ornaments should be interpreted as Huginn and Muninn, and the wearer as Odin. He notes that "similar depictions occur everywhere the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> went—from eastern England to Russia and naturally also in the rest of Scandinavia."<a href="#cite_note-JENSEN178-81">[81]</a> A portion of <a href="/wiki/Manx_Runestones#Thorwald's_Cross:_Br_Olsen;185A_(Andreas_(III),_MM_128)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx Runestones">Thorwald's Cross</a> (a partly surviving runestone erected at <a href="/wiki/Andreas_(parish)" title="Andreas (parish)">Kirk Andreas</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>) depicts a bearded human holding a spear downward at a wolf, his right foot in its mouth, and a large bird on his shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-PLUSKOWSKI158-82">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Andy Orchard comments that this bird may be either Huginn or Muninn.<a href="#cite_note-ORCHARD115-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a> dates the cross to 940,<a href="#cite_note-BrOlsen;185A-84">[84]</a> while Pluskowski dates it to the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-PLUSKOWSKI158-82">[82]</a> This depiction has been interpreted as Odin, with a raven or eagle at his shoulder, being consumed by the monstrous wolf Fenrir during the events of Ragnarök.<a href="#cite_note-PLUSKOWSKI158-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-JANSSON-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledbergsstenen_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ledbergsstenen_2.jpg/170px-Ledbergsstenen_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ledbergsstenen_2.jpg/255px-Ledbergsstenen_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ledbergsstenen_2.jpg/340px-Ledbergsstenen_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ledberg_stone" title="Ledberg stone">Ledberg stone</a> at Ledberg Church, Östergötland, Sweden</figcaption></figure> The 11th century <a href="/wiki/Ledberg_stone" title="Ledberg stone">Ledberg stone</a> in Sweden, similarly to Thorwald's Cross, features a figure with his foot at the mouth of a four-legged beast, and this may also be a depiction of Odin being devoured by Fenrir at Ragnarök.<a href="#cite_note-JANSSON-85">[85]</a> Below the beast and the man is a depiction of a legless, helmeted man, with his arms in a prostrate position.<a href="#cite_note-JANSSON-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> inscription on the stone bears a commonly seen memorial dedication, but is followed by an encoded runic sequence that has been described as "mysterious,"<a href="#cite_note-MACLEOD145-86">[86]</a> and "an interesting magic formula which is known from all over the ancient Norse world."<a href="#cite_note-JANSSON-85">[85]</a> In November 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Roskilde_Museum" title="Roskilde Museum">Roskilde Museum</a> announced the discovery and subsequent display of a <a href="/wiki/Niello" title="Niello">niello</a>-inlaid silver figurine found in <a href="/wiki/Lejre" title="Lejre">Lejre</a>, which they dubbed <a href="/wiki/Odin_from_Lejre" title="Odin from Lejre">Odin from Lejre</a>. The silver object depicts a person sitting on a throne. The throne features the heads of animals and is flanked by two birds. The Roskilde Museum identifies the figure as Odin sitting on his throne <a href="/wiki/Hli%C3%B0skj%C3%A1lf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hliðskjálf">Hliðskjálf</a>, flanked by the ravens Huginn and Muninn.<a href="#cite_note-ROSKILDEMUSEUMNOV09-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_-_Valknut.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_-_Valknut.png/170px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_-_Valknut.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_-_Valknut.png/255px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_-_Valknut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_-_Valknut.png/340px-Sacrificial_scene_on_Hammars_-_Valknut.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Valknut on the <a href="/wiki/Stora_Hammars_stones" title="Stora Hammars stones">Stora Hammars I stone</a></figcaption></figure> Various interpretations have been offered for a symbol that appears on various archaeological finds known modernly as the <a href="/wiki/Valknut" title="Valknut">valknut</a>. Due to the context of its placement on some objects, some scholars have interpreted this symbol as referring to Odin. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a> theorises a connection between the valknut, the god Odin and "mental binds": <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">For instance, beside the figure of Odin on his horse shown on several memorial stones there is a kind of knot depicted, called the valknut, related to the <a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">triskele</a>. This is thought to symbolize the power of the god to bind and unbind, mentioned in the poems and elsewhere. Odin had the power to lay bonds upon the mind, so that men became helpless in battle, and he could also loosen the tensions of fear and strain by his gifts of battle-madness, intoxication, and inspiration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1990147-88">[88]</a></blockquote> Davidson says that similar symbols are found beside figures of wolves and ravens on "certain cremation urns" from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a> cemeteries in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>. According to Davidson, Odin's connection to <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> is known, and it does not seem unreasonable to connect with Odin in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a>. Davidson proposes further connections between Odin's role as bringer of <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">ecstasy</a> by way of the etymology of the god's name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1990147-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_theories">Origin and theories</h2></div> Beginning with Henry Petersen's doctoral dissertation in 1876, which proposed that <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> was the indigenous god of Scandinavian farmers and Odin a later god proper to chieftains and poets, many scholars of Norse mythology in the past viewed Odin as having been imported from elsewhere. The idea was developed by <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Salin" title="Bernhard Salin">Bernhard Salin</a> on the basis of motifs in the <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteates</a>, and with reference to the Prologue of the Prose Edda, which presents the Æsir as having migrated into Scandinavia. Salin proposed that both Odin and the <a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">runes</a> were introduced from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. Other scholars placed his introduction at different times; <a href="/wiki/Axel_Olrik" title="Axel Olrik">Axel Olrik</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Age">Migration Age</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a> influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b89–90-89">[89]</a> More radically, both the archaeologist and comparative mythologist <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a> and the Germanicist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Helm" title="Karl Helm">Karl Helm</a> argued that the Æsir as a group, which includes both Thor and Odin, were late introductions into <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> and that the indigenous religion of the region had been <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolomé197060-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutasRobbins_Dexter1999191-91">[91]</a> In the 16th century and by the entire <a href="/wiki/Vasa_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasa dynasty">Vasa dynasty</a>, Odin (Swedish: Oden) was officially considered the first king of Sweden by that country's government and historians. This was influenced by an embellished list of rulers invented by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Magnus" title="Johannes Magnus">Johannes Magnus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis" title="Trifunctional hypothesis">trifunctional hypothesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a>, Odin is assigned one of the core functions in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Indo-European pantheon</a> as a representative of the first function (sovereignty) corresponding to the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Varu%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Varuṇa">Varuṇa</a> (fury and magic) as opposed to Týr, who corresponds to the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitra (Vedic)">Mitrá</a> (law and justice); while the Vanir represent the third function (fertility).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1964103-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolomé197058–59-94">[94]</a> Another approach to Odin has been in terms of his function and attributes. Many early scholars interpreted him as a wind-god or especially as a death-god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b93-95">[95]</a> He has also been interpreted in the light of his association with ecstatic practices, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Vries (linguist)">Jan de Vries</a> compared him to the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> and the Greek <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b94–97-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_influence">Modern influence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Tolkien and the Norse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wotan_takes_leave_of_Brunhild_(1892)_by_Konrad_Dielitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wotan_takes_leave_of_Brunhild_%281892%29_by_Konrad_Dielitz.jpg/170px-Wotan_takes_leave_of_Brunhild_%281892%29_by_Konrad_Dielitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wotan_takes_leave_of_Brunhild_%281892%29_by_Konrad_Dielitz.jpg/255px-Wotan_takes_leave_of_Brunhild_%281892%29_by_Konrad_Dielitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wotan_takes_leave_of_Brunhild_%281892%29_by_Konrad_Dielitz.jpg/340px-Wotan_takes_leave_of_Brunhild_%281892%29_by_Konrad_Dielitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption>Wotan takes leave of Brunhild (1892) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Dielitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Dielitz (page does not exist)">Konrad Dielitz</a></figcaption></figure> The god Odin has been a source of inspiration for artists working in fine art, literature, and music. Fine art depictions of Odin in the modern period include the pen and ink drawing Odin byggande Sigtuna (1812) and the sketch King Gylfe receives Oden on his arrival to Sweden (1816) by <a href="/wiki/Pehr_H%C3%B6rberg" title="Pehr Hörberg">Pehr Hörberg</a>; the drinking horn relief Odens möte med Gylfe (1818), the marble statue Odin (1830) and the colossal bust Odin by <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Erland_Fogelberg" title="Bengt Erland Fogelberg">Bengt Erland Fogelberg</a>, the statues Odin (1812/1822) and Odin (1824/1825) by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ernst_Freund" title="Hermann Ernst Freund">Hermann Ernst Freund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sgraffito" title="Sgraffito">sgraffito</a> over the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Wahnfried" title="Wahnfried">Villa Wahnfried in Bayreuth</a> (1874) by R. Krausse, the painting Odin (around 1880) by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>, the drawing Thor und Magni (1883) by K. Ehrenberg, the marble statue Wodan (around 1887) by H. Natter, the oil painting Odin und Brunhilde (1890) by Konrad Dielitz, the graphic drawing Odin als Kriegsgott (1896) by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Thoma" title="Hans Thoma">Hans Thoma</a>, the painting Odin and Fenris (around 1900) by Dorothy Hardy, the oil painting Wotan und Brünhilde (1914) by <a href="/wiki/Koloman_Moser" title="Koloman Moser">Koloman Moser</a>, the painting The Road to Walhall by S. Nilsson, the wooden Oslo City Hall relief Odin og Mime (1938) and the coloured wooden relief in the courtyard of the Oslo City Hall Odin på Sleipnir (1945–1950) by <a href="/wiki/Dagfin_Werenskiold" title="Dagfin Werenskiold">Dagfin Werenskiold</a>, and the bronze relief on the doors of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Museum of National Antiquities">Swedish Museum of National Antiquities</a>, Odin (1950) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bror_Marklund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bror Marklund (page does not exist)">Bror Marklund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK245-97">[97]</a> Works of modern literature featuring Odin include the poem Der Wein (1745) by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hagedorn" title="Friedrich von Hagedorn">Friedrich von Hagedorn</a>, Hymne de Wodan (1769) by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a>, Om Odin (1771) by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Frederik_Suhm" title="Peter Frederik Suhm">Peter Frederik Suhm</a>, the tragedy Odin eller Asarnes invandring by K. G. Leopold, the epic poem Odin eller Danrigets Stiftelse (1803) by <a href="/wiki/Jens_Baggesen" title="Jens Baggesen">Jens Baggesen</a>, the poem Maskeradenball (1803) and Optrin af Norners og Asers Kamp: Odin komme til Norden (1809) by <a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a>, poems in Nordens Guder (1819) by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Adam Oehlenschläger</a>, the four-part novel Sviavigamal (1833) by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jonas_Love_Almqvist" title="Carl Jonas Love Almqvist">Carl Jonas Love Almqvist</a>, "The Hero as Divinity" from <a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History</a> (1841) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, the poem Prelude (1850) by <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, the poem Odins Meeresritt by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aloys_Schreiber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aloys Schreiber (page does not exist)">Aloys Schreiber</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloys_Schreiber" class="extiw" title="de:Aloys Schreiber">de</a>] set to music by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Loewe" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Loewe">Karl Loewe</a> (1851), the <a href="/wiki/Canzone" title="Canzone">canzone</a> Germanenzug (1864) by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hamerling" title="Robert Hamerling">Robert Hamerling</a>, the poem Zum 25. August 1870 (1870) by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, the ballad Rolf Krake (1910) by F. Schanz, the novel Juvikingerne (1918–1923) by <a href="/wiki/Olav_Duun" title="Olav Duun">Olav Duun</a>, the comedy Der entfesselte Wotan (1923) by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a>, the novel Wotan by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hans_Strobl" title="Karl Hans Strobl">Karl Hans Strobl</a>, Herrn Wodes Ausfahrt (1937) by <a href="/wiki/Hans-Friedrich_Blunck" title="Hans-Friedrich Blunck">Hans-Friedrich Blunck</a>, the poem An das Ich (1938) by H. Burte, and the novel Sage vom Reich (1941–1942) by Hans-Friedrich Blunck.<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK245-246-98">[98]</a> Music inspired by or featuring the god includes the ballets Odins Schwert (1818) and Orfa (1852) by J. H. Stunz and the opera cycle <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a> (1848–1874) by Richard Wagner.<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK246-99">[99]</a> Odin was adapted as <a href="/wiki/Odin_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Odin (Marvel Comics)">a character</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>, first appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Journey_into_Mystery" title="Journey into Mystery">Journey into Mystery</a> series in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> portrayed the character in the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a> films <a href="/wiki/Thor_(film)" title="Thor (film)">Thor</a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Thor:_The_Dark_World" title="Thor: The Dark World">Thor: The Dark World</a> (2013), and <a href="/wiki/Thor:_Ragnarok" title="Thor: Ragnarok">Thor: Ragnarok</a> (2017). Odin is featured in a number of video games. In the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Studios" title="Ensemble Studios">Ensemble Studios</a> game <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Mythology" title="Age of Mythology">Age of Mythology</a>, Odin is one of three major gods Norse players can worship.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Odin is also mentioned through <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_Studio" title="Santa Monica Studio">Santa Monica Studio</a>'s 2018 game <a href="/wiki/God_of_War_(2018_video_game)" title="God of War (2018 video game)">God of War</a> and appears in its 2022 sequel <a href="/wiki/God_of_War_Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="God of War Ragnarök">God of War Ragnarök</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> He is a major influence in the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a> game <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Valhalla" title="Assassin's Creed Valhalla">Assassin's Creed Valhalla</a> in the form of an Isu (a godlike, humanoid species within the <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed" title="Assassin's Creed">Assassin's Creed</a> universe) of the same name. The primary protagonist, Eivor, who the player controls throughout the game is revealed to be a sage, or human reincarnation, of Odin.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Odin is also one of the playable gods in the <a href="/wiki/Third-person_(video_games)" title="Third-person (video games)">third-person</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">multiplayer online battle arena</a> game <a href="/wiki/Smite_(video_game)" title="Smite (video game)">Smite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/odin">"Odin"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421031129/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/odin">Archived</a> 21 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchulte2006" class="citation cs2">Schulte, Michael (2006), "The transformation of the older fuþark: Number magic, runographic or linguistic principles?", Arkiv för nordisk filologi, vol. 121, pp. 41–74</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+nordisk+filologi&rft.atitle=The+transformation+of+the+older+fu%C3%BEark%3A+Number+magic%2C+runographic+or+linguistic+principles%3F&rft.volume=121&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Vries1962">de Vries 1962</a>, p. 416; <a href="#CITEREFOrel2003">Orel 2003</a>, p. 469; <a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, p. 592 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Ernst Anton Quitzmann, Die heidnische Religion der Baiwaren, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5877606241" title="Special:BookSources/978-5877606241">978-5877606241</a>, 1901 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> W.J.J. Pijnenburg (1980), Bijdrage tot de etymologie van het oudste Nederlands, Eindhoven, hoofdstuk 7 'Dinsdag – Woensdag' </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vaan2018" class="citation book cs1">de Vaan, Michiel (2018). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Brill. p. 656. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16797-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16797-1"><bdi>978-90-04-16797-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Latin+and+the+other+Italic+Languages&rft.pages=656&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16797-1&rft.aulast=de+Vaan&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007137-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007137_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007137_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow200128-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow200128_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindow2001">Lindow 2001</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013592-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013592_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013592_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013592_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, p. 592. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2020140-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2020140_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2020140_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2020140_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2020140_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoch2020">Koch 2020</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-ORCHARD168-169-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORCHARD168-169_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORCHARD168-169_11-1">b</a> Orchard (1997:168–69). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Gustavsson, Helmer & Swantesson, Jan O.H. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/fornvannen/html/2011_306">Strängnäs, Skramle och Tomteboda: tre urnordiska runinskrifter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425161808/https://app.raa.se/open/arkivsok/resolve/7fdc8e57-b85e-4b9a-be8c-9853810f4251">Archived</a> 25 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Fornv%C3%A4nnen" title="Fornvännen">Fornvännen</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b104-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b104_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Vries1970b">de Vries 1970b</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2009" class="citation book cs1">Matasović, Ranko (2009). 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Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etheses.whiterose.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Topographic+Settings+of+Bronze+Age+Metalwork+Deposits+in+North+East+England&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Poyer&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F14248%2F1%2FA.%2520Poyer%2520-%2520Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgee_Frank1933" class="citation book cs1">Elgee Frank, Elgee Harriet Wragg (1933). The Archaeology of Yorkshire. 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Anglo-Saxon England. 21: 23–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263675100004166">10.1017/S0263675100004166</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44509935">44509935</a>. Retrieved 6 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.atitle=Cultural+assimilation+in+the+Anglo-Saxon+royal+genealogies&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0263675100004166&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44509935%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44509935.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nennius_in_latin-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Nennius_in_latin_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNennius" class="citation web cs1">Nennius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/histbrit.html">"Historia Brittonum"</a>. The Latin Library. 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Yale Law School.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+Brittonum&rft.pub=Yale+Law+School&rft.au=Nennius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fmedieval%2Fnenius.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A.S._Chronicle-Giles_on_wikisource-45"><a href="#cite_ref-A.S._Chronicle-Giles_on_wikisource_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles" class="citation web cs1">Giles, J. A. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_(Giles)">"The Anglo Saxon Chronicle"</a>. Wikisource. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 6 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikisource&rft.atitle=The+Anglo+Saxon+Chronicle&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_%28Giles%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCLEOD-MEES-30-46"><a href="#cite_ref-MCLEOD-MEES-30_46-0">^</a> McLeod, Mees (2006:30). </li> <li id="cite_note-DRONKE11-47"><a href="#cite_ref-DRONKE11_47-0">^</a> Dronke (1997:11). </li> <li id="cite_note-THORPE5-48"><a href="#cite_ref-THORPE5_48-0">^</a> Thorpe (1866:5). </li> <li id="cite_note-BELLOWS8-49"><a href="#cite_ref-BELLOWS8_49-0">^</a> Bellows (1936:8). </li> <li id="cite_note-SCHACH93-50"><a href="#cite_ref-SCHACH93_50-0">^</a> Schach (1985:93). </li> <li id="cite_note-DRONKE-13-51"><a href="#cite_ref-DRONKE-13_51-0">^</a> Dronke (1997:42). </li> <li id="cite_note-DRONKE-14-52"><a 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information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130919/http://www.roskildemuseum.dk/Default.aspx?ID=306">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1990147-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1990147_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1990147_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1990">Davidson 1990</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b89–90-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b89–90_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Vries1970b">de Vries 1970b</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolomé197060-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolomé197060_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolomé1970">Polomé 1970</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimbutasRobbins_Dexter1999191-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimbutasRobbins_Dexter1999191_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGimbutasRobbins_Dexter1999">Gimbutas & Robbins Dexter 1999</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Erik Pettersson in Den skoningslöse, en biografi över Karl IX <a href="/wiki/Natur_%26_Kultur" title="Natur & Kultur">Natur & Kultur</a> 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-27-02687-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-27-02687-2">978-91-27-02687-2</a> pp. 13 & 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1964103-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurville-Petre1964103_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurville-Petre1964">Turville-Petre 1964</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolomé197058–59-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolomé197058–59_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolomé1970">Polomé 1970</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b93-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b93_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Vries1970b">de Vries 1970b</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b94–97-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vries1970b94–97_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Vries1970b">de Vries 1970b</a>, pp. 94–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK245-97"><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK245_97-0">^</a> Simek (2007:245). </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK245-246-98"><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK245-246_98-0">^</a> Simek (2007:244–45). </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK246-99"><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK246_99-0">^</a> Simek (2007:246). </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFalcoSandersonBrevoortTeitelbaum2019" class="citation book cs1">DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). 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DK Publishing. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-7890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-7890-0"><bdi>978-1-4654-7890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marvel+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-7890-0&rft.aulast=DeFalco&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+Peter&rft.au=Brevoort%2C+Tom&rft.au=Teitelbaum%2C+Michael&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Darling%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Forbeck%2C+Matt&rft.au=Cowsill%2C+Alan&rft.au=Bray%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/wikis/age-of-mythology/The_Major_Gods">"Age of Mythology Wiki Guide: The Major Gods"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Age+of+Mythology+Wiki+Guide%3A+The+Major+Gods&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Fwikis%2Fage-of-mythology%2FThe_Major_Gods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Age_of_Mythology/page/n11/mode/2up">"Age of Mythology"</a>. p. 27 – via webarchive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Age+of+Mythology&rft.pages=27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAge_of_Mythology%2Fpage%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Age_of_Mythology_Reference_Manual/page/n29/mode/2up">"Age of Mythology Reference Guide"</a>. p. 32 – via webarchive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Age+of+Mythology+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAge_of_Mythology_Reference_Manual%2Fpage%2Fn29%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuckworth2021" class="citation web cs1">Duckworth, Joshua (1 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gamerant.com/god-war-ragnarok-sequel-odin-zeus-pandoras-box/">"God of War's Odin Differs From Zeus in a Big Way, but the Ragnarok Sequel Could Explain That"</a>. Gamerant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731010642/https://gamerant.com/god-war-ragnarok-sequel-odin-zeus-pandoras-box/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamerant&rft.atitle=God+of+War%27s+Odin+Differs+From+Zeus+in+a+Big+Way%2C+but+the+Ragnarok+Sequel+Could+Explain+That&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=Duckworth&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgamerant.com%2Fgod-war-ragnarok-sequel-odin-zeus-pandoras-box%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolen2020" class="citation web cs1">Dolen, Rob (4 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gamerant.com/assassins-creed-valhalla-odin/">"Odin's Role in Assassin's Creed Valhalla"</a>. Gamerant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731010648/https://gamerant.com/assassins-creed-valhalla-odin/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamerant&rft.atitle=Odin%27s+Role+in+Assassin%27s+Creed+Valhalla&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft.aulast=Dolen&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgamerant.com%2Fassassins-creed-valhalla-odin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smitegame.com/gods/">"Gods"</a>. smitegame.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731071415/https://www.smitegame.com/gods/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smitegame.com&rft.atitle=Gods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smitegame.com%2Fgods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Bellows_(businessman)" title="Henry Adams Bellows (businessman)">Bellows, Henry Adams</a> (Trans.) (1936). The Poetic Edda. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> (Trans.) (1999). Agricola and Germany. Oxford World's Classics. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283300-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283300-6">978-0-19-283300-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByock1990" class="citation book cs1">Byock, Jesse (Trans.) (1990). The Saga of the Volsungs. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27299-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27299-6"><bdi>978-0-520-27299-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saga+of+the+Volsungs&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27299-6&rft.aulast=Byock&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Brooks, James. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/oldest-reference-norse-god-odin-found-denmark-treasure-97704338">"Oldest reference to Norse god Odin found in Danish treasure"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308211940/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/oldest-reference-norse-god-odin-found-denmark-treasure-97704338">Archived</a> 8 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ABC News. 8 March 2023. Accessed 8 March 2023.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro_Chadwick" title="Hector Munro Chadwick">Chadwick, H. M.</a> (1899). The Cult of Othin: An Essay in the Ancient Religion of the North. Clay & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8989833">8989833</a></li> <li>Cleasby, Richard and <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0brandur_Vigf%C3%BAsson" title="Guðbrandur Vigfússon">Guðbrandur Vigfússon</a>. Rev. Craigie, William A. (1975) An Icelandic–English Dictionary. 2nd ed., repr. Oxford Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198631033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198631033">978-0198631033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Cross" title="James E. Cross">Cross, James E.</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_D._Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas D. Hill (page does not exist)">Thomas D. Hill</a> (1982). The Prose Solomon and Saturn and Adrian and Ritheus. University of Toronto Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, Hilda Ellis</a> (1990), Gods and Myths of Northern Europe, Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013627-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013627-4"><bdi>0-14-013627-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Myths+of+Northern+Europe&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-14-013627-4&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Hilda+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Vries (linguist)">de Vries, Jan</a> (1962). Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch (1977 ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05436-3"><bdi>978-90-04-05436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altnordisches+Etymologisches+Worterbuch&rft.edition=1977&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05436-3&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries1970a" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Vries (linguist)">de Vries, Jan</a> (1970a), Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, volume 1. 2nd ed. repr. as 3rd ed (in German), Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466619179">466619179</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altgermanische+Religionsgeschichte%2C+volume+1.+2nd+ed.+repr.+as+3rd+ed&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F466619179&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries1970b" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan de Vries (linguist)">de Vries, Jan</a> (1970b), Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, volume 2. 2nd ed. repr. as 3rd ed (in German), Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466619179">466619179</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altgermanische+Religionsgeschichte%2C+volume+2.+2nd+ed.+repr.+as+3rd+ed&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F466619179&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Dronke" title="Ursula Dronke">Dronke, Ursula</a> (Trans.) (1997). The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-811181-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-811181-9">0-19-811181-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2013" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Marilyn (2013). Belief and Religion in Barbarian Europe, c. 350–700. Bloomsbury.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belief+and+Religion+in+Barbarian+Europe%2C+c.+350%E2%80%93700&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Edda. <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3">0-460-87616-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Foulke" title="William Dudley Foulke">Foulke, William Dudley</a> (Trans.) Ed. Edward Peters. (2003 [1974]). History of the Lombards. University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812210798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812210798">978-0812210798</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutasRobbins_Dexter1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Gimbutas, Marija</a>; Robbins Dexter, Miriam (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livinggoddesses00gimb">The Living Goddesses</a>, University of California, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520213937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520213937"><bdi>978-0520213937</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Goddesses&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0520213937&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft.au=Robbins+Dexter%2C+Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivinggoddesses00gimb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Griffiths, Bill (2006 [2003]). Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Magic. Anglo-Saxon Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898281-33-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-898281-33-5">1-898281-33-5</a></li> <li>Herbert, Kathleen (2007 [1994]). Looking for the Lost Gods of England. Anglo-Saxon Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898281-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-898281-04-1">1-898281-04-1</a></li> <li>Hirschfeld, Max (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_1XYKAAAAIAAJ">Untersuchungen zur Lokasenna</a>, Acta Germanica 1.1, Berlin: Mayer & Müller. (in German)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Centre/2020/Celto-Germanic2020.pdf">Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West</a> (PDF). Aberystwyth Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1907029325" title="Special:BookSources/978-1907029325"><bdi>978-1907029325</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125063756/https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Centre/2020/Celto-Germanic2020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celto-Germanic%2C+Later+Prehistory+and+Post-Proto-Indo-European+vocabulary+in+the+North+and+West&rft.pub=Aberystwyth+Canolfan+Uwchefrydiau+Cymreig+a+Cheltaidd+Prifysgol+Cymru%2C+University+of+Wales+Centre+for+Advanced+Welsh+and+Celtic+Studies&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1907029325&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wales.ac.uk%2FResources%2FDocuments%2FCentre%2F2020%2FCelto-Germanic2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Milton_Hollander" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Milton Hollander">Hollander, Lee Milton</a> (1936). Old Norse Poems: The Most Important Nonskaldic Verse Not Included in the Poetic Edda. Columbia University Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollander1964" class="citation book cs1">Hollander, Lee Milton (Trans.) (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heimskringla00snor">Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-73061-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-73061-6"><bdi>0-292-73061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heimskringla%3A+History+of+the+Kings+of+Norway&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-292-73061-6&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=Lee+Milton+%28Trans.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheimskringla00snor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen2013" class="citation book cs1">Kroonen, Guus (2013). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004183407" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004183407"><bdi>978-9004183407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Germanic&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004183407&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBzuQZ4MCPIC">The Poetic Edda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425161733/https://books.google.com/books?id=nBzuQZ4MCPIC">Archived</a> 25 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_World%27s_Classics" title="Oxford World's Classics">Oxford World's Classics</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283946-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283946-2">0-19-283946-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindow2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindow" title="John Lindow">Lindow, John</a> (2001). Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983969-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983969-8"><bdi>978-0-19-983969-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+Gods%2C+Heroes%2C+Rituals%2C+and+Beliefs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983969-8&rft.aulast=Lindow&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>MacLeod, Mindy & Mees, Bernard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC">Runic Amulets and Magic Objects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419093047/https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC">Archived</a> 19 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Boydell Press">Boydell Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-205-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-205-4">1-84383-205-4</a></li> <li>Munro, Dana Carleton (Trans.) (1895). Life of St. Columban. The Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania.</li> <li>North, Richard (1997). Heathen Gods in Old English Literature. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521551830" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521551830">978-0521551830</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrchard1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Orchard" title="Andy Orchard">Orchard, Andy</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnors0000orch">Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend</a>. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-34520-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-34520-5"><bdi>978-0-304-34520-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Norse+Myth+and+Legend&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-304-34520-5&rft.aulast=Orchard&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofnors0000orch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Orel">Orel, Vladimir E.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofgerman0000orel">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12875-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Germanic+Etymology&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12875-0&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofgerman0000orel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolomé1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Charles_Polom%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Charles Polomé">Polomé, Edgar Charles</a> (1970), "The Indo-European Component in Germanic Religion", in Puhvel, Jaan (ed.), Myth and Law Among the Indo-Europeans: Studies in Indo-European Comparative Mythology, University of California, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520015876" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520015876"><bdi>978-0520015876</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Indo-European+Component+in+Germanic+Religion&rft.btitle=Myth+and+Law+Among+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Studies+in+Indo-European+Comparative+Mythology&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0520015876&rft.aulast=Polom%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pollington, Stephen (2008). Rudiments of Runelore. Anglo-Saxon Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898281498" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898281498">978-1898281498</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Price_(archaeologist)" title="Neil Price (archaeologist)">Price, Neil</a> (2019). <a href="/wiki/The_Viking_Way_(book)" title="The Viking Way (book)">The Viking Way, Magic and Mind in Late Iron Age Scandinavia</a> (2 ed.). Oxbow Books, Oxford and Philadelphia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842172605" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842172605"><bdi>978-1842172605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Way%2C+Magic+and+Mind+in+Late+Iron+Age+Scandinavia&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books%2C+Oxford+and+Philadelphia&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1842172605&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schach, Paul (1985). "Some Thoughts on Völuspá" as collected in Glendinning, R. J. Bessason, Heraldur (Editors). Edda: a Collection of Essays. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba_Press" title="University of Manitoba Press">University of Manitoba Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88755-616-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88755-616-7">0-88755-616-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</a> (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">D.S. Brewer</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85991-513-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85991-513-1">0-85991-513-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteuer2021" class="citation book cs1">Steuer, Heiko (2021). Germanen aus Sicht der Archäologie: Neue Thesen zu einem alten Thema. de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germanen+aus+Sicht+der+Arch%C3%A4ologie%3A+Neue+Thesen+zu+einem+alten+Thema&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Steuer&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Thorpe, Benjamin</a> (1851). Northern Mythology, Compromising the Principal Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany, and the Netherlands: Compiled from Original and Other Sources. 3 vols. Volume 2 Scandinavian Popular Traditions and Superstitions. Lumley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/314195407">314195407</a></li> <li>Thorpe, Benjamin (Trans.) (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUCAAAAQAAJ&q=Edda+S%C3%A6mundar">Edda Sæmundar Hinns Frôða: The Edda of Sæmund the Learned</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015736/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUCAAAAQAAJ&q=Edda+S%C3%A6mundar">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Part I. London: Trübner & Co.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurville-Petre1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Turville-Petre" title="Gabriel Turville-Petre">Turville-Petre, Gabriel</a> (1964), Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645398380">645398380</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+and+Religion+of+the+North%3A+The+Religion+of+Ancient+Scandinavia&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645398380&rft.aulast=Turville-Petre&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation book cs1">West, Martin L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928075-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Williamson, Craig (2011). A Feast of Creatures: Anglo-Saxon Riddle-Songs. University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812211290" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812211290">978-0812211290</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7e7e7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odin" title="Template:Odin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odin" title="Template talk:Odin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_god_Odin_in_Germanic_mythology104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The god <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draupnir" title="Draupnir">Draupnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geri_and_Freki" title="Geri and Freki">Geri and Freki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gungnir" title="Gungnir">Gungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huginn_and_Muninn" title="Huginn and Muninn">Huginn and Muninn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_of_poetry" title="Mead of poetry">Mead of poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Major attestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baldrs_draumar" title="Baldrs draumar">Baldrs draumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrafnagaldr_%C3%93%C3%B0ins" title="Hrafnagaldr Óðins">Hrafnagaldr Óðins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merseburg_charms" title="Merseburg charms">Merseburg charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nism%C3%A1l" title="Vafþrúðnismál">Vafþrúðnismál</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Names and associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">Names of Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Odin" title="Sons of Odin">Sons of Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaut" title="Gaut">Gaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High,_Just-as-High,_and_Third" title="High, Just-as-High, and Third">Hárr, Jafnhárr, and Þriði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercurius_Cimbrianus" title="Mercurius Cimbrianus">Mercurius Cimbrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercurius_Hranno" title="Mercurius Hranno">Mercurius Hranno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_from_Lejre" title="Odin from Lejre">Odin from Lejre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Odin" title="List of places named after Odin">Places named after Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valknut" title="Valknut">Valknut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#adadad"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Template:Death in Germanic mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Template talk:Death in Germanic mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death in Germanic mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Death in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel (mythological being)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel (location)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorxnawang" title="Neorxnawang">Neorxnawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr">Draugr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Burial practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogback_(sculpture)" title="Hogback (sculpture)">Hogback (sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism#In_funeral_and_burial" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horse burial in Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_ship" title="Stone ship">Stone ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">Matres and Matronae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Rebirth in Germanic paganism">Rebirth in Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul#Etymology" title="Soul">Soul (etymology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template talk:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>, and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Til_%C3%A1rs_ok_fri%C3%B0ar" title="Til árs ok friðar">Til árs ok friðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology265" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology265" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a> and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Gods and divine figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ēse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ēostre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Hretha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wōden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Heroic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Ægil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angul_(mythology)" title="Angul (mythology)">Angul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Other beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofgod" title="Cofgod">Cofgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (Dweorh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idis_(Germanic)" title="Idis (Germanic)">Ides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Eoten/Thurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6lcyrge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wælcyrge">Wælcyrge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Middangeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" class="mw-redirect" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealuscerwen" title="Ealuscerwen">Ealuscerwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spong_Hill" title="Spong Hill">Spong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Bēot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blōtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkmoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkmoot">Folkmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frith" title="Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">Thyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">Weregild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Wicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilweorthunga" title="Wilweorthunga">Wilweorthunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Modern pagan revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Category:Anglo-Saxon paganism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43610#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1311" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43610#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43610#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/309852469">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1043872/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjBmty88JYQgmvQr8Vh3pP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118769715">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014096924">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2018985412&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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