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id="toc-Mid-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mid-20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Current positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>National Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ACT_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item 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id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electoral districts for Māori voters in New Zealand</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the local government equivalent, see <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_wards_and_constituencies" title="Māori wards and constituencies">Māori wards and constituencies</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_electorates_(since_2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the seven Māori electorates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_electorates_%28since_2020%29.svg/265px-New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_electorates_%28since_2020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_electorates_%28since_2020%29.svg/398px-New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_electorates_%28since_2020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_electorates_%28since_2020%29.svg/531px-New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_electorates_%28since_2020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>There have been seven Māori electorates in each general election since 2008.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">Constitution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a> <dl><dd>King <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Kiro" title="Cindy Kiro">Cindy Kiro</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">Executive Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_governments" title="List of New Zealand governments">List of governments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sixth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth National Government of New Zealand">current</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of prime ministers of New Zealand">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Christopher Luxon</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_Zealand" title="Executive Council of New Zealand">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sector organisations in New Zealand">State services departments</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/54th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="54th New Zealand Parliament">54th New Zealand Parliament</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Brownlee" title="Gerry Brownlee">Gerry Brownlee</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">Official Opposition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">Electorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">Electoral system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">Electoral reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li>Recent elections: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local: <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2013 New Zealand local elections">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2016 New Zealand local elections">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2019 New Zealand local elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2022 New Zealand local elections">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand" title="Referendums in New Zealand">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_New_Zealand" title="Political funding in New Zealand">Political funding and election expenses</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">Chief Justice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helen_Winkelmann" title="Helen Winkelmann">Helen Winkelmann</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_New_Zealand" title="Court of Appeal of New Zealand">Court of Appeal</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cooper_(judge)" title="Mark Cooper (judge)">Mark Cooper</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="District Court of New Zealand">District Court</a></li> <li>Other courts: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Employment Court of New Zealand">Employment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment Court of New Zealand">Environment</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Courts Martial Appeal</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Land_Court" title="Māori Land Court">Māori Land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_Zealand" title="Law of New Zealand">Law of New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Local government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_New_Zealand" title="Mayors in New Zealand">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_in_New_Zealand" title="Community boards in New Zealand">Community boards</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_New_Zealand" title="List of diplomatic missions of New Zealand">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_New_Zealand" title="List of diplomatic missions in New Zealand">in New Zealand</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_passport" title="New Zealand passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_New_Zealand_citizens" title="Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_New_Zealand" title="Visa policy of New Zealand">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_and_the_United_Nations" title="New Zealand and the United Nations">New Zealand and the United Nations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_New_Zealand" title="Christian politics in New Zealand">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in New Zealand">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Political history of New Zealand">Political history of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_voting_in_New_Zealand" title="History of voting in New Zealand">History of voting in New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Māori politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">Nuclear-free zone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Politics of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Politics of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">New Zealand politics</a>, <b>Māori electorates</b>, colloquially known as the <b>Māori seats</b> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: <i lang="mi">Ngā tūru Māori</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a special category of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">electorate</a> that give <a href="/wiki/Reserved_political_positions" title="Reserved political positions">reserved positions</a> to representatives of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a>. Every area in New Zealand is covered by both a general and a Māori electorate; as of 2020, there are seven Māori electorates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1967, candidates in Māori electorates have not needed to be Māori themselves, but to register as a voter in the Māori electorates people need to declare that they are of Māori descent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Māori electorates were introduced in 1867 under the Maori Representation Act.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were created in order to give Māori a more direct say in parliament. The <a href="/wiki/First_M%C4%81ori_elections" title="First Māori elections">first Māori elections</a> were held in the following year during the term of the <a href="/wiki/4th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="4th New Zealand Parliament">4th New Zealand Parliament</a>. The electorates were intended as a temporary measure lasting five years but were extended in 1872 and made permanent in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite numerous attempts to dismantle Māori electorates, they continue to form a distinct part of the New Zealand political landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-Origins_of_the_Māori_Seats_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins_of_the_Māori_Seats-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Māori electorates operate much as do general electorates, but have as electors people who are <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>, or of Māori descent, (<i>see <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people#Demographics" title="Māori people">Māori people § Demographics</a></i>) and who choose to place their names on a separate <a href="/wiki/Electoral_roll" title="Electoral roll">electoral roll</a> rather than on the "general roll". </p><p>There are two features of the Māori electorates that make them distinct from the general electorates. First, there are a number of skills that are essential for candidates to have in order to engage with their constituencies and ensure a clear line of accountability to representing the 'Māori voice'. This includes proficiency in <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Te_reo_M%C4%81ori" class="mw-redirect" title="Te reo Māori">te reo Māori</a></i></span>, knowledge of <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Tikanga_M%C4%81ori" title="Tikanga Māori">tikanga Māori</a></i></span>, <i lang="mi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whakawhanaungatanga#Māori" class="extiw" title="wikt:whakawhanaungatanga">whakawhanaungatanga</a></i> skills and confidence on the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Marae" title="Marae">marae</a></i></span>. Second, the geographical size of the Māori electoral boundaries vary significantly from the general electorates. Five to 18 general electorates fit into any one Māori electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBargh2015302–303_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBargh2015302–303-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Māori electoral boundaries are superimposed over the electoral boundaries used for general electorates; thus every part of New Zealand simultaneously belongs both in a general seat and in a Māori seat. Shortly after each census all registered Māori electors have the opportunity to choose whether they are included on the Māori or general electorate rolls.<sup id="cite_ref-Māori_Electoral_Option_2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Māori_Electoral_Option_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 31 March 2023, Māori electors have been able to change rolls at any time, except in the three months preceding a general or local election or after a notice of vacancy is issued for a by-election.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each five-yearly census and Māori Electoral Option determines the number of Māori electorates for the next one or two elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment">Establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The establishment of Māori electorates came about in 1867 during the term of the <a href="/wiki/4th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="4th New Zealand Parliament">4th Parliament</a> with the Maori Representation Act, drafted by <a href="/wiki/Napier_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Napier (New Zealand electorate)">Napier</a> member of parliament <a href="/wiki/Donald_McLean_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Donald McLean (New Zealand politician)">Donald McLean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Origins_of_the_Māori_Seats_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins_of_the_Māori_Seats-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament passed the act after lengthy debate, and during a period of warfare between the government and some North Island Māori <a href="/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">hapū</a> and was seen as a way to reduce conflict between cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its primary aim was to enfranchise Maori who were indirectly excluded from parliament by the land ownership requirement. To vote, a person had to be male, a subject of the monarch, have title to land of at least 25 pounds, and not be in prison. Very few Maori qualified because of the <a href="/wiki/Property_qualification" title="Property qualification">property qualification</a> - the land they owned was held in common and not by Crown grant: native title was not acceptable. Concern was raised that, indirectly, this ran contrary to section III of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> which made all Maori subjects of the monarch with corresponding voting and representation rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBargh2015302–303_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBargh2015302–303-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act originally agreed to set up four electorates specially for Māori; three in the North Island and one covering the whole South Island. The four seats were a fairly modest concession on a per-capita basis at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Seats_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seats-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some MPs, such as <a href="/wiki/James_FitzGerald_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="James FitzGerald (New Zealand politician)">James FitzGerald</a>, regarded the concessions given to Māori as insufficient, while others disagreed. In the end, the setting up of Māori electorates separate from existing electorates assuaged the conservative opposition to the bill. The bill was intended as a temporary measure, giving specific representation to Māori until the land ownership issue was resolved. However, the Maori seats continued to become a permanent feature of the New Zealand parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seats_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seats-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first four Māori members of parliament, elected in <a href="/wiki/First_M%C4%81ori_elections" title="First Māori elections">1868</a>, were <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81reha_Te_Moananui" title="Tāreha Te Moananui">Tāreha Te Moananui</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Maori" title="Eastern Maori">Eastern Maori</a>), <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nene_Russell" title="Frederick Nene Russell">Frederick Nene Russell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Maori" title="Northern Maori">Northern Maori</a>) and <a href="/wiki/John_Patterson_(Southern_Maori_politician)" title="John Patterson (Southern Maori politician)">John Patterson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Maori" title="Southern Maori">Southern Maori</a>), who all retired in 1870; and <a href="/wiki/Mete_K%C4%ABngi_Paetahi" title="Mete Kīngi Paetahi">Mete Kīngi Te Rangi Paetahi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Maori" title="Western Maori">Western Maori</a>) who was defeated in 1871. These four men were the first New Zealand-born members of the New Zealand Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second four members were <a href="/wiki/Karaitiana_Takamoana" title="Karaitiana Takamoana">Karaitiana Takamoana</a> (Eastern Maori); <a href="/wiki/Wi_Katene" title="Wi Katene">Wi Katene</a> (Northern Maori); <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dri_Kerei_Taiaroa" title="Hōri Kerei Taiaroa">Hōri Kerei Taiaroa</a> (Southern Maori); and <a href="/wiki/Wiremu_Parata" title="Wiremu Parata">Wiremu Parata</a> (Western Maori).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Māori woman MP was <a href="/wiki/Iriaka_R%C4%81tana" title="Iriaka Rātana">Iriaka Rātana</a>, who represented the Western Maori electorate. Like <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_McCombs" title="Elizabeth McCombs">Elizabeth McCombs</a>, New Zealand's first woman MP, Rātana won the seat in a by-election caused by the death of her husband <a href="/wiki/Matiu_R%C4%81tana" title="Matiu Rātana">Matiu</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently Māori elections are held as part of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand elections">New Zealand general elections</a>, but in the past such elections took place separately, on different days (usually the day before the vote for general electorates) and under different rules. Historically, less organisation went into holding Māori elections than general elections, and the process received fewer resources. Māori electorates at first did not require registration for voting, which was later introduced. New practices such as <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">paper ballots</a> (as opposed to casting one's vote verbally) and <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballots</a> also came later to elections for Māori electorates than to general electorates. </p><p>The authorities frequently delayed or overlooked reforms of the Māori electoral system, with Parliament considering the Māori electorates as largely unimportant. The gradual improvement of Māori elections owes much to long-serving Māori MP <a href="/wiki/Eruera_Tirikatene" title="Eruera Tirikatene">Eruera Tirikatene</a>, who himself experienced problems in his own election. From the <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1951 New Zealand general election">election of 1951</a> onwards, the voting for Māori and general electorates was held on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1985138_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1985138-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confusion around the Māori electorates during the 2017 general election was revealed in a number of complaints to the Electoral Commission. Complaints included Electoral Commission staff at polling booths being unaware of the Māori roll and insisting electors were unregistered when their names did not appear on the general roll; Electoral Commission staff giving incorrect information about the Māori electorates; electors being given incorrect voting forms and electors being told they were unable to vote for <a href="/wiki/Te_P%C4%81ti_M%C4%81ori" title="Te Pāti Māori">Te Pāti Māori</a> (the Māori Party) unless they were on the Māori roll.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switching_between_rolls">Switching between rolls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Switching between rolls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Justice (New Zealand)">Justice Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Kris_Faafoi" title="Kris Faafoi">Kris Faafoi</a> of the incumbent <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a> introduced a bill to allow people of Māori descent to switch between the general and Māori electoral rolls at any time. At the time, Māori were only allowed to switch between the two rolls every five years. To pass into law, the bill needed 75% majority support in Parliament. In addition, Māori Party co-leader <a href="/wiki/Rawiri_Waititi" title="Rawiri Waititi">Rawiri Waititi</a> introduced a member's bill which proposed automatically placing Māori on the Māori electoral roll and renaming the "general electoral district" the "non-Māori electoral district."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 November 2022, the opposition <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> abandoned its opposition to the Māori Electoral Option bill after the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand">Labour Government</a> agreed to allow people of Māori descent to switch between the general and Māori rolls at any time except the three month period before general and local elections; giving the Government the 75% majority need to pass the bill into law. Te Pāti Māori criticised the compromise, with Waititi and fellow co-leader <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Ngarewa-Packer" title="Debbie Ngarewa-Packer">Debbie Ngarewa-Packer</a> describing the changes as "second-rate" and a "half pie ka pai" respectively. Waititi's member bill had already been voted down in early November.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_(M%C4%81ori_Electoral_Option)_Legislation_Act_2022" title="Electoral (Māori Electoral Option) Legislation Act 2022">Electoral (Māori Electoral Option) Legislation Act 2022</a> came into force on 31 March 2023; allowing people of Māori descent to switch between the general and Māori rolls at anytime until the three month period before elections. The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission</a> subsequently launched a campaign to encourage non-voters to register with either the general or Māori rolls.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023 New Zealand general election</a>, the cutoff date was set at midnight 13 July 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 3 July 2023, over 12,000 people had switched between the Māori and general rolls; with 6,662 people shifting from the general to Māori rolls and 5,652 switching vice versa. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political expert and academic Dr Rawiri Taonui and journalist Tommy de Silva described that the increase of voters on the Māori roll as a form of strategic voting that reinforced the relevance of the Māori seats and Māori vote to New Zealand politics.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calls_for_abolition">Calls for abolition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Calls for abolition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Periodically there have been calls for the abolition of the Māori electorates. The electorates aroused controversy even at the time of their origin, and given their intended temporary nature, there have been a number of attempts to abolish them. The reasoning behind these attempts has varied – some have seen the electorates as an unfair or unnecessary advantage for Māori, while others have seen them as discriminatory and offensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1902, a consolidation of electoral law prompted considerable discussion of the Māori electorates, and some MPs proposed their abolition. Many of the proposals came from members of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Opposition">opposition</a>, and possibly had political motivations – in general, the Māori MPs had supported the governing <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a>, which had held power since 1891. Many MPs alleged frequent cases of corruption in elections for the Māori electorates. Other MPs, however, supported the abolition of Māori electorates for different reasons – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pirani" title="Frederick Pirani">Frederick Pirani</a>, a member of the Liberal Party, said that the absence of Māori voters from general electorates prevented "<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">pākehā</a> members of the House from taking that interest in Māori matters that they ought to take".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Māori MPs, however, mounted a strong defence of the electorates, with <a href="/wiki/Wi_Pere" title="Wi Pere">Wi Pere</a> depicting guaranteed representation in parliament as one of the few rights Māori possessed not "filched from them by the Europeans". The electorates continued in existence. </p><p>Just a short time later, in 1905, another re-arrangement of electoral law caused the debate to flare up again. The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_M%C4%81ori_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Māori Affairs">Minister of Māori Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="James Carroll (New Zealand politician)">James Carroll</a>, supported proposals for the abolition of Māori electorates, pointing to the fact that he himself had won the general electorate of <a href="/wiki/Waiapu_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Waiapu (New Zealand electorate)">Waiapu</a>. Other Māori MPs, such as <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dne_Heke_Ng%C4%81pua" title="Hōne Heke Ngāpua">Hōne Heke Ngāpua</a>, remained opposed. In the end, proposals for the abolition or reform of Māori electorates did not proceed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-20th_century">Mid-20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mid-20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maori_MPs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maori_MPs.jpg/220px-Maori_MPs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maori_MPs.jpg/330px-Maori_MPs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maori_MPs.jpg/440px-Maori_MPs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Four long-standing representatives of the Māori electorates, pictured in the 1970s. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Koro_W%C4%93tere" title="Koro Wētere">Koro Wētere</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Maori" title="Western Maori">Western Maori</a>), <a href="/wiki/Matiu_Rata" title="Matiu Rata">Matiu Rata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Maori" title="Northern Maori">Northern Maori</a>), <a href="/wiki/Whetu_Tirikatene-Sullivan" title="Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan">Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Maori" title="Southern Maori">Southern Maori</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Paraone_Reweti" title="Paraone Reweti">Paraone Reweti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Maori" title="Eastern Maori">Eastern Maori</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Considerably later, in 1953, the first ever major re-alignment of Māori electoral boundaries occurred, addressing inequalities in voter numbers. Again, the focus on Māori electorates prompted further debate about their existence. The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> government of the day had a commitment to the assimilation of Māori, and had no Māori MPs, and many believed that they would abolish the electorates. However, the government had other matters to attend to, and the issue of the Māori electorates gradually faded from view without any changes. Regardless, the possible abolition of the Māori electorates appeared indicated when they did not appear among the electoral provisions entrenched against future modification. In the 1950s the practice of reserving electorates for Māori was described by some politicians "as a form of '<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>', like in South Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, the electoral system whereby four electorate seats were reserved for representatives who were specifically Māori ended. Following the Electoral Amendment Act 1967, the 100-year-old disqualification preventing Europeans from standing as candidates in Māori electorates was removed. Simultaneously, the act allowed Māori to stand in general electorates. Since 1967, therefore, there has not been any electoral guarantee of representation by candidates who have Māori descent. While this still means that those elected to represent Māori electors in the Māori electorates are directly accountable to those voters,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> those representatives are not required to be Māori themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Third_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Third National Government of New Zealand">National Government</a> introduced the option for Māori to decide whether to enrol individually on the general electoral roll or the Māori roll.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRobie1989119_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRobie1989119-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of people (Māori and non-Māori) failed to fill out an electoral re-registration card that was distributed with the <a href="/wiki/1976_New_Zealand_census" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 New Zealand census">1976 census</a>, with census staff lacking authority to insist on the card being completed. This had little practical effect for non-Māori, but it transferred Māori to the general roll if the card was not handed in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRobie1989119_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRobie1989119-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 40% of the potential population registered on the Māori roll. This reduced the number of calls for the abolition of Māori electorates, as many presumed that Māori would eventually abandon the Māori electorates of their own accord.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_positions">Current positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of currently active political parties oppose, or have opposed, the existence of Māori electorates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Party">National Party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> has advocated abolition of the Māori electorates, though as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the party is not opposed to the seats. National did not stand candidates in Māori electorate from the 2005 election through the 2020 election. <a href="/wiki/Bill_English" title="Bill English">Bill English</a>, the party's leader in 2003, said that "the purpose of the Māori seats has come to an end", and in 2004 party leader <a href="/wiki/Don_Brash" title="Don Brash">Don Brash</a> called the electorates an "anachronism".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National announced in 2008 it would abolish the electorates when all historic <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements" title="Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements">treaty settlements</a> have been resolved, which it aimed to complete by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014 though, then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Key" title="John Key">John Key</a> ruled out the abolition, saying he would not do it even if he had the numbers to do so as there would be "<a href="/wiki/Hikoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hikoi">hikois</a> from hell".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, party leader <a href="/wiki/Judith_Collins" title="Judith Collins">Judith Collins</a> announced that "I am not opposed to the Māori seats. The National Party has had a view for many years now that they should be done away with. But I just want people to feel that they all have opportunities for representation".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, it was revealed that the National Party intended to run candidates in Māori electorates in the next general election.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ACT_Party">ACT Party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ACT Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand" title="ACT New Zealand">ACT Party</a> opposes the Māori electorates. Its leader, <a href="/wiki/David_Seymour" title="David Seymour">David Seymour</a>, has called for their abolition as recently as 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hobson%27s_Pledge" title="Hobson's Pledge">Hobson's Pledge</a>, a lobby group founded by former ACT Party leader <a href="/wiki/Don_Brash" title="Don Brash">Don Brash</a>, advocates abolishing the allocated Māori electorates, seeing them as outdated.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand_First">New Zealand First</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Zealand First"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a>, whose "<a href="/wiki/Tight_Five" title="Tight Five">Tight Five</a>" once held all Māori seats, has advocated for abolition of the separate electorates, while emphasising that the decision should be made by Māori voters. During the <a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017 election campaign</a>, the New Zealand First leader <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a> announced that if elected his party would hold a binding referendum on whether Maori electorates should be abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During post-election negotiations with the Labour Party, Peters indicated that he would consider dropping his call for a referendum on the Māori electorates due to the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Party">Māori Party</a> at the 2017 election.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return for forming a government with the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand">Labour Party</a>, New Zealand First agreed to drop its demand for the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party has not stood candidates in the Māori electorates since the <a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999 New Zealand general election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Individual_electorates">Individual electorates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Individual electorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1868 to 1996, four Māori electorates existed (out of a total that slowly changed from 76 to 99).<sup id="cite_ref-General_elections_1853-2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_elections_1853-2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They comprised:<sup id="cite_ref-Scholefield_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholefield-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Maori" title="Eastern Maori">Eastern Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Maori" title="Northern Maori">Northern Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Maori" title="Southern Maori">Southern Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Maori" title="Western Maori">Western Maori</a></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1996_New_Zealand_general_election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1996_New_Zealand_general_election.svg/220px-1996_New_Zealand_general_election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1996_New_Zealand_general_election.svg/330px-1996_New_Zealand_general_election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1996_New_Zealand_general_election.svg/440px-1996_New_Zealand_general_election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="1927" /></a><figcaption>Electorates in the 1996 election (Māori seats shown bottom-right)</figcaption></figure> <p>With the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a> electoral system after 1993, the rules regarding the Māori electorates changed. Today, the number of electorates floats, meaning that the electoral population of a Māori seat can remain roughly equivalent to that of a general seat. For the <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 election</a>, the first under MMP, the Electoral Commission defined five Māori electorates: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puku_O_Te_Whenua" title="Te Puku O Te Whenua">Te Puku O Te Whenua</a> (<i>The belly of the land</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Hauauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Tai Hauauru">Te Tai Hauauru</a> (<i>The western district</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Rawhiti" title="Te Tai Rawhiti">Te Tai Rawhiti</a> (<i>The eastern district</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tokerau" title="Te Tai Tokerau">Te Tai Tokerau</a> (<i>The northern district</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tonga" title="Te Tai Tonga">Te Tai Tonga</a> (<i>The southern district</i>)</li></ol> <p>A sixth Māori electorate was added for the second MMP election in <a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999</a>: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hauraki_(M%C4%81ori_electorate)" title="Hauraki (Māori electorate)">Hauraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaroa-R%C4%81whiti" title="Ikaroa-Rāwhiti">Ikaroa-Rawhiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Hau%C4%81uru" title="Te Tai Hauāuru">Te Tai Hauāuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tokerau" title="Te Tai Tokerau">Te Tai Tokerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tonga" title="Te Tai Tonga">Te Tai Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiariki_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Waiariki (New Zealand electorate)">Waiariki</a></li></ol> <p>Since <a href="/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2002 New Zealand general election">2002</a>, there have been seven Māori electorates. For the 2002 and <a href="/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2005 New Zealand general election">2005 elections</a>, these were: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ikaroa-R%C4%81whiti" title="Ikaroa-Rāwhiti">Ikaroa-Rāwhiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainui_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Tainui (New Zealand electorate)">Tainui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81maki_Makaurau" title="Tāmaki Makaurau">Tāmaki Makaurau</a> (roughly equivalent to greater <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Hau%C4%81uru" title="Te Tai Hauāuru">Te Tai Hauāuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tokerau" title="Te Tai Tokerau">Te Tai Tokerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tonga" title="Te Tai Tonga">Te Tai Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiariki_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Waiariki (New Zealand electorate)">Waiariki</a></li></ol> <p>From <a href="/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2008 New Zealand general election">2008</a>, Tainui was largely replaced by Hauraki-Waikato, giving the following seven Māori electorates: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hauraki-Waikato" title="Hauraki-Waikato">Hauraki-Waikato</a> – north-western <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papakura_District" title="Papakura District">Papakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaroa-R%C4%81whiti" title="Ikaroa-Rāwhiti">Ikaroa-Rāwhiti</a> – eastern and southern North Island, including <a href="/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand" title="Gisborne, New Zealand">Gisborne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masterton" title="Masterton">Masterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81maki_Makaurau" title="Tāmaki Makaurau">Tāmaki Makaurau</a> – southern and central Auckland, and parts of western Auckland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Hau%C4%81uru" title="Te Tai Hauāuru">Te Tai Hauāuru</a> – western North Island, including <a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui" title="Manawatū-Whanganui">Manawatū-Whanganui</a> regions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tokerau" title="Te Tai Tokerau">Te Tai Tokerau</a> – northernmost seat, including <a href="/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei" title="Whangārei">Whangārei</a>, northern Auckland and parts of western Auckland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tonga" title="Te Tai Tonga">Te Tai Tonga</a> – all of the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>. Largest electorate by area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiariki_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Waiariki (New Zealand electorate)">Waiariki</a> – includes <a href="/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whakat%C4%81ne" title="Whakatāne">Whakatāne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taup%C5%8D" title="Taupō">Taupō</a></li></ol> <p>While seven out of 72 (9.7%) does not nearly reflect the proportion of voting-age New Zealanders who identify as being of Māori descent (about 14.8%), many Māori choose to enrol in general electorates, so the proportion reflects the proportion of voters on the Māori roll. </p><p>For maps showing broad electoral boundaries, see selected links to individual elections at <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand elections">New Zealand elections</a>. </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Party">Māori Party</a> co-leader <a href="/wiki/Pita_Sharples" title="Pita Sharples">Pita Sharples</a> proposed the creation of an additional electorate, for <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori in Australia">Māori living in Australia</a>, where there are between 115,000 and 125,000 Māori, the majority living in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TVNZ_1385989_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVNZ_1385989-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_politics">Party politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Party politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C4%81ori_electorates_2023_general_election.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of New Zealand with electorates superimposed, distinguishing between the six TPM seats and one Labour seat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/M%C4%81ori_electorates_2023_general_election.png/280px-M%C4%81ori_electorates_2023_general_election.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/M%C4%81ori_electorates_2023_general_election.png/420px-M%C4%81ori_electorates_2023_general_election.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/M%C4%81ori_electorates_2023_general_election.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Party representation in the Māori seats following the most recent general election, in 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>As Māori electorates originated before the development of <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in New Zealand">political parties in New Zealand</a>, all early Māori MPs functioned as <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politics)">independents</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a> formed, however, Māori MPs began to align themselves with the new organisation, with either Liberal candidates or Liberal sympathisers as representatives. Māori MPs in the Liberal Party included <a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="James Carroll (New Zealand politician)">James Carroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80pirana_Ngata" title="Āpirana Ngata">Āpirana Ngata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Te_Rangi_H%C4%ABroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Rangi Hīroa">Te Rangi Hīroa</a>. There were also Māori MPs in the more conservative and rural <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Reform Party (New Zealand)">Reform Party</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maui_Pomare" class="mw-redirect" title="Maui Pomare">Maui Pomare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurekareka_Henare" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurekareka Henare">Taurekareka Henare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taite_Te_Tomo" title="Taite Te Tomo">Taite Te Tomo</a>. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a> first came to power in <a href="/wiki/1935_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1935 New Zealand general election">1935</a>, however, it has dominated the Māori electorates. For a long period this dominance owed much to Labour's alliance with the <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana Church</a>, although the Rātana influence has diminished in recent times. In the <a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993 election</a>, however, the new <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a> party, led by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a> – who himself held the general seat of <a href="/wiki/Tauranga_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Tauranga (New Zealand electorate)">Tauranga</a> from 1984 to 2005 – gained the Northern Māori seat (electing <a href="/wiki/Tau_Henare" title="Tau Henare">Tau Henare</a> to Parliament), and in the <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 election</a> New Zealand First captured all the Māori electorates for one electoral term. Labour regained the electorates in the following election in the <a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBargh2015302–303_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBargh2015302–303-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A development of particular interest to Māori came in 2004 with the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Tariana_Turia" title="Tariana Turia">Tariana Turia</a> from her ministerial position in the Labour-dominated coalition and from her <a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Hau%C4%81uru" title="Te Tai Hauāuru">Te Tai Hauāuru</a> parliamentary seat. In <a href="/wiki/2004_Te_Tai_Hauauru_by-election" title="2004 Te Tai Hauauru by-election">the resulting by-election</a> on 10 July 2004, standing under the banner of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Party">Māori Party</a>, she received over 90% of the 7,000-plus votes cast. The parties then represented in Parliament had not put up official candidates in the by-election. The new party's support in relation to Labour therefore remained untested at the polling booth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBargh2015305–306_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBargh2015305–306-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Māori Party aimed to win all seven Māori electorates in <a href="/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2005 New Zealand general election">2005</a>. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marae-Digipoll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marae-Digipoll (page does not exist)">Marae-Digipoll</a> survey of Māori-roll voters in November 2004 gave it hope: 35.7% said they would vote for a Māori Party candidate, 26.3% opted for Labour, and five of the seven electorates appeared ready to fall to the new party.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the election, the new party won four of the Māori electorates. It seemed possible that Māori Party MPs could play a role in the choice and formation of a governing coalition, and they conducted talks with the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a>. In the end they remained in Opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodfery2015243–244_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodfery2015243–244-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly in <a href="/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2008 New Zealand general election">2008</a>, the Māori Party aimed to win all seven Māori electorates. However, in the election, they managed to increase their four electorates only to five. Although the National government had enough MPs to govern without the Māori Party, it invited the Māori Party to support their minority government on confidence and supply in return for policy concessions and two ministerial posts outside of Cabinet. The Māori Party signed a confidence and supply agreement with National on the condition that the Māori electorates were not abolished unless the Māori voters agreed to abolish them. Other policy concessions including a review of the <a href="/wiki/Foreshore_and_Seabed_Act_2004" title="Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004">Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004</a>, a review of New Zealand's constitutional arrangements, and the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau_Ora" title="Whānau Ora">Whānau Ora</a> indigenous health initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodfery2015244–245_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodfery2015244–245-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discontentment with the Māori Party's support agreement with National particularly the <a href="/wiki/Marine_and_Coastal_Area_(Takutai_Moana)_Act_2011" title="Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011">Marine and Coastal Areas Bill 2011</a> led the party's <a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tokerau" title="Te Tai Tokerau">Te Tai Tokerau</a> Member <a href="/wiki/Hone_Harawira" title="Hone Harawira">Hone Harawira</a> to secede from the Māori Party and form the radical left-wing <a href="/wiki/Mana_Movement" title="Mana Movement">Mana Movement</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">2011 general election</a>, the Māori Party retained three of the Māori electorates while Labour increased its share of the Māori electorates to three, taking <a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tonga" title="Te Tai Tonga">Te Tai Tonga</a>. The Mana Movement retained Te Tai Tokerau. Tensions between the Māori Party and Mana Movement combined with competition from the Labour Party fragmented the Māori political voice in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodfery2015245–248_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodfery2015245–248-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBargh2015305_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBargh2015305-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014 election</a>, Mana Movement leader Hone Harawira formed an electoral pact with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Internet Party (New Zealand)">Internet Party</a>, founded by controversial Internet entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dotcom" title="Kim Dotcom">Kim Dotcom</a> and led by former <a href="/wiki/Alliance_(New_Zealand_political_party)" title="Alliance (New Zealand political party)">Alliance</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Laila_Harr%C3%A9" title="Laila Harré">Laila Harré</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Internet_Party_and_Mana_Movement" title="Internet Party and Mana Movement">Internet MANA</a>. Hone was defeated by Labour candidate <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Davis_(politician)" title="Kelvin Davis (politician)">Kelvin Davis</a>, who was tacitly endorsed by the ruling National Party, New Zealand First, and the Māori Party.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ousted_Harawira_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ousted_Harawira-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2014 election, Labour captured six of the Māori electorates with the Māori Party being reduced to co-leader <a href="/wiki/Te_Ururoa_Flavell" title="Te Ururoa Flavell">Te Ururoa Flavell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Waiariki_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Waiariki (New Zealand electorate)">Waiariki electorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodfery2015249_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodfery2015249-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Māori Party managed to bring a second member co-leader <a href="/wiki/Marama_Fox" title="Marama Fox">Marama Fox</a> into Parliament as their <a href="/wiki/Party_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Party vote">party vote</a> entitled them to one further list seat.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017 general election</a>, the Māori Party formed an electoral pact with the <a href="/wiki/Mana_Movement" title="Mana Movement">Mana Movement</a> leader and former Māori Party MP <a href="/wiki/Hone_Harawira" title="Hone Harawira">Hone Harawira</a> not to contest <a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tokerau" title="Te Tai Tokerau">Te Tai Tokerau</a> as part of a deal to regain the Māori electorates from the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these efforts, Labour captured all seven of the Māori electorates with Labour candidate <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81mati_Coffey" title="Tāmati Coffey">Tāmati Coffey</a> unseating Māori Party co-leader Flavell in Waiariki.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">Three years later</a>, despite a historic landslide to the Labour party, Māori party candidate <a href="/wiki/Rawiri_Waititi" title="Rawiri Waititi">Rawiri Waititi</a> successfully unseated Coffey, returning the Māori Party – now calling itself Te Pāti Māori – to Parliament. <a href="/wiki/Special_vote" title="Special vote">Special votes</a> raised Te Pāti Māori's party vote from a provisional result of 1%<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a final party vote of 1.2%, thus allowing co-leader, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Ngarewa-Packer" title="Debbie Ngarewa-Packer">Debbie Ngarewa-Packer</a>, to enter Parliament as a List MP.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023 general election</a>, Te Pāti Māori won a record six of the seven Māori electorates, unseating Labour from all but one of the seats.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_outside_New_Zealand">Influence outside New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influence outside New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scheme has inspired some policymakers as a potential solution for underrepresented <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Voice_to_Parliament" title="Indigenous Voice to Parliament">Indigenous Voice to Parliament</a></div> <p>In Australia, some have put forward the idea of dedicating seats to <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>. In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Walker_(Australian_politician)" title="Frank Walker (Australian politician)">Frank Walker</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Aboriginal_Affairs_(New_South_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Aboriginal Affairs (New South Wales)">New South Wales Minister for Aboriginal Affairs</a>, proposed that each state send one Aboriginal senator to the federal parliament, and also the creation of four Aboriginal electorates for the NSW <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, MLC <a href="/wiki/Franca_Arena" title="Franca Arena">Franca Arena</a> moved the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales" title="Parliament of New South Wales">Parliament of New South Wales</a> to an inquiry and report on the idea of providing seats dedicated to people of Aboriginal background, modelled on the Māori electorates, to create opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a> representation in that parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Standing Committee on Social Issues, of which she was not part, released a report on the merits of the system in November 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report is said to have been well-researched, with a thorough discussion of the system's mechanics, and through which paths it could come to fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-iorns_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iorns-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NSW Government members, however, did not conclude the proposal appropriate and leaned towards other measures to facilitate Aboriginal representation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another report was released in 2003 by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland" title="Legislative Assembly of Queensland">Legislative Assembly of Queensland</a>'s Legal, Constitutional and Administrative Review Committee,<sup id="cite_ref-iorns_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iorns-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inquiring how to help Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. The idea of dedicated seats, however, although deemed to help reconciliation, was not suggested by the report because of strong opposition from some members of the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-iorns_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iorns-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Māori politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand elections">New Zealand elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_King_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori King Movement">Māori King Movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sullivan, Ann (20 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/mi/torangapu/page-1">"Tōrangapū – Pūnaha kōwhiringa Māori"</a>. <i><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=T%C5%8Drangap%C5%AB+%E2%80%93+P%C5%ABnaha+k%C5%8Dwhiringa+M%C4%81ori&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fmi%2Ftorangapu%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/maori-and-the-vote/twentieth-century">"Change in the 20th century"</a>. <i>Māori and the vote</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats+NZ&rft.atitle=Number+of+Electorates+and+Electoral+Populations%3A+2013+Census&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.stats.govt.nz%2Fbrowse_for_stats%2Fpopulation%2Fcensus_counts%2FNumberofElectoratesandElectoralPopulations_HOTP2013Census%2FCommentary.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.org.nz/events/maori-electoral-option-2018/about-maori-electoral-option">"About the Māori Electoral Option"</a>. Electoral Commission New Zealand. 17 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+M%C4%81ori+Electoral+Option&rft.pub=Electoral+Commission+New+Zealand&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.nz%2Fevents%2Fmaori-electoral-option-2018%2Fabout-maori-electoral-option&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enzs.auckland.ac.nz/document.php?wid=810&action=null">"Maori Representation Act 1867"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maori+Representation+Act+1867&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enzs.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument.php%3Fwid%3D810%26action%3Dnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.govt.nz/provenance-of-power/maori-representation-act-1867">"Representation Act 1867"</a>. <i>archives.govt.nz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Representation+Act+1867&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.govt.nz%2Fprovenance-of-power%2Fmaori-representation-act-1867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origins_of_the_Māori_Seats-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_of_the_Māori_Seats_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_of_the_Māori_Seats_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, John (31 May 2009) [November 2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/research-papers/document/00PLLawRP03141/origins-of-the-m%C4%81ori-seats">"The Origins of the Māori Seats"</a>. Wellington: New Zealand Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C4%81ori+Electoral+Option+2013&rft.pub=Electoral+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.nz%2Fevents%2Fpast-events%2Fmaori-electoral-option-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeddis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Geddis, Andrew (26 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/elj.2006.5.347?journalCode=elj">"A Dual Track Democracy? The Symbolic Role of the Māori Seats in New Zealand's Electoral System"</a>. <i>Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy</i>. <b>4</b> (5): 347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Felj.2006.5.347">10.1089/elj.2006.5.347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Election+Law+Journal%3A+Rules%2C+Politics%2C+and+Policy&rft.atitle=A+Dual+Track+Democracy%3F+The+Symbolic+Role+of+the+M%C4%81ori+Seats+in+New+Zealand%27s+Electoral+System&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=347&rft.date=2006-10-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Felj.2006.5.347&rft.aulast=Geddis&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liebertpub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1089%2Felj.2006.5.347%3FjournalCode%3Delj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/zoomify/33905/maori-representation-act-1867">"Maori Representation Act 1867"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Maori+Representation+Act+1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fzoomify%2F33905%2Fmaori-representation-act-1867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2008" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Philip A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzcpr.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/TheMaoriSeatsInParliament.pdf"><i>Te Oranga o te Iwi Maori: A Study of Maori Economic and Social Progress - The Maori Seats in Parliament</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Te+Ao+M%C4%81ori+News&rft.atitle=Polling+booth+staff+mislead+and+confuse+M%C4%81ori+voters&rft.date=2017-09-17&rft.aulast=Kupenga&rft.aufirst=Talisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maoritelevision.com%2Fnews%2Fregional%2Fpolling-booth-staff-mislead-and-confuse-maori-voters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahana2023" class="citation news cs1">Tahana, Jamie (9 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/468796/electoral-law-proposal-would-allow-maori-to-fully-exercise-voting-rights-faafoi">"Electoral law proposal would allow Māori to fully exercise voting rights - Faafoi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Electoral+law+proposal+would+allow+M%C4%81ori+to+fully+exercise+voting+rights+-+Faafoi&rft.date=2023-06-09&rft.aulast=Tahana&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fpolitical%2F468796%2Felectoral-law-proposal-would-allow-maori-to-fully-exercise-voting-rights-faafoi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDexter2022" class="citation news cs1">Dexter, Giles (15 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/478782/government-reaches-compromise-with-national-on-electoral-law-change">"Government reaches compromise with National on electoral law change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Government+reaches+compromise+with+National+on+electoral+law+change&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft.aulast=Dexter&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fte-manu-korihi%2F478782%2Fgovernment-reaches-compromise-with-national-on-electoral-law-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/487045/maori-free-to-switch-voting-rolls-from-friday-after-law-change">"Māori free to switch voting rolls from Friday after law change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a></i>. 30 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ori+free+to+switch+voting+rolls+from+Friday+after+law+change&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fte-manu-korihi%2F487045%2Fmaori-free-to-switch-voting-rolls-from-friday-after-law-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva2023" class="citation news cs1">de Silva, Tommy (13 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thespinoff.co.nz/atea/13-04-2023/psa-its-easier-than-ever-to-switch-between-the-maori-and-general-electoral-rolls">"PSA: It's easier than ever to switch between the Māori and general electoral rolls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spinoff" title="The Spinoff">The Spinoff</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spinoff&rft.atitle=PSA%3A+It%27s+easier+than+ever+to+switch+between+the+M%C4%81ori+and+general+electoral+rolls&rft.date=2023-04-13&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthespinoff.co.nz%2Fatea%2F13-04-2023%2Fpsa-its-easier-than-ever-to-switch-between-the-maori-and-general-electoral-rolls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikaire-Lewis2023" class="citation news cs1">Wikaire-Lewis, Mana (7 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teaomaori.news/iwi-chair-lead-advisor-switch-rolls-deadline">"Iwi chair lead advisor: 'Switch rolls before the deadline'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Te Ao Maori News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Maori_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori Television">Maori Television</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Te+Ao+Maori+News&rft.atitle=Iwi+chair+lead+advisor%3A+%27Switch+rolls+before+the+deadline%27&rft.date=2023-07-07&rft.aulast=Wikaire-Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teaomaori.news%2Fiwi-chair-lead-advisor-switch-rolls-deadline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuru2023" class="citation news cs1">Ruru, Karanama (2 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300893307/nearly-6400-voters-go-to-mori-roll-how-are-things-looking-toward-election-time">"Nearly 6400 voters go to Māori roll, how are things looking toward election time?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(website)" title="Stuff (website)">Stuff</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Nearly+6400+voters+go+to+M%C4%81ori+roll%2C+how+are+things+looking+toward+election+time%3F&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft.aulast=Ruru&rft.aufirst=Karanama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2F300893307%2Fnearly-6400-voters-go-to-mori-roll-how-are-things-looking-toward-election-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoganGibson2023" class="citation news cs1">Hogan, Finn; Gibson, Gray (24 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/shows/2023/06/newshub-nation-m-ori-electoral-roll-why-some-m-ori-voters-are-strategically-swapping-rolls-and-what-you-need-to-know-ahead-of-election-2023.html">"Newshub Nation: Māori electoral roll - why some Māori voters are strategically swapping rolls and what you need to know ahead of Election 2023"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newshub" title="Newshub">Newshub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newshub&rft.atitle=Newshub+Nation%3A+M%C4%81ori+electoral+roll+-+why+some+M%C4%81ori+voters+are+strategically+swapping+rolls+and+what+you+need+to+know+ahead+of+Election+2023&rft.date=2023-06-24&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Finn&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newshub.co.nz%2Fhome%2Fshows%2F2023%2F06%2Fnewshub-nation-m-ori-electoral-roll-why-some-m-ori-voters-are-strategically-swapping-rolls-and-what-you-need-to-know-ahead-of-election-2023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429093638/http://www.elections.org.nz/study/history/maori-vote.html">"History of the Vote: Māori and the Vote"</a>. <i>Elections New Zealand</i>. 9 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.org.nz/study/history/maori-vote.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2006</span>. <q>In the 1950s and 1960s the National government occasionally talked of abolishing the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> seats. Some politicians described special representation as a form of 'apartheid', like in South Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elections+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Vote%3A+M%C4%81ori+and+the+Vote&rft.date=2005-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.nz%2Fstudy%2Fhistory%2Fmaori-vote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nz/resource/en-NZ/00PLLawRP03141/e27e432e971eb1f60ea75b00c987a39e4b2e62ce">"Origin of the Maori Seats"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+Maori+Seats&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nz%2Fresource%2Fen-NZ%2F00PLLawRP03141%2Fe27e432e971eb1f60ea75b00c987a39e4b2e62ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRobie1989119-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRobie1989119_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRobie1989119_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRobie1989">McRobie 1989</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2021" class="citation news cs1">Sherman, Maiki (28 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/exclusive-national-party-contest-m-ori-electorate-seats">"Exclusive: National Party to contest Māori electorate seats"</a>. <i>TVNZ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TVNZ&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+National+Party+to+contest+M%C4%81ori+electorate+seats&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Maiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvnz.co.nz%2Fone-news%2Fnew-zealand%2Fexclusive-national-party-contest-m-ori-electorate-seats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahana2008" class="citation web cs1">Tahana, Yvonne (29 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz-election-2008/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501799&objectid=10534713">"National to dump Maori seats in 2014"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=National+to+dump+Maori+seats+in+2014&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft.aulast=Tahana&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz-election-2008%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1501799%26objectid%3D10534713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11312498">"John Key: Dropping Maori seats would mean 'hikois from hell'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. 22 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=John+Key%3A+Dropping+Maori+seats+would+mean+%27hikois+from+hell%27&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D11312498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300058752/judith-collins-keen-to-run-candidates-in-the-mori-seats-tear-up-the-rma-but-not-cut-benefits">"Judith Collins keen to run candidates in the Māori seats, tear up the RMA, but not cut benefits"</a>. Stuff. 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Judith+Collins+keen+to+run+candidates+in+the+M%C4%81ori+seats%2C+tear+up+the+RMA%2C+but+not+cut+benefits&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2F300058752%2Fjudith-collins-keen-to-run-candidates-in-the-mori-seats-tear-up-the-rma-but-not-cut-benefits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalls2019" class="citation web cs1">Walls, Jason (14 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/act-leader-david-seymour-kiwis-need-to-resist-an-orwellian-future/PIB65D2TO5V76GKVC4NKSLHVFI/">"Act Leader David Seymour: Kiwis need to resist an 'Orwellian future'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stuff<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Maori+Party+is+out%3A+Labour+wins+all+Maori+seats&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft.aulast=Huffadine&rft.aufirst=Leith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2F97176087%2FThe-M-ori-Party-is-out-Labour-wins-all-M-ori-electorates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/election-2020/428584/election-2020-labour-claims-victory-national-has-worst-result-in-years">"Election 2020: Labour claims victory, National has worst result in years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a></i>. 17 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=Election+2020%3A+Labour+claims+victory%2C+National+has+worst+result+in+years&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Felection-2020%2F428584%2Felection-2020-labour-claims-victory-national-has-worst-result-in-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/checkpoint/audio/2018771721/thrilled-debbie-ngarewa-packer-enters-parliament-on-special-votes">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Thrilled' Debbie Ngarewa-Packer enters Parliament on special votes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a></i>. 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=%27Thrilled%27+Debbie+Ngarewa-Packer+enters+Parliament+on+special+votes&rft.date=2020-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fprogrammes%2Fcheckpoint%2Faudio%2F2018771721%2Fthrilled-debbie-ngarewa-packer-enters-parliament-on-special-votes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapaleaoNeilson2024" class="citation news cs1">Tapaleao, Vaimoana; Neilson, Michael (3 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/special-votes-te-pati-maori-picks-up-two-extra-seats-one-mp-winning-by-four-votes/QAHP6I4CBRGCJLBGGN55UGVBDA/">"Te Pāti Māori picks up two extra seats in historic result"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Te+P%C4%81ti+M%C4%81ori+picks+up+two+extra+seats+in+historic+result&rft.date=2024-07-03&rft.aulast=Tapaleao&rft.aufirst=Vaimoana&rft.au=Neilson%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fkahu%2Fspecial-votes-te-pati-maori-picks-up-two-extra-seats-one-mp-winning-by-four-votes%2FQAHP6I4CBRGCJLBGGN55UGVBDA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour2004" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, Michel (2004). <i>The Fate of the Nation-state</i>. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 286–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2686-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2686-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-2686-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Nation-state&rft.pages=286-287&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2686-0&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>, 1983:3, quoted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFthe_Standing_Committee_on_Social_Issues1998" class="citation book cs1">the Standing Committee on Social Issues (November 1998). "Chapter 2". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lcdocs/inquiries/1728/chapt2.pdf"><i>Enhancing Aboriginal Political Representation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales" title="Parliament of New South Wales">Parliament of New South Wales</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2&rft.btitle=Enhancing+Aboriginal+Political+Representation&rft.pub=Parliament+of+New+South+Wales&rft.date=1998-11&rft.au=the+Standing+Committee+on+Social+Issues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nsw.gov.au%2Flcdocs%2Finquiries%2F1728%2Fchapt2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFthe_Standing_Committee_on_Social_Issues1998" class="citation web cs1">the Standing Committee on Social Issues (November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lcdocs/inquiries/1728/introd.pdf">"Enhancing Aboriginal Political Representation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales" title="Parliament of New South Wales">Parliament of New South Wales</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+New+South+Wales&rft.atitle=Enhancing+Aboriginal+Political+Representation&rft.date=1998-11&rft.au=the+Standing+Committee+on+Social+Issues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nsw.gov.au%2Flcdocs%2Finquiries%2F1728%2Fintrod.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFthe_Government_of_New_South_Wales1998" class="citation web cs1">the Government of New South Wales (November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lcdocs/inquiries/1728/Govt%20Response_Enhancing%20Aboriginal%20Political%20Repre.pdf">"Response to the Report "Enhancing Aboriginal Political Representation"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales" title="Parliament of New South Wales">Parliament of New South Wales</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+New+South+Wales&rft.atitle=Response+to+the+Report+%22Enhancing+Aboriginal+Political+Representation%22&rft.date=1998-11&rft.au=the+Government+of+New+South+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nsw.gov.au%2Flcdocs%2Finquiries%2F1728%2FGovt%2520Response_Enhancing%2520Aboriginal%2520Political%2520Repre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iorns-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iorns_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iorns_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iorns_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_J._Iorns2003" class="citation journal cs1">Catherine J. Iorns (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MurUEJL/2003/39.html">"Dedicated Parliamentary Seats for Indigenous Peoples: Political Representation as an Element of Indigenous Self-Determination"</a>. <i>Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law</i>. <b>10</b> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Murdoch+University+Electronic+Journal+of+Law&rft.atitle=Dedicated+Parliamentary+Seats+for+Indigenous+Peoples%3A+Political+Representation+as+an+Element+of+Indigenous+Self-Determination&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2003-12&rft.au=Catherine+J.+Iorns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FMurUEJL%2F2003%2F39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_electorates&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBargh2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Bargh" title="Maria Bargh">Bargh, Maria</a> (2015). "Chapter 5.3: The Māori Seats". In Hayward, Janine (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lOpArgEACAAJ"><i>New Zealand Government and Politics, Sixth Edition</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 300–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195585254" title="Special:BookSources/9780195585254"><bdi>9780195585254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.3%3A+The+M%C4%81ori+Seats&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Government+and+Politics%2C+Sixth+Edition&rft.pages=300-310&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780195585254&rft.aulast=Bargh&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlOpArgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfery2015" class="citation book cs1">Godfery, Morgan (2015). "Chapter 4.4: The Māori Party". In Hayward, Janine (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lOpArgEACAAJ"><i>New Zealand Government and Politics, Sixth Edition</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 240–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195585254" title="Special:BookSources/9780195585254"><bdi>9780195585254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4.4%3A+The+M%C4%81ori+Party&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Government+and+Politics%2C+Sixth+Edition&rft.pages=240-250&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780195585254&rft.aulast=Godfery&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlOpArgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRobie1989" class="citation book cs1">McRobie, Alan (1989). <i>Electoral Atlas of New Zealand</i>. Wellington: GP Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-477-01384-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-477-01384-8"><bdi>0-477-01384-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electoral+Atlas+of+New+Zealand&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=GP+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-477-01384-8&rft.aulast=McRobie&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1985" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [1913]. <i>New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984</i> (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/154283103">154283103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Parliamentary+Record%2C+1840%E2%80%931984&rft.place=Wellington&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=V.R.+Ward%2C+Govt.+Printer&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F154283103&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James+Oakley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+electorates" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Māori_electorates_of_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Template:Māori electorates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Template talk:Māori electorates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Māori electorates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Māori_electorates_of_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Māori electorates</a> of New Zealand</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hauraki-Waikato" title="Hauraki-Waikato">Hauraki-Waikato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaroa-R%C4%81whiti" title="Ikaroa-Rāwhiti">Ikaroa-Rāwhiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81maki_Makaurau" title="Tāmaki Makaurau">Tāmaki Makaurau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Hau%C4%81uru" title="Te Tai Hauāuru">Te Tai Hauāuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tokerau" title="Te Tai Tokerau">Te Tai Tokerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tonga" title="Te Tai Tonga">Te Tai Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiariki_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Waiariki (New Zealand electorate)">Waiariki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Maori_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Maori (New Zealand electorate)">Eastern Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauraki_Maori_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauraki Maori (New Zealand electorate)">Hauraki Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Maori_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Maori (New Zealand electorate)">Northern Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Maori_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Maori (New Zealand electorate)">Southern Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainui_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Tainui (New Zealand electorate)">Tainui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puku_O_Te_Whenua_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Puku O Te Whenua (New Zealand electorate)">Te Puku O Te Whenua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Rawhiti_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Tai Rawhiti (New Zealand electorate)">Te Tai Rawhiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Maori_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Maori (New Zealand electorate)">Western Maori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Māori" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:M%C4%81ori" title="Template:Māori"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:M%C4%81ori" title="Template talk:Māori"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:M%C4%81ori" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Māori"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Māori" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Indigenous people of New Zealand (<a href="/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_history" title="Māori history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration canoes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">waka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Moriori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket_Wars" title="Musket Wars">Musket Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABpapa" title="Kūpapa">Kūpapa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">Land confiscations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_society" title="Category:Māori society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_and_conservation" title="Māori and conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li>Diaspora <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians" title="Māori Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders_in_the_United_Kingdom#Māori" title="New Zealanders in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Americans" title="Māori Americans">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauora" title="Hauora">Hauora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">Hapū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">Iwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marae" title="Marae">Marae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81" title="Pā">pā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangata_whenua" title="Tangata whenua">Tangata whenua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau" title="Whānau">Whānau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mana_Movement" title="Mana Movement">Mana Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_M%C4%81ori_Development" title="Minister for Māori Development">Minister for Māori Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_Motuhake" title="Mana Motuhake">Mana Motuhake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Māori electorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_King_movement" title="Māori King movement">Māori King movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_P%C4%81ti_M%C4%81ori" title="Te Pāti Māori">Te Pāti Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements" title="Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements">Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tino_rangatiratanga" title="Tino rangatiratanga">Tino rangatiratanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangihanga" title="Tangihanga">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_deities" title="List of Māori deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_and_spirits_in_M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Ghosts and spirits in Māori culture">Ghosts and spirits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongomaraeroa" title="Rongomaraeroa">Rongomaraeroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapu_(Polynesian_culture)" title="Tapu (Polynesian culture)">Tapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_M%C4%81ori" title="Taha Māori">Taha Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikanga_M%C4%81ori" title="Tikanga Māori">Tikanga Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taua" title="Taua">Taua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whakapapa" title="Whakapapa">Whakapapa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">Kapa haka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">Haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">Poi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taonga_p%C5%ABoro" title="Taonga pūoro">Instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_poetry" title="Māori poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">Pounamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles" title="Māori traditional textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whakairo" title="Whakairo">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_science" title="Category:Māori science">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_and_conservation" title="Māori and conservation">Conservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitiaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaitiaki">Kaitiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hui" title="Rāhui">Rāhui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Navigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_sport" title="Category:Māori sport">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haka_in_sports" title="Haka in sports">Haka in sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%AB-o-rahi" title="Kī-o-rahi">Kī-o-rahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapu_ae" title="Tapu ae">Tapu ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_r%C4%81kau" title="Mau rākau">Mau rākau</a></li> <li>Representative teams <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_cricket_team" title="New Zealand Māori cricket team">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_rugby_league_team" title="New Zealand Māori rugby league team">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_All_Blacks" title="Māori All Blacks">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_New_Zealand_Native_football_team" title="1888–89 New Zealand Native football team">1888–89 Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_sportspeople" title="List of New Zealand Māori sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Waka ama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_influence_on_New_Zealand_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori influence on New Zealand English">Influence on New Zealand English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_Kaupapa_M%C4%81ori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura Kaupapa Māori">Language immersion schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Language_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Language Commission">Māori Language Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language_revival" title="Māori language revival">Māori language revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Wiki_o_te_Reo_M%C4%81ori" title="Te Wiki o te Reo Māori">Te Wiki o te Reo Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Television">Māori Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_features_with_M%C4%81ori_names" title="List of planetary features with Māori names">Planetary names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Māori_electorates&oldid=1258712920">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Māori_electorates&oldid=1258712920</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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