CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Attenuated vaccine - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"83539d25-29e5-4197-a526-85a17f25da8f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Attenuated_vaccine","wgTitle":"Attenuated vaccine","wgCurRevisionId":1240395279,"wgRevisionId":1240395279,"wgArticleId":11365279,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: others","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023","Vaccination","Virology","Live vaccines"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Attenuated_vaccine", "wgRelevantArticleId":11365279,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1810913","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform" ,"platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Attenuated vaccine - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Attenuated_vaccine rootpage-Attenuated_vaccine skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Attenuated+vaccine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Attenuated+vaccine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Attenuated+vaccine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Attenuated+vaccine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attenuated_viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attenuated_viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Attenuated viruses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attenuated_viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attenuated_bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attenuated_bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Attenuated bacteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attenuated_bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mechanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_and_disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Advantages and disadvantages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Advantages and disadvantages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Advantages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Disadvantages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_attenuated_vaccines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_attenuated_vaccines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 List of attenuated vaccines </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_attenuated_vaccines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of attenuated vaccines subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_attenuated_vaccines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currently_in-use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currently_in-use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Currently in-use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currently_in-use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bacterial_vaccines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacterial_vaccines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Bacterial vaccines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacterial_vaccines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viral_vaccines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viral_vaccines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Viral vaccines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viral_vaccines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 In development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bacterial_vaccines_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacterial_vaccines_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Bacterial vaccines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacterial_vaccines_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viral_vaccines_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viral_vaccines_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Viral vaccines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viral_vaccines_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Attenuated vaccine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86" title="لقاح موهن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لقاح موهن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuna_atenuada" title="Vacuna atenuada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vacuna atenuada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslaben%C3%A1_vakc%C3%ADna" title="Oslabená vakcína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oslabená vakcína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebendimpfstoff" title="Lebendimpfstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lebendimpfstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuna_atenuada" title="Vacuna atenuada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacuna atenuada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txerto_moteldu" title="Txerto moteldu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txerto moteldu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="واکسن زنده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واکسن زنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_att%C3%A9nu%C3%A9" title="Virus atténué – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virus atténué" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BD%EB%8F%85%ED%99%94_%EB%B0%B1%EC%8B%A0" title="약독화 백신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="약독화 백신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Թուլացված պատվաստանյութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուլացված պատվաստանյութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A9" title="חיסון מוחלש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיסון מוחלש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="അറ്റെന്വേറ്റഡ് വാക്സിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറ്റെന്വേറ്റഡ് വാക്സിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levend_vaccin" title="Levend vaccin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levend vaccin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="生ワクチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生ワクチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svekket_virus-vaksine" title="Svekket virus-vaksine – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svekket virus-vaksine" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenuacja" title="Atenuacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atenuacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus_atenuado" title="Vírus atenuado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vírus atenuado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Жива вакцина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жива вакцина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="วัคซีนเชื้อลดฤทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัคซีนเชื้อลดฤทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zay%C4%B1flat%C4%B1lm%C4%B1%C5%9F_a%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Zayıflatılmış aşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zayıflatılmış aşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%AFc-xin_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Vắc-xin sống – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vắc-xin sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E6%AF%92%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="減毒疫苗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="減毒疫苗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1810913#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Attenuated_vaccine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Attenuated_vaccine" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Attenuated_vaccine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&oldid=1240395279" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Attenuated_vaccine&id=1240395279&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAttenuated_vaccine">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAttenuated_vaccine">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Attenuated_vaccine&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Attenuated_vaccines" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1810913" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vaccine that uses a weakened form of the germ</div> An attenuated vaccine (or a live attenuated vaccine, LAV) is a <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> created by reducing the <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulence</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a>, but still keeping it viable (or "live").<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the pathogen (<a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">inactivated vaccine</a>). Attenuated vaccines stimulate a strong and effective immune response that is long-lasting.<a href="#cite_note-:132-3">[3]</a> In comparison to inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines produce a stronger and more durable immune response with a quick immunity onset.<a href="#cite_note-:52-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-6">[6]</a> They are generally avoided in pregnancy and in patients with severe immunodeficiencies.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Attenuated vaccines function by encouraging the body to create <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">memory immune cells</a> in response to the specific pathogen which the vaccine protects against.<a href="#cite_note-:02-8">[8]</a> Common examples of live attenuated vaccines are <a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">mumps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">rubella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">yellow fever</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">influenza</a> vaccines.<a href="#cite_note-:132-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attenuated_viruses">Attenuated viruses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attenuated viruses">edit</a>]</div> Viruses may be attenuated using the principles of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> with <a href="/wiki/Serial_passage" title="Serial passage">serial passage</a> of the virus through a foreign <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> species, such as:<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_culture" title="Tissue culture">Tissue culture</a></li> <li>Embryonated <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> (often chicken)</li> <li>Live animals</li></ul> The initial virus population is applied to a foreign host. Through natural <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variability" title="Genetic variability">genetic variability</a> or induced <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a>, a small percentage of the viral particles should have the capacity to infect the new host.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> These strains will continue to evolve within the new host and the virus will gradually lose its efficacy in the original host, due to lack of <a href="/wiki/Selection_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection pressure">selection pressure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> This process is known as "passage" in which the virus becomes so well adapted to the foreign host that it is no longer harmful to the subject that is to receive the vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> This makes it easier for the host immune system to eliminate the agent and create the immunological memory cells which will likely protect the patient if they are infected with a similar version of the virus in "the wild".<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> Viruses may also be <a href="/wiki/Reverse_genetics#Vaccine_synthesis" title="Reverse genetics">attenuated via reverse genetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Attenuation by genetics is also used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Oncolytic_virus" title="Oncolytic virus">oncolytic viruses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attenuated_bacteria">Attenuated bacteria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attenuated bacteria">edit</a>]</div> Bacteria is typically attenuated by passage, similar to the method used in viruses.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Gene knockout guided by reverse genetics is also used.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</div> Attenuated vaccines can be administered in a variety of ways: <ul><li>Injections: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_administration" title="Subcutaneous administration">Subcutaneous</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">measles, mumps and rubella vaccine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">varicella vaccine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">yellow fever vaccine</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:8-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">Intradermal</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">tuberculosis vaccine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">smallpox vaccine</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:8-16">[16]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mucosal: <ul><li>Nasal (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">live attenuated influenza vaccine</a>)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Oral (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral polio vaccine">oral polio vaccine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant</a> live attenuated <a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">cholera vaccine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">oral typhoid vaccine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">oral rotavirus vaccine</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:8-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-18">[18]</a></li></ul></li></ul> Oral vaccines or subcutaneous/intramuscular injection are for individuals older than 12 months. Live attenuated vaccines, with the exception of the rotavirus vaccine given at 6 weeks, is not indicated for infants younger than 9 months.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanism">edit</a>]</div> Vaccines function by encouraging the creation of immune cells, such as <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell" title="Cytotoxic T cell">CD8+</a> and <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">CD4+ T lymphocytes</a>, or molecules, such as <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a>, that are specific to the <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-8">[8]</a> The cells and molecules can either prevent or reduce infection by killing infected cells or by producing <a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">interleukins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-8">[8]</a> The specific effectors evoked can be different based on the vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-:02-8">[8]</a> Live attenuated vaccines tend to help with the production of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T-dependent antibody responses.<a href="#cite_note-:02-8">[8]</a> A vaccine is only effective for as long as the body maintains a population of these cells.<a href="#cite_note-:02-8">[8]</a> Attenuated vaccines are “weakened” versions of pathogens (virus or bacteria). They are modified so that it cannot cause harm or disease in the body but are still able to activate the immune system.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> This type of vaccine works by activating both the cellular and humoral immune responses of the adaptive immune system. When a person receives an oral or injection of the vaccine, B cells, which help make antibodies, are activated in two ways: T cell-dependent and T-cell independent activation.<a href="#cite_note-:5-21">[21]</a> In T-cell dependent activation of B cells, B cells first recognize and present the antigen on MHCII receptors. T-cells can then recognize this presentation and bind to the B cell, resulting in clonal proliferation. This also helps IgM and plasma cells production as well as immunoglobulin switching. On the other hand, T-cell independent activation of B cells is due to non-protein antigens. This can lead to production of IgM antibodies. Being able to produce a B-cell response as well as memory killer T cells is a key feature of attenuated virus vaccines that help induce a potent immunity.<a href="#cite_note-:5-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> Live-attenuated vaccines are safe and stimulate a strong and effective immune response that is long-lasting.<a href="#cite_note-:132-3">[3]</a> Given pathogens are attenuated, it is extremely rare for pathogens to revert to their pathogenic form and subsequently cause disease.<a href="#cite_note-:142-22">[22]</a> Additionally, within the five WHO-recommended live attenuated vaccines (tuberculosis, oral polio, measles, rotavirus, and yellow fever), severe adverse reactions are extremely rare.<a href="#cite_note-:142-22">[22]</a> Individuals with severely compromised immune systems (e.g., <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV-infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppressive therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_immunodeficiencies" title="Combined immunodeficiencies">combined immunodeficiencies</a>) typically should not receive live-attenuated vaccines as they may not be able to produce an adequate and safe immune response.<a href="#cite_note-:132-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:142-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-24">[24]</a> Household contacts of immunodeficient individuals are still able to receive most attenuated vaccines since there is no increased risk of infection transmission, with the exception being the oral polio vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-:3-24">[24]</a> As precaution, live-attenuated vaccines are not typically administered during <a href="/wiki/Immunization_during_pregnancy" title="Immunization during pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:142-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:04-25">[25]</a> This is due to the risk of transmission of virus between mother and fetus.<a href="#cite_note-:04-25">[25]</a> In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">varicella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">yellow fever vaccines</a> have been shown to have adverse effects on fetuses and nursing babies.<a href="#cite_note-:04-25">[25]</a> Some live attenuated vaccines have additional common, mild adverse effects due to their administration route.<a href="#cite_note-:04-25">[25]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">live attenuated influenza vaccine</a> is given nasally and is associated with nasal congestion.<a href="#cite_note-:04-25">[25]</a> Compared to <a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">inactivated vaccines</a>, live-attenuated vaccines are more prone to immunization errors as they must be kept under strict conditions during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_chain" title="Cold chain">cold chain</a> and carefully prepared (e.g., during reconstitution).<a href="#cite_note-:132-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:142-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The history of <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> development started with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">smallpox vaccine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> in the late 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-:18-26">[26]</a> Jenner discovered that inoculating a human with an animal <a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">pox virus</a> would grant immunity against <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, a disease considered to be one of the most devastating in human history.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Although the original <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">smallpox vaccine</a> is sometimes considered to be an attenuated vaccine due to its live nature, it was not strictly-speaking attenuated since it was not derived directly from smallpox. Instead, it was based on the related and milder <a href="/wiki/Cowpox" title="Cowpox">cowpox</a> disease.<a href="#cite_note-:11-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The discovery that diseases could be artificially attenuated came in the late 19th century when <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> was able to derive an attenuated strain of <a href="/wiki/Chicken_cholera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken cholera">chicken cholera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-29">[29]</a> Pasteur applied this knowledge to develop an attenuated <a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccines" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthrax vaccines">anthrax vaccine</a> and demonstrating its effectiveness in a public experiment.<a href="#cite_note-:12-31">[31]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">rabies vaccine</a> was subsequently produced by Pasteur and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Emile Roux</a> by growing the virus in rabbits and drying the affected nervous tissue.<a href="#cite_note-:12-31">[31]</a> The technique of cultivating a virus repeatedly in artificial media and isolating less <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulent</a> strains was pioneered in the early 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Calmette" title="Albert Calmette">Albert Calmette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Camille Guérin">Camille Guérin</a> who developed an attenuated <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">tuberculosis vaccine</a> called the <a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG vaccine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-26">[26]</a> This technique was later used by several teams when developing the vaccine for <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">yellow fever</a>, first by Sellards and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Laigret" title="Jean Laigret">Laigret</a>, and then by <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> and Smith.<a href="#cite_note-:18-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-32">[32]</a> The vaccine developed by Theiler and Smith proved to be hugely successful and helped establish recommended practices and regulations for many other vaccines. These include the growth of viruses in primary tissue culture (e.g., chick embryos), as opposed to animals, and the use of the seed stock system which uses the original attenuated viruses as opposed to derived viruses (done to reduce variance in vaccine development and decrease the chance of adverse effects).<a href="#cite_note-:11-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-32">[32]</a> The middle of the 20th century saw the work of many prominent virologists including <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Sabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Hilleman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">Enders</a>, and the introduction of several successful attenuated vaccines, such as those against <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">mumps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">rubella</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Advantages">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Accurately imitate natural infections.<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Are effective at evoking both strong <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell-mediated</a> immune reactions.<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-4">[4]</a></li> <li>Can elicit long-lasting or life-long immunity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Often only one or two doses are required.<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Quick immunity onset.<a href="#cite_note-:52-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Cost-effective (compared to some other health interventions).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Can have strong beneficial <a href="/wiki/Non-specific_effect_of_vaccines" title="Non-specific effect of vaccines">non-specific effects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benn132-41">[41]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Disadvantages">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In rare cases, particularly when there is inadequate vaccination of the population, natural <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> during <a href="/wiki/Viral_replication" title="Viral replication">viral replication</a>, or interference by related viruses, can cause an attenuated virus to revert to its <a href="/wiki/Wild_type" title="Wild type">wild-type</a> form or mutate to a new <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strain</a>, potentially resulting in the new virus being infectious or pathogenic.<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shimizu_20042-42">[42]</a></li> <li>Often not recommended in pregnancy or for severely <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunocompromised</a> patients due to the risk of potential complications.<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMWR20112-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Live strains typically require advanced maintenance, such as refrigeration and fresh media, making transport to remote areas difficult and costly.<a href="#cite_note-:4-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_attenuated_vaccines">List of attenuated vaccines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: List of attenuated vaccines">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currently_in-use">Currently in-use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Currently in-use">edit</a>]</div> For many of the pathogens listed below there are many vaccines, the list below simply indicates that there are one (or more) attenuated vaccines for that particular pathogen, not that all vaccines for that pathogen are attenuated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bacterial_vaccines">Bacterial vaccines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bacterial vaccines">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccines" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthrax vaccines">Anthrax vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a> vaccine<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viral_vaccines">Viral vaccines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Viral vaccines">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MR_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="MR vaccine">Measles and rubella (MR) vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-57">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">Measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-57">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Varicella vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Zoster/shingles vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_development">In development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bacterial_vaccines_2">Bacterial vaccines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bacterial vaccines">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli</a> vaccine<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viral_vaccines_2">Viral vaccines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Viral vaccines">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBadgettAuerCarmichaelParrish2002" class="citation journal cs1">Badgett, Marty R.; Auer, Alexandra; Carmichael, Leland E.; Parrish, Colin R.; Bull, James J. (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC136581">"Evolutionary Dynamics of Viral Attenuation"</a>. Journal of Virology. 76 (20): 10524–10529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.76.20.10524-10529.2002">10.1128/JVI.76.20.10524-10529.2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-538X">0022-538X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC136581">136581</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12239331">12239331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virology&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Dynamics+of+Viral+Attenuation&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=10524-10529&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC136581%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0022-538X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12239331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.76.20.10524-10529.2002&rft.aulast=Badgett&rft.aufirst=Marty+R.&rft.au=Auer%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Leland+E.&rft.au=Parrish%2C+Colin+R.&rft.au=Bull%2C+James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC136581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulendranAhmed2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pulendran, Bali; Ahmed, Rafi (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3253344">"Immunological mechanisms of vaccination"</a>. Nature Immunology. 12 (6): 509–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fni.2039">10.1038/ni.2039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-2908">1529-2908</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3253344">3253344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21739679">21739679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Immunology&rft.atitle=Immunological+mechanisms+of+vaccination&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=509-517&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3253344%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1529-2908&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21739679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fni.2039&rft.aulast=Pulendran&rft.aufirst=Bali&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Rafi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3253344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:132-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:132_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:132_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:132_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:132_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:132_3-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types">"Vaccine Types | Vaccines"</a>. www.vaccines.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523191043/https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vaccines.gov&rft.atitle=Vaccine+Types+%7C+Vaccines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaccines.gov%2Fbasics%2Ftypes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilLatasaGarcía-OnaLázaro2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gil, Carmen; Latasa, Cristina; García-Ona, Enrique; Lázaro, Isidro; Labairu, Javier; Echeverz, Maite; Burgui, Saioa; García, Begoña; Lasa, Iñigo; Solano, Cristina (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6954585">"A DIVA vaccine strain lacking RpoS and the secondary messenger c-di-GMP for protection against salmonellosis in pigs"</a>. Veterinary Research. 51 (1): 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13567-019-0730-3">10.1186/s13567-019-0730-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0928-4249">0928-4249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6954585">6954585</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31924274">31924274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Research&rft.atitle=A+DIVA+vaccine+strain+lacking+RpoS+and+the+secondary+messenger+c-di-GMP+for+protection+against+salmonellosis+in+pigs&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6954585%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0928-4249&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31924274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13567-019-0730-3&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft.au=Latasa%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Ona%2C+Enrique&rft.au=L%C3%A1zaro%2C+Isidro&rft.au=Labairu%2C+Javier&rft.au=Echeverz%2C+Maite&rft.au=Burgui%2C+Saioa&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Bego%C3%B1a&rft.au=Lasa%2C+I%C3%B1igo&rft.au=Solano%2C+Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6954585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTretyakovaLukashevichGlassWang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tretyakova, Irina; Lukashevich, Igor S.; Glass, Pamela; Wang, Eryu; Weaver, Scott; Pushko, Peter (4 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556218">"Novel Vaccine against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Combines Advantages of DNA Immunization and a Live Attenuated Vaccine"</a>. Vaccine. 31 (7): 1019–1025. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2012.12.050">10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-410X">0264-410X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556218">3556218</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23287629">23287629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccine&rft.atitle=Novel+Vaccine+against+Venezuelan+Equine+Encephalitis+Combines+Advantages+of+DNA+Immunization+and+a+Live+Attenuated+Vaccine&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1019-1025&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3556218%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0264-410X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23287629&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2012.12.050&rft.aulast=Tretyakova&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft.au=Lukashevich%2C+Igor+S.&rft.au=Glass%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Wang%2C+Eryu&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Scott&rft.au=Pushko%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3556218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZouXieLuoShan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Zou, Jing; Xie, Xuping; Luo, Huanle; Shan, Chao; Muruato, Antonio E.; Weaver, Scott C.; Wang, Tian; Shi, Pei-Yong (7 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6197676">"A single-dose plasmid-launched live-attenuated Zika vaccine induces protective immunity"</a>. eBioMedicine. 36: 92–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ebiom.2018.08.056">10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-3964">2352-3964</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6197676">6197676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30201444">30201444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eBioMedicine&rft.atitle=A+single-dose+plasmid-launched+live-attenuated+Zika+vaccine+induces+protective+immunity&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=92-102&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6197676%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2352-3964&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30201444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ebiom.2018.08.056&rft.aulast=Zou&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft.au=Xie%2C+Xuping&rft.au=Luo%2C+Huanle&rft.au=Shan%2C+Chao&rft.au=Muruato%2C+Antonio+E.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Scott+C.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Tian&rft.au=Shi%2C+Pei-Yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6197676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/immunocompetence.html">"ACIP Altered Immunocompetence Guidelines for Immunizations | CDC"</a>. www.cdc.gov. 19 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926204846/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/immunocompetence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=ACIP+Altered+Immunocompetence+Guidelines+for+Immunizations+%7C+CDC&rft.date=2023-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fhcp%2Facip-recs%2Fgeneral-recs%2Fimmunocompetence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/989157433">Plotkin's vaccines</a>. Plotkin, Stanley A., 1932-, Orenstein, Walter A.,, Offit, Paul A. (Seventh ed.). Philadelphia, PA. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-39302-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-39302-7"><bdi>978-0-323-39302-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/989157433">989157433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plotkin%27s+vaccines&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F989157433&rft.isbn=978-0-323-39302-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F989157433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanSandig2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, Ingo; Sandig, Volker (11 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014716">"Matrix and Backstage: Cellular Substrates for Viral Vaccines"</a>. Viruses. 6 (4): 1672–1700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fv6041672">10.3390/v6041672</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1999-4915">1999-4915</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014716">4014716</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24732259">24732259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viruses&rft.atitle=Matrix+and+Backstage%3A+Cellular+Substrates+for+Viral+Vaccines&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1672-1700&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4014716%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1999-4915&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24732259&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fv6041672&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft.au=Sandig%2C+Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4014716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunnallyTurulaSitrin2015" class="citation book cs1">Nunnally, Brian K.; Turula, Vincent E.; Sitrin, Robert D., eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6">Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-45024-6">10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-45023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-45023-9"><bdi>978-3-662-45023-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39542692">39542692</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125193900/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaccine+Analysis%3A+Strategies%2C+Principles%2C+and+Control&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39542692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-45024-6&rft.isbn=978-3-662-45023-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-45024-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanley2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hanley, Kathryn A. (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3314307">"The double-edged sword: How evolution can make or break a live-attenuated virus vaccine"</a>. Evolution. 4 (4): 635–643. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-011-0365-y">10.1007/s12052-011-0365-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1936-6426">1936-6426</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3314307">3314307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22468165">22468165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=The+double-edged+sword%3A+How+evolution+can+make+or+break+a+live-attenuated+virus+vaccine&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=635-643&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3314307%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1936-6426&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22468165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12052-011-0365-y&rft.aulast=Hanley&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3314307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNogalesMartínez-Sobrido2016" class="citation journal cs1">Nogales, Aitor; Martínez-Sobrido, Luis (22 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5297655">"Reverse Genetics Approaches for the Development of Influenza Vaccines"</a>. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (1): 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms18010020">10.3390/ijms18010020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1422-0067">1422-0067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5297655">5297655</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28025504">28025504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Reverse+Genetics+Approaches+for+the+Development+of+Influenza+Vaccines&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5297655%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1422-0067&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28025504&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms18010020&rft.aulast=Nogales&rft.aufirst=Aitor&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Sobrido%2C+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5297655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentry1992" class="citation journal cs1">Gentry GA (1992). "Viral thymidine kinases and their relatives". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 54 (3): 319–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0163-7258%2892%2990006-L">10.1016/0163-7258(92)90006-L</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1334563">1334563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Viral+thymidine+kinases+and+their+relatives&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-55&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0163-7258%2892%2990006-L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1334563&rft.aulast=Gentry&rft.aufirst=GA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/prinvac.pdf">"Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases"</a> (PDF). CDC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408173837/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/prinvac.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDC&rft.atitle=Immunology+and+Vaccine-Preventable+Diseases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fpubs%2Fpinkbook%2Fdownloads%2Fprinvac.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiongZhuChenZheng2017" class="citation journal cs1">Xiong, Kun; Zhu, Chunyue; Chen, Zhijin; Zheng, Chunping; Tan, Yong; Rao, Xiancai; Cong, Yanguang (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5401900">"Vi Capsular Polysaccharide Produced by Recombinant Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A Confers Immunoprotection against Infection by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi"</a>. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 7: 135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcimb.2017.00135">10.3389/fcimb.2017.00135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5401900">5401900</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28484685">28484685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Cellular+and+Infection+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Vi+Capsular+Polysaccharide+Produced+by+Recombinant+Salmonella+enterica+Serovar+Paratyphi+A+Confers+Immunoprotection+against+Infection+by+Salmonella+enterica+Serovar+Typhi&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=135&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5401900%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28484685&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffcimb.2017.00135&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Kun&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Chunyue&rft.au=Chen%2C+Zhijin&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Chunping&rft.au=Tan%2C+Yong&rft.au=Rao%2C+Xiancai&rft.au=Cong%2C+Yanguang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5401900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog2014" class="citation journal cs1">Herzog, Christian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14760584.2014.883285">"Influence of parenteral administration routes and additional factors on vaccine safety and immunogenicity: a review of recent literature"</a>. Expert Review of Vaccines. 13 (3): 399–415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1586%2F14760584.2014.883285">10.1586/14760584.2014.883285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-0584">1476-0584</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24512188">24512188</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46577849">46577849</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125193859/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14760584.2014.883285">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Review+of+Vaccines&rft.atitle=Influence+of+parenteral+administration+routes+and+additional+factors+on+vaccine+safety+and+immunogenicity%3A+a+review+of+recent+literature&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=399-415&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1476-0584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46577849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24512188&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1586%2F14760584.2014.883285&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1586%2F14760584.2014.883285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaspariniAmiciziaLaiPanatto2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gasparini, R.; Amicizia, D.; Lai, P. L.; Panatto, D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22010534">"Live attenuated influenza vaccine--a review"</a>. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 52 (3): 95–101. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1121-2233">1121-2233</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22010534">22010534</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125193859/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22010534/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Preventive+Medicine+and+Hygiene&rft.atitle=Live+attenuated+influenza+vaccine--a+review&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=95-101&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22010534&rft.issn=1121-2233&rft.aulast=Gasparini&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Amicizia%2C+D.&rft.au=Lai%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=Panatto%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F22010534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-18"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow,_W._John_W.2012" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, W. John W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/795120561">Vaccinology : Principles and Practice</a>. Sheikh, Nadeem A., Schmidt, Clint S., Davies, D. Huw. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34533-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34533-7"><bdi>978-1-118-34533-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795120561">795120561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaccinology+%3A+Principles+and+Practice.&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795120561&rft.isbn=978-1-118-34533-7&rft.au=Morrow%2C+W.+John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F795120561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rotavirus-vaccine.html">"Your Child's Immunizations: Rotavirus Vaccine (RV) (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth"</a>. kidshealth.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125193900/https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rotavirus-vaccine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kidshealth.org&rft.atitle=Your+Child%27s+Immunizations%3A+Rotavirus+Vaccine+%28RV%29+%28for+Parents%29+-+Nemours+KidsHealth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkidshealth.org%2Fen%2Fparents%2Frotavirus-vaccine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/basics/types/index.html">"Vaccine Types"</a>. HHS.gov. 26 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716125750/https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/basics/types/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HHS.gov&rft.atitle=Vaccine+Types&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hhs.gov%2Fimmunization%2Fbasics%2Ftypes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSompayrac2019" class="citation book cs1">Sompayrac, Lauren (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083261548">How the immune system works</a> (Sixth ed.). Hoboken, NJ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-54212-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-54212-4"><bdi>978-1-119-54212-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083261548">1083261548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+immune+system+works&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1083261548&rft.isbn=978-1-119-54212-4&rft.aulast=Sompayrac&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1083261548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:142-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:142_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:142_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:142_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:142_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:142_22-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vaccine-safety-training.org/live-attenuated-vaccines.html">"MODULE 2 – Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) - WHO Vaccine Safety Basics"</a>. vaccine-safety-training.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032856/https://vaccine-safety-training.org/live-attenuated-vaccines.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vaccine-safety-training.org&rft.atitle=MODULE+2+%E2%80%93+Live+attenuated+vaccines+%28LAV%29+-+WHO+Vaccine+Safety+Basics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvaccine-safety-training.org%2Flive-attenuated-vaccines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadavYadavKhurana2014" class="citation cs2">Yadav, Dinesh K.; Yadav, Neelam; Khurana, Satyendra Mohan Paul (1 January 2014), Verma, Ashish S.; Singh, Anchal (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124160026000262">"Chapter 26 - Vaccines: Present Status and Applications"</a>, Animal Biotechnology, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 491–508, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-416002-6.00026-2">10.1016/b978-0-12-416002-6.00026-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-416002-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-416002-6"><bdi>978-0-12-416002-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83112999">83112999</a>, retrieved 16 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Chapter+26+-+Vaccines%3A+Present+Status+and+Applications&rft.pages=491-508&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83112999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-416002-6.00026-2&rft.isbn=978-0-12-416002-6&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Dinesh+K.&rft.au=Yadav%2C+Neelam&rft.au=Khurana%2C+Satyendra+Mohan+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780124160026000262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobhBonilla2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sobh, Ali; Bonilla, Francisco A. (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213219816304081">"Vaccination in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders"</a>. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 4 (6): 1066–1075. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaip.2016.09.012">10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27836056">27836056</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125193907/https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(16)30408-1/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Allergy+and+Clinical+Immunology%3A+In+Practice&rft.atitle=Vaccination+in+Primary+Immunodeficiency+Disorders&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1066-1075&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaip.2016.09.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27836056&rft.aulast=Sobh&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Bonilla%2C+Francisco+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2213219816304081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_25-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuDuffyShimabukuro2019" class="citation cs2">Su, John R.; Duffy, Jonathan; Shimabukuro, Tom T. (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978032355435000001X">"Vaccine Safety"</a>, Vaccinations, Elsevier, pp. 1–24, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-55435-0.00001-x">10.1016/b978-0-323-55435-0.00001-x</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-55435-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-55435-0"><bdi>978-0-323-55435-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239378645">239378645</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125173506/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032355435000001X?via%3Dihub">archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023, retrieved 17 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccinations&rft.atitle=Vaccine+Safety&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239378645%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-55435-0.00001-x&rft.isbn=978-0-323-55435-0&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Duffy%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Shimabukuro%2C+Tom+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FB978032355435000001X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlotkin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Plotkin, Stanley (26 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4151719">"History of vaccination"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (34): 12283–12287. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..11112283P">2014PNAS..11112283P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1400472111">10.1073/pnas.1400472111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4151719">4151719</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25136134">25136134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=History+of+vaccination&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=12283-12287&rft.date=2014-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4151719%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PNAS..11112283P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25136134&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1400472111&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft.aulast=Plotkin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4151719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyler2003" class="citation journal cs1">Eyler, John M. (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2143(03)00102-1">"Smallpox in history: the birth, death, and impact of a dread disease"</a>. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 142 (4): 216–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0022-2143%2803%2900102-1">10.1016/s0022-2143(03)00102-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2143">0022-2143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14625526">14625526</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125173506/https://www.translationalres.com/article/S0022-2143(03)00102-1/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Laboratory+and+Clinical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Smallpox+in+history%3A+the+birth%2C+death%2C+and+impact+of+a+dread+disease&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=216-220&rft.date=2003-10&rft.issn=0022-2143&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14625526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0022-2143%2803%2900102-1&rft.aulast=Eyler&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2FS0022-2143%2803%2900102-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThèvesCrubézyBiagini2016" class="citation cs2">Thèves, Catherine; Crubézy, Eric; Biagini, Philippe (15 September 2016), Drancourt; Raoult (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asmscience.org/content/book/10.1128/9781555819170.chap16">"History of Smallpox and Its Spread in Human Populations"</a>, Paleomicrobiology of Humans, vol. 4, no. 4, American Society of Microbiology, pp. 161–172, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmicrobiolspec.poh-0004-2014">10.1128/microbiolspec.poh-0004-2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-916-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-916-3"><bdi>978-1-55581-916-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27726788">27726788</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125193904/https://asm.org/a/ASMScience">archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023, retrieved 14 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleomicrobiology+of+Humans&rft.atitle=History+of+Smallpox+and+Its+Spread+in+Human+Populations&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=161-172&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27726788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fmicrobiolspec.poh-0004-2014&rft.isbn=978-1-55581-916-3&rft.aulast=Th%C3%A8ves&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Crub%C3%A9zy%2C+Eric&rft.au=Biagini%2C+Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asmscience.org%2Fcontent%2Fbook%2F10.1128%2F9781555819170.chap16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalinskiSraHaynesNaspinski2015" class="citation cs2">Galinski, Mark S.; Sra, Kuldip; Haynes, John I.; Naspinski, Jennifer (2015), Nunnally, Brian K.; Turula, Vincent E.; Sitrin, Robert D. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6_1">"Live Attenuated Viral Vaccines"</a>, Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1–44, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-45024-6_1">10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6_1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-45024-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-45024-6"><bdi>978-3-662-45024-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125173510/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6_1">archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023, retrieved 14 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccine+Analysis%3A+Strategies%2C+Principles%2C+and+Control&rft.atitle=Live+Attenuated+Viral+Vaccines&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-45024-6_1&rft.isbn=978-3-662-45024-6&rft.aulast=Galinski&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft.au=Sra%2C+Kuldip&rft.au=Haynes%2C+John+I.&rft.au=Naspinski%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-45024-6_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinor2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Minor, Philip D. (1 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.virol.2015.03.032">"Live attenuated vaccines: Historical successes and current challenges"</a>. Virology. 479–480: 379–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.virol.2015.03.032">10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-6822">0042-6822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25864107">25864107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virology&rft.atitle=Live+attenuated+vaccines%3A+Historical+successes+and+current+challenges&rft.volume=479-480&rft.pages=379-392&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft.issn=0042-6822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25864107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.virol.2015.03.032&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.virol.2015.03.032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, M. (7 July 2008). "The life and works of Louis Pasteur". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91 (4): 597–601. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2001.01495.x">10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01495.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5072">1364-5072</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11576293">11576293</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39020116">39020116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+life+and+works+of+Louis+Pasteur&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597-601&rft.date=2008-07-07&rft.issn=1364-5072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39020116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11576293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2001.01495.x&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrierson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Frierson, J. Gordon (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892770">"The Yellow Fever Vaccine: A History"</a>. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 83 (2): 77–85. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-0086">0044-0086</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892770">2892770</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20589188">20589188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Journal+of+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Yellow+Fever+Vaccine%3A+A+History&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-85&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2892770%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0044-0086&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20589188&rft.aulast=Frierson&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2892770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShampoKyleSteensma2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shampo, Marc A.; Kyle, Robert A.; Steensma, David P. (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3127575">"Albert Sabin—Conqueror of Poliomyelitis"</a>. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86 (7): e44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4065%2Fmcp.2011.0345">10.4065/mcp.2011.0345</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-6196">0025-6196</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3127575">3127575</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21719614">21719614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Albert+Sabin%E2%80%94Conqueror+of+Poliomyelitis&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e44&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3127575%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0025-6196&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21719614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4065%2Fmcp.2011.0345&rft.aulast=Shampo&rft.aufirst=Marc+A.&rft.au=Kyle%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Steensma%2C+David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3127575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Laura (30 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC557162">"Maurice Hilleman"</a>. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 330 (7498): 1028. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.330.7498.1028">10.1136/bmj.330.7498.1028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138">0959-8138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC557162">557162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ%3A+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Maurice+Hilleman&rft.volume=330&rft.issue=7498&rft.pages=1028&rft.date=2005-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC557162%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0959-8138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.330.7498.1028&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC557162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2009" class="citation book cs1">Katz, S. L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19198559/">"John F. Enders and Measles Virus Vaccine—a Reminiscence"</a>. Measles. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 329. pp. 3–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-70523-9_1">10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-70522-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-70522-2"><bdi>978-3-540-70522-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0070-217X">0070-217X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19198559">19198559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2884917">2884917</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127194814/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19198559/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+F.+Enders+and+Measles+Virus+Vaccine%E2%80%94a+Reminiscence&rft.btitle=Measles&rft.series=Current+Topics+in+Microbiology+and+Immunology&rft.pages=3-11&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2884917%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-70523-9_1&rft.issn=0070-217X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19198559&rft.isbn=978-3-540-70522-2&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19198559%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlotkin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Plotkin, Stanley A. (1 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F505950">"The History of Rubella and Rubella Vaccination Leading to Elimination"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (Supplement_3): S164–S168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F505950">10.1086/505950</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-4838">1058-4838</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16998777">16998777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Rubella+and+Rubella+Vaccination+Leading+to+Elimination&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=Supplement_3&rft.pages=S164-S168&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.issn=1058-4838&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16998777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F505950&rft.aulast=Plotkin&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F505950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadavYadavKhurana2014" class="citation cs2">Yadav, Dinesh K.; Yadav, Neelam; Khurana, Satyendra Mohan Paul (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780124160026000262">"Vaccines"</a>, Animal Biotechnology, Elsevier, pp. 491–508, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-416002-6.00026-2">10.1016/b978-0-12-416002-6.00026-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-416002-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-416002-6"><bdi>978-0-12-416002-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83112999">83112999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125193905/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124160026000262?via%3Dihub">archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023, retrieved 9 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Vaccines&rft.pages=491-508&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83112999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-416002-6.00026-2&rft.isbn=978-0-12-416002-6&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Dinesh+K.&rft.au=Yadav%2C+Neelam&rft.au=Khurana%2C+Satyendra+Mohan+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FB9780124160026000262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_38-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetterDenizerFriedlandKrishnan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Vetter, Volker; Denizer, Gülhan; Friedland, Leonard R.; Krishnan, Jyothsna; Shapiro, Marla (17 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07853890.2017.1407035">"Understanding modern-day vaccines: what you need to know"</a>. Annals of Medicine. 50 (2): 110–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07853890.2017.1407035">10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0785-3890">0785-3890</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29172780">29172780</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25514266">25514266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Understanding+modern-day+vaccines%3A+what+you+need+to+know&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-120&rft.date=2018-02-17&rft.issn=0785-3890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25514266%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29172780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07853890.2017.1407035&rft.aulast=Vetter&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft.au=Denizer%2C+G%C3%BClhan&rft.au=Friedland%2C+Leonard+R.&rft.au=Krishnan%2C+Jyothsna&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Marla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F07853890.2017.1407035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinor2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Minor, Philip D. (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.virol.2015.03.032">"Live attenuated vaccines: Historical successes and current challenges"</a>. Virology. 479–480: 379–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.virol.2015.03.032">10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-0341">1096-0341</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25864107">25864107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virology&rft.atitle=Live+attenuated+vaccines%3A+Historical+successes+and+current+challenges&rft.volume=479-480&rft.pages=379-392&rft.date=2015-05&rft.issn=1096-0341&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25864107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.virol.2015.03.032&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.virol.2015.03.032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakSaunders2006" class="citation cs2">Mak, Tak W.; Saunders, Mary E. (1 January 2006), Mak, Tak W.; Saunders, Mary E. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120884513500259">"23 - Vaccines and Clinical Immunization"</a>, The Immune Response, Burlington: Academic Press, pp. 695–749, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088451-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088451-3"><bdi>978-0-12-088451-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 14 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Immune+Response&rft.atitle=23+-+Vaccines+and+Clinical+Immunization&rft.pages=695-749&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-12-088451-3&rft.aulast=Mak&rft.aufirst=Tak+W.&rft.au=Saunders%2C+Mary+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780120884513500259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benn132-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Benn132_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennNeteaSelinAaby2013" class="citation journal cs1">Benn, Christine S.; Netea, Mihai G.; Selin, Liisa K.; Aaby, Peter (September 2013). "A small jab – a big effect: nonspecific immunomodulation by vaccines". <a href="/wiki/Trends_in_Immunology" class="mw-redirect" title="Trends in Immunology">Trends in Immunology</a>. 34 (9): 431–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.it.2013.04.004">10.1016/j.it.2013.04.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23680130">23680130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Immunology&rft.atitle=A+small+jab+%E2%80%93+a+big+effect%3A+nonspecific+immunomodulation+by+vaccines&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=431-439&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.it.2013.04.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23680130&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=Christine+S.&rft.au=Netea%2C+Mihai+G.&rft.au=Selin%2C+Liisa+K.&rft.au=Aaby%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shimizu_20042-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Shimizu_20042_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimizuThorleyPaladin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Shimizu H, Thorley B, Paladin FJ, et al. (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC533948">"Circulation of type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus in the Philippines in 2001"</a>. J. Virol. 78 (24): 13512–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.78.24.13512-13521.2004">10.1128/JVI.78.24.13512-13521.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC533948">533948</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15564462">15564462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Virol.&rft.atitle=Circulation+of+type+1+vaccine-derived+poliovirus+in+the+Philippines+in+2001&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=13512-21&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC533948%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15564462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.78.24.13512-13521.2004&rft.aulast=Shimizu&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Thorley%2C+B&rft.au=Paladin%2C+FJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC533948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMWR20112-43"><a href="#cite_ref-MMWR20112_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrogerCiro_V._SumayaLarry_K._PickeringWilliam_L._Atkinson2011" class="citation news cs1">Kroger, Andrew T.; Ciro V. Sumaya; Larry K. Pickering; William L. Atkinson (28 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6002a1.htm?s_cid=rr6002a1_e">"General Recommendations on Immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)"</a>. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710182317/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6002a1.htm?s_cid=rr6002a1_e">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report+%28MMWR%29&rft.atitle=General+Recommendations+on+Immunization%3A+Recommendations+of+the+Advisory+Committee+on+Immunization+Practices+%28ACIP%29&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft.aulast=Kroger&rft.aufirst=Andrew+T.&rft.au=Ciro+V.+Sumaya&rft.au=Larry+K.+Pickering&rft.au=William+L.+Atkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2Frr6002a1.htm%3Fs_cid%3Drr6002a1_e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheukChiangLeeChan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cheuk, Daniel KL; Chiang, Alan KS; Lee, Tsz Leung; Chan, Godfrey CF; Ha, Shau Yin (16 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org//10.1002/14651858.CD006505.pub2">"Vaccines for prophylaxis of viral infections in patients with hematological malignancies"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD006505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd006505.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd006505.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21412895">21412895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Vaccines+for+prophylaxis+of+viral+infections+in+patients+with+hematological+malignancies&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD006505&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft.issn=1465-1858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21412895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd006505.pub2&rft.aulast=Cheuk&rft.aufirst=Daniel+KL&rft.au=Chiang%2C+Alan+KS&rft.au=Lee%2C+Tsz+Leung&rft.au=Chan%2C+Godfrey+CF&rft.au=Ha%2C+Shau+Yin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD006505.pub2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2011" class="citation journal cs1">Levine, Myron M. (30 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X1101886X">""IDEAL" vaccines for resource poor settings"</a>. Vaccine. Smallpox Eradication after 30 Years: Lessons, Legacies and Innovations. 29: D116–D125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2011.11.090">10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-410X">0264-410X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22486974">22486974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccine&rft.atitle=%22IDEAL%22+vaccines+for+resource+poor+settings&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=D116-D125&rft.date=2011-12-30&rft.issn=0264-410X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22486974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2011.11.090&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Myron+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0264410X1101886X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoneganBellamyGamble2009" class="citation journal cs1">Donegan, Sarah; Bellamy, Richard; Gamble, Carrol L (15 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6532564">"Vaccines for preventing anthrax"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (2): CD006403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd006403.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd006403.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6532564">6532564</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19370633">19370633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Vaccines+for+preventing+anthrax&rft.volume=2009&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD006403&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6532564%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1465-1858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19370633&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd006403.pub2&rft.aulast=Donegan&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Bellamy%2C+Richard&rft.au=Gamble%2C+Carrol+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6532564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2018" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Jason B (15 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188552">"Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development"</a>. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 218 (Suppl 3): S141–S146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjiy414">10.1093/infdis/jiy414</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1899">0022-1899</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188552">6188552</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30184117">30184117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Cholera%3A+Immunity+and+Prospects+in+Vaccine+Development&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=S141-S146&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6188552%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0022-1899&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30184117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjiy414&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Jason+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6188552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermaTuteja2016" class="citation journal cs1">Verma, Shailendra Kumar; Tuteja, Urmil (14 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5155008">"Plague Vaccine Development: Current Research and Future Trends"</a>. Frontiers in Immunology. 7: 602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2016.00602">10.3389/fimmu.2016.00602</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-3224">1664-3224</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5155008">5155008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28018363">28018363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Immunology&rft.atitle=Plague+Vaccine+Development%3A+Current+Research+and+Future+Trends&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=602&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5155008%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-3224&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28018363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffimmu.2016.00602&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Shailendra+Kumar&rft.au=Tuteja%2C+Urmil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5155008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdeyOkomoOyo-Ita2018" class="citation journal cs1">Odey, Friday; Okomo, Uduak; Oyo-Ita, Angela (5 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6517230">"Vaccines for preventing invasive salmonella infections in people with sickle cell disease"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 (4): CD006975. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd006975.pub4">10.1002/14651858.cd006975.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6517230">6517230</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30521695">30521695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Vaccines+for+preventing+invasive+salmonella+infections+in+people+with+sickle+cell+disease&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD006975&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6517230%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1465-1858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30521695&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd006975.pub4&rft.aulast=Odey&rft.aufirst=Friday&rft.au=Okomo%2C+Uduak&rft.au=Oyo-Ita%2C+Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6517230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchragerHarrisVekemans2019" class="citation journal cs1">Schrager, Lewis K.; Harris, Rebecca C.; Vekemans, Johan (24 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6305224">"Research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines: a review"</a>. F1000Research. 7: 1732. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.16521.2">10.12688/f1000research.16521.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402">2046-1402</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6305224">6305224</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30613395">30613395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=F1000Research&rft.atitle=Research+and+development+of+new+tuberculosis+vaccines%3A+a+review&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=1732&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6305224%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2046-1402&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30613395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12688%2Ff1000research.16521.2&rft.aulast=Schrager&rft.aufirst=Lewis+K.&rft.au=Harris%2C+Rebecca+C.&rft.au=Vekemans%2C+Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6305224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeiringGiubiliniSavulescuPitzer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Meiring, James E; Giubilini, Alberto; Savulescu, Julian; Pitzer, Virginia E; Pollard, Andrew J (1 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6792111">"Generating the Evidence for Typhoid Vaccine Introduction: Considerations for Global Disease Burden Estimates and Vaccine Testing Through Human Challenge"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 69 (Suppl 5): S402–S407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciz630">10.1093/cid/ciz630</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-4838">1058-4838</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6792111">6792111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31612941">31612941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Generating+the+Evidence+for+Typhoid+Vaccine+Introduction%3A+Considerations+for+Global+Disease+Burden+Estimates+and+Vaccine+Testing+Through+Human+Challenge&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=Suppl+5&rft.pages=S402-S407&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6792111%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1058-4838&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31612941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciz630&rft.aulast=Meiring&rft.aufirst=James+E&rft.au=Giubilini%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Savulescu%2C+Julian&rft.au=Pitzer%2C+Virginia+E&rft.au=Pollard%2C+Andrew+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6792111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffersonRivettiDi_PietrantonjDemicheli2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jefferson, Tom; Rivetti, Alessandro; Di Pietrantonj, Carlo; Demicheli, Vittorio (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6491174">"Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (2): CD004879. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd004879.pub5">10.1002/14651858.cd004879.pub5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6491174">6491174</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29388195">29388195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Vaccines+for+preventing+influenza+in+healthy+children&rft.volume=2018&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD004879&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6491174%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1465-1858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29388195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd004879.pub5&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Rivetti%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Di+Pietrantonj%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Demicheli%2C+Vittorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6491174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYunLee2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yun, Sang-Im; Lee, Young-Min (1 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4185882">"Japanese encephalitis"</a>. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 10 (2): 263–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fhv.26902">10.4161/hv.26902</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2164-5515">2164-5515</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4185882">4185882</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24161909">24161909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Vaccines+%26+Immunotherapeutics&rft.atitle=Japanese+encephalitis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=263-279&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4185882%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2164-5515&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24161909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fhv.26902&rft.aulast=Yun&rft.aufirst=Sang-Im&rft.au=Lee%2C+Young-Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4185882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Griffin, Diane E. (1 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5863094">"Measles Vaccine"</a>. Viral Immunology. 31 (2): 86–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fvim.2017.0143">10.1089/vim.2017.0143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-8245">0882-8245</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5863094">5863094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29256824">29256824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viral+Immunology&rft.atitle=Measles+Vaccine&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=86-95&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5863094%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0882-8245&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29256824&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fvim.2017.0143&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Diane+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5863094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuChangChen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Su, Shih-Bin; Chang, Hsiao-Liang; Chen, And Kow-Tong (5 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7084951">"Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (5): 1686. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17051686">10.3390/ijerph17051686</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601">1660-4601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7084951">7084951</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32150969">32150969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Current+Status+of+Mumps+Virus+Infection%3A+Epidemiology%2C+Pathogenesis%2C+and+Vaccine&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1686&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7084951%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32150969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph17051686&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=Shih-Bin&rft.au=Chang%2C+Hsiao-Liang&rft.au=Chen%2C+And+Kow-Tong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7084951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/MMR_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf">"Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions – Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccines"</a> (PDF). World Health Organization Information Sheet. May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095809/https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/MMR_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization+Information+Sheet&rft.atitle=Observed+Rate+of+Vaccine+Reactions+%E2%80%93+Measles%2C+Mumps+and+Rubella+Vaccines&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fvaccine_safety%2Finitiative%2Ftools%2FMMR_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_PietrantonjRivettiMarchioneDebalini2020" class="citation journal cs1">Di Pietrantonj, Carlo; Rivetti, Alessandro; Marchione, Pasquale; Debalini, Maria Grazia; Demicheli, Vittorio (20 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169657">"Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD004407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004407.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X">1469-493X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169657">7169657</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32309885">32309885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Vaccines+for+measles%2C+mumps%2C+rubella%2C+and+varicella+in+children&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD004407&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7169657%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-493X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32309885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004407.pub4&rft.aulast=Di+Pietrantonj&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft.au=Rivetti%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Marchione%2C+Pasquale&rft.au=Debalini%2C+Maria+Grazia&rft.au=Demicheli%2C+Vittorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7169657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyayGaronSeibOrenstein2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bandyopadhyay, Ananda S.; Garon, Julie; Seib, Katherine; Orenstein, Walter A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2217%2Ffmb.15.19">"Polio vaccination: past, present and future"</a>. Future Microbiology. 10 (5): 791–808. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2217%2Ffmb.15.19">10.2217/fmb.15.19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-0921">1746-0921</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25824845">25824845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Polio+vaccination%3A+past%2C+present+and+future&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=791-808&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1746-0921&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25824845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2217%2Ffmb.15.19&rft.aulast=Bandyopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Ananda+S.&rft.au=Garon%2C+Julie&rft.au=Seib%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Orenstein%2C+Walter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2217%252Ffmb.15.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruijning-VerhagenGroome2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bruijning-Verhagen, Patricia; Groome, Michelle (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28383393">"Rotavirus Vaccine: Current Use and Future Considerations"</a>. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 36 (7): 676–678. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FINF.0000000000001594">10.1097/INF.0000000000001594</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1532-0987">1532-0987</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28383393">28383393</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41278475">41278475</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125194530/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28383393/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pediatric+Infectious+Disease+Journal&rft.atitle=Rotavirus+Vaccine%3A+Current+Use+and+Future+Considerations&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=676-678&rft.date=2017-07&rft.issn=1532-0987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41278475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28383393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FINF.0000000000001594&rft.aulast=Bruijning-Verhagen&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Groome%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F28383393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambertStrebelOrensteinIcenogle2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lambert, Nathaniel; Strebel, Peter; Orenstein, Walter; Icenogle, Joseph; Poland, Gregory A. (6 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4514442">"Rubella"</a>. Lancet. 385 (9984): 2297–2307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2960539-0">10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60539-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4514442">4514442</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25576992">25576992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Rubella&rft.volume=385&rft.issue=9984&rft.pages=2297-2307&rft.date=2015-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4514442%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25576992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2960539-0&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft.au=Strebel%2C+Peter&rft.au=Orenstein%2C+Walter&rft.au=Icenogle%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Poland%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4514442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoigtKennedyPoland2016" class="citation journal cs1">Voigt, Emily A.; Kennedy, Richard B.; Poland, Gregory A. (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003177">"Defending against smallpox: a focus on vaccines"</a>. Expert Review of Vaccines. 15 (9): 1197–1211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14760584.2016.1175305">10.1080/14760584.2016.1175305</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-8395">1744-8395</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003177">5003177</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27049653">27049653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Review+of+Vaccines&rft.atitle=Defending+against+smallpox%3A+a+focus+on+vaccines&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1197-1211&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5003177%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1744-8395&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27049653&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14760584.2016.1175305&rft.aulast=Voigt&rft.aufirst=Emily+A.&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Poland%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5003177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarinMartiKambhampatiJeram2016" class="citation journal cs1">Marin, Mona; Marti, Melanie; Kambhampati, Anita; Jeram, Stanley M.; Seward, Jane F. (1 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2015-3741">"Global Varicella Vaccine Effectiveness: A Meta-analysis"</a>. Pediatrics. 137 (3): e20153741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2015-3741">10.1542/peds.2015-3741</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-4275">1098-4275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26908671">26908671</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25263970">25263970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Global+Varicella+Vaccine+Effectiveness%3A+A+Meta-analysis&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e20153741&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.issn=1098-4275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25263970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26908671&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2015-3741&rft.aulast=Marin&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft.au=Marti%2C+Melanie&rft.au=Kambhampati%2C+Anita&rft.au=Jeram%2C+Stanley+M.&rft.au=Seward%2C+Jane+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1542%252Fpeds.2015-3741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonathVasconcelos2015" class="citation journal cs1">Monath, Thomas P.; Vasconcelos, Pedro F. C. (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25453327">"Yellow fever"</a>. Journal of Clinical Virology. 64: 160–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcv.2014.08.030">10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-5967">1873-5967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25453327">25453327</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5124080">5124080</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125194530/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25453327/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Virology&rft.atitle=Yellow+fever&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=160-173&rft.date=2015-03&rft.issn=1873-5967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5124080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25453327&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcv.2014.08.030&rft.aulast=Monath&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft.au=Vasconcelos%2C+Pedro+F.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F25453327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmader2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schmader, Kenneth (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30083718/">"Herpes Zoster"</a>. Annals of Internal Medicine. 169 (3): ITC19–ITC31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2FAITC201808070">10.7326/AITC201808070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1539-3704">1539-3704</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30083718">30083718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51926613">51926613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024134519/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30083718/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Herpes+Zoster&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=ITC19-ITC31&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.issn=1539-3704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51926613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30083718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2FAITC201808070&rft.aulast=Schmader&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F30083718%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirhoseiniAmaniNazarian2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mirhoseini, Ali; Amani, Jafar; Nazarian, Shahram (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29474827/">"Review on pathogenicity mechanism of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and vaccines against it"</a>. Microbial Pathogenesis. 117: 162–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.micpath.2018.02.032">10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-1208">1096-1208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29474827">29474827</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123231903/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29474827/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbial+Pathogenesis&rft.atitle=Review+on+pathogenicity+mechanism+of+enterotoxigenic+Escherichia+coli+and+vaccines+against+it&rft.volume=117&rft.pages=162-169&rft.date=2018-04&rft.issn=1096-1208&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29474827&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.micpath.2018.02.032&rft.aulast=Mirhoseini&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Amani%2C+Jafar&rft.au=Nazarian%2C+Shahram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F29474827%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubinskiBeichtGerlachVolz2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kubinski, Mareike; Beicht, Jana; Gerlach, Thomas; Volz, Asisa; Sutter, Gerd; Rimmelzwaan, Guus F. (12 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7564546">"Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Quest for Better Vaccines against a Virus on the Rise"</a>. Vaccines. 8 (3): 451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fvaccines8030451">10.3390/vaccines8030451</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-393X">2076-393X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7564546">7564546</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32806696">32806696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccines&rft.atitle=Tick-Borne+Encephalitis+Virus%3A+A+Quest+for+Better+Vaccines+against+a+Virus+on+the+Rise&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=451&rft.date=2020-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7564546%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2076-393X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32806696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fvaccines8030451&rft.aulast=Kubinski&rft.aufirst=Mareike&rft.au=Beicht%2C+Jana&rft.au=Gerlach%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Volz%2C+Asisa&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Gerd&rft.au=Rimmelzwaan%2C+Guus+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7564546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04619628">"Safety and Immunogenicity of COVI-VAC, a Live Attenuated Vaccine Against COVID-19"</a>. ClinicalTrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001432/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04619628">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClinicalTrials.gov&rft.atitle=Safety+and+Immunogenicity+of+COVI-VAC%2C+a+Live+Attenuated+Vaccine+Against+COVID-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclinicaltrials.gov%2Fct2%2Fshow%2FNCT04619628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttenuated+vaccine" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q1810913" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q1810913">attenuated vaccine (Q1810913)</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070604164605/http://www.polioeradication.org/vaccines.asp">Global Polio Eradication Initiative: Advantages and Disadvantages of Vaccine Types</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/vaccination/nasalspray_qa.htm">CDC H1N1 Flu / 2009 H1N1 Nasal Spray Vaccine Q&A</a> at the website of the US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/19px-Sida-aids.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/29px-Sida-aids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/38px-Sida-aids.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses" title="Portal:Viruses">Viruses</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaccines" title="Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaccines" title="Template talk:Vaccines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity" title="Artificial induction of immunity">Artificial induction of immunity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" title="Peptide vaccine">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a>#</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a>#</li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a>#</li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/ researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810913#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4391579-6">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&oldid=1240395279">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&oldid=1240395279</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vaccination" title="Category:Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virology" title="Category:Virology">Virology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Live_vaccines" title="Category:Live vaccines">Live vaccines</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2023">Use dmy dates from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 August 2024, at 05:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attenuated_vaccine&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fr84h","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.186","walltime":"1.323","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5205,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":220374,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1915,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":307512,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1167.050 1 -total"," 61.56% 718.418 1 Template:Reflist"," 41.01% 478.571 48 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.66% 112.760 1 Template:Vaccines"," 7.52% 87.750 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.00% 58.384 6 Template:Citation"," 4.69% 54.682 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.39% 51.215 1 Template:Scholia"," 4.16% 48.584 1 Template:Side_box"," 3.84% 44.869 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.739","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5902244,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-67nx9","timestamp":"20241122142711","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Attenuated vaccine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attenuated_vaccine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1810913","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1810913","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-05-22T21:45:54Z","dateModified":"2024-08-15T05:08:11Z","headline":"vaccine that uses a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease"}</script> </body> </html>