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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In genealogies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_genealogies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scyld_Scefing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scyld_Scefing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scyld Scefing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scyld_Scefing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scyld Scefing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scyld_Scefing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Beowulf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Beowulf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In <i>Beowulf</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Beowulf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_rite_involving_scyld_and_sceaf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_rite_involving_scyld_and_sceaf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>A rite involving <i>scyld</i> and <i>sceaf</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_rite_involving_scyld_and_sceaf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_on_Sceaf's_lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_on_Sceaf's_lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variations on Sceaf's lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_on_Sceaf's_lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_Sheave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Sheave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>King Sheave</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Sheave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sceafa" title="Special:EditPage/Sceafa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sceafa%22">"Sceafa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sceafa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sceafa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sceafa%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sceafa%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sceafa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gossen_i_b%C3%A5ten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Gossen_i_b%C3%A5ten.jpg/300px-Gossen_i_b%C3%A5ten.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Gossen_i_b%C3%A5ten.jpg/450px-Gossen_i_b%C3%A5ten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Gossen_i_b%C3%A5ten.jpg/600px-Gossen_i_b%C3%A5ten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption>Sceaf in the boat, illustration from Fredrik Sander's 1893 edition of the Poetic Edda</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sceafa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Scēafa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ang-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">[ˈʃæːɑvɑ]</a></span>, also <i>Scēaf</i>, <i>Scēf</i>) was an ancient <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Lombards" title="List of kings of the Lombards">Lombardic king</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">English legend</a>. According to his story, Sceafa appeared mysteriously as a child, coming out of the sea in an empty <a href="/wiki/Skiff" title="Skiff">skiff</a>. The name also appears in the corrupt forms <i>Seskef</i>, <i>Stefius</i>, <i>Strephius</i>, and <i>Stresaeus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the name has historically been modernized <b>Shava</b> (and Latinized <b>Scefius</b>), <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a> used the correctly constructed modern English spelling <i>Sheave</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Widsith"><i>Widsith</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sceafa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Widsith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Old English poem <i><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></i>, line 32, in a listing of famous kings and their countries, has <i>Sceafa Longbeardum</i>, so naming Sceafa as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>. In <i>Origo Gentis Langobardorum</i> the Lombards' origins are traced to an "island" in the north named Scadan or Scandan ("<a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But neither this account or any other mentions Sceafa among their later kings or gives the names of any kings that ruled them in the land of their origin where they were said to have been known as the Winnili. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_genealogies">In genealogies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sceafa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In genealogies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than this, Sceaf is mentioned only in chronicles tracing the lineage of the English kings, although variants are found in similar genealogies for the rulers of the Danes, Norwegians and Icelanders in the sagas. Most such genealogies stop at the god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, but some trace the supposed ancestors of Odin up to a certain <a href="/wiki/Gaut" title="Gaut">Geat</a>. The account in the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Britonum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Britonum">Historia Britonum</a></i> calls Geat a son of a god. <a href="/wiki/Asser" title="Asser">Asser</a> in his <i>Life of Alfred</i> writes instead that the pagans worshipped Geat himself for a long time as a god. </p><p>Modern scholars speculate on whether this Geat is any eponym of the people known as <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a>, or whether it may be the name of a god, or whether it is both. The apparent <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> cognate form <i><a href="/wiki/Gautr" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautr">Gautr</a></i> is a very common byname for Odin. The <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> <i>Herrauðssaga</i> speaks of King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hring (page does not exist)">Hring</a> who ruled East <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Götaland</a> and was son of <a href="/wiki/Gauti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauti">Gauti</a> son of Odin. <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_origin_and_deeds_of_the_Goths" class="mw-redirect" title="The origin and deeds of the Goths">The origin and deeds of the Goths</a></i> traces the line of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amelungs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amelungs (page does not exist)">Amelungs</a> up to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulmul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulmul (page does not exist)">Hulmul</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Gapt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gapt">Gapt</a>, purportedly the first Gothic hero of record. This <i>Gapt</i> is felt by many commentators to be an error for <i>Gaut</i>. </p><p>A few of these genealogies provide mortal ancestors to Geat, tracing his ancestry to Sceaf and then tell of Sceaf's origin. <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_(historian)" title="Æthelweard (historian)">Æthelweard</a> in his <i>Chronica</i> writes of Sceaf: </p> <blockquote><p>This Scef came in a light boat to an island of the ocean which is called Scani, arms around about him, and he was a very young boy, unknown to the dwellers in the land. But he was accepted by them and cared for like one of their own kind, and afterwards they chose him as king, from whose family descended King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwulf">Æthelwulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Regum_Anglorum" title="Gesta Regum Anglorum">Gesta Regum Anglorum</a></i> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>. . . Sceaf. Iste, ut ferunt, in quondam insulam Germaniae Scandzam (de qua Jordanes, historiographus Gothorum, loquitur) appulsus, navi sine remige, puerulus, posito ad caput frumenti manipulo, dormiens, ideoque Sceaf nuncupatus, ab hominibus regionis illius pro miraculo exceptus, et sedulo nutritus: adulta aetate regnavit in oppido quod tunc Slaswic, nunc vero Haithebi appellatur. Est autem regio illa Anglia Vetus dicta, unde Angli venerunt in Britanniam, inter Saxones et Gothos constituta.</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>. . . Sceaf; who, as some affirm, was driven on a certain island in Germany, called <a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandza</a>, (of which Jordanes, the historian of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, speaks), a little boy in a skiff, without any attendant, asleep, with a handful of corn (barley) at his head, whence he was called Sceaf; and, on account of his singular appearance, being well received by the men of that country, and carefully educated, in his riper age he reigned in a town which was called <a href="/wiki/City_of_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Schleswig">Slaswic</a>, but at present <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Haithebi</a>; which country, called old <a href="/wiki/Angeln" title="Angeln">Anglia</a>, whence the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> came into <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, is situated between the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon people">Saxons</a> and the Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However the genealogy in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> year 855, versions B and C, explains instead that Scef was born in <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>, interpreting Sceaf as <a href="/wiki/Fourth_son_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth son of Noah">Noah's fourth non-Biblical son</a>, and then continuing with the ancestry of Noah up to <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam</a> as found in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>. </p><p>Sceaf is unknown outside of English sources except for one mention in <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prologue_(Prose_Edda)" title="Prologue (Prose Edda)">Prologue to the <i>Prose Edda</i></a>, which is informed by English sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scyld_Scefing">Scyld Scefing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sceafa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scyld Scefing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Beowulf">In <i>Beowulf</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sceafa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Beowulf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Older than these is the Old English poem <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> which applies the story of the boy in the boat instead to the Danish hero <a href="/wiki/Scyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyld">Scyld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>Skjǫldr</i>), the ancestor of the legendary Danish royal lineage known as the <a href="/wiki/Scyldings" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyldings">Scyldings</a> (Old Norse <i>Skjǫldungar</i>). In the opening lines of <i>Beowulf</i>, he is given the epithet <i>Scefing</i>, which might mean 'descendant of Scef', 'son of Scef', or 'of the sheaf'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem itself does not elaborate. But after relating in general terms the glories of Scyld's reign, the poet describes Scyld's funeral, how his body was laid in a ship surrounded by treasures, the poet explains: </p> <blockquote><p>They decked his body no less bountifully<br /> </p><p>with offerings than those first ones did<br /> who cast him away when he was a child<br /> </p><p> and launched him alone out over the waves.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>No other source relates anything similar about Scyld/Skjöld, so it cannot be known whether this is a case of similar stories being told about two different heroes or whether originally separate figures have been confused with one another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_rite_involving_scyld_and_sceaf">A rite involving <i>scyld</i> and <i>sceaf</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sceafa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: A rite involving scyld and sceaf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A connection between sheaf and shield appears in the 13th century <i>Chronicon de Abingdon</i> which relates a dispute over ownership of a river meadow named Beri between the Abbot of <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Abingdon, England">Abingdon</a> and the men of <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>. The dispute was decided by a ritual in which the monks placed a sheaf (<i>sceaf</i>) of wheat on a <a href="/wiki/Targe" title="Targe">round shield</a> (<i>scyld</i>) and a wax candle upon the sheaf which they lit. They then floated the shield with sheaf and candle on the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> river to see where it would go. The shield purportedly kept to the middle of the Thames until it arrived at the disputed field, which was then an island because of flooding, whereupon it changed its course and entirely circled the meadow between the Thames and the <a href="/wiki/Iffley" title="Iffley">Iffley</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations_on_Sceaf's_lineage"><span id="Variations_on_Sceaf.27s_lineage"></span>Variations on Sceaf's lineage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sceafa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Variations on Sceaf's lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sceaf and his lineage in different sources </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Æ</th> <th>ASC</th> <th><i>Beowulf</i></th> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Prologue_to_the_Prose_Edda" class="mw-redirect" title="Prologue to the Prose Edda">Edda</a></i></th> <th>WM </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><span style="display: none">Does not appear</span></td> <td>Noe</td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><span style="display: none">Does not appear</span></td> <td>Magi</td> <td>Noe </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Scef</b></td> <td><b>Scef</b></td> <td><b>Seskef</b></td> <td><b>Strephius</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><span style="display: none">Does not appear</span></td> <td>Bedwig</td> <td>Bedvig</td> <td>Bedwigius </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hwala</td> <td>(Ecgwela?)</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><span style="display: none">Does not appear</span></td> <td>Gwala </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hratha</td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><span style="display: none">Does not appear</span></td> <td>Athra (<a href="/wiki/Annar" title="Annar">Annarr</a>)</td> <td>Hadra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Itermon</td> <td>Ítermann</td> <td>Stermon </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heremod" title="Heremod">Heremod</a></td> <td>(Heremod)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermod" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermod">Hermóðr</a></td> <td>Heremodius </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><span style="display: none">Does not appear</span></td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><span style="display: none">Does not appear</span></td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><span style="display: none">Does not appear</span></td> <td><b>Sceaf</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sceldius</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sceldwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sceldwa">Sceldwa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyld">Scyld Sceafing</a></td> <td>Skjaldun (<a href="/wiki/Skj%C3%B6ldr" title="Skjöldr">Skjǫld</a>)</td> <td>Sceldius </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beowius</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beaw</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_Scylding" class="mw-redirect" title="Beowulf Scylding">Beowulf Scylding</a></td> <td>Bjáf (Bjárr)</td> <td>Beowius </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tætwa</td> <td>Tætwa</td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><span style="display: none">Does not appear</span></td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><span style="display: none">Does not appear</span></td> <td>Tetius </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaut" title="Gaut">Geat</a></td> <td>Geat</td> <td>Ját</td> <td>Getius </td></tr></tbody></table> <blockquote style="font-size:smaller;"> <p><b>Æ</b> = Æthelweard's <i>Chronica</i>.<br /> <b>ASC</b> = <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, year 855 versions B and C. The A version omits the names Hwala, Bedwig, and Scef, almost certainly by accident, so that in that text it is Hrathra who is a son of Noah born in the ark.<br /> <i><b>Beowulf</b></i> calls Heremod a Scylding and calls his people were Scyldings, which should mean Heremod was a descendant of Scyld. But that may be anachonistic usage of a common term.<br /> <i><b>Edda</b></i>: The forms used indicate an English source. Of the three supposed Norse counterparts, the equation with <i>Skjöld</i> is obviously correct, but nothing is otherwise known about Bjárr or this particular Annarr. Seskef (that is Sceaf), in this pseudohistorical account, is son of Magi, son of Móda, son of Vingener, son of Vingethor, son of Einridi, son of Lóridi, son of <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a>, Thor here being the son of Múnón, also called Mennón (equated with <a href="/wiki/Memnon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memnon (mythology)">Memnon</a>) by Tróan daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lóridi (more often Hlóridi) and Einridi are elsewhere names for Thor himself. The names Magi and Modi resemble the names <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Magni</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Modi</a> given to Thor's two sons in other sources. The other names are unique to this list. It is possible that a list of names applied to Thor or connected with Thor may have been at some stage misinterpreted as a lineage or that the names of the descendants of Thor in this list were earlier all applied to sons of Thor.<br /> <b>WM</b> = <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>'s <i>Gesta regum anglorum</i>. </p> </blockquote> <p>Scyld is sometimes son of Sceaf and sometimes son of Heremod and a descendant of Scef. William of Malmesbury combines both versions in making Scyld son of Sceaf and Sceaf son of Heremod, but then traces Heremod's ancestry up to Strephius, son of Noah, born in the ark, who is obviously Sceaf appearing a second time with corrupt name. Asser in his <i>Life of Alfred</i> repeats the listing of the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> for this section of his genealogy except that he replaces Sceaf altogether with the name Seth and mentions nothing about him being born in the ark. Some modern translations emend Seth to <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a> who was son of Noah in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> account. </p><p>It is possible that name of <i>Beaw</i> the son of Scyld may be a variant of <i>beow</i> 'barley' and that in part these figures derive from rustic folklore about King Sheaf and his son Barley into which the Shield element has intruded. Perhaps a misunderstanding of Scyld Scefing as Scyld the Scefing instead of Scyld of the Sheaf led to the boat story being transferred to Scyld's supposed father Sceaf when he became misunderstood as the true first king in the dynasty. There may be confusion between Danish traditions about Scyld/Skjöld and Anglic traditions about Sceaf. There is the possibility that Bedwig son of Sceaf is a corruption of Beaw son of Scyld. Scholars disagree. </p><p>For the descendants of Sceaf, only Scyld/Skjöld, Beaw, and Heremod are certainly known elsewhere outside these genealogies, though Hwala or Gwala is possibly the Ecgwela who appears in connection with Heremod in the poem <i>Beowulf</i> in the phrase "offspring of Ecgwela", apparently a kenning for <i>Danes</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_Sheave"><i>King Sheave</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sceafa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: King Sheave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> treated Sceaf in <a href="/wiki/Poems_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Poems by J. R. R. Tolkien">a poem</a> "King Sheave" which was published after his death in "The Lost Road" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i> and very slightly revised and printed as prose in "<a href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers">The Notion Club Papers</a> (Part Two)" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">Sauron Defeated</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Tolkien's treatment, a ship drifts to the land of the Longobards in the north. It beaches itself and the folk of that country enter and find a young and handsome boy with dark hair asleep with a "sheaf of corn" as his pillow and a harp beside him. The boy awoke the following day and sang a song in an unknown tongue which drove away all terror from the hearts of those who heard it. They made the boy their king, crowning him with a garland of golden wheat. </p><p>Tolkien's Sheave fathers seven sons from whence came the Danes, Goths, Swedes, Northmen, Franks, Frisians, Swordmen,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saxons, Swabians, English, and the Langobards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sceafa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Sc%C4%93afa-Fictional/6000000007337371726">"Scēafa (Fictional)"</a>. <i>geni_family_tree</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geni_family_tree&rft.atitle=Sc%C4%93afa+%28Fictional%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FSc%25C4%2593afa-Fictional%2F6000000007337371726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASceafa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUjvarosy2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ujvarosy, Kazmer (3 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8177424">"The Sceaf (Sheaf) Legend Indicates the Viking – Vihk, 'Sheaf', Etymology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Sceaf+%28Sheaf%29+Legend+Indicates+the+Viking+%E2%80%93+Vihk%2C+%27Sheaf%27%2C+Etymology&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft.aulast=Ujvarosy&rft.aufirst=Kazmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8177424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASceafa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKooper2008" class="citation book cs1">Kooper, Erik (2008). <i>The Medieval Chronicle V</i>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042023543" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042023543"><bdi>978-9042023543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Chronicle+V.&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9042023543&rft.aulast=Kooper&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASceafa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMynors1998" class="citation book cs1">Mynors, R.A.B. (1998). <i>William of Malmesbury: Gesta Regum Anglorum, The History of the English Kings: Volume I</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198206781" title="Special:BookSources/9780198206781"><bdi>9780198206781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+of+Malmesbury%3A+Gesta+Regum+Anglorum%2C+The+History+of+the+English+Kings%3A+Volume+I&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780198206781&rft.aulast=Mynors&rft.aufirst=R.A.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASceafa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2014" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Alexander M. (2014). <i>Scyld and Scef: Expanding the Analogues</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815339045" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815339045"><bdi>978-0815339045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scyld+and+Scef%3A+Expanding+the+Analogues&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0815339045&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Alexander+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASceafa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2013" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Gerald J. (2013). <i>Beowulf</i>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1304304919" title="Special:BookSources/978-1304304919"><bdi>978-1304304919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beowulf&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1304304919&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASceafa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com/neu/pre/pre03.htm">Snorri Sturlusson's Prose Edda, Prologue, sect. III, trans. Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2011" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Jason (2011). <i>Tolkien and the Study of His Sources: Critical Essays</i>. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786464821" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786464821"><bdi>978-0786464821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Study+of+His+Sources%3A+Critical+Essays&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0786464821&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASceafa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. 'Widsith', v. 62: "Mid Seaxum ic wæs ond Sycgum ond mid Sweordwerum"; "I've been among the [tribes named] Saxons (Daggers), Swords and Swordsmen".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sceafa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heorot.dk/beowulf-rede-notes.html">Slade, Benjamin <i>Beowulf on Steorarume</i>, Explanatory Notes</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">New creation</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Angles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of the Angles">Legendary king of the Angles</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Bedwig</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wōden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Heroic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Ægil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angul_(mythology)" title="Angul (mythology)">Angul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sceafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Other beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofgod" title="Cofgod">Cofgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (Dweorh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idis_(Germanic)" title="Idis (Germanic)">Ides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Eoten/Thurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6lcyrge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wælcyrge">Wælcyrge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Middangeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" class="mw-redirect" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ealuscerwen" title="Ealuscerwen">Ealuscerwen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spong_Hill" title="Spong Hill">Spong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Hoo burial">Sutton Hoo burial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Bēot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blōtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkmoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkmoot">Folkmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frith" title="Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">Thyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">Weregild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Wicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilweorthunga" title="Wilweorthunga">Wilweorthunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Modern pagan revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" 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