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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Molecular_asymmetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_asymmetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Molecular asymmetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_asymmetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermentation_and_germ_theory_of_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentation_and_germ_theory_of_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Fermentation and germ theory of diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentation_and_germ_theory_of_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spontaneous_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spontaneous_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Spontaneous generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spontaneous_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silkworm_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silkworm_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Silkworm disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silkworm_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_errors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_errors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Initial errors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_errors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victory_over_pébrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victory_over_pébrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Victory over pébrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victory_over_pébrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flacherie_resists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flacherie_resists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Flacherie resists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flacherie_resists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immunology_and_vaccination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunology_and_vaccination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Immunology and vaccination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunology_and_vaccination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chicken_cholera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicken_cholera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Chicken cholera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicken_cholera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthrax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthrax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Anthrax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthrax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swine_erysipelas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swine_erysipelas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Swine erysipelas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swine_erysipelas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.4 Rabies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Fermentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthrax_vaccine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthrax_vaccine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Anthrax vaccine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthrax_vaccine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Experimental ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Awards and honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pasteur_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pasteur_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pasteur Institute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pasteur_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Faith_and_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faith_and_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Faith and spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faith_and_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Louis Pasteur</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 159 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" > 159 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%89%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8D%93%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B4" title="ሉዊ ፓስቴ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሉዊ ፓስቴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لويس باستور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس باستور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%27%E0%A7%B0" title="লুই পেষ্ট'ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লুই পেষ্ট'ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_Paster" title="Lui Paster – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lui Paster" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لویی پاستور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لویی پاستور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="লুই পাস্তুর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুই পাস্তুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Луі Пастэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луі Пастэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Люі Пастэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Люі Пастэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Луи Пастьор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луи Пастьор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81" title="Λουί Παστέρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουί Παστέρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لویی پاستور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لویی پاستور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%88_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%B0" title="લૂઈ પાશ્ચર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લૂઈ પાશ્ચર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%ED%8C%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%87%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="루이 파스퇴르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이 파스퇴르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Լուի Պաստյոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի Պաստյոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="לואי פסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי פסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲೂಯಿಸ್ ಪಾಶ್ಚರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೂಯಿಸ್ ಪಾಶ್ಚರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლუი პასტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი პასტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Pasteur" title="Ludovicus Pasteur – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luijs_Past%C4%93rs" title="Luijs Pastērs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luijs Pastērs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lu%27is._pastyr." title="lu'is. pastyr. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lu'is. pastyr." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луј Пастер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луј Пастер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BC" title="ലൂയി പാസ്ചർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂയി പാസ്ചർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पाश्चर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लुई पाश्चर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლუი პასტერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუი პასტერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لوى باستور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوى باستور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لویی پاستور – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لویی پاستور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%85%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="လူးဝစ် ပါစချာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူးဝစ် ပါစချာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%B9%E3%83%84%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ルイ・パスツール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ・パスツール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер, Луи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пастер, Луи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuwii_Paaster" title="Luuwii Paaster – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Luuwii Paaster" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0" title="ਲੁਈ ਪਾਸਚਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੁਈ ਪਾਸਚਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%86%D8%B1" title="لوئی پاسچر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوئی پاسچر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1" title="لوی پاسټر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوی پاسټر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луі Пастер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Луі Пастер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер, Луи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пастер, Луи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер Луи – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пастер Луи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luyi_pasete" title="Luyi pasete – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Luyi pasete" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D" title="लूयी पास्तग् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लूयी पास्तग्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱥᱪᱚᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱥᱪᱚᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_Past%C3%ABr" title="Lui Pastër – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lui Pastër" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="ලුවී පාස්චර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලුවී පාස්චර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="لوی پاستێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لوی پاستێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луј Пастер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луј Пастер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இலூயி பாசுச்சர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலூயி பாசுச்சர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwis_Pastur" title="Lwis Pastur – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lwis Pastur" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="లూయీ పాశ్చర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లూయీ పాశ్చర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="หลุยส์ ปาสเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลุยส์ ปาสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲೂಯಿ ಪ್ಯಾಶ್ಚರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲೂಯಿ ಪ್ಯಾಶ್ಚರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луї Пастер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луї Пастер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%86%D8%B1" title="لوئیس پاسچر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئیس پاسچر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paster_Lui" title="Paster Lui – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Paster Lui" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteuri_Louis" title="Pasteuri Louis – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pasteuri Louis" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="巴斯特 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴斯特" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴斯德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易·巴斯德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="לואי פאסטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לואי פאסטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴士德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路易·巴士德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loj%C4%97_Pasters" title="Lojė Pasters – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lojė Pasters" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴斯德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易·巴斯德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French chemist, pharmacist and microbiologist (1822–1895)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pasteur" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pasteur (disambiguation)">Pasteur (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Louis Pasteur</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur,_foto_av_Paul_Nadar,_Crisco_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/250px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/330px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/500px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="3292" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Nadar" title="Nadar">Nadar</a>, 1895</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1822-12-27)27 December 1822 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Dole,_Jura" title="Dole, Jura">Dole</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 September 1895(1895-09-28) (aged 72) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Marnes-la-Coquette" title="Marnes-la-Coquette">Marnes-la-Coquette</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax vaccine</a> <a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera vaccine</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies vaccine</a> <a href="/wiki/Chirality" title="Chirality">Chirality</a> <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">Dextran</a> <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_theory" title="Fermentation theory">Fermentation theory</a> <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_resolution" title="Kinetic resolution">Kinetic resolution</a> <a href="/wiki/Koch%E2%80%93Pasteur_rivalry" title="Koch–Pasteur rivalry">Koch–Pasteur rivalry</a> <a href="/wiki/Liebig%E2%80%93Pasteur_dispute" title="Liebig–Pasteur dispute">Liebig–Pasteur dispute</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_effect" title="Pasteur effect">Pasteur effect</a> <a href="/wiki/Eye_dropper" title="Eye dropper">Pasteur pipette</a> <a href="/wiki/Chamberland_filter" title="Chamberland filter">Pasteur–Chamberland filter</a> <a href="/wiki/Racemic_acid" title="Racemic acid">Racemic acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a> <a href="/wiki/Swan_neck_flask" title="Swan neck flask">Swan neck flask</a> <a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <a href="/wiki/Zymology" title="Zymology">Zymology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Laurent" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Laurent">Marie Laurent</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1849)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honor Grand Cross</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_for_Therapeutics_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeuwenhoek_Medal" title="Leeuwenhoek Medal">Leeuwenhoek Medal</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Order of the Medjidie</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" />Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École Normale Supérieure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Friedel" title="Charles Friedel">Charles Friedel</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg/150px-Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg/225px-Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg/300px-Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Louis Pasteur <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈluːi pæˈstɜːr/</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lwi pastœʁ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5c\/Fr-Louis_Pasteur.wav\/Fr-Louis_Pasteur.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Louis Pasteur.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Fr-Louis_Pasteur.wav/Fr-Louis_Pasteur.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Louis_Pasteur.wav" title="File:Fr-Louis Pasteur.wav">ⓘ</a>; 27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microbiologist" title="Microbiologist">microbiologist</a> renowned for his discoveries of the principles of <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">microbial fermentation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a>, the last of which was named after him. His research in chemistry led to remarkable breakthroughs in the understanding of the causes and preventions of <a href="/wiki/Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases">diseases</a>, which laid down the foundations of hygiene, public health and much of modern medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Ligon-3">[3]</a> Pasteur's works are credited with saving millions of lives through the developments of vaccines for <a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">rabies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">anthrax</a>. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern <a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">bacteriology</a> and has been honored as the "father of bacteriology"<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and the "father of <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>"<a href="#cite_note-fein-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> (together with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>;<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-8">[8]</a> the latter epithet also attributed to <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a>).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Pasteur was responsible for disproving the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation</a>. Under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>, his experiment demonstrated that in sterilized and sealed flasks, nothing ever developed; conversely, in sterilized but open flasks, microorganisms could grow.<a href="#cite_note-seckbach-10">[10]</a> For this experiment, the academy awarded him the Alhumbert Prize carrying 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Francs" class="mw-redirect" title="Francs">francs</a> in 1862. Pasteur is also regarded as one of the fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ theory of diseases">germ theory of diseases</a>, which was a minor medical concept at the time.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-11">[11]</a> His many experiments showed that diseases could be prevented by killing or stopping germs, thereby directly supporting the germ theory and its application in clinical medicine. He is best known to the general public for his invention of the technique of treating <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> to stop bacterial contamination, a process now called pasteurization. Pasteur also made significant <a href="#Molecular_asymmetry">discoveries</a> in chemistry, most notably on the molecular basis for the <a href="/wiki/Asymmetry" title="Asymmetry">asymmetry</a> of certain <a href="/wiki/Crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystals">crystals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racemization" title="Racemization">racemization</a>. Early in his career, his investigation of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_ammonium_tartrate" title="Sodium ammonium tartrate">sodium ammonium tartrate</a> initiated the field of <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">optical isomerism</a>. This work had a profound effect on structural chemistry, with eventual implications for many areas including <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">medicinal chemistry</a>. He was the director of the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a>, established in 1887, until his death, and his body was interred in a vault beneath the institute. Although Pasteur made groundbreaking experiments, his reputation became associated with various controversies. Historical reassessment of his notebook revealed that he practiced deception to overcome his rivals.<a href="#cite_note-Geison1995-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Joseph_Pasteur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Joseph_Pasteur.jpg/130px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Joseph_Pasteur.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Joseph_Pasteur.jpg/195px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Joseph_Pasteur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Joseph_Pasteur.jpg/260px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Joseph_Pasteur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="4690" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jeanne-%C3%89tiennette_Roqui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jeanne-%C3%89tiennette_Roqui.jpg/250px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jeanne-%C3%89tiennette_Roqui.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jeanne-%C3%89tiennette_Roqui.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Pasteur_-_Portrait_de_Jeanne-%C3%89tiennette_Roqui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3565" data-file-height="4676" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Portraits of Pasteur's parents, painted by himself</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg/170px-Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg/255px-Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg/340px-Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The house in which Pasteur was born, <a href="/wiki/Dole,_Jura" title="Dole, Jura">Dole</a></figcaption></figure> Louis Pasteur was born on 27 December 1822, in <a href="/wiki/Dole,_Jura" title="Dole, Jura">Dole, Jura</a>, France, to a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> family of a poor <a href="/wiki/Tanner_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanner (occupation)">tanner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-catholic_intro-14">[14]</a> He was the third child of Jean-Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Marnoz" title="Marnoz">Marnoz</a> in 1826 and then to <a href="/wiki/Arbois" title="Arbois">Arbois</a> in 1827.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Pasteur entered primary school in 1831.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/Dyslexic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyslexic">dyslexic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysgraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgraphic">dysgraphic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> He was an average student in his early years, and not particularly academic, as his interests were <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-catholic_intro-14">[14]</a> He drew many pastels and portraits of his parents, friends and neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Pasteur attended secondary school at the Collège d'Arbois.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In October 1838, he left for Paris to enroll in a <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a>, but became <a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">homesick</a> and returned in November.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1839, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_France" title="Secondary education in France">Collège Royal</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Victor-Hugo" class="extiw" title="fr:Collège Victor-Hugo">fr</a>] at <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a> to study philosophy and earned his Bachelor of Letters degree in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> He was appointed a tutor at the Besançon college while continuing a degree science course with special mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> He failed his first examination in 1841. He managed to pass the <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat scientifique</a> (general science) degree from <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, where he earned his Bachelor of Science in Mathematics degree (Bachelier ès Sciences Mathématiques) in 1842,<a href="#cite_note-Math-26">[26]</a> but with a mediocre grade in chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Later in 1842, Pasteur took the entrance test for the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École Normale Supérieure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> During the test, he had to fight fatigue and only felt comfortable with physics and mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> He passed the first set of tests, but because his ranking was low, Pasteur decided not to continue and try again next year.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> He went back to the Parisian boarding school to prepare for the test. He also attended classes at the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Louis" title="Lycée Saint-Louis">Lycée Saint-Louis</a> and lectures of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1843, he passed the test with a high ranking and entered the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École Normale Supérieure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In 1845 he received the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Licence_de_biologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Licence de biologie (page does not exist)">licencié ès sciences</a>  [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_de_biologie" class="extiw" title="fr:Licence de biologie">fr</a>] degree.<a href="#cite_note-Debré_and_Forster_p._502-33">[33]</a> In 1846, he was appointed professor of physics at the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_France" title="Secondary education in France">Collège de Tournon</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Gabriel-Faure" class="extiw" title="fr:Lycée Gabriel-Faure">fr</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a>. But the chemist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard" title="Antoine Jérôme Balard">Antoine Jérôme Balard</a> wanted him back at the École Normale Supérieure as a graduate laboratory assistant (agrégé préparateur).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> He joined Balard and simultaneously started his research in <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a> and in 1847, he submitted his two theses, one in chemistry and the other in physics: (a) Chemistry Thesis: "Recherches sur la capacité de saturation de l'acide arsénieux. Etudes des arsénites de potasse, de soude et d'ammoniaque."; (b) Physics Thesis: "1. Études des phénomènes relatifs à la polarisation rotatoire des liquides. 2. Application de la polarisation rotatoire des liquides à la solution de diverses questions de chimie."<a href="#cite_note-Thesis-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Debré_and_Forster_p._502-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> After serving briefly as professor of physics at the Dijon <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée">Lycée</a> in 1848, he became professor of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> where he met and courted <a href="/wiki/Marie_Laurent" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Laurent">Marie Laurent</a>, daughter of the university's <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> in 1849. They were married on 29 May 1849,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and together had five children, only two of whom survived to adulthood;<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> the other three died of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur,_French_biologist,_1878,_Paris_slnsw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Louis_Pasteur%2C_French_biologist%2C_1878%2C_Paris_slnsw.jpg/220px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_French_biologist%2C_1878%2C_Paris_slnsw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Louis_Pasteur%2C_French_biologist%2C_1878%2C_Paris_slnsw.jpg/330px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_French_biologist%2C_1878%2C_Paris_slnsw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Louis_Pasteur%2C_French_biologist%2C_1878%2C_Paris_slnsw.jpg/440px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_French_biologist%2C_1878%2C_Paris_slnsw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption>Louis Pasteur, French biologist and chemist, 1878, by A Gerschel</figcaption></figure> Pasteur was appointed professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg in 1848, and became the chair of chemistry in 1852.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In February 1854, so that he would have time to carry out work that could earn him the title of correspondent of the Institute, he got three months' paid leave with the help of a medical certificate of convenience.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> He extended the leave until 1 August, the date of the start of the exams. "I tell the Minister that I will go and do the examinations so as not to increase the embarrassment of the service. It is also so as not to leave to another a sum of 6 or 700 francs".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In this same year 1854, he was named dean of the new faculty of sciences at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>, where he began his studies on fermentation.<a href="#cite_note-Chirality-43">[43]</a> It was on this occasion that Pasteur uttered his oft-quoted remark: "dans les champs de l'observation, le hasard ne favorise que les esprits préparés" ("In the field of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind").<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 1857, he moved to Paris as the director of scientific studies at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a> where he took control from 1858 to 1867 and introduced a series of reforms to improve the standard of scientific work. The examinations became more rigid, which led to better results, greater competition, and increased prestige. Many of his decrees, however, were rigid and authoritarian, leading to two serious student revolts. During "the bean revolt" he decreed that a mutton stew, which students had refused to eat, would be served and eaten every Monday. On another occasion he threatened to expel any student caught smoking, and 73 of the 80 students in the school resigned.<a href="#cite_note-Debre-45">[45]</a> In 1863, he was appointed professor of geology, physics, and chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts">École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts</a>, a position he held until his resignation in 1867. In 1867, he became the chair of organic chemistry at the Sorbonne,<a href="#cite_note-Debré_&_Patrice_pp._505-7-46">[46]</a> but he later gave up the position because of poor health.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1867, the École Normale's laboratory of physiological chemistry was created at Pasteur's request,<a href="#cite_note-Debré_&_Patrice_pp._505-7-46">[46]</a> and he was the laboratory's director from 1867 to 1888.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In Paris, he established the Pasteur Institute in 1887, in which he was its director for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-fein-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-van-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_asymmetry">Molecular asymmetry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pcrystals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/250px-Pcrystals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/330px-Pcrystals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/440px-Pcrystals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Pasteur separated the left and right <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> shapes from each other to form two piles of crystals: in solution one form rotated light to the left, the other to the right, while an <a href="/wiki/Racemic_mixture" title="Racemic mixture">equal mixture</a> of the two forms canceled each other's effect, and does not rotate the <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">polarized light</a>.</figcaption></figure> In Pasteur's early work as a <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, beginning at the École Normale Supérieure, and continuing at Strasbourg and Lille, he examined the chemical, optical and crystallographic properties of a group of compounds known as <a href="/wiki/Tartrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartrates">tartrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Flack-50">[50]</a> He resolved a problem concerning the nature of <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric acid</a> in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gal-54">[54]</a> A solution of this compound derived from living things <a href="/wiki/Optical_rotation" title="Optical rotation">rotated</a> the <a href="/wiki/Plane_of_polarization" title="Plane of polarization">plane of polarization</a> of light passing through it.<a href="#cite_note-Flack-50">[50]</a> The problem was that tartaric acid derived by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">chemical synthesis</a> had no such effect, even though its chemical reactions were identical and its elemental composition was the same.<a href="#cite_note-cohn-55">[55]</a> Pasteur noticed that crystals of tartrates had small faces. Then he observed that, in <a href="/wiki/Racemic_mixture" title="Racemic mixture">racemic mixtures</a> of tartrates, half of the crystals were right-handed and half were left-handed. In solution, the right-handed compound was <a href="/wiki/Dextrorotatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrorotatory">dextrorotatory</a>, and the left-handed one was levorotatory.<a href="#cite_note-Flack-50">[50]</a> Pasteur determined that optical activity related to the shape of the crystals, and that an asymmetric internal arrangement of the molecules of the compound was responsible for twisting the light.<a href="#cite_note-Chirality-43">[43]</a> The (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)- tartrates were isometric, non-superposable mirror images of each other. This was the first time anyone had demonstrated <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">molecular chirality</a>, and also the first explanation of <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomerism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Flack-50">[50]</a> Some historians consider Pasteur's work in this area to be his "most profound and most original contributions to science", and his "greatest scientific discovery."<a href="#cite_note-Flack-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermentation_and_germ_theory_of_diseases">Fermentation and germ theory of diseases</h3></div> Pasteur was motivated to investigate fermentation while working at Lille. In 1856 a local wine manufacturer, M. Bigot, whose son was one of Pasteur's students, sought for his advice on the problems of making beetroot alcohol and souring.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ligon-3">[3]</a> Pasteur began his research in the topic by repeating and confirming works of <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a>, who demonstrated a decade earlier that yeast were alive. According to his son-in-law, René Vallery-Radot, in August 1857 Pasteur sent a paper about lactic acid fermentation to the Société des Sciences de Lille, but the paper was read three months later.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> A memoire was subsequently published on 30 November 1857.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In the memoir, he developed his ideas stating that: "I intend to establish that, just as there is an alcoholic ferment, the yeast of beer, which is found everywhere that sugar is decomposed into alcohol and carbonic acid, so also there is a particular ferment, a <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria" title="Lactic acid bacteria">lactic yeast</a>, always present when <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">sugar becomes lactic acid</a>."<a href="#cite_note-manchester2007-59">[59]</a> This memoir on alcoholic fermentation was published in full form in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> had proposed the theory that fermentation was caused by decomposition. Pasteur demonstrated that this theory was incorrect, and that yeast was responsible for fermentation to produce alcohol from sugar.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett-62">[62]</a> He also demonstrated that, when a different microorganism contaminated the wine, lactic acid was produced, making the wine sour.<a href="#cite_note-Ligon-3">[3]</a> In 1861, Pasteur observed that less sugar fermented per part of yeast when the yeast was exposed to air.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett-62">[62]</a> The lower rate of fermentation aerobically became known as the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_effect" title="Pasteur effect">Pasteur effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg/250px-Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg/330px-Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg/500px-Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Pasteur experimenting in his laboratory</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LouisPasteurMonumentLille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/LouisPasteurMonumentLille.jpg/220px-LouisPasteurMonumentLille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/LouisPasteurMonumentLille.jpg/330px-LouisPasteurMonumentLille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/LouisPasteurMonumentLille.jpg/440px-LouisPasteurMonumentLille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Institut_Pasteur_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Pasteur de Lille">Institut Pasteur de Lille</a></figcaption></figure> Pasteur's research also showed that the growth of micro-organisms was responsible for spoiling beverages, such as beer, wine and milk. With this established, he invented a process in which liquids such as milk were heated to a temperature between 60 and 100 °C.<a href="#cite_note-Bowden-64">[64]</a> This killed most bacteria and moulds already present within them. Pasteur and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> completed tests on blood and urine on 20 April 1862.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Pasteur patented the process, to fight the "diseases" of wine, in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-Bowden-64">[64]</a> The method became known as <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a>, and was soon applied to beer and milk.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson2009-66">[66]</a> Beverage contamination led Pasteur to the idea that micro-organisms infecting animals and humans cause disease. He proposed preventing the entry of micro-organisms into the human body, leading <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> to develop <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> methods in surgery.<a href="#cite_note-Listerine-67">[67]</a> In 1866, Pasteur published Études sur le Vin, about the diseases of wine, and he published Études sur la Bière in 1876, concerning the diseases of beer.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett-62">[62]</a> In the early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bassi" title="Agostino Bassi">Agostino Bassi</a> had shown that <a href="/wiki/Muscardine" title="Muscardine">muscardine</a> was caused by a fungus that infected silkworms.<a href="#cite_note-Hatcher-68">[68]</a> Since 1853, two diseases called <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9brine" title="Pébrine">pébrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flacherie" title="Flacherie">flacherie</a> had been infecting great numbers of <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworms</a> in southern France, and by 1865 they were causing huge losses to farmers. In 1865, Pasteur went to <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A8s" title="Alès">Alès</a> and worked for five years until 1870.<a href="#cite_note-Berche-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-70">[70]</a> Silkworms with pébrine were covered in corpuscles. In the first three years, Pasteur thought that the corpuscles were a symptom of the disease. In 1870, he concluded that the corpuscles were the cause of pébrine (it is now known that the cause is a <a href="/wiki/Microsporidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporidian">microsporidian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Hatcher-68">[68]</a> Pasteur also showed that the disease was hereditary.<a href="#cite_note-Keim_pp._87-88-71">[71]</a> Pasteur developed a system to prevent pébrine: after the female moths laid their eggs, the moths were turned into a pulp. The pulp was examined with a microscope, and if corpuscles were observed, the eggs were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keim_pp._87-88-71">[71]</a> Pasteur concluded that bacteria caused flacherie. The primary cause is currently thought to be viruses.<a href="#cite_note-Hatcher-68">[68]</a> The spread of flacherie could be accidental or hereditary. Hygiene could be used to prevent accidental flacherie. Moths whose digestive cavities did not contain the microorganisms causing flacherie were used to lay eggs, preventing hereditary flacherie.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spontaneous_generation">Spontaneous generation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coldecygne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coldecygne.svg/220px-Coldecygne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coldecygne.svg/330px-Coldecygne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coldecygne.svg/440px-Coldecygne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Bottle en col de cygne (<a href="/wiki/Swan_neck_flask" title="Swan neck flask">swan-neck bottle</a>) used by Pasteur</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur_Experiment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Louis_Pasteur_Experiment.svg/250px-Louis_Pasteur_Experiment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Louis_Pasteur_Experiment.svg/330px-Louis_Pasteur_Experiment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Louis_Pasteur_Experiment.svg/500px-Louis_Pasteur_Experiment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Louis Pasteur's pasteurization experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself. These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting the germ theory of disease.</figcaption></figure> Following his fermentation experiments, Pasteur demonstrated that the skin of grapes was the natural source of yeasts, and that sterilized grapes and grape juice never fermented. He drew grape juice from under the skin with sterilized needles, and also covered grapes with sterilized cloth. Both experiments could not produce wine in sterilized containers.<a href="#cite_note-Ligon-3">[3]</a> His findings and ideas were against the prevailing notion of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation</a>. He received a particularly stern criticism from <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Archim%C3%A8de_Pouchet" title="Félix Archimède Pouchet">Félix Archimède Pouchet</a>, who was director of the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_d%27Histoire_Naturelle_de_Rouen" title="Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Rouen">Rouen Museum of Natural History</a>. To settle the debate between the eminent scientists, the French Academy of Sciences offered the Alhumbert Prize carrying 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Francs" class="mw-redirect" title="Francs">francs</a> to whoever could experimentally demonstrate for or against the doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-Magner-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Pouchet stated that air everywhere could cause spontaneous generation of living organisms in liquids.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In the late 1850s, he performed experiments and claimed that they were evidence of spontaneous generation.<a href="#cite_note-porter-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Magner-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Redi" title="Francesco Redi">Francesco Redi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> had provided some evidence against spontaneous generation in the 17th and 18th centuries, respectively. Spallanzani's experiments in 1765 suggested that air contaminated broths with bacteria. In the 1860s, Pasteur repeated Spallanzani's experiments, but Pouchet reported a different result using a different broth.<a href="#cite_note-Berche-69">[69]</a> Pasteur performed several experiments to disprove spontaneous generation. He placed boiled liquid in a flask and let hot air enter the flask. Then he closed the flask, and no organisms grew in it.<a href="#cite_note-porter-78">[78]</a> In another experiment, when he opened flasks containing boiled liquid, dust entered the flasks, causing organisms to grow in some of them. The number of flasks in which organisms grew was lower at higher altitudes, showing that air at high altitudes contained less dust and fewer organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Ligon-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Pasteur also used <a href="/wiki/Swan_neck_flask" title="Swan neck flask">swan neck flasks</a> containing a fermentable liquid. Air was allowed to enter the flask via a long curving tube that made dust particles stick to it. Nothing grew in the broths unless the flasks were tilted, making the liquid touch the contaminated walls of the neck. This showed that the living organisms that grew in such broths came from outside, on dust, rather than spontaneously generating within the liquid or from the action of pure air.<a href="#cite_note-Ligon-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> These were some of the most important experiments disproving the theory of spontaneous generation. Pasteur gave a series of five presentations of his findings before the French Academy of Sciences in 1881, which were published in 1882 as Mémoire Sur les corpuscules organisés qui existent dans l'atmosphère: Examen de la doctrine des générations spontanées (Account of Organized Corpuscles Existing in the Atmosphere: Examining the Doctrine of Spontaneous Generation).<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Pasteur won the Alhumbert Prize in 1862.<a href="#cite_note-porter-78">[78]</a> He concluded that:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow of this simple experiment. There is no known circumstance in which it can be confirmed that microscopic beings came into the world without germs, without parents similar to themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Ligon-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-70">[70]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silkworm_disease">Silkworm disease</h3></div> In 1865, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a>, chemist, senator and former Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, asked Pasteur to study a new disease that was decimating <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">silkworm</a> farms from the south of France and Europe, the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9brine" title="Pébrine">pébrine</a>, characterized on a macroscopic scale by black spots and on a microscopic scale by the "<a href="/wiki/Emilio_Cornalia" title="Emilio Cornalia">Cornalia</a> corpuscles". Pasteur accepted and made five long stays in <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A8s" title="Alès">Alès</a>, between 7 June 1865 and 1869.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_errors">Initial errors</h4></div> Arriving in Alès, Pasteur familiarized himself with pébrine and also<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> with another disease of the silkworm, known earlier<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> than pebrine: <a href="/wiki/Flacherie" title="Flacherie">flacherie</a> or dead-flat disease. Contrary, for example, to <a href="/wiki/Jean_Louis_Armand_de_Quatrefages_de_Br%C3%A9au" title="Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau">Quatrefages</a>, who coined the new word pébrine,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Pasteur made the mistake of believing that the two diseases were the same and even that most of the diseases of silkworms known up to that time were identical with each other and with pébrine.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> It was in letters of 30 April and 21 May 1867 to Dumas that he first made the distinction between pébrine and flacherie.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> He made another mistake: he began by denying the "parasitic" (microbial) nature of pébrine, which several scholars (notably <a href="/wiki/Antoine_B%C3%A9champ" title="Antoine Béchamp">Antoine Béchamp</a>)<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> considered well established. Even a note published on 27 August 1866 by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-G%C3%A9rard_Balbiani" title="Édouard-Gérard Balbiani">Balbiani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> which Pasteur at first seemed to welcome favourably<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> had no effect, at least immediately.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> "Pasteur is mistaken. He would only change his mind in the course of 1867".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Victory_over_pébrine">Victory over pébrine</h4></div> At a time where Pasteur had not yet understood the cause of the pébrine, he propagated an effective process to stop infections: a sample of chrysalises was chosen, they were crushed and the corpuscles were searched for in the crushed material; if the proportion of corpuscular pupae in the sample was very low, the chamber was considered good for reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> This method of sorting "seeds" (eggs) is close to a method that Osimo had proposed a few years earlier, but whose trials had not been conclusive.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> By this process, Pasteur curbed pébrine and saved much of the silk industry in the Cévennes.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flacherie_resists">Flacherie resists</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasteur_by_Lafon_1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pasteur_by_Lafon_1883.jpg/220px-Pasteur_by_Lafon_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pasteur_by_Lafon_1883.jpg/330px-Pasteur_by_Lafon_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pasteur_by_Lafon_1883.jpg/440px-Pasteur_by_Lafon_1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4508" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Louis Pasteur by François Lafon (1883)</figcaption></figure> In 1878, at the Congrès international séricicole, Pasteur admitted that "if pébrine is overcome, flacherie still exerts its ravages". He attributed the persistence of flacherie to the fact that the farmers had not followed his advice.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 1884, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-G%C3%A9rard_Balbiani" title="Édouard-Gérard Balbiani">Balbiani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> who disregarded the theoretical value of Pasteur's work on silkworm diseases, acknowledged that his practical process had remedied the ravages of pébrine, but added that this result tended to be counterbalanced by the development of flacherie, which was less well known and more difficult to prevent. Despite Pasteur's success against pébrine, French sericulture had not been saved from damage. (See <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9riciculture" class="extiw" title="fr:Sériciculture">fr:Sériciculture</a> in the French Wikipedia.)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunology_and_vaccination">Immunology and vaccination</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chicken_cholera">Chicken cholera</h4></div> Pasteur's first work on vaccine development was on <a href="/wiki/Chicken_cholera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken cholera">chicken cholera</a>. He received the bacteria samples (later called Pasteurella multocida after him) from <a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Henri_Toussaint" title="Jean Joseph Henri Toussaint">Henry Toussaint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plotkin_pp._35-36-100">[100]</a> Being unable to conduct the experiments himself due to a stroke in 1868,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Pasteur relied heavily on his assistants Emile Roux and Charles Chamberland. The work with chicken cholera was initiated in 1877, and by the next year, Roux was able to maintain a stable culture using broths.<a href="#cite_note-:0-102">[102]</a> As documented later by Pasteur in his notebook in March of 1880,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> in October of 1879, being delayed in returning to the laboratory due to his daughter’s wedding and ill health, he instructed Roux to start a new chicken cholera culture using bacteria from a culture that had sat since July. The two chickens inoculated with this new culture showed some symptoms of infection, but instead of the infections being fatal, as they usually were, the chickens recovered completely. After further incubation of the culture for an additional 8 days, Roux again inoculated the same two chickens. As was also noted by Pasteur in his notebook in March of 1880, and contrary to some accounts, this time the chickens died. Thus, although the attenuated bacteria did not provide immunity, these experiments provided important clues as to how bacteria could be artificially attenuated in the laboratory. As a result, upon Pasteur’s return to the laboratory, the focus of the research was directed at creating a vaccine through attenuation. In February of 1880, Pasteur presented his results to the French Academy of Sciences as "Sur les maladies virulentes et en particulier sur la maladie appelée vulgairement choléra des poules (On virulent diseases, and in particular on the disease commonly called chicken cholera)" and published it in the academy's journal (<a href="/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences">Comptes-Rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences</a>). He attributed that the bacteria were weakened by contact with oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-Plotkin_pp._35-36-100">[100]</a> He explained that bacteria kept in sealed containers never lost their virulence, and only those exposed to air in culture media could be used as vaccine. Pasteur introduced the term "attenuation" for this weakening of virulence as he presented before the academy, saying:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">We can diminish the microbe's virulence by changing the mode of culturing. This is the crucial point of my subject. I ask the Academy not to criticize, for the time being, the confidence of my proceedings that permit me to determine the microbe's attenuation, in order to save the independence of my studies and to better assure their progress... [In conclusion] I would like to point out to the Academy two main consequences to the facts presented: the hope to culture all microbes and to find a vaccine for all infectious diseases that have repeatedly afflicted humanity, and are a major burden on agriculture and breeding of domestic animals.<a href="#cite_note-:1-105">[105]</a> </blockquote> In fact, Pasteur's vaccine against chicken cholera did not consistently produce immunity, and has subsequently been proven to be ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anthrax">Anthrax</h4></div> Following the results with chicken cholera, Pasteur eventually utilized the immunization method developed for chicken cholera to create a vaccine for <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>, which affected <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>. In 1877, Pasteur had earlier directed his laboratory to culture the bacteria from the blood of infected animals, following the discovery of the bacterium by Robert Koch.<a href="#cite_note-:1-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg/250px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg/330px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg/500px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption>Louis Pasteur in his laboratory, painting by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">A. Edelfeldt</a> in 1885</figcaption></figure> When animals were infected with the bacteria, anthrax occurred, proving that the bacteria was the cause of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Many cattle were dying of anthrax in "cursed fields".<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-70">[70]</a> Pasteur was told that sheep that died from anthrax were buried in the field. Pasteur thought that earthworms might have brought the bacteria to the surface. He found anthrax bacteria in earthworms' excrement, showing that he was correct.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-70">[70]</a> He told the farmers not to bury dead animals in the fields.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Pasteur's interest in creating a vaccine for anthrax was greatly stimulated when on 12 July 1880, Henri Bouley read before the French Academy of Sciences a report from <a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Henri_Toussaint" title="Jean Joseph Henri Toussaint">Henry Toussaint</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary surgeon">veterinary surgeon</a>, who was not a member of the academy. Toussaint had developed anthrax vaccine by killing the bacilli by heating at 55 °C for 10 minutes. He tested his vaccine on eight dogs and 11 sheep, half of which died after inoculation. It was not a great success. Upon hearing the news, Pasteur immediately wrote to the academy that he could not believe that dead vaccine would work and that Toussaint's claim "overturns all the ideas I had on viruses, vaccines, etc."<a href="#cite_note-:1-105">[105]</a> Following Pasteur's criticism, Toussaint switched to <a href="/wiki/Carbolic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbolic acid">carbolic acid</a> (phenol) to kill anthrax bacilli and tested the vaccine on sheep in August 1880. Pasteur thought that this type of killed vaccine should not work because he believed that attenuated bacteria used up nutrients that the bacteria needed to grow. He thought oxidizing bacteria when sitting in culture broth for prolonged periods made them less virulent.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> However, Pasteur's laboratory found that anthrax bacillus was not easily weakened by culturing in air as it formed spores – unlike chicken cholera bacillus. In early 1881, his laboratory discovered that growing anthrax bacilli at about 42 °C made them unable to produce spores,<a href="#cite_note-Bazin_p._196-110">[110]</a> and he described this method in a speech to the French Academy of Sciences on 28 February.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> On 21 March, despite inconsistent results, he announced successful vaccination of sheep. To this news, veterinarian Hippolyte Rossignol proposed that the Société d'agriculture de Melun organize an experiment to test Pasteur's vaccine. Pasteur signed an agreement accepting the challenge on 28 April. Pasteur's assistants, Roux and Chamberland, who were assigned the task of conducting the trial, were concerned about the unreliability of the attenuated vaccine, and therefore Chamberland secretly prepared an alternative vaccine using chemical inactivation.<a href="#cite_note-Geison1995-12">[12]</a> Without divulging their method of preparing the vaccine to anyone but Pasteur, Roux and Chamberland performed the public experiment on May at Pouilly-le-Fort.<a href="#cite_note-Geison1995-12">[12]</a> 58 sheep, 2 goats and 10 cattle were used, half of which were given the vaccine on 5 and 17 May; while the other half was untreated.<a href="#cite_note-:2-112">[112]</a> On 31 May, Roux and Chamberland next injected the animals with the fresh virulent culture of anthrax bacillus. The official result was observed and analyzed on 2 June in the presence of over 200 spectators, with Pasteur himself in attendance. The results were as Pasteur had bravely predicted: "I hypothesized that the six vaccinated cows would not become very ill, while the four unvaccinated cows would perish or at least become very ill."<a href="#cite_note-:2-112">[112]</a> However, all vaccinated sheep and goats survived, while unvaccinated ones had died or were dying before the viewers.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> His report to the French Academy of Sciences on 13 June concludes:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">[By] looking at everything from the scientific point of view, the development of a vaccination against anthrax constitutes significant progress beyond the first vaccine developed by Jenner, since the latter had never been obtained experimentally.<a href="#cite_note-:2-112">[112]</a></blockquote>Pasteur did not directly disclose how he prepared the vaccines used at Pouilly-le-Fort.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bazin_p._196-110">[110]</a> Although his report indicated it as a "live vaccine",<a href="#cite_note-:2-112">[112]</a> his laboratory notebooks show that he actually used <a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate" title="Potassium dichromate">potassium dichromate</a>-killed vaccine, as developed by Chamberland, quite similar to Toussaint's method.<a href="#cite_note-Giese-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-cohn-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The notion of a weak form of a disease causing immunity to the virulent version was not new; this had been known for a long time for <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. Inoculation with smallpox (<a href="/wiki/Variolation" title="Variolation">variolation</a>) was known to result in a much less severe disease, and greatly reduced mortality, in comparison with the naturally acquired disease.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> had also studied <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> using <a href="/wiki/Cowpox" title="Cowpox">cowpox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaccinia" title="Vaccinia">vaccinia</a>) to give cross-immunity to smallpox in the late 1790s, and by the early 1800s vaccination had spread to most of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The difference between smallpox vaccination and <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chicken_cholera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken cholera">chicken cholera</a> vaccination was that the latter two disease organisms had been artificially weakened, so a naturally weak form of the disease organism did not need to be found.<a href="#cite_note-Giese-115">[115]</a> Pasteur's development of artificially weakened pathogens revolutionized work in infectious diseases, and he gave these artificially weakened diseases the generic name of "<a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>", in honour of Jenner's discovery.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Koch%E2%80%93Pasteur_rivalry" title="Koch–Pasteur rivalry">Koch–Pasteur rivalry</a></div> In 1876, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> had shown that <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a> caused anthrax.<a href="#cite_note-De_Paolo-120">[120]</a> In his papers published between 1878 and 1880, Pasteur only mentioned Koch's work in a footnote. Koch met Pasteur at the Seventh <a href="/wiki/International_Medical_Congress" title="International Medical Congress">International Medical Congress</a> in 1881. A few months later, Koch wrote that Pasteur had used impure cultures and made errors. In 1882, Pasteur replied to Koch in a speech, to which Koch responded aggressively.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-11">[11]</a> Koch stated that Pasteur tested his vaccine on unsuitable animals and that Pasteur's research was not properly scientific.<a href="#cite_note-Ligon-3">[3]</a> In 1882, Koch wrote "On the Anthrax Inoculation", in which he refuted several of Pasteur's conclusions about anthrax and criticized Pasteur for keeping his methods secret, jumping to conclusions, and being imprecise. In 1883, Pasteur wrote that he used cultures prepared in a similar way to his successful fermentation experiments and that Koch misinterpreted statistics and ignored Pasteur's work on silkworms.<a href="#cite_note-De_Paolo-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swine_erysipelas">Swine erysipelas</h4></div> In 1882, Pasteur sent his assistant <a href="/wiki/Louis_Thuillier" title="Louis Thuillier">Louis Thuillier</a> to southern France because of an <a href="/wiki/Epizootic" title="Epizootic">epizootic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swine_erysipelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Swine erysipelas">swine erysipelas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Thuillier identified the bacillus that caused the disease in March 1883.<a href="#cite_note-Berche-69">[69]</a> Pasteur and Thuillier increased the bacillus's virulence after passing it through pigeons. Then they passed the bacillus through rabbits, weakening it and obtaining a vaccine. Pasteur and Thuillier incorrectly described the bacterium as a figure-eight shape. Roux described the bacterium as stick-shaped in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rabies">Rabies</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur_Vanity_Fair_8_January_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Louis_Pasteur_Vanity_Fair_8_January_1887.jpg/250px-Louis_Pasteur_Vanity_Fair_8_January_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Louis_Pasteur_Vanity_Fair_8_January_1887.jpg/330px-Louis_Pasteur_Vanity_Fair_8_January_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Louis_Pasteur_Vanity_Fair_8_January_1887.jpg/340px-Louis_Pasteur_Vanity_Fair_8_January_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Captioned "<a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Hydrophobia</a>", caricature of Pasteur in the London magazine <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, January 1887<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></figcaption></figure> Pasteur's laboratory produced the first vaccine for <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> using a method developed by his assistant Roux,<a href="#cite_note-Geison1995-12">[12]</a> which involved growing the virus in rabbits, and then weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-wood-124">[124]</a> The rabies vaccine was initially created by <a href="/wiki/Emile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Roux">Emile Roux</a>, a French doctor and a colleague of Pasteur, who had produced a killed vaccine using this method.<a href="#cite_note-Ligon-3">[3]</a> The vaccine had been tested in 50 dogs before its first human trial.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> This vaccine was used on 9-year-old <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Meister" title="Joseph Meister">Joseph Meister</a>, on 6 July 1885, after the boy was badly mauled by a rabid dog.<a href="#cite_note-cohn-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-wood-124">[124]</a> This was done at some personal risk for Pasteur, since he was not a licensed physician and could have faced prosecution for treating the boy.<a href="#cite_note-van-49">[49]</a> After consulting with physicians, he decided to go ahead with the treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Wasik-127">[127]</a> Over 11 days, Meister received 13 inoculations, each inoculation using viruses that had been weakened for a shorter period of time.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson-128">[128]</a> Three months later he examined Meister and found that he was in good health.<a href="#cite_note-Wasik-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-trueman-129">[129]</a> Pasteur was hailed as a hero and the legal matter was not pursued.<a href="#cite_note-van-49">[49]</a> Analysis of his laboratory notebooks shows that Pasteur had treated two people before his vaccination of Meister. One survived but may not actually have had rabies, and the other died of rabies.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Pasteur began treatment of Jean-Baptiste Jupille on 20 October 1885, and the treatment was successful.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson-128">[128]</a> Later in 1885, people, including four children from the United States, went to Pasteur's laboratory to be inoculated.<a href="#cite_note-Wasik-127">[127]</a> In 1886, he treated 350 people, of which only one developed rabies.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson-128">[128]</a> The treatment's success laid the foundations for the manufacture of many other vaccines. The first of the Pasteur Institutes was also built on the basis of this achievement.<a href="#cite_note-cohn-55">[55]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_San_Michele" title="The Story of San Michele">The Story of San Michele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axel_Munthe" title="Axel Munthe">Axel Munthe</a> writes of some risks Pasteur undertook in the rabies vaccine research:<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Pasteur himself was absolutely fearless. Anxious to secure a sample of saliva straight from the jaws of a rabid dog, I once saw him with the glass tube held between his lips draw a few drops of the deadly saliva from the mouth of a rabid bull-dog, held on the table by two assistants, their hands protected by leather gloves.</blockquote> Because of his study in germs, Pasteur encouraged doctors to sanitize their hands and equipment before surgery. Prior to this, few doctors or their assistants practiced these procedures.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">Ignaz Semmelweis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> had earlier practiced hand sanitizing in medical contexts in the 1860s.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div> A French national hero at age 55, in 1878 Pasteur discreetly told his family to never reveal his laboratory notebooks to anyone. His family obeyed, and all his documents were held and inherited in secrecy. Being that Pasteur did not allow others in his laboratory to keep notebooks,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> this secrecy kept many aspects of Pasteur's research unknown until relatively recently. Finally, in 1964 Pasteur's grandson and last surviving male descendant, Pasteur Vallery-Radot, donated the papers to the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">French national library</a>. Yet the papers were restricted for historical studies until the death of Vallery-Radot in 1971. The documents were given a catalogue number only in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In 1995, the centennial of the death of Louis Pasteur, a historian of science <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._Geison" title="Gerald L. Geison">Gerald L. Geison</a> published an analysis of Pasteur's private notebooks in his The Private Science of Louis Pasteur, and declared that Pasteur had given several misleading accounts and played deceptions in his most important discoveries.<a href="#cite_note-Geison1995-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> published a defense of Pasteur in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Based on further examinations of Pasteur's documents, French immunologist Patrice Debré concluded in his book Louis Pasteur (1998) that, in spite of his genius, Pasteur had some faults. A book review states that Debré "sometimes finds him unfair, combative, arrogant, unattractive in attitude, inflexible and even dogmatic".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermentation">Fermentation</h3></div> Scientists before Pasteur had studied fermentation. In the 1830s, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cagniard-Latour" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cagniard-Latour">Charles Cagniard-Latour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing" title="Friedrich Traugott Kützing">Friedrich Traugott Kützing</a> and Theodor Schwann used microscopes to study yeasts and concluded that yeasts were living organisms. In 1839, <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> stated that yeast was not an organism and was produced when air acted on plant juice.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett-62">[62]</a> In 1855, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_B%C3%A9champ" title="Antoine Béchamp">Antoine Béchamp</a>, Professor of Chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a>, conducted experiments with sucrose solutions and concluded that water was the factor for fermentation.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> He changed his conclusion in 1858, stating that fermentation was directly related to the growth of moulds, which required air for growth. He regarded himself as the first to show the role of microorganisms in fermentation.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-manchester2007-59">[59]</a> Pasteur started his experiments in 1857 and published his findings in 1858 (April issue of Comptes Rendus Chimie, Béchamp's paper appeared in January issue). Béchamp noted that Pasteur did not bring any novel idea or experiments. On the other hand, Béchamp was probably aware of Pasteur's 1857 preliminary works. With both scientists claiming priority on the discovery, a dispute, extending to several areas, lasted throughout their lives.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-manchester-2001-145">[145]</a> However, Béchamp was on the losing side, as the <a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a> obituary remarked: His name was "associated with bygone controversies as to priority which it would be unprofitable to recall".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Béchamp proposed the incorrect theory of <a href="/wiki/Microzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Microzyme">microzymes</a>. According to K. L. Manchester, <a href="/wiki/Anti-vivisectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vivisectionist">anti-vivisectionists</a> and proponents of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> promoted Béchamp and microzymes, unjustifiably claiming that Pasteur plagiarized Béchamp.<a href="#cite_note-manchester2007-59">[59]</a> Pasteur thought that <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">succinic acid</a> inverted sucrose. In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> isolated <a href="/wiki/Invertase" title="Invertase">invertase</a> and showed that succinic acid did not invert sucrose.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett-62">[62]</a> Pasteur believed that fermentation was only due to living cells. He and Berthelot engaged in a long argument subject of vitalism, in which Berthelot was vehemently opposed to any idea of vitalism.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ernst_August_Buchner" title="Hans Ernst August Buchner">Hans Buchner</a> discovered that <a href="/wiki/Zymase" title="Zymase">zymase</a> (not an enzyme, but a mixture of enzymes) catalyzed fermentation, showing that fermentation was catalyzed by enzymes within cells.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a> also discovered that fermentation could take place outside living cells.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthrax_vaccine">Anthrax vaccine</h3></div> Pasteur publicly claimed his success in developing the anthrax vaccine in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-trueman-129">[129]</a> However, his admirer-turned-rival <a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Henri_Toussaint" title="Jean Joseph Henri Toussaint">Henry Toussaint</a> was the one who developed the first vaccine. Toussaint isolated the bacteria that caused chicken cholera (later named <a href="/wiki/Pasteurella" title="Pasteurella">Pasteurella</a> in honour of Pasteur) in 1879 and gave samples to Pasteur who used them for his own works.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> On 12 July 1880, Toussaint presented his successful result to the French Academy of Sciences, using an attenuated vaccine against anthrax in dogs and sheep.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Pasteur on grounds of jealousy contested the discovery by publicly displaying his vaccination method at Pouilly-le-Fort on 5 May 1881.<a href="#cite_note-Chevallier-Jussiau-152">[152]</a> Pasteur then gave a misleading account of the preparation of the anthrax vaccine used in the experiment. He claimed that he made a "live vaccine", but used potassium dichromate<a href="#cite_note-Geison1995-12">[12]</a> to inactivate anthrax spores, a method similar to Toussaint's. The promotional experiment was a success and helped Pasteur sell his products, getting the benefits and glory.<a href="#cite_note-Giese-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chevallier-Jussiau-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_ethics">Experimental ethics</h3></div> Pasteur's experiments are often cited as against <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">medical ethics</a>, especially on his vaccination of Meister. He did not have any experience in medical practice, and more importantly, lacked a <a href="/wiki/Medical_license" title="Medical license">medical license</a>. This is often cited as a serious threat to his professional and personal reputation.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> His closest partner <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux">Émile Roux</a>, who had medical qualifications, refused to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trial</a>, likely because he considered it unjust.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson-128">[128]</a> However, Pasteur executed vaccination of the boy under the close watch of practising physicians <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Joseph_Grancher" title="Jacques-Joseph Grancher">Jacques-Joseph Grancher</a>, head of the Paris Children's Hospital's paediatric clinic, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vulpian" title="Alfred Vulpian">Alfred Vulpian</a>, a member of the Commission on Rabies. He was not allowed to hold the syringe, although the inoculations were entirely under his supervision.<a href="#cite_note-Wasik-127">[127]</a> It was Grancher who was responsible for the injections, and he defended Pasteur before the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_M%C3%A9decine" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie de Médecine">French National Academy of Medicine</a> in the issue.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Pasteur has also been criticized for keeping secrecy of his procedure and not giving proper pre-clinical trials on animals.<a href="#cite_note-Ligon-3">[3]</a> Pasteur stated that he kept his procedure secret in order to control its quality. He later disclosed his procedures to a small group of scientists. Pasteur wrote that he had successfully vaccinated 50 rabid dogs before using it on Meister.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> According to Geison, Pasteur's laboratory notebooks show that he had vaccinated only 11 dogs.<a href="#cite_note-Ligon-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2></div> Pasteur was awarded 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">francs</a> in 1853 by the Pharmaceutical Society for the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Racemic_acid" title="Racemic acid">racemic acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In 1856 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of London presented him the <a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> for his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized light,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> in 1874 for his work on fermentation.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> He was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1869" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1869">Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1869</a>.<a href="#cite_note-formemrs-164">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> awarded Pasteur the 1859 <a href="/wiki/Montyon_Prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Montyon Prizes">Montyon Prize</a> for experimental physiology in 1860,<a href="#cite_note-Debré_&_Patrice_pp._505-7-46">[46]</a> and the Jecker Prize in 1861 and the Alhumbert Prize in 1862 for his experimental refutation of spontaneous generation.<a href="#cite_note-porter-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Though he lost elections in 1857 and 1861 for membership to the French Academy of Sciences, he won the 1862 election for membership to the mineralogy section.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> He was elected to permanent secretary of the physical science section of the academy in 1887 and held the position until 1889.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In 1873, Pasteur was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Nationale_de_M%C3%A9decine" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie Nationale de Médecine">Académie Nationale de Médecine</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> and was made the commander in the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rose" title="Order of the Rose">Order of the Rose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In 1881 he was elected to a seat at the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> left vacant by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Littr%C3%A9" title="Émile Littré">Émile Littré</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Pasteur received the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a> in 1882.<a href="#cite_note-Frankland_&_Frankland_p._211-171">[171]</a> In 1883 he became foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In 1885, he was elected as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> On 8 June 1886, the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> awarded Pasteur with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Order of the Medjidie</a> (I Class) and 10000 Ottoman liras.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_for_Therapeutics_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh</a> in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Pasteur won the <a href="/wiki/Leeuwenhoek_Medal" title="Leeuwenhoek Medal">Leeuwenhoek Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Pasteur was made a Chevalier of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> in 1853, promoted to Officer in 1863, to Commander in 1868, to Grand Officer in 1878 and made a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frankland_&_Frankland_p._211-171">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danang_Vietnam_rue_Pasteur2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Danang_Vietnam_rue_Pasteur2.jpg/250px-Danang_Vietnam_rue_Pasteur2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Danang_Vietnam_rue_Pasteur2.jpg/330px-Danang_Vietnam_rue_Pasteur2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Danang_Vietnam_rue_Pasteur2.jpg/500px-Danang_Vietnam_rue_Pasteur2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Pasteur Street (Đường Pasteur) in <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a>, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulitsya_Pastera.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pasteur's street in Odesa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vulitsya_Pastera.JPG/220px-Vulitsya_Pastera.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vulitsya_Pastera.JPG/330px-Vulitsya_Pastera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vulitsya_Pastera.JPG/440px-Vulitsya_Pastera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Vulitsya Pastera or Pasteur Street in <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Louis_Pasteur" title="List of things named after Louis Pasteur">List of things named after Louis Pasteur</a></div> In many localities worldwide, streets are named in his honor. For example, in the US: <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a>, Boston and Polk, Florida, adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_San_Antonio" title="University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio">University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio</a>; Jonquière, Québec; San Salvador de Jujuy and Buenos Aires (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>), <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a> in Norfolk, in the United Kingdom, Jericho and Wulguru in Queensland, Australia; <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> in Cambodia; <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a>, Vietnam; Batna in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> in Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> in Iran, near the central campus of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw University">Warsaw University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland; adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_State_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa State Medical University">Odesa State Medical University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine; <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in Italy and <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> in Romania. The Avenue Pasteur in Saigon, Vietnam, is one of the few streets in that city to retain its French name. Avenue Louis Pasteur in the <a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood Medical and Academic Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> was named in his honor in the French manner with "Avenue" preceding the name of the dedicatee.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Both the Institut Pasteur and <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Louis_Pasteur" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Louis Pasteur">Université Louis Pasteur</a> were named after Pasteur. The schools <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Pasteur_(Neuilly-sur-Seine)" title="Lycée Pasteur (Neuilly-sur-Seine)">Lycée Pasteur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, France, and Lycée Louis Pasteur in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary, Alberta</a>, Canada, are named after him. In South Africa, the Louis Pasteur Private Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, and Life Louis Pasteur Private Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>, are named after him. Louis Pasteur University Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> is also named after Pasteur. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNLP_Ko%C5%A1ice,_Poliklinika_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/UNLP_Ko%C5%A1ice%2C_Poliklinika_%281%29.JPG/250px-UNLP_Ko%C5%A1ice%2C_Poliklinika_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/UNLP_Ko%C5%A1ice%2C_Poliklinika_%281%29.JPG/330px-UNLP_Ko%C5%A1ice%2C_Poliklinika_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/UNLP_Ko%C5%A1ice%2C_Poliklinika_%281%29.JPG/500px-UNLP_Ko%C5%A1ice%2C_Poliklinika_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Louis Pasteur University Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </figcaption></figure> A statue of Pasteur is erected at <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael_High_School" title="San Rafael High School">San Rafael High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael,_California" title="San Rafael, California">San Rafael, California</a>. A bronze bust of him resides on the French Campus of <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Permanente" title="Kaiser Permanente">Kaiser Permanente</a>'s San Francisco Medical Center in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. The sculpture was designed by Harriet G. Moore and cast in 1984 by Artworks Foundry.<a href="#cite_note-SOS-179">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UNESCO/Institut_Pasteur_Medal" title="UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal">UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal</a> was created on the centenary of Pasteur's death, and is given every two years in his name, "in recognition of outstanding research contributing to a beneficial impact on human health".<a href="#cite_note-unesco-2005-180">[180]</a> The French Academician <a href="/wiki/Henri_Mondor" title="Henri Mondor">Henri Mondor</a> stated: "Louis Pasteur was neither a physician nor a surgeon, but no one has done as much for medicine and surgery as he has."<a href="#cite_note-Mondor-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pasteur_Institute">Pasteur Institute</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a></div> After developing the rabies vaccine, Pasteur proposed an institute for the vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In 1887, fundraising for the Pasteur Institute began, with donations from many countries. The official statute was registered in 1887, stating that the institute's purposes were "the treatment of rabies according to the method developed by M. Pasteur" and "the study of virulent and contagious diseases".<a href="#cite_note-Wasik-127">[127]</a> The institute was inaugurated on 14 November 1888.<a href="#cite_note-Wasik-127">[127]</a> He brought together scientists with various specialties. The first five departments were directed by two graduates of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Duclaux" title="Émile Duclaux">Émile Duclaux</a> (general <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> research) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chamberland" title="Charles Chamberland">Charles Chamberland</a> (microbe research applied to <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>), as well as a biologist, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (morphological microbe research) and two <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Joseph_Grancher" title="Jacques-Joseph Grancher">Jacques-Joseph Grancher</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux">Émile Roux</a> (technical microbe research). One year after the inauguration of the institute, Roux set up the first course of microbiology ever taught in the world, then entitled Cours de Microbie Technique (Course of microbe research techniques). Since 1891 the Pasteur Institute had been extended to different countries, and currently there are 32 institutes in 29 countries in various parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur_en_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Louis Pasteur in 1857" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Louis_Pasteur_en_1857.jpg/220px-Louis_Pasteur_en_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Louis_Pasteur_en_1857.jpg/330px-Louis_Pasteur_en_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Louis_Pasteur_en_1857.jpg/440px-Louis_Pasteur_en_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>Pasteur in 1857</figcaption></figure> Pasteur married <a href="/wiki/Marie_Pasteur" title="Marie Pasteur">Marie Pasteur</a> (née Laurent) in 1849. She was the daughter of the rector of the University of Strasbourg, and was Pasteur's scientific assistant. They had five children together, three of whom died as children.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Their eldest daughter, Jeanne, was born in 1850. She died from <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>, aged 9, whilst at the boarding school <a href="/wiki/Arbois" title="Arbois">Arbois</a> in 1859. In 1865, 2-year-old Camille died of a liver tumour. Shortly after they decided to bring Cécile home from boarding school, but she too died of typhoid fever on 23 May 1866 at the age of 12. Only Jean Baptiste (b. 1851) and Marie Louise (b. 1858) survived to adulthood. Jean Baptiste would be a soldier in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faith_and_spirituality">Faith and spirituality</h3></div> His grandson, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur_Vallery-Radot" title="Louis Pasteur Vallery-Radot">Louis Pasteur Vallery-Radot</a>, wrote that Pasteur had kept from his Catholic background only a spiritualism without religious practice.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> However, Catholic observers often said that Pasteur remained an ardent Christian throughout his whole life, and his son-in-law wrote, in a biography of him: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Absolute faith in God and in Eternity, and a conviction that the power for good given to us in this world will be continued beyond it, were feelings which pervaded his whole life; the virtues of the gospel had ever been present to him. Full of respect for the form of religion which had been that of his forefathers, he came simply to it and naturally for spiritual help in these last weeks of his life.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></blockquote> The Literary Digest of 18 October 1902 gives this statement from Pasteur that he prayed while he worked:<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Posterity will one day laugh at the foolishness of modern materialistic philosophers. The more I study nature, the more I stand amazed at the work of the Creator. I pray while I am engaged at my work in the laboratory.</blockquote> Maurice Vallery-Radot, grandson of the brother of the son-in-law of Pasteur and outspoken Catholic, also holds that Pasteur fundamentally remained Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> According to both Pasteur Vallery-Radot and Maurice Vallery-Radot, the following well-known <a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">quotation</a> attributed to Pasteur is apocryphal:<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> "The more I know, the more nearly is my faith that of the Breton peasant. Could I but know all I would have the faith of a Breton peasant's wife".<a href="#cite_note-catholic_intro-14">[14]</a> According to Maurice Vallery-Radot,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> the false quotation appeared for the first time shortly after the death of Pasteur.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> However, despite his belief in God, it has been said that his views were that of a freethinker rather than a Catholic, a spiritual more than a religious man.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> He was also against mixing science with religion.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> In 1868, Pasteur suffered a severe brain stroke that paralysed the left side of his body, but he recovered.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uremia" title="Uremia">uremia</a> in 1894 severely impaired his health.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Failing to fully recover, he died on 28 September 1895, near Paris.<a href="#cite_note-cohn-55">[55]</a> He was given a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> and was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Cathedral of Notre Dame</a>, but his remains were reinterred in the Pasteur Institute in Paris,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> in a vault covered in depictions of his accomplishments in <a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Byzantine mosaics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div> Pasteur's principal published works are:<a href="#cite_note-catholic_intro-14">[14]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>French Title</th> <th>Year</th> <th>English Title </th></tr> <tr> <td>Études sur le Vin</td> <td>1866</td> <td>Studies on Wine </td></tr> <tr> <td>Études sur le Vinaigre</td> <td>1868</td> <td>Studies on Vinegar </td></tr> <tr> <td>Études sur la Maladie des Vers à Soie (2 volumes)</td> <td>1870</td> <td>Studies on Silk Worm Disease </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quelques Réflexions sur la Science en France</td> <td>1871</td> <td> Some Reflections on Science in France </td></tr> <tr> <td>Études sur la Bière</td> <td>1876</td> <td>Studies on Beer </td></tr> <tr> <td>Les Microbes organisés, leur rôle dans la Fermentation, la Putréfaction et la Contagion</td> <td>1878</td> <td> Microbes organized, their role in fermentation, putrefaction and the Contagion </td></tr> <tr> <td>Discours de Réception de M.L. Pasteur à l'Académie française</td> <td>1882</td> <td>Speech by Mr L. Pasteur on reception to the Académie française </td></tr> <tr> <td>Traitement de la Rage</td> <td>1886</td> <td>Treatment of Rabies </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="metadata botanist-bordered">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> Pasteur is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">Infectious disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Louis_Pasteur" title="The Story of Louis Pasteur">The Story of Louis Pasteur</a> (a 1936 biographical film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Louis_Pasteur" title="List of things named after Louis Pasteur">List of things named after Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Louis_Pasteur,_Mexico_City" title="Statue of Louis Pasteur, Mexico City">Statue of Louis Pasteur, Mexico City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/ii-abdulhamidin-fransiz-kimyagere-yaptigi-yardim-ortaya-cikti?page=1">"II. 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New York: Oxford University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512227-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512227-5"><bdi>978-0-19-512227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur+and+the+Hidden+World+of+Microbes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512227-5&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUHuafXKKBEC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&pg=PA8">Louis Pasteur</a>. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzOcl-FLw30C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsPriwer2018" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Cynthia; Priwer, Shana (2018). 101 Things You Didn't Know about Einstein: Sex, Science, and the Secrets of the Universe. Adams Media. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=101+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+about+Einstein%3A+Sex%2C+Science%2C+and+the+Secrets+of+the+Universe&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Priwer%2C+Shana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeffner2013" class="citation web cs1">Geffner, Donna (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemmlearning.com/blog/learning-issues/famous-people-with-learning-disabilities/">"Famous People with Learning Disabilities"</a>. Gemm Learning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103104015/https://www.gemmlearning.com/blog/learning-issues/famous-people-with-learning-disabilities/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gemm+Learning&rft.atitle=Famous+People+with+Learning+Disabilities&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Geffner&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemmlearning.com%2Fblog%2Flearning-issues%2Ffamous-people-with-learning-disabilities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomson2013" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Oliver (2013). A Short History of Human Error. Arena Books Ltd. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909421264" title="Special:BookSources/978-1909421264"><bdi>978-1909421264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Human+Error&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Arena+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1909421264&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&pg=PA12">Louis Pasteur</a>. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzOcl-FLw30C%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2001" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Louise (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUHuafXKKBEC&pg=PA15">Louis Pasteur and the Hidden World of Microbes</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512227-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512227-5"><bdi>978-0-19-512227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur+and+the+Hidden+World+of+Microbes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512227-5&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUHuafXKKBEC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&pg=PA11">Louis Pasteur</a>. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzOcl-FLw30C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeimLumet1914" class="citation book cs1">Keim, Albert; Lumet, Louis (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/louispasteur00keim#page/10/mode/2up">Louis Pasteur</a>. Frederick A. Stokes Company. pp. 10, 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=10%2C+12&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Keim&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Lumet%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flouispasteur00keim%23page%2F10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&pg=PA14">Louis Pasteur</a>. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp. 14, 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=14%2C+17&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzOcl-FLw30C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Math-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Math_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ens.psl.eu/portraits-de-normaliens/louis-pasteur-1822-1895">"Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) | ENS"</a>. www.ens.psl.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030231957/https://www.ens.psl.eu/portraits-de-normaliens/louis-pasteur-1822-1895">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ens.psl.eu&rft.atitle=Louis+Pasteur+%281822%E2%80%931895%29+%26%23124%3B+ENS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens.psl.eu%2Fportraits-de-normaliens%2Flouis-pasteur-1822-1895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&pg=PA19">Louis Pasteur</a>. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzOcl-FLw30C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2001" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Louise (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUHuafXKKBEC&pg=PA18">Louis Pasteur and the Hidden World of Microbes</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512227-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512227-5"><bdi>978-0-19-512227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur+and+the+Hidden+World+of+Microbes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512227-5&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUHuafXKKBEC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (27 November 2000). Louis Pasteur. JHU Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000-11-27&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&pg=PA20">Louis Pasteur</a>. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzOcl-FLw30C%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeimLumet1914" class="citation book cs1">Keim, Albert; Lumet, Louis (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/louispasteur00keim#page/14/mode/2up">Louis Pasteur</a>. Frederick A. Stokes Company. pp. 15–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Keim&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Lumet%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flouispasteur00keim%23page%2F14%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&pg=PA24">Louis Pasteur</a>. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzOcl-FLw30C%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debré_and_Forster_p._502-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debré_and_Forster_p._502_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debré_and_Forster_p._502_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). Louis Pasteur. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. p. 502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=502&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&pg=PA29">Louis Pasteur</a>. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzOcl-FLw30C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thesis-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Thesis_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k141151t/f29.image/">Louis Pasteur, Thèse de Chimie, Thèse de Physique</a>. 1847. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031013640/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k141151t/f29.image/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur%2C+Th%C3%A8se+de+Chimie%2C+Th%C3%A8se+de+Physique&rft.date=1847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k141151t%2Ff29.image%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeimLumet1914" class="citation book cs1">Keim, Albert; Lumet, Louis (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/louispasteur00keim#page/28/mode/2up">Louis Pasteur</a>. Frederick A. Stokes Company. pp. 28–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Keim&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Lumet%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flouispasteur00keim%23page%2F28%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeimLumet1914" class="citation book cs1">Keim, Albert; Lumet, Louis (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/louispasteur00keim#page/36/mode/2up">Louis Pasteur</a>. Frederick A. Stokes Company. pp. 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Keim&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Lumet%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flouispasteur00keim%23page%2F36%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1924" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Samuel J. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/louispasteur00holm#page/34/mode/2up">Louis Pasteur</a>. Harcourt, Brace and company. pp. 34–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+company&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Samuel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flouispasteur00holm%23page%2F34%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2001" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Louise E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NdLhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">Louis Pasteur and the Hidden World of Microbes</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028404-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028404-6"><bdi>978-0-19-028404-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur+and+the+Hidden+World+of+Microbes&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-028404-6&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Louise+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNdLhBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). Louis Pasteur. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp. 502–503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E502-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> "Without this work that I was asked to do for the Correspondence of the Institute, I would have stayed in Strasbourg. But you understand that this leave that these missions made me have with full salary is an irregularity that needs to be covered by a health reason." (Pasteur, letter of 25 February 1854 to his father, in Pasteur, Correspondence, t. 1, Paris, 1940, p. 261.) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Pasteur, letter of 8 May 1854 to his father, in Pasteur, Correspondence, t. 1, Paris, 1940, p. 267. This episode in Pasteur's career is noted by Pierre-Yves Laurioz, Louis Pasteur. La réalité après la légende, Paris, 2003, pp. 79–81. On Pasteur's attitude towards money, see Richard Moreau, La Préhistoire de Pasteur, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2000, pp. 257–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chirality-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chirality_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chirality_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/louis-pasteur">"Louis Pasteur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a>. June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321132243/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/louis-pasteur">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fhistorical-profile%2Flouis-pasteur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> L. Pasteur, "Discours prononcé à Douai, le 7 décembre 1854, à l'occasion de l'installation solennelle de la Faculté des lettres de Douai et de la Faculté des sciences de Lille" (Speech delivered at Douai on 7 December 1854 on the occasion of his formal inauguration to the Faculty of Letters of Douai and the Faculty of Sciences of Lille), reprinted in: Pasteur Vallery-Radot, ed., Oeuvres de Pasteur (Paris, France: Masson and Co., 1939), vol. 7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7363q/f137.chemindefer">p. 131</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120109090835/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7363q/f137.chemindefer">Archived</a> 9 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Debre-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Debre_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&pg=PA119">Louis Pasteur</a>. Translated by Elborg Forster. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzOcl-FLw30C%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debré_&_Patrice_pp._505-7-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debré_&_Patrice_pp._505-7_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debré_&_Patrice_pp._505-7_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debré_&_Patrice_pp._505-7_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). Louis Pasteur. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp. 505–507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E505-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVallery-Radot1919" class="citation book cs1">Vallery-Radot, René (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.173907/2015.173907.The-Life-Of-Pasteur#page/n265/mode/2up">The Life of Pasteur</a>. Translated by Devonshire, R. L. London: Constable & Company. p. 246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Pasteur&rft.place=London&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Vallery-Radot&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.173907%2F2015.173907.The-Life-Of-Pasteur%23page%2Fn265%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeilbron2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Heilbron, J. L., ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA617">"Pasteur, Louis"</a>. The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. Oxford University Press. p. 617. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974376-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974376-6"><bdi>978-0-19-974376-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pasteur%2C+Louis&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+History+of+Modern+Science&rft.pages=617&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974376-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabqjP-_KfzkC%26pg%3DPA617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-van-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHook2011" class="citation book cs1">Hook, Sue Vander (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louispasteurgrou0000vand">Louis Pasteur: Groundbreaking Chemist & Biologist</a>. Minnesota: ABDO Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louispasteurgrou0000vand/page/8">8</a>–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61758-941-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61758-941-6"><bdi>978-1-61758-941-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur%3A+Groundbreaking+Chemist+%26+Biologist&rft.place=Minnesota&rft.pages=8-112&rft.pub=ABDO+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61758-941-6&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Sue+Vander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouispasteurgrou0000vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flack-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flack_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flack_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flack_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flack_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flack_50-4">e</a> H.D. Flack (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crystal.flack.ch/dox/sh5092.pdf">"Louis Pasteur's discovery of molecular chirality and spontaneous resolution in 1848, together with a complete review of his crystallographic and chemical work,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908211420/http://crystal.flack.ch/dox/sh5092.pdf">Archived</a> 8 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Acta Crystallographica, Section A, vol. 65, pp. 371–389. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> L. Pasteur (1848) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2983p/f539.item.r=.zoom">"Mémoire sur la relation qui peut exister entre la forme cristalline et la composition chimique, et sur la cause de la polarisation rotatoire"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021035454/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2983p/f539.item.r=.zoom">Archived</a> 21 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Memoir on the relationship that can exist between crystalline form and chemical composition, and on the cause of rotary polarization)," Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences (Paris), 26: 535–538. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> L. Pasteur (1848) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gJ45AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA442">"Sur les relations qui peuvent exister entre la forme cristalline, la composition chimique et le sens de la polarisation rotatoire"</a> (On the relations that can exist between crystalline form, and chemical composition, and the sense of rotary polarization), Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 3rd series, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 442–459. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> George B. Kauffman and Robin D. Myers (1998)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117144722/http://192.129.24.144/licensed_materials/00897/papers/0003006/36kau897.pdf">"Pasteur's resolution of racemic acid: A sesquicentennial retrospect and a new translation,"</a> The Chemical Educator, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1-4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00897980257a">10.1007/s00897980257a</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gal-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Gal_54-0">^</a> Joseph Gal: Louis Pasteur, Language, and Molecular Chirality. I. Background and Dissymmetry, Chirality 23 (2011) 1–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-cohn-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cohn_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cohn_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cohn_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cohn_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cohn_55-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohn,_David_V2006" class="citation web cs1">Cohn, David V (18 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eri.louisville.edu/~eri/fos/interest1.html">"Pasteur"</a>. University of Louisville. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323234134/http://eri.louisville.edu/~eri/fos/interest1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2007. <q>Fortunately, Pasteur's colleagues Chamberland and Roux followed up the results of a research physician Jean-Joseph-Henri Toussaint, who had reported a year earlier that carbolic-acid/heated anthrax serum would immunize against anthrax. These results were difficult to reproduce and discarded although, as it turned out, Toussaint had been on the right track. This led Pasteur and his assistants to substitute an anthrax vaccine prepared by a method similar to that of Toussaint and different from what Pasteur had announced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pasteur&rft.pub=University+of+Louisville&rft.date=2006-12-18&rft.au=Cohn%2C+David+V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feri.louisville.edu%2F~eri%2Ffos%2Finterest1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVallery-Radot1919" class="citation book cs1">Vallery-Radot, René (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.173907/2015.173907.The-Life-Of-Pasteur#page/n101/mode/2up">The Life of Pasteur</a>. Translated by Devonshire, R. L. 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Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91 (4): 597–601. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2001.01495.x">10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01495.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11576293">11576293</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39020116">39020116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+life+and+works+of+Louis+Pasteur&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E597-%3C%2Fspan%3E601&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39020116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11576293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2001.01495.x&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keim_pp._87-88-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keim_pp._87-88_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keim_pp._87-88_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeimLumet1914" class="citation book cs1">Keim, Albert; Lumet, Louis (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/louispasteur00keim#page/86/mode/2up">Louis Pasteur</a>. Frederick A. Stokes Company. pp. 87–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Keim&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Lumet%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flouispasteur00keim%23page%2F86%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVallery-Radot1919" class="citation book cs1">Vallery-Radot, René (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.173907/2015.173907.The-Life-Of-Pasteur#page/n161/mode/2up">The Life of Pasteur</a>. Translated by Devonshire, R. L. 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Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. XXXIV (3): 273–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2FXXXIV.3.273">10.1093/jhmas/XXXIV.3.273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/383780">383780</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39800747">39800747</a>. 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Stokes Company. pp. 63–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Keim&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Lumet%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flouispasteur00keim%23page%2F62%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPasteur1882" class="citation web cs1">Pasteur, Louis (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/njdg2696">"Mémoire sur les corpuscules organisés qui existent dans l'atmosphère: examen de la doctrine des générations spontanées"</a>. Wellcome Collection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501062347/https://wellcomecollection.org/works/njdg2696">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wellcome+Collection&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9moire+sur+les+corpuscules+organis%C3%A9s+qui+existent+dans+l%27atmosph%C3%A8re%3A+examen+de+la+doctrine+des+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rations+spontan%C3%A9es&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Pasteur&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwellcomecollection.org%2Fworks%2Fnjdg2696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter1991" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, K. C. 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Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+development+of+Pasteur%27s+concept+of+disease+causation+and+the+emergence+of+specific+causes+in+nineteenth-century+medicine&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E528-%3C%2Fspan%3E548&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44442642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1802317&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F1802317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Jimmy Drulhon, Louis Pasteur. Five years in the Cévennes, Ed. Hermann, 2009. Pasteur stayed and carried out his scientific work at the <a href="/wiki/Magnanerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnanerie">magnanerie</a> of Pont Gisquet, on the road to Saint-Jean-du-Pin.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.fr/maps/@44.121694,4.059807,3a,75y,179.7h,70.21t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sufDCWdKLIc2BJ7ebZ8HMrg!2e0">See Google Street.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407210606/https://www.google.fr/maps/@44.121694,4.059807,3a,75y,179.7h,70.21t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sufDCWdKLIc2BJ7ebZ8HMrg!2e0">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> "He had known it [= flacherie] for a long time, since his first stay in the South in 1865, where one of the two farms that had served as a starting point departure to his deductions was affected by this disease, at the same time as that of the corpuscles." Émile Duclaux, Pasteur, Histoire d'un esprit, pp. 218–219, available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k764468/f223.table">Gallica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126152716/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k764468/f223.table">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> "This denomination of white-dead, used by the Abbé de Sauvages and several other writers, is inaccurate; this is why I thought it necessary to add that of dead-flats, vulgarly used in several departments, and which designates very well the state of softness and flaccidity in which the worms dead of this disease are found. " Pierre Hubert Nysten, Research on the diseases of silkworms, Paris, 1808, p. 5, available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1tRIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12">Google Books</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> See account of Quatrefages reproduced in L. Pasteur, Études sur la maladie des vers à soie, Paris, 1870, Complete Works of Pasteur, t. 4, p. 27, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k73599/f40.table">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126152711/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k73599/f40.table">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> "But the cases of association were so frequent, precisely because the disease of the corpuscles was so widespread, that Pasteur had thought that the two conditions were linked to each other and should disappear together. " (Émile Duclaux, Pasteur, Histoire d'un esprit, pp. 218–219, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k764468/f223.table">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126152716/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k764468/f223.table">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.) Pasteur expressed this opinion, in particular in " Nouvelles études sur la maladie des vers à soie ", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, t. 63 (1866), pp. 126–142: "I am very much inclined to believe that there is no actual actual disease of silkworms. The disease complained of seems to me to have always existed, but to a lesser degree. (...) Furthermore, I have serious grounds for believing that most of the diseases of the silkworm which have been known for a long time are linked to the one which occupies us, muscardine and, perhaps, grasserie excepted. (p. 136). Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30204/f136.table">Gallica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126152722/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30204/f136.table">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Same thing in a letter of June 27, 1866, to Dumas: "all the other so-called ancient diseases of the silkworm, minus the muscardine and perhaps the grasserie, such as the disease of motrs -flats, petits, passis, arpians, are only forms of the actual disease. " (Pasteur, Correspondance, t. 2, p. 265. Quoted by Ph. Decourt, Les vérités indésirables, Paris, 1989, p. 173, and by P. Pinet, Pasteur et la phiolosophie, Paris, 2004, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> "Sur la maladie des vers à soie. Lettre de M. L. Pasteur à M. Dumas", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, meeting of 3 June 1867, t. 64, p. 1113. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3021f/f1122.table">Gallica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407215406/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3021f/f1122.table">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Philippe Decourt, Les vérités indésirables, Paris, 1989, pp. 165–193, accuses Pasteur of a denial of justice towards Antoine Béchamp, who studied pebrine at the same time as Pasteur and immediately affirmed the parasitic nature of the disease. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Balbiani, Balbiani, " Recherches sur les corpuscules de la pébrine et sur leur mode de propagation ", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, session of 27 August 1866, vol. 63 (1866), pp. 388–391, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30204/f388.table">Gallica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126152715/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30204/f388.table">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Balbiani begins in this manner: "Among all the contradictory opinions which have been expressed on the nature of the corpuscles of the pébrine, the most debatable, in my opinion, is that which consists in assimilating them to anatomical elements either normal, or more or less altered., or to morbid products such as pus globules, etc. This opinion was refuted more than eight years ago by Professor Lebert (...); but I believe I can also bring, against the way of seeing cited above, more decisive proofs, based on the observation of the phenomena which these corpuscles present in their evolution, phenomena which put beyond doubt their close relationship with the parasitic organisms. known under the name of Psorospermia". </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> "As for the opinions expressed by Mr. Balbiani on the nature of the corpuscles, although I do not share them, I will take great care to examine them, for two reasons: because they are from a skilful observer, and because I still only have preconceived views on the objects they concern, to which I do not agree more than reason. There is more: I earnestly hope that the ideas of MM. Balbiani and Leydig are true (...)". Pasteur, "Observations au sujet d'une Note de M. Balbiani relative à la maladie des vers à soie", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, meeting of 10 September 1866, vol. 63 (1866), pp. 441–443. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> On 29 May 1867, Pasteur wrote to Dumas again: "Despite all that I would have to say about the notes of Béchamp, Estor, Balbiani and on the articles that the first two insert in the Messager du Midi, I take your advice, I do not answer. If you knew how erroneous it is to say that this disease is not constitutional and only parasitic. Its essential character is precisely its constitutional character. " (Quoted by Ph. Decourt, Les vérités indésirables, Paris, 1989, p. 190.) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> P. Debré, Louis Pasteur, Flammarion, 1994, p. 219. In his Études sur la maladie des vers à soie (Studies on silkworm disease), published in 1870 (Pasteur's Complete Works, vol. 4, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k73599">Gallica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126152720/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k73599">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), Pasteur reports that he consulted Leydig on the question of the living nature of corpuscles. (One of his letters to Leydig is from December 1866.) He admits that "in substance" he adopted the opinions of Leydig and Balbiani, but he contradicts them on the question of the mode of formation of the corpuscles (pp. 135, 137 and 138). In 1884, Balbiani will examine Pasteur's theory on the development of corpuscles and will conclude as follows: "I believe that it is useless to dwell any longer on the observations of M. Pasteur, which I think I can characterize with a single word by saying that their author proves in it how little he is familiar with the researches of biology. But with this reservation, I do justice to his work, which has rendered sericulture farmers a real service by enabling them to recognize a healthy seed from a diseased seed. " (G. Balbiani, Leçons sus les sporozoaires, Paris, 1884, pp. 160–163, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leonssurlesspo00balb">online.</a>) On Pasteur's errors in the study of silkworms and his own judgment on these errors, see Richard Moreau, "Le dernier pli cacheté de Louis Pasteur à l'Académie des sciences", La vie des sciences, Comptes rendus, série générale, t. 6, 1989, n° 5, pp. 403–434, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-sciences.fr/archivage_site/fondations/lp_pdf/Plis_07_1869.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130215818/https://www.academie-sciences.fr/archivage_site/fondations/lp_pdf/Plis_07_1869.pdf">Archived</a> 30 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Louis Pasteur, Études sur la maladie des vers à soie; Œuvres complètes, t. 4, pp. 166–167, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k73599/f195.table">Gallica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126152711/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k73599/f195.table">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Pasteur mentions Osimo's ideas in Louis Pasteur, Études sur la maladie des vers à soie, Œuvres complètes, t. 4, pp. 38–39, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k73599/f57.table">Gallica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126152724/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k73599/f57.table">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Summarizing a development by Émile Duclaux (Émile Duclaux, Pasteur, histoire d'un esprit, Sceaux, 1896, p. 198, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148">/bpt6k764468/f203.notice Gallica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706205222/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148">Archived</a> 6 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), P. Debré wrote that Pasteur was "led to propose a seed sorting method almost identical to that recommended a few years earlier by Orcino [read: Osimo]. If the latter had failed, asserts Pasteur, it was through a lack of confidence; which, of course, is not his case. " P. Debré, Louis Pasteur, Flammarion, 1994, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Patrice Debré, Louis Pasteur, Flammarion, 1995, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Elie Reynier, La soie en Vivarais, 1921, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nemausensis.com/ardeche/soie/LaMaladie.htm">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104215910/http://www.nemausensis.com/ardeche/soie/LaMaladie.htm">Archived</a> 4 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> (Comptes rendus sténographiques du Congrès international séricicole, tenu à Paris du 5 au 10 septembre 1878; Paris, 1879, pp. 27–38. Œuvres complètes of Pasteur, t. 4, pp. 698–713, spec. 699 and 713; available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k73599.image.f746.langEN.tableDesMatieres">Gallica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130801101453/http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k73599.image.f746.langEN.tableDesMatieres">Archived</a> 1 August 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> G. Balbiani, Leçons sus les sporozoaires, Paris, 1884, pp. 160–163, 167–168, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leonssurlesspo00balb">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Plotkin_pp._35-36-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plotkin_pp._35-36_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plotkin_pp._35-36_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlotkin2011" class="citation book cs1">Plotkin, Stanley A., ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wf2jS_4lCOAC&pg=PA39">History of Vaccine Development</a>. Springer. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1339-5"><bdi>978-1-4419-1339-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Vaccine+Development&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-1339-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWf2jS_4lCOAC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDescour1922" class="citation book cs1">Descour, L. (1922). Pasteur and his work. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasteur+and+his+work&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Descour&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-102"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarranco2020" class="citation journal cs1">Barranco, Caroline (28 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00008-5">"The first live attenuated vaccines"</a>. Nature Milestones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802072726/https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00008-5">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Milestones&rft.atitle=The+first+live+attenuated+vaccines&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.aulast=Barranco&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd42859-020-00008-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurnaneProbert2024" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Murnane, John P; Probert, Rebecca (25 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09677720241273568">"The relationship between Rose Anna Shedlock (c1850-1878) and Emile Roux (1853-1933)"</a>. Journal of Medical Biography. online first: 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09677720241273568">10.1177/09677720241273568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39183561">39183561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Biography&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+Rose+Anna+Shedlock+%28c1850-1878%29+and+Emile+Roux+%281853-1933%29&rft.volume=online+first&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2024-08-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F09677720241273568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39183561&rft.aulast=Murnane&rft.aufirst=John+P&rft.au=Probert%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F09677720241273568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBazin2011" class="citation book cs1">Bazin, Herve (2011). Vaccination: a History. Esher, United Kingdom: John Libby.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaccination%3A+a+History&rft.place=Esher%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=John+Libby&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bazin&rft.aufirst=Herve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_105-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Kendall A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342039">"Louis pasteur, the father of immunology?"</a>. Frontiers in Immunology. 3: 68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2012.00068">10.3389/fimmu.2012.00068</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342039">3342039</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22566949">22566949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Immunology&rft.atitle=Louis+pasteur%2C+the+father+of+immunology%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=68&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3342039%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22566949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffimmu.2012.00068&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kendall+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3342039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> "This way, which the genius of Pasteur had opened and which became so fruitful, soon proved to be closed with regard to the anti-pasteurellic vaccination of the hen. Difficulties arose in the regularity of attenuation and maintenance of virulence to a definite and fixed degree." (G. Lesbouyries, La pathologie des oiseaux, Paris, 1941, p. 340; quoted by Hervé Bazin, L'Histoire des vaccinations, John Libbey Eurotext, 2008, p. 155.) </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeimLumet1914" class="citation book cs1">Keim, Albert; Lumet, Louis (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/louispasteur00keim#page/122/mode/2up">Louis Pasteur</a>. Frederick A. 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London: Constable & Company. pp. 303–305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Pasteur&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E305&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Vallery-Radot&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.173907%2F2015.173907.The-Life-Of-Pasteur%23page%2Fn323%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTizard1998" class="citation book cs1">Tizard, Ian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4s1YpGVFB8C&pg=PA12">"Grease, Anthraxgate, and Kennel Cough: A Revisionist History of Early Veterinary Vaccines"</a>. In Schultz, Ronald D. (ed.). 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John Libbey Eurotext. pp. 196–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7420-1344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7420-1344-9"><bdi>978-2-7420-1344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaccinations%3A+a+History%3A+From+Lady+Montagu+to+Jenner+and+genetic+engineering&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.pub=John+Libbey+Eurotext&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-7420-1344-9&rft.aulast=Bazin&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIC8QBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPasteurChamberlandRoux1881" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pasteur, L.; Chamberland, C.; Roux, E. 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The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 75 (1): 59–62. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588695">2588695</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12074483">12074483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Journal+of+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Summary+report+of+the+experiments+conducted+at+Pouilly-le-Fort%2C+near+Melun%2C+on+the+anthrax+vaccination%2C+1881.&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2588695%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12074483&rft.aulast=Pasteur&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Chamberland&rft.au=Roux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2588695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Kendall A. 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American Journal of Public Health. 79 (1): 92–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.79.1.92">10.2105/AJPH.79.1.92</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1349481">1349481</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2642372">2642372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Innovations+in+health+care%3A+antisepsis+as+a+case+study.&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1349481%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2642372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.79.1.92&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1349481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDescour1922" class="citation book cs1">Descour, L. (1922). Pasteur and his work. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasteur+and+his+work&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Descour&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeison2014" class="citation book cs1">Geison, Gerald L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tEkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">The Private Science of Louis Pasteur</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6408-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6408-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-6408-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Science+of+Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6408-9&rft.aulast=Geison&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtEkABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAltman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Altman, Lawrence K (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/16/science/doctor-s-world-revisionist-history-sees-pasteur-liar-who-stole-rival-s-ideas.html">"Revisionist history sees Pasteur as liar who stole rival's ideas"</a>. The New York Times on the Web. 16: C1, C3. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11647062">11647062</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202003043/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/16/science/doctor-s-world-revisionist-history-sees-pasteur-liar-who-stole-rival-s-ideas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+on+the+Web&rft.atitle=Revisionist+history+sees+Pasteur+as+liar+who+stole+rival%27s+ideas&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=C1%2C+C3&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11647062&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F05%2F16%2Fscience%2Fdoctor-s-world-revisionist-history-sees-pasteur-liar-who-stole-rival-s-ideas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> 21 December 1995 NY Review of Books <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1995/dec/21/the-pioneer-defended/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029083822/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1995/dec/21/the-pioneer-defended/">Archived</a> 29 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, letters <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1996/apr/04/pasteur-and-the-culture-wars-an-exchange/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920173420/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1996/apr/04/pasteur-and-the-culture-wars-an-exchange/">Archived</a> 20 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1997/feb/06/pasteurs-private-science/">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029083822/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1995/dec/21/the-pioneer-defended/">Archived</a> 29 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). 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American Scientist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027151905/http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/louis-louis-louis">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Louis%2C+Louis%2C+Louis&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=George+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Fbookshelf%2Fpub%2Flouis-louis-louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBéchamp1855" class="citation journal cs1">Béchamp, A (1855). "Note sur l'influence que l'eau pure et certaines dissolutions salines exercent sur le sucre de canne". Comptes Rendus Chimie. 40: 436–438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Chimie&rft.atitle=Note+sur+l%27influence+que+l%27eau+pure+et+certaines+dissolutions+salines+exercent+sur+le+sucre+de+canne&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9champ&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBéchamp1858" class="citation journal cs1">Béchamp, A (1858). "De l'influence que l'eau pur ou chargée de diverse sels exerce à froid sur the sucre de canne". 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The British Medical Journal. 1 (2471): 1150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2471.1150-b">10.1136/bmj.1.2471.1150-b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2436492">2436492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Professor+Bechamp&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2471&rft.pages=1150&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2436492%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2471.1150-b&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2436492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedmann1997" class="citation book cs1">Friedmann, H C (1997). 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Springer. pp. 285–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-25476-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-25476-0"><bdi>978-0-387-25476-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prokaryotes%3A+Vol.+1%3A+Symbiotic+Associations%2C+Biotechnology%2C+Applied+Microbiology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E286&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-387-25476-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhqh43LFTGBQC%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwabe2002" class="citation book cs1">Swabe, Joanna (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4WWGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">Animals, Disease and Human Society: Human-animal Relations and the Rise of Veterinary Medicine</a>. Routledge. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-67540-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-67540-1"><bdi>978-1-134-67540-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals%2C+Disease+and+Human+Society%3A+Human-animal+Relations+and+the+Rise+of+Veterinary+Medicine&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-67540-1&rft.aulast=Swabe&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4WWGAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Susan D. 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JHU Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0252-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0252-9"><bdi>978-1-4214-0252-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+a+Small+Package%3A+A+Short+History+of+Anthrax&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0252-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Susan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmK72X-XkIKgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chevallier-Jussiau-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chevallier-Jussiau_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chevallier-Jussiau_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChevallier-Jussiau2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chevallier-Jussiau, N (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx2010x044x001/HSMx2010x044x001x0055.pdf">"[Henry Toussaint and Louis Pasteur. Rivalry over a vaccine]"</a> (PDF). Histoire des Sciences Médicales. 44 (1): 55–64. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20527335">20527335</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225013513/https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx2010x044x001/HSMx2010x044x001x0055.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+des+Sciences+M%C3%A9dicales&rft.atitle=%5BHenry+Toussaint+and+Louis+Pasteur.+Rivalry+over+a+vaccine%5D&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20527335&rft.aulast=Chevallier-Jussiau&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biusante.parisdescartes.fr%2Fsfhm%2Fhsm%2FHSMx2010x044x001%2FHSMx2010x044x001x0055.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, E (2010). "The forgotten giants behind Louis Pasteur: contributions by the veterinarians Toussaint and Galtier". Veterinary Heritage. 33 (2): 33–39. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21466009">21466009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+forgotten+giants+behind+Louis+Pasteur%3A+contributions+by+the+veterinarians+Toussaint+and+Galtier&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21466009&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlower2008" class="citation book cs1">Flower, Darren R. 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Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69982-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69982-9"><bdi>978-0-470-69982-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioinformatics+for+Vaccinology&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-69982-9&rft.aulast=Flower&rft.aufirst=Darren+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRg6-T_1-LWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeison1990" class="citation journal cs1">Geison, Gerald L. (1990). "Pasteur, Roux, and Rabies: Scientific Clinical Mentalities". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 45 (3): 341–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2F45.3.341">10.1093/jhmas/45.3.341</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2212608">2212608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Medicine+and+Allied+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pasteur%2C+Roux%2C+and+Rabies%3A+Scientific+Clinical+Mentalities&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E365&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhmas%2F45.3.341&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2212608&rft.aulast=Geison&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForster2000" class="citation book cs1">Forster, Patrice Debré; translated by Elborg (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C">Louis Pasteur</a> (Johns Hopkins pbk. ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 455–456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E456&rft.edition=Johns+Hopkins+pbk.&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Patrice+Debr%C3%A9%3B+translated+by+Elborg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzOcl-FLw30C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGelfand2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gelfand, T (2002). 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Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 76 (4): 698–718. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2002.0176">10.1353/bhm.2002.0176</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12446976">12446976</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33145788">33145788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=11+January+1887%2C+the+day+medicine+changed%3A+Joseph+Grancher%27s+defense+of+Pasteur%27s+treatment+for+rabies&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E698-%3C%2Fspan%3E718&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33145788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12446976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2002.0176&rft.aulast=Gelfand&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2004" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Timothy F. 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The Hastings Center Report. 8 (2): 26–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3560403">10.2307/3560403</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3560403">3560403</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/348641">348641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hastings+Center+Report&rft.atitle=Pasteur%27s+work+on+rabies%3A+reexamining+the+ethical+issues&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F348641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3560403%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3560403&rft.aulast=Geison&rft.aufirst=GL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoenig1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hoenig, Leonard J. 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Archives of Neurology. 43 (4): 397–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneur.1986.00520040075024">10.1001/archneur.1986.00520040075024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3513741">3513741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=Triumph+and+controversy.+Pasteur%27s+preventive+treatment+of+rabies+as+reported+in+JAMA&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E397-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchneur.1986.00520040075024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3513741&rft.aulast=Hoenig&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). 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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 8: 254–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1856.0067">10.1098/rspl.1856.0067</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186212787">186212787</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308233748/https://zenodo.org/record/1432037">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=%5BAddress+Delivered+before+the+Royal+Society%5D&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.date=1856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1856.0067&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186212787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Lord+Wrottesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Anniversary Meeting". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 23 (156–163): 68–70. 1874. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1874.0007">10.1098/rspl.1874.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186209582">186209582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Anniversary+Meeting&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1874&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1874.0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186209582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-formemrs-164"><a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">"Fellows of the Royal Society"</a>. 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"Exploding the Pasteurian legend". Trends Biochem. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pasteurfoundation.org/MAHarvardAvePasteur.shtml">the original</a> on 14 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembrance+of+Things+Pasteur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pasteurfoundation.org%2FMAHarvardAvePasteur.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOS-179"><a href="#cite_ref-SOS_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!310287~!0#focus">"Louis Pasteur, (sculpture)"</a>. Save Outdoor Sculpture!. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929001947/http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!310287~!0#focus">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Save+Outdoor+Sculpture%21&rft.atitle=Louis+Pasteur%2C+%28sculpture%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiris-artinventories.si.edu%2Fipac20%2Fipac.jsp%3Fprofile%3Dall%26source%3D~%21siartinventories%26uri%3Dfull%3D3100001~%21310287~%210%23focus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-2005-180"><a href="#cite_ref-unesco-2005_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D26770%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">"Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170526113110/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D26770%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur+%281822%E2%80%931895%29&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%253D26770%2526URL_DO%253DDO_TOPIC%2526URL_SECTION%253D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mondor-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Mondor_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedie_universelle.fracademic.com/9931/HYGI%C3%88NE">"Henri Mondor, Pasteur"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605200937/https://encyclopedie_universelle.fracademic.com/9931/HYGI%C3%88NE">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henri+Mondor%2C+Pasteur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedie_universelle.fracademic.com%2F9931%2FHYGI%25C3%2588NE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVallery-Radot1919" class="citation book cs1">Vallery-Radot, René (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.173907/2015.173907.The-Life-Of-Pasteur#page/n447/mode/2up">The Life of Pasteur</a>. Translated by Devonshire, R. L. London: Constable & Company. p. 428.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Pasteur&rft.place=London&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Vallery-Radot&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.173907%2F2015.173907.The-Life-Of-Pasteur%23page%2Fn447%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pasteur-international.org/ip/easysite/pasteur-international-en/institut-pasteur-international-network/the-network">"Institut Pasteur International Network"</a>. pasteur-international.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606153949/http://www.pasteur-international.org/ip/easysite/pasteur-international-en/institut-pasteur-international-network/the-network">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pasteur-international.org&rft.atitle=Institut+Pasteur+International+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pasteur-international.org%2Fip%2Feasysite%2Fpasteur-international-en%2Finstitut-pasteur-international-network%2Fthe-network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOgilvieHarvey2000" class="citation book cs1">Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTSYePZvSXYC&q=Marie+Pasteur+assistant&pg=PA986">The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92040-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92040-7"><bdi>978-0-415-92040-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Women+in+Science%3A+L-Z&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92040-7&rft.aulast=Ogilvie&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+Bailey&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Joy+Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTSYePZvSXYC%26q%3DMarie%2BPasteur%2Bassistant%26pg%3DPA986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pasteur.fr/en/institut-pasteur/history">"History"</a>. Institut Pasteur. 10 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310084851/https://www.pasteur.fr/en/institut-pasteur/history">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+Pasteur&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pasteur.fr%2Fen%2Finstitut-pasteur%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Pasteur Vallery-Radot, Letter to Paul Dupuy, 1939, quoted by Hilaire Cuny, Pasteur et le mystère de la vie, Paris, Seghers, 1963, pp. 53–54. Patrice Pinet, Pasteur et la philosophie, Paris, 2005, pp. 134–135, quotes analogous assertions of Pasteur Vallery-Radot, with references to Pasteur Vallery-Radot, Pasteur inconnu, p. 232, and André George, Pasteur, Paris, 1958, p. 187. According to Maurice Vallery-Radot (Pasteur, 1994, p. 378), the false quotation appeared for the first time in the Semaine religieuse ... du diocèse de Versailles, 6 October 1895, p. 153, shortly after the death of Pasteur. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> (Vallery-Radot 1911, vol. 2, p. 240) </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/sim_literary-digest_1902-10-18_25_16">The Literary Digest 1902-10-18</a>. Vol. 25. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. 18 October 1902. p. 420.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Digest+1902-10-18&rft.pages=420&rft.date=1902-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_literary-digest_1902-10-18_25_16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVallery-Radot1994" class="citation book cs1">Vallery-Radot, Maurice (1994). Pasteur. Paris: Perrin. pp. 377–407.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasteur&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E407&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Vallery-Radot&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Pasteur Vallery-Radot, Letter to Paul Dupuy, 1939, quoted by Hilaire Cuny, Pasteur et le mystère de la vie, Paris, Seghers, 1963, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Pasteur, 1994, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> In Pasteur's Semaine religieuse ... du diocèse de Versailles, 6 October 1895, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_McCabe1945" class="citation book cs1">Joseph McCabe (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/dictionary.html">A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers</a>. Haldeman-Julius Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113004909/http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/dictionary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2012. <q>The anonymous Catholic author quotes as his authority the standard biography by Vallery-Radot, yet this describes Pasteur as a freethinker; and this is confirmed in the preface to the English translation by Sir W. Osler, who knew Pasteur personally. Vallery-Radot was himself a Catholic yet admits that Pasteur believed only in "an Infinite" and "hoped" for a future life. Pasteur publicly stated this himself in his Academy speech in 1822 (in V.R.). He said: "The idea of God is a form of the idea of the Infinite whether it is called Brahma, Allah, Jehova, or Jesus." The biographer says that in his last days he turned to the Church but the only "evidence" he gives is that he liked to read the life of St. Vincent de Paul, and he admits that he did not receive the sacraments at death. Relatives put rosary beads in his hands, and the Catholic Encyclopedia claims him as a Catholic in virtue of the fact and of an anonymous and inconclusive statement about him. Wheeler says in his Dictionary of Freethinkers that in his prime Pasteur was Vice-President of the British Secular (Atheist) Union; and Wheeler was the chief Secularist writer of the time. The evidence is overwhelming. Yet the Catholic scientist Sir Bertram Windle assures his readers that "no person who knows anything about him can doubt the sincerity of his attachment to the Catholic Church," and all Catholic writers use much the same scandalous language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern+Freethinkers&rft.pub=Haldeman-Julius+Publications&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Joseph+McCabe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistorical%2Fjoseph_mccabe%2Fdictionary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatrice_Debré2000" class="citation book cs1">Patrice Debré (2000). Louis Pasteur. JHU Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>. <q>Does this mean that Pasteur was bound to a religious ideal? His attitude was that of a believer, not of a sectarian. One of his most brilliant disciples, Elie Metchnikoff, was to attest that he spoke of religion only in general terms. In fact, Pasteur evaded the question by claiming quite simply that religion has no more place in science than science has in religion. ... A biologist more than a chemist, a spiritual more than a religious man, Pasteur was held back only by the lack of more powerful technical means and therefore had to limit himself to identifying germs and explaining their generation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.au=Patrice+Debr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzOcl-FLw30C&pg=PA368">Louis Pasteur</a>. Translated by Forster, Elborg. JHU Press. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>. <q>Pasteur advocated separation of science and religion: "In each one of us there are two men, the scientist and the man of faith or of doubt. These two spheres are separate, and woe to those who want to make them encroach upon one another in the present state of our knowledge!"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzOcl-FLw30C%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatrice_Debré2000" class="citation book cs1">Patrice Debré (2000). Louis Pasteur. JHU Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.au=Patrice+Debr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVallery-Radot1919" class="citation book cs1">Vallery-Radot, René (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.173907/2015.173907.The-Life-Of-Pasteur#page/n179/mode/2up">The Life of Pasteur</a>. Translated by Devonshire, R. L. London: Constable & Company. pp. 159–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Pasteur&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Vallery-Radot&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.173907%2F2015.173907.The-Life-Of-Pasteur%23page%2Fn179%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebré2000" class="citation book cs1">Debré, Patrice (2000). Louis Pasteur. Translated by Forster, Elborg. Baltimore: JHU Press. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6529-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6529-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6529-9&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeimLumet1914" class="citation book cs1">Keim, Albert; Lumet, Louis (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/louispasteur00keim#page/206/mode/2up">Louis Pasteur</a>. Frederick A. Stokes Company. p. 206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Stokes+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Keim&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Lumet%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flouispasteur00keim%23page%2F206%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVallery-Radot1919" class="citation book cs1">Vallery-Radot, René (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.173907/2015.173907.The-Life-Of-Pasteur#page/n477/mode/2up">The Life of Pasteur</a>. Translated by Devonshire, R. L. London: Constable & Company. p. 458.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Pasteur&rft.place=London&rft.pages=458&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Vallery-Radot&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.173907%2F2015.173907.The-Life-Of-Pasteur%23page%2Fn477%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrankland1901" class="citation book cs1">Frankland, Percy (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pasteur00frangoog#page/n219/mode/2up">Pasteur</a>. Cassell and Company. pp. 217–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasteur&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Company&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Frankland&rft.aufirst=Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpasteur00frangoog%23page%2Fn219%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1915" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, D M (January 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u8FUAAAAMAAJ">"The Pasteur Institute of Paris"</a>. American Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 10 (1): 29–31. Retrieved 8 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Veterinary+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Pasteur+Institute+of+Paris&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1915-01&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=D+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du8FUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Pasteur"> Pasteur</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+Pasteur&rft.au=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FadvAuthorSearch.do%3Ffind_abbreviation%3DPasteur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenz1938" class="citation book cs1">Benz, Francis E. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20230210">Pasteur, Knight of the Laboratory</a>. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212030957/https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20230210">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasteur%2C+Knight+of+the+Laboratory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Francis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fadedpage.com%2Fshowbook.php%3Fpid%3D20230210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebréE._Forster1998" class="citation book cs1">Debré, P.; E. Forster (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louispasteur0000debr">Louis Pasteur</a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5808-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5808-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-5808-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5808-6&rft.aulast=Debr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=E.+Forster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouispasteur0000debr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuclaux1920" class="citation book cs1">Duclaux, E.Translated by Erwin F. Smith and Florence Hedges (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pasteurhistorya00duclgoog">Louis Pasteur: The History of a Mind</a>. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001RV90WA">B001RV90WA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur%3A+The+History+of+a+Mind&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders+Company&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001RV90WA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Duclaux&rft.aufirst=E.Translated+by+Erwin+F.+Smith+and+Florence+Hedges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpasteurhistorya00duclgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeison1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._Geison" title="Gerald L. Geison">Geison, Gerald L.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/privatescienceof0000geis_s1q6">The Private Science of Louis Pasteur</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03442-3"><bdi>978-0-691-03442-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Science+of+Louis+Pasteur&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03442-3&rft.aulast=Geison&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprivatescienceof0000geis_s1q6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cédric Grimoult, Pasteur: Le mythe au coeur de l'action (ou le combattant), Paris, Ellipses, coll. "Biographies et mythes historiques", 2021, 332 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Kruif1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Kruif" title="Paul de Kruif">de Kruif, Paul</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.221187/page/n3/mode/2up">Microbe Hunters</a>. Blue Ribbon Books. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company Inc. Retrieved 9 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbe+Hunters&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Blue+Ribbon+Books&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+%26+Company+Inc.&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=de+Kruif&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.221187%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988">, chapters III (PASTEUR: Microbes are a Menace!) and V (PASTEUR: And the Mad Dog)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLatour1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour, Bruno</a> (1988). The Pasteurization of France. Boston: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-65761-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-65761-8"><bdi>978-0-674-65761-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pasteurization+of+France&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-674-65761-8&rft.aulast=Latour&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Reynolds, Moira Davison. How Pasteur Changed History: The Story of Louis Pasteur and the Pasteur Institute (1994)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Williams" title="Roger L. Williams">Williams, Roger L.</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gaslightandshado006960mbp">Gaslight and Shadow: The World of Napoleon III, 1851–1870</a>. New York: Macmillan Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-9821-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-9821-7"><bdi>978-0-8371-9821-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaslight+and+Shadow%3A+The+World+of+Napoleon+III%2C+1851%E2%80%931870&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-9821-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaslightandshado006960mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Louis Pasteur <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=54152415">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=54152415&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Louis Pasteur <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=54152415&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=54152415">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=54152415&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louis_Pasteur" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pasteur, Louis">Pasteur, Louis</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pasteur.fr/en">The Institut Pasteur</a> – Foundation dedicated to the prevention and treatment of diseases through biological research, education and public health activities</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pasteurfoundation.org/">The Pasteur Foundation</a> – A US nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting the mission of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Pasteur" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Pasteur">Institut Pasteur</a> in Paris. Full archive of newsletters available online containing examples of US Tributes to Louis Pasteur.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm">Pasteur's Papers on the Germ Theory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/">The Life and Work of Louis Pasteur</a>, Pasteur Brewing</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pasteur.net/?lang=en">The Pasteur Galaxy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878pasteur-germ.html">Germ Theory and Its Applications to Medicine and Surgery, 1878</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Louis_Pasteur.html">Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)</a> profile, AccessExcellence.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pasteur%2C%20Louis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Louis%20Pasteur%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pasteur%2C%20Louis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Louis%20Pasteur%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pasteur%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Louis%20Pasteur%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pasteur%2C%20Louis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Louis%20Pasteur%22%29%20OR%20%28%221822-1895%22%20AND%20Pasteur%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Louis Pasteur</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/8786">Works by Louis Pasteur</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/013276">Newspaper clippings about Louis Pasteur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7356c">Pasteur Œuvre tome 1 – Dissymétrie moléculaire</a> (in French). 1922–1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasteur+%C5%92uvre+tome+1+%E2%80%93+Dissym%C3%A9trie+mol%C3%A9culaire&rft.date=1922%2F1939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k7356c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7357p">Pasteur Œuvre tome 2 – Fermentations et générations dites spontanées</a> (in French). 1922–1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasteur+%C5%92uvre+tome+2+%E2%80%93+Fermentations+et+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rations+dites+spontan%C3%A9es&rft.date=1922%2F1939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k7357p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math-doc.ujf-grenoble.fr/RBSM/cr-gallica.html">Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311021045/http://math-doc.ujf-grenoble.fr/RBSM/cr-gallica.html">Archived</a> 11 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Articles published by Pasteur (in French)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_infectious_diseases" title="Template:History of infectious diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_infectious_diseases" title="Template talk:History of infectious diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_infectious_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of infectious diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_infectious_diseases155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">infectious diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cholera" title="History of cholera">Cholera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_leprosy" title="History of leprosy">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_malaria" title="History of malaria">Malaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plague" title="History of plague">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_polio" title="History of polio">Polio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_smallpox" title="History of smallpox">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_syphilis" title="History of syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis" title="History of tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_typhoid_fever" title="History of typhoid fever">Typhoid fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_yellow_fever" title="History of yellow fever">Yellow fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">Ignaz Semmelweis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Jacob_Kligler" title="Israel Jacob Kligler">Israel Jacob Kligler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">Major epidemics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> (1346–1353)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS pandemic</a> (1981–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2019–present<abbr title="Peaked 2020–2023">*</abbr>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_disease-causing_pathogens" title="Discovery of disease-causing pathogens">Discovery of disease-causing pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_eradication" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallpox eradication">Smallpox eradication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_viruses" title="Social history of viruses">Social history of viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)35" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1851–1900)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Académie_française_seat_1780" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_17" title="Template:Académie française Seat 17"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_17" title="Template talk:Académie française Seat 17"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_17" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Académie française Seat 17"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Académie_française_seat_1780" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="List of members of the Académie française">seat 17</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Cauvigny_de_Colomby" title="François de Cauvigny de Colomby">François de Cauvigny de Colomby</a> (1634)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tristan_l%27Hermite" title="François Tristan l'Hermite">François Tristan l'Hermite</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte-Jules_Pilet_de_La_Mesnardi%C3%A8re" title="Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardière">Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardière</a> (1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Beauvilliers,_1st_duc_de_Saint-Aignan" title="François de Beauvilliers, 1st duc de Saint-Aignan">François de Beauvilliers, 1st duc de Saint-Aignan</a> (1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Timol%C3%A9on_de_Choisy" title="François-Timoléon de Choisy">François-Timoléon de Choisy</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Portail" title="Antoine Portail">Antoine Portail</a> (1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Claude_Nivelle_de_La_Chauss%C3%A9e" title="Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée">Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée</a> (1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_de_Bougainville" title="Jean-Pierre de Bougainville">Jean-Pierre de Bougainville</a> (1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Marmontel" title="Jean-François Marmontel">Jean-François Marmontel</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Marcelin_de_Fontanes" title="Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes">Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel-Fran%C3%A7ois_Villemain" title="Abel-François Villemain">Abel-François Villemain</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Littr%C3%A9" title="Émile Littré">Émile Littré</a> (1871)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Pasteur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Paris</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Masson" title="Frédéric Masson">Frédéric Masson</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecomte" title="Georges Lecomte">Georges Lecomte</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Delay" title="Jean Delay">Jean Delay</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rik_Orsenna" title="Érik Orsenna">Érik Orsenna</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)548" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaccines" title="Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaccines" title="Template talk:Vaccines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)548" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity" title="Artificial induction of immunity">Artificial induction of immunity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" title="Peptide vaccine">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a>#</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapomeran" title="Zapomeran">Kostaive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a>#</li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a>#</li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/ researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Simpsonwood_CDC_conference" title="2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference">2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4591" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4591" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121334104">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54152415">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/17203/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJccfhtkpwxfHWQBft48YP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118591959">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50050646">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119187405">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119187405">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452240">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV012797">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35411315">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720218&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000170148&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000170149&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1009166">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/60030">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070896070">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90089533">Norway</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1083490">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000188488&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000035315&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000037962">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=82445">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199621158">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bdz4g3jr57d5">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810597373605606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/156603">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266347205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513864806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14341790">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00896050?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Pasteur">International Plant Names Index</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=294954">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500105951">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/62039">RKD Artists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/943111">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118591959.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118591959">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027059898">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q52tg1">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&oldid=1283152139">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&oldid=1283152139</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Louis_Pasteur" title="Category:Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1822_births" title="Category:1822 births">1822 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1895_deaths" title="Category:1895 deaths">1895 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Dole,_Jura" title="Category:People from Dole, Jura">People from Dole, Jura</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_biologists" title="Category:19th-century French biologists">19th-century French biologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_microbiologists" title="Category:French microbiologists">French microbiologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_chemists" title="Category:19th-century French chemists">19th-century French chemists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vaccinologists" title="Category:Vaccinologists">Vaccinologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_alumni" title="Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni">École Normale Supérieure alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers_alumni" title="Category:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers alumni">Conservatoire national des 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