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<li id="toc-Before_1776" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1776"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Before 1776</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1776-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1776_to_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1776_to_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1776 to 1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1776_to_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900_to_Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900_to_Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1900 to Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900_to_Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_plans_for_hypothetical_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_plans_for_hypothetical_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>German plans for hypothetical wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_plans_for_hypothetical_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_joins_Britain_in_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_joins_Britain_in_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Canada joins Britain in World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_joins_Britain_in_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919_Paris_Peace_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919_Paris_Peace_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>1919 Paris Peace Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919_Paris_Peace_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appeasement_of_Germany_in_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeasement_of_Germany_in_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Appeasement of Germany in 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeasement_of_Germany_in_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_vs_European_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_vs_European_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.7</span> <span>Canada vs European Community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_vs_European_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Good_terms_between_Canada_and_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Good_terms_between_Canada_and_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.8</span> <span>Good terms between Canada and Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Good_terms_between_Canada_and_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1900–1933" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–1933"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>1900–1933</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1933-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1933-1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1933-1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>1933-1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1933-1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>After 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch-kanadische_Beziehungen" title="Deutsch-kanadische Beziehungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsch-kanadische Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Canad%C3%A1-Alemania" title="Relaciones Canadá-Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Canadá-Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%E2%80%93%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="יחסי גרמניה–קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי גרמניה–קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%89%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DA%93%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%90" title="د کاناډا او المان اړیکې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کاناډا او المان اړیکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германско-канадские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 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class="infobox-title">Canada-Germany relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Germany_Locator_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Canada and Germany"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Canada and Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Canada_Germany_Locator_map.png/250px-Canada_Germany_Locator_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Canada_Germany_Locator_map.png/375px-Canada_Germany_Locator_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Canada_Germany_Locator_map.png/500px-Canada_Germany_Locator_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/50px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/75px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Canada,_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Canada, Berlin">Embassy of Canada, Berlin</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Germany,_Ottawa" title="Embassy of Germany, Ottawa">Embassy of Germany, Ottawa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_canadische_botschaft_21.06.2015_13-46-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Berlin_canadische_botschaft_21.06.2015_13-46-29.jpg/220px-Berlin_canadische_botschaft_21.06.2015_13-46-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Berlin_canadische_botschaft_21.06.2015_13-46-29.jpg/330px-Berlin_canadische_botschaft_21.06.2015_13-46-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Berlin_canadische_botschaft_21.06.2015_13-46-29.jpg/440px-Berlin_canadische_botschaft_21.06.2015_13-46-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="3254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canada_House_(Berlin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada House (Berlin)">Embassy of Canada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Embassy_Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/German_Embassy_Ottawa.jpg/220px-German_Embassy_Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/German_Embassy_Ottawa.jpg/330px-German_Embassy_Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/German_Embassy_Ottawa.jpg/440px-German_Embassy_Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Germany,_Ottawa" title="Embassy of Germany, Ottawa">Embassy of Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> have positive relations, as they are close <a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">allies</a> and fellow <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> members. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1776">Before 1776</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before 1776"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest contact between Germany and Canada occurred in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, the area of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> colonized by France in the 17th century. A number of ethnic Germans migrated to the colony during French colonial possession between 1663 and 1763, and mixed in with the French population. The first major German migration to Canada, however, was after the English conquests of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. A significant number of Germans served in the British invading force and subsequently elected to settle in the new lands. The colony's population was mainly <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>. Since most British settlers preferred to settle in the warmer <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Southern Colonies</a>, the British administration faced a daunting demographic problem. An aggressive plan to recruit <a href="/wiki/Foreign_protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign protestants">foreign protestants</a> began to balance the population statistics. Most of the attracted settlers came from German duchies and principalities on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a> in the present-day Rhineland-Palatinate <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Bundesland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchy of Württemberg">Duchy of Württemberg</a> was the major source of these immigrants. Because of this migration, many Nova Scotian towns on the <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Nova_Scotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Shore (Nova Scotia)">South Shore</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Kingsburg, Nova Scotia">Kingsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Nova_Scotia" title="Waterloo, Nova Scotia">Waterloo</a> bear distinctly German names. Many of the names of islands, beaches and points are also German and there are many <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1776_to_1900">1776 to 1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1776 to 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was an even larger ethnic German migration to Canada after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, where ethnic Germans made up a large proportion of the <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a> who fled to Canada. These loyalists and many German mercenaries hired by Britain fought to defend <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>. Some of these mercenaries decided to settle in Canada once their terms expired, and several of the Brunswick regiment settled in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, southwest of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. The largest group fleeing the United States were the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> who were subjected to discrimination in the United States for their pacifist beliefs. They moved to what is today southwest Ontario, settling around Berlin, Ontario (now known as <a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a>). This large group also attracted new migrants from Germany drawing some 50,000 of them to the region over subsequent decades. Beginning in 1896, western Canada drew further large numbers of <i>volksdeutsche</i> (ethnic German) immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe. Once again Mennonites were especially prominent, having been persecuted by the Tsarist regime in Russia for their refusal to serve in the Imperial Russian Army. Used to the harsh conditions of farming in Russia, many of these settlers were among the most successful in adapting to the Canadian prairies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900_to_Present">1900 to Present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1900 to Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_plans_for_hypothetical_wars">German plans for hypothetical wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German plans for hypothetical wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, the Anglo-German naval race had repercussions on Canadian politics as the Royal Navy was forced to redeploy more and more ships to the home waters to face the growing German High Seas Fleet across the North Sea. Canada had no navy prior to 1910, and the withdrawal of British ships from North American waters left Canada's coastlines exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199122-24_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199122-24-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906, Britain shut down its Canadian naval bases at Halifax on the Atlantic coast and Esquimalt on the Pacific coast while pulling out the last British garrisons in Canada, making Canada completely responsible for its own defense for the first time in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199115-16_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199115-16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German Navy made numerous planning exercises regarding possible wars. Several involved Canada. For example, the OP III plan for a hypothetical war with the United States called for a landing in the Maritime provinces prior to marching into New England to seize Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199147_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199147-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian historians' Roger Sarty and Michael Hardly called the OP III invasion plan for the conquest of the United States a "fantasy" on the part of Emperor Wilhelm II, but one that he did take seriously. As part of the plan, the German gunboat SMS <i>Panther</i> made a lengthy voyage in 1905-06 along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States and Canada looking for the best places to land an invasion force and for secret anchorages where German naval forces might be resupplied. By 1908, a German Navy planning exercise reported that Halifax was the best place to land an invasion force on the Atlantic coast, saying it was a major port while the forts meant to protect it could be taken out; the same report also stated that Quebec City should also be taken while Port Angeles in Washington state was the best place to land an invasion force on the Pacific coast to seize both Vancouver and Seattle. Though the Canadian government was not aware of these plans, Ottawa would have been greatly alarmed had Canadians officials known of this aspect of a war plan against the United States. </p><p>In 1908 the German Kaiser Wilhelm II claimed that British foreign policy would soon flounder between the need to "protect" Canada while maintaining the alliance with Japan.In an attempt to cause dissension in Anglo-Canadian relations, Wilhelm offered up the High Seas Fleet to protect Canada from the "Yellow Peril".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERöhl2013598_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2013598-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908–1909, fears arose that Britain was falling behind in the naval race, leading to a major outburst of pro-British and anti-German feelings in Canada. Calls arose to assist the "mother country".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199125-26_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199125-26-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservative opposition led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> demanded that Canada contribute money to the Royal Navy, a demand rejected by the Liberal prime minister, Sir <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199125-26_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199125-26-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Laurier would rather not spend any money on navies, his promise to create a Canadian naval force during the debates on 29 March 1909 had trapped him, and in August 1909 the British pressed the Canadians to create their own navy, leading the government to pass the necessary legislation. On 4 May 1910, the Royal Canadian Navy came into existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199127-28_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199127-28-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it consisted of only two cruisers with one for the Atlantic coast and one for the Pacific coast. The Imperial German Navy reported to the Kaiser that this was not a danger at all to the mighty High Seas Fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199129_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199129-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I0016902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/I0016902.jpg/220px-I0016902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/I0016902.jpg/330px-I0016902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/I0016902.jpg/440px-I0016902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="2676" /></a><figcaption>"The empire needs men!" war poster calling for volunteers.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada_joins_Britain_in_World_War_I">Canada joins Britain in World War I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada joins Britain in World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during World War I">Military history of Canada during World War I</a></div> <p>On 1 August 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, and Britain declared war to protect its ally France. Canada as a member of the British Empire was automatically at war. Many German men in Canada were reservists in the German military who escaped to the neutral United States, where they booked a passage to return to the Fatherland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloch19928_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloch19928-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German ambassador in neutral U.S. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Bernstorff" title="Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff">Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff</a> made several failed efforts to sabotage the Canadian war effort. Many rumours circulated and plots were hatched but no major successful sabotage took place.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Enemy alien" was the status of 393,000 Germans living in Canada; only 2009 were interred.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1919_Paris_Peace_Conference">1919 Paris Peace Conference</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1919 Paris Peace Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the Paris peace conference between January–June 1919, the Canadian delegation was headed by the Prime Minister, Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>, marking the first time the Canadian head of government headed a delegation at a major international conference. Initially, it was agreed that reparations by Germany would be paid to the nations that endured damage from the war, which would ensure that France would have received the majority of the reparations as much of northern France had been turned into a wasteland by the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, motivated by jealousy over the fact that Britain would have received a relatively small account of the reparations compared to France, put forward the demand that Germany pay the pensions of all the servicemen, widows, and orphans for the entire British empire, a demand that wrecked any possibility of an agreement at the peace conference for reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final text of the Treaty of Versailles merely stated that Germany agreed to pay reparations to the Entente with the precise sum to be determined at another international conference as the Allied delegations proved unable to agree on the sums at the Paris peace conference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Paris peace conference, Canada supported the British demand for German reparations to cover all of the war-related pensions for the British empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the promised international conference to decide the amount reparations was finally held in London in 1921, the demand for German reparations to cover the pensions for the British empire was quietly dropped as unpractical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appeasement_of_Germany_in_1930s">Appeasement of Germany in 1930s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Appeasement of Germany in 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingBerlin1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KingBerlin1937.jpg/220px-KingBerlin1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KingBerlin1937.jpg/330px-KingBerlin1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KingBerlin1937.jpg/440px-KingBerlin1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> (second from left) at the opening ceremonies of the All-German Sports Competition, June 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, the prime minister from 1921 to 1926, 1926–1930, and from 1935 to 1948, Canada consistently supported appeasement, arguing that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh on Germany and needed to be revised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham_Fry1999300–305_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham_Fry1999300–305-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian historian Robert Teigrob described Mackenzie King as one of the most ardent appeasers in the entire Commonwealth, who saw appeasement as the best policy on both moral and practical grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeigrob2019235_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeigrob2019235-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/C._P._Stacey" class="mw-redirect" title="C. P. Stacey">C. P. Stacey</a> argues that King was a spiritualist who felt he had a mission from God to restore peace to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1937, Mackenzie King paid the first visit by a Canadian prime minister to Germany. Mackenzie King had grown up in Berlin, Ontario (modern Kitchener), at the time a mostly German-speaking city, and he was fluent in German.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeigrob201912_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeigrob201912-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackenzie King met <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> on 19 June 1937 in Berlin, and in an account of his meeting that he sent to the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Mackenzie King wrote that "the impression gained by this interview was a very favorable one".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201284_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201284-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackenzie King praised Hitler as a warm, caring man who was deeply concerned about the problems of ordinary people and stated he was impressed "by the very positive manner in which Hitler spoke of the determination of himself and his colleagues not to permit any resort to war".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201284_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201284-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackenzie King called Hitler a "man of deep sincerity and a genuine patriot" who sometimes had to use ruthless methods because of the "big problems" he was faced with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201284_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201284-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1939, Mackenzie King wrote to Hitler appealing him not to let the Danzig crisis start another world war, writing at length about how much he admired Hitler, regarded him as one of his best friends, and spoke of his wish to work with <i>der Führer</i> to save the peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201285-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackenzie King concluded: "You will, I know, accept this letter in the spirit in which it was written-an expression of the faith I have in the purpose you have at heart, and of the friendship with yourself which you have been so kind to share with me".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201285-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler in his reply stated he remembered meeting Mackenzie King "with pleasure", and then proceeded to ignore the Danzig crisis by saying he wanted 12 Canadian university students and Army officers to visit Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201285-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler wrote that purpose of the visit would be to "convey to the Canadian people an impressive picture of Greater Germany's newly-won strength and its will to peaceable constructive work".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201285-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mackenzie King was strongly moved by Hitler's letter and accepted the offer to have 12 Canadians visit Germany, which he somehow believed would lead to a peaceful resolution of the Danzig crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201285-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackenzie King told the German ambassador in Ottawa that he regarded Hitler's letter "as an evidence of the confidence which I felt had been established between Hitler and myself at the time of our meeting, and the sincere desire mutually shared that every endeavor should be met towards mutual understanding".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285–86_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201285–86-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackenzie King spent the rest of the summer of 1939 working on arranging for the visit, but the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 put an end to the scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201286_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201286-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German-born American historian Abraham Ascher wrote that anyone reading of Mackenzie King's relationship with Hitler together with that of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kerr,_11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian">Lord Lothian</a> (a prominent pro-appeasement Scottish aristocrat) "cannot avoid being taken aback by the superficiality and gullibility of these two authors" as both Lord Lothian and Mackenzie King convinced themselves that Hitler was an idealistic man of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201283_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201283-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Mackenzie King's leadership, Canada had one of the most restrictive policies against accepting refugees from Germany. Between 1933 and 1939, Canada accepted only 2,000 refugees from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergen201236_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen201236-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada in World War II</a></div> <p>A week after the King of Great Britain declared war on Germany, Canada followed suit with a vote in Parliament. There was no debate—the vote was unanimous but for one pacifist. The delay was to validate Canada's independent decision in terms of its new freedom in foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite repeated requests from Ottawa, London and Washington refused to share major decision-making with Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada's combat roles centred in the North Atlantic and later in Italy and Northwestern Europe, In all, some 1.1 million Canadians served in the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, and in other forces, with 42,000 killed and another 55,000 wounded. Financial cost, including loans and gifts to Britain, was $22 billion. Unlike the First World War, the homefront was not bitterly divided.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian forces played a major role in the invasion of the continent, with special responsibility in 1944-45 for the liberation of the Netherlands. Canadian forces initially took part in the occupation of Germany as part of the British occupation force, but in May 1946 Mackenzie King pulled out all of the Canadian forces in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201312_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201312-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postwar">Postwar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada played very little role in the postwar occupation of Germany. When asked by Britain to provide transport planes and air crews for the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a> of 1948, Canada refused. However, under the enthusiastic leadership of Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a> it did join <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1949, despite opposition from some intellectuals, the far left, and many French Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F018250-0008,_Kanada,_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Erhard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F018250-0008%2C_Kanada%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Erhard.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F018250-0008%2C_Kanada%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Erhard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F018250-0008%2C_Kanada%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Erhard.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F018250-0008%2C_Kanada%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Erhard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F018250-0008%2C_Kanada%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Erhard.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F018250-0008%2C_Kanada%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundeskanzler_Erhard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Guard_of_honour" title="Guard of honour">guard of honour</a> provided by the 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Guards">The Canadian Guards</a> during the visit of West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> to Ottawa in 1964.</figcaption></figure> <p>The outbreak of the Korean War led to a major war scare on both sides of the Atlantic in 1950–51. At the time, there was a widespread belief that the North Korean invasion of South Korea was a feint intended to have the American forces bogged down in Korea to prepare the way for a Soviet invasion of West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999236_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999236-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When China entered the Korean war, pushing back the United Nations forces (the largest of which was the American contingent), there were grave fears that the world was on the brink of World War III.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999236_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999236-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 January 1951, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, visited Ottawa to ask Canada for help.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999236_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999236-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significantly, in his talks with General <a href="/wiki/Guy_Simonds" title="Guy Simonds">Guy Simonds</a>, Eisenhower was more concerned about Germany than Korea, saying he wanted more Canadian forces to go to the former rather than the latter. Eisenhower's visit ended with St. Laurent promising to send two Canadian divisions to West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simonds wrote at the time that, since the shipping was not available to move two divisions to Europe, the Canadians best be there before World War III started.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, for reasons of cost and the unwillingness to impose conscription led Canada cut back its forces in West Germany to a brigade instead of the promised two divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, it was promised that two divisions would be sent to West Germany in the event of World War Three despite Simonds's statement that Canada did not the necessary shipping to send two divisions to West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The St. Laurent government supported West German rearmament, a hugely controversial subject in the 1950s, as the best way to shift the burden of defending West Germany onto the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201364-65_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201364-65-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision to send a brigade to West Germany was intended at least in part to reassure domestic fears in Canada about West German rearmament and to allow Canada a greater say in NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201377-78_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201377-78-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war scare caused by the Korean War passed, Canadian officials increasingly came to the conclusion that it was unlikely that the Soviet Union would ever invade West Germany, and the purpose of the brigade came to be more political than military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013145_&_180_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013145_&_180-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was privately admitted that a single brigade was too small to make any serious difference in the event of the Red Army actually invading West Germany, but the mere existence of the brigade allowed Canada a greater weight in dealings with both the United States and the western European states than it otherwise would have possessed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013180_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013180-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada_vs_European_Community">Canada vs European Community</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canada vs European Community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 led to new tensions. The founding members of the EEC were France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The EEC followed a protectionist policy and a recurring Canadian complaint was that the EEC's tariffs made Canadian goods uncompetitive in the EEC markets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201382-83_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201382-83-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that Canada had sent a brigade to defend West Germany, many Canadian officials echoed the American complaints that the EEC should lower tariffs on goods from North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201382-83_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201382-83-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, the Canadian ambassador in Bonn, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie_(diplomat)" title="Charles Ritchie (diplomat)">Charles Ritchie</a> submitted a note of protest to the West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> against the EEC's protectionist policy, which he stated was causing much ill-will in Canada and asked Adenauer to use his influence with the EEC to lower the tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201382_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201382-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a visit to Bonn in 1959, the Canadian Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/George_Pearkes" title="George Pearkes">George Pearkes</a> threatened to pull the Canadian brigade out of West Germany unless the EEC lowered its tariffs on Canadian goods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013171_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013171-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 April 1969, the Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> cut Canada's NATO forces in Europe by 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013180_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013180-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Good_terms_between_Canada_and_Germany">Good terms between Canada and Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Good terms between Canada and Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, Canadian-West German relations were unusually friendly and close due to the friendship between the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> and the Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein2017108_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein2017108-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_G._H._Halstead" title="John G. H. Halstead">John G. H. Halstead</a>, the Canadian ambassador in Bonn stated that the "no tanks, no trade" dispute said to have occurred at a 1975 Trudeau-Schmidt summit was a "myth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein2017108_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein2017108-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the summit did end with Schmidt promising to lobby the EEC to lower tariffs on Canadian goods in exchange for a promise from Trudeau to spend more on NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmidt told Trudeau that he wanted closer relations with Canada, saying he envisioned West Germany as having two North American partners instead of one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major aspect of Trudeau's foreign policy in the 1970s was to seek a "rebalancing" of the Canadian economy by seeking to trade more with the EEC and Japan as a way to reduce American economic leverage over Canada. Schmidt's declaration of support for the "rebalancing" was greatly welcomed in Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau further had the Canadian Army buy 128 West German-built Leopard tanks in order to booster the West German arms industry, over the opposition of the Finance department which felt buying the tanks was wasteful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253-255_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253-255-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada established diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> on 1 August 1975. </p><p>On 17 September 1991, the Canadian Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Masse" title="Marcel Masse">Marcel Masse</a> announced that Canada would be pulling out its brigade in Germany by 1995 unless the Germans wanted the brigade to remain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999276_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999276-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the brigade left two years earlier than planned with all the Canadian forces leaving Germany on 30 July 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999277_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999277-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions">Missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Canada_in_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Canada in Berlin">Embassy of Canada in Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Germany_in_Ottawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Germany in Ottawa">Embassy of Germany in Ottawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ambassadors_to_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian ambassadors to Germany">List of Canadian ambassadors to Germany</a></div> <p>In addition to its embassy in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Germany maintains consulates in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>. Additional diplomats responsible for specialized files are also accredited from Washington. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade">Trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Canada–Germany relations">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2006, Germany was the sixth ranked destination of Canadian exports (0.9%) and sixth ranked source of imports to Canada (2.8%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration">Migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German Canadians</a></div> <p>10% of Canadians claim some German heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_and_Trade_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement">Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199122-24-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199122-24_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSartyHadley1991">Sarty & Hadley 1991</a>, p. 22-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199115-16-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199115-16_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSartyHadley1991">Sarty & Hadley 1991</a>, p. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199147-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199147_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSartyHadley1991">Sarty & Hadley 1991</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERöhl2013598-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERöhl2013598_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRöhl2013">Röhl 2013</a>, p. 598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199125-26-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199125-26_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199125-26_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSartyHadley1991">Sarty & Hadley 1991</a>, p. 25-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199127-28-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199127-28_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSartyHadley1991">Sarty & Hadley 1991</a>, p. 27-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199129-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartyHadley199129_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSartyHadley1991">Sarty & Hadley 1991</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloch19928-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloch19928_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloch1992">Bloch 1992</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Digby, <i>Burn, Bomb, Destroy: The German Sabotage Campaign in North America, 1914–1917</i> (Casemate, 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Mackenzie, ed. <i>Canada and the First World War</i> (2005) p. 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2001187_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacMillan2001">MacMillan 2001</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham_Fry1999300–305-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham_Fry1999300–305_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham_Fry1999">Graham Fry 1999</a>, pp. 300–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeigrob2019235-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeigrob2019235_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeigrob2019">Teigrob 2019</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStacey1980" class="citation journal cs1">Stacey, C. P. (1980). "The Divine Mission: Mackenzie King and Hitler". <i>Canadian Historical Review</i>. <b>61</b> (4): 502–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2FCHR-061-04-03">10.3138/CHR-061-04-03</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Divine+Mission%3A+Mackenzie+King+and+Hitler&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=502-512&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2FCHR-061-04-03&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeigrob201912-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeigrob201912_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeigrob2019">Teigrob 2019</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201284-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201284_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201284_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201284_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAscher2012">Ascher 2012</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201285-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAscher2012">Ascher 2012</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201285–86-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201285–86_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAscher2012">Ascher 2012</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201286-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201286_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAscher2012">Ascher 2012</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscher201283-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscher201283_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAscher2012">Ascher 2012</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen201236-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergen201236_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergen2012">Bergen 2012</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.P. Stacey, <i>Canada and the Age of Conflict: Volume 2: 1921-1948, The Mackenzie King Era</i> (U of Toronto Press, 1981) .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. L. Granatstein, <i>Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939-1945</i> (2nd ed. 1990 ) pp 294, 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Granatstein, <i>Canada's War</i> pp 419–420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201312-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201312_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Eayrs, <i>In Defence of Canada: volume 4: Growing Up Allied</i> (1980) pp 38-60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999236-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999236_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999236_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999236_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1999">Morton 1999</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999237_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1999">Morton 1999</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201364-65-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201364-65_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 64-65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201377-78-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201377-78_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 77-78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013145_&_180-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013145_&_180_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 145 & 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013180-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013180_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013180_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201382-83-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201382-83_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201382-83_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 82-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201382-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201382_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013171-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013171_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein2017108-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein2017108_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein2017108_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBothwellGranatstein2017">Bothwell & Granatstein 2017</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBothwellGranatstein1991">Bothwell & Granatstein 1991</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253-255-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBothwellGranatstein1991253-255_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBothwellGranatstein1991">Bothwell & Granatstein 1991</a>, p. 253-255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999276-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999276_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1999">Morton 1999</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1999277-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1999277_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1999">Morton 1999</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians#Bibliography" title="German Canadians">German Canadians § Bibliography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians#Further_reading" title="German Canadians">German Canadians § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Adam, Thomas, ed. <i>Germany and the America: Culture, Politics and History</i> (3 vol 2006)</li> <li>Bassler, Gerhard P. <i>Vikings to U-Boats: the German experience in Newfoundland and Labrador</i> (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/254235/summary">online review</a></li> <li>Helling, Rudolf A. <i>A Socio-economic History of German-Canadians: They, Too, Founded Canada: a Research Report</i> (Wiesbaden: F. Steiner Verlag, 1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1293244493?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&imgSeq=1">online review</a>.</li> <li>Lehmann, Heinz. <i>The German Canadians 1750–1937: Immigration, Settlement and Culture</i> (1986) the major scholarly study; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/German-Canadians-1750-1937-Immigration-Settlement/dp/0920502768/">listing</a></li> <li>McLaughlin, K. M. <i>The Germans in Canada</i> (Canadian Historical Association, 1985).</li> <li>Magocsi, Paul, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples</i> (1999) pp 587–612.</li> <li>Maxwell, Alexander, and Sacha E. Davis. "Germanness beyond Germany: collective identity in German diaspora communities." <i>German Studies Review</i> 39.1 (2016): 1–15.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1999" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Desmond (1999). <i>A Military History of Canada</i>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wagner, Jonathan. <i>A history of migration from Germany to Canada, 1850-1939</i> (UBC press, 2006).</li> <li>Wilhelmy, Jean-Pierre. <i>Soldiers for Sale: German "Mercenaries" with the British in Canada during the American Revolution (1776-83)</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Soldiers-Sale-Mercenaries-American-Revolution-ebook/dp/B00B0SA9QG/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1933"><span id="1900.E2.80.931933"></span>1900–1933</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1900–1933"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grams, Grant. <i>German emigration to Canada & the support of its Deutschtum during the Weimar Republic: the role of the Deutsches Ausland-Institut, Verein fur das Deutschtum in Ausland & German-Canadian organisations.</i> (Peter Lang, 2001)</li> <li>Grams, Grant W. "The Deportation of German Nationals from Canada, 1919 to 1939." <i>Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale</i> 11.2 (2010): 219–237.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lawson, Robert (December 2007). "Ribbentrop in Canada 1910 to 1914: A Note". <i>International History Review</i>. <b>XXIX</b> (4): 821–832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2007.9641142">10.1080/07075332.2007.9641142</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159731198">159731198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Ribbentrop+in+Canada+1910+to+1914%3A+A+Note&rft.volume=XXIX&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=821-832&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2007.9641142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159731198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMillan2001" class="citation book cs1">MacMillan, Margaret (2001). <i>Paris 1919 Six Months That Changed the World</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307432964" title="Special:BookSources/9780307432964"><bdi>9780307432964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+1919+Six+Months+That+Changed+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780307432964&rft.aulast=MacMillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöhl2013" class="citation book cs1">Röhl, John (2013). <i>Wilhelm II Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900–1941</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107728967" title="Special:BookSources/9781107728967"><bdi>9781107728967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+II+Into+the+Abyss+of+War+and+Exile%2C+1900%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107728967&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hl&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartyHadley1991" class="citation book cs1">Sarty, Roger; Hadley, Michael (1991). <i>Tin-pots and Pirate Ships Canadian Naval Forces and German Sea Raiders, 1880-1918</i>. Montreal: McGill University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773507784" title="Special:BookSources/9780773507784"><bdi>9780773507784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tin-pots+and+Pirate+Ships+Canadian+Naval+Forces+and+German+Sea+Raiders%2C+1880-1918&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780773507784&rft.aulast=Sarty&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Hadley%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1933-1945">1933-1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1933-1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscher2012" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Abraham (2012). <i>Was Hitler a Riddle? Western Democracies and National Socialism</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804784597" title="Special:BookSources/9780804784597"><bdi>9780804784597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+Hitler+a+Riddle%3F+Western+Democracies+and+National+Socialism&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780804784597&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen2012" class="citation book cs1">Bergen, Doris (2012). "Social Death and International Isolation: Jews in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939". In Ruth Klein (ed.). <i>Nazi Germany, Canadian Responses Confronting Antisemitism in the Shadow of War</i>. Montreal: McGill University Press. pp. 3–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773587373" title="Special:BookSources/9780773587373"><bdi>9780773587373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Death+and+International+Isolation%3A+Jews+in+Nazi+Germany%2C+1933-1939&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany%2C+Canadian+Responses+Confronting+Antisemitism+in+the+Shadow+of+War&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=3-45&rft.pub=McGill+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780773587373&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1992" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Michael (1992). <i>Ribbentrop</i>. New York: Crown Point. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-59310-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-59310-6"><bdi>0-517-59310-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ribbentrop&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Point&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-517-59310-6&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Fry1999" class="citation book cs1">Graham Fry, Michael (1999). "Agents and Structures: The Dominions and the Czechoslovak Crisis, September 1938". In Igor Lukes; Erik Goldstein (eds.). <i>The Munich Crisis, 1938 Prelude to World War II</i>. London: Frank Cass. pp. 293–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8056-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8056-7"><bdi>0-7146-8056-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agents+and+Structures%3A+The+Dominions+and+the+Czechoslovak+Crisis%2C+September+1938&rft.btitle=The+Munich+Crisis%2C+1938+Prelude+to+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=293-321&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7146-8056-7&rft.aulast=Graham+Fry&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Grams, Grant W. "The Deportation of German Nationals from Canada, 1919 to 1939." <i>Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale</i> 11.2 (2010): 219–237.</li> <li>Grams, Grant W. <i>Coming Home to the Third Reich: Return Migration of German Nationals from the United States and Canada, 1933-1941</i> (McFarland, 2021).</li> <li>Granatstein, J. L. <i>Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939-1945</i> (2nd ed. 1990)</li> <li>Hadley, Michael L. <i>U-Boats Against Canada: German Submarines in Canadian Waters</i> (1985), in WWII</li> <li>James, Patrick, Nelson Michaud, and Marc O'Reilly, eds. <i>Handbook of Canadian foreign policy</i> (2006).</li> <li>Milner, Marc. <i>North Atlantic Run: The Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle for the Convoys</i> (1985)</li> <li>Sarty, Roger F. <i>Canada and the Battle of the Atlantic</i> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadabattleofat0000sart">online</a>, for World War II</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeigrob2019" class="citation book cs1">Teigrob, Robert (2019). <i>Four Days in Hitler's Germany Mackenzie King's Mission to Avert a Second World War</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487505509" title="Special:BookSources/9781487505509"><bdi>9781487505509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Days+in+Hitler%27s+Germany+Mackenzie+King%27s+Mission+to+Avert+a+Second+World+War&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781487505509&rft.aulast=Teigrob&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1945">After 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: After 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothwellGranatstein1991" class="citation book cs1">Bothwell, Robert; Granatstein, Jack (1991). <i>Pirouette Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802068736" title="Special:BookSources/9780802068736"><bdi>9780802068736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirouette+Pierre+Trudeau+and+Canadian+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780802068736&rft.aulast=Bothwell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Granatstein%2C+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothwellGranatstein2017" class="citation book cs1">Bothwell, Robert; Granatstein, Jack (2017). <i>Trudeau's World: Insiders Reflect on Foreign Policy, Trade, and Defence, 1968-84</i>. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774836401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774836401"><bdi>978-0774836401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trudeau%27s+World%3A+Insiders+Reflect+on+Foreign+Policy%2C+Trade%2C+and+Defence%2C+1968-84&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0774836401&rft.aulast=Bothwell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Granatstein%2C+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2013" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Isabel (2013). <i>Unlikely Diplomats: The Canadian Brigade in Germany, 1951–64</i>. University of British Columbia Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlikely+Diplomats%3A+The+Canadian+Brigade+in+Germany%2C+1951%E2%80%9364&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93Germany+relations" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/system/files/contributed-files/roundtable-xvii-11.pdf">online review</a></li> <li>Grams, Grant W. "T.O.F. Herzer and His work with German-speaking Immigration to Canada" Journal of the Canadian Church Historical Society, Fall 2006.</li> <li>Maloney, Sean M. <i>War Without Battles: Canada's NATO Brigade in Germany, 1951-1993</i> (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1997).</li> <li>Rempel, Roy. <i>Counterweights : The Failure of Canada's German and European Policy, 1955-1995</i> (1996)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/germany-allemagne/">Canadian Embassy in Berlin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canada.diplo.de/ca-en">German Embassy in Ottawa</a></li></ul> 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relations of Canada">Foreign relations of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Algeria–Canada relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Canada relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="Canada–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="Canada–Egypt relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="Canada–Ethiopia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="Canada–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Canada–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="Canada–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="Canada–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="Canada–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Canada–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Canada–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Canada–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Canada–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="Canada–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Canada–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Argentina–Canada relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Barbados–Canada relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Brazil–Canada relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Chile_relations" title="Canada–Chile relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="Canada–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Canada–Cuba relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Dominican_Republic_relations" title="Canada–Dominican Republic relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93El_Salvador_relations" title="Canada–El Salvador relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Grenada_relations" title="Canada–Grenada relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Canada–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="Canada–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Canada–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="Canada–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Canada–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Canada–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Canada–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Canada–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Afghanistan–Canada relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Armenia–Canada relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Canada relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Bangladesh–Canada relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan-Canada_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan-Canada relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Brunei–Canada relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Cambodia–Canada relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Canada–China relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" title="Canada–Hong Kong relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="Canada–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Canada–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Canada–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Canada–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Canada–Iraq relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="Canada–Kurdistan Region relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Canada–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Canada–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Canada–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Canada–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Canada–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Canada–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Canada–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Canada–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Canada–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Canada–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Canada–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Canada–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Canada–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Canada–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Canada–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Canada–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Canada–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Canada–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Canada–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Canada–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Albania–Canada relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Austria–Canada relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Belgium–Canada relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Canada relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Bulgaria–Canada relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Cyprus_relations" title="Canada–Cyprus relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Czech_Republic_relations" title="Canada–Czech Republic relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="Canada–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="Canada–Finland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Canada–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Canada–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="Canada–Holy See relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Canada–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="Canada–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Canada–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Canada–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Latvia_relations" title="Canada–Latvia relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Canada–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Canada–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Canada–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Canada–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Canada–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Canada–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Canada–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Canada–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Canada–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Canada–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Canada–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Canada–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Canada–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Canada–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_relations" title="Canada–Turks and Caicos Islands relations">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Australia–Canada relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Canada–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Canada–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Canada–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Africa–Canada relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Asia–Canada relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Caribbean_relations" title="Canada–Caribbean relations">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Canada–Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Europe_relations" title="Canada–Europe relations">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="International organization membership of Canada">International organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Canada–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93NATO_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada–NATO relations">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_United_Nations" title="Canada and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy_and_other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy and other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Canadian foreign relations">History of Canadian foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_role_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada's role in the War in Afghanistan">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_mining_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Canadian mining in Latin America and the Caribbean">Mining in Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_diplomats" title="Category:Canadian diplomats">Canadian diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions of Canada">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Canada" title="Category:Treaties of Canada">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Global Affairs Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Germany&#124;link=Germany_Foreign_relations_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Template:Foreign relations of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Germany&#124;link=Germany_Foreign_relations_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Algeria–Germany relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Angola–Germany relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cameroon–Germany relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Central African Republic–Germany relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Germany relations">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Egypt–Germany relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Eritrea–Germany relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Ethiopia–Germany relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="Germany–Ghana relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Guinea_relations" title="Germany–Guinea relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="Germany–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Germany–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="Germany–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Germany–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="Germany–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="Germany–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="Germany–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Germany–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Germany–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Germany–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="Germany–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Germany–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Germany–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Germany–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Germany–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Somaliland_relations" title="Germany–Somaliland relations">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Germany–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Germany–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Germany–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Germany–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="Germany–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Germany–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany-Zimbabwe_relations" title="Germany-Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deutscher Bundesadler"><img alt="Deutscher Bundesadler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Argentina–Germany relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Barbados–Germany relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bolivia–Germany relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Brazil–Germany relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Chile–Germany relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Colombia–Germany relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cuba–Germany relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Ecuador–Germany relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Guyana_relations" title="Germany–Guyana relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Germany–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="Germany–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Germany–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="Germany–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="Germany–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Germany–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Germany–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Germany–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Afghanistan–Germany relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bahrain–Germany relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bangladesh–Germany relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Bhutan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany–Bhutan relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Brunei–Germany relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cambodia–Germany relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" title="Germany–Hong Kong relations">Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Germany–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Germany–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Germany–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Germany–Iraq relations">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="Germany–Kurdistan Region relations">Kurdistan Region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Germany–Israel relations">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_consuls_in_Jerusalem,_Jaffa,_Haifa_and_Eilat" title="List of German consuls in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa and Eilat">Consuls in Haifa and Eilat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Germany–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Germany–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Germany–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Germany–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="Germany–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Germany–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Germany–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="Germany–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Germany–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="Germany–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Germany–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Germany–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Germany–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Germany–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Germany–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Germany–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Germany–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Germany–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Germany–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Germany–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Germany–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Germany–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Germany–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Germany–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Germany–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Germany–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Germany–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Germany–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Germany–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Germany–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Albania–Germany relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Armenia–Germany relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Germany relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Austria–Germany relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belarus–Germany relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belgium–Germany relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Germany relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bulgaria–Germany relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Croatia–Germany relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cyprus–Germany relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Czech Republic–Germany relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Denmark–Germany relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Estonia–Germany relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Finland–Germany relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Georgia–Germany relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Germany–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="Germany–Holy See relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Germany–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="Germany–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Germany–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Germany–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Germany–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Germany–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Liechtenstein_relations" title="Germany–Liechtenstein relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="Germany–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="Germany–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="Germany–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Germany–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Germany–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Germany–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="Germany–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Germany–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Germany–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Germany–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Germany–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Germany–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Germany–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Germany–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Germany–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Germany–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Germany–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Australia–Germany relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Germany–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Germany–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">German entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nazi_Germany_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Nazi Germany relations">China before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Soviet Union before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_German_relations" title="Inner German relations">Inner German relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Germany–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassadors of Nazi Germany">Ambassadors of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Nazi Germany">Foreign relations of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of East Germany">Foreign relations of East Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">Federal Foreign Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Foreign ministers of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Germany" title="List of diplomatic missions of Germany">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Germany" title="List of diplomatic missions in Germany">in Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ambassadors_of_Germany" title="Lists of ambassadors of Germany">Ambassadors of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nations" title="Germany and the United Nations">Germany and the United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada–Germany_relations&oldid=1215133557">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada–Germany_relations&oldid=1215133557</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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