CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="grade-c"> <head> <title>Nanoscale characterization of space weathering in lunar samples | Scientific Reports</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/srep.rss"/> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cmp.nature.com" crossorigin> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=5,user-scalable=yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="5a2dc4ab3fcb9b0393241ffbbb490480" /> <script data-test="dataLayer"> window.dataLayer = [{"content":{"category":{"contentType":"article","legacy":{"webtrendsPrimaryArticleType":"research","webtrendsSubjectTerms":"astronomy-and-planetary-science;planetary-science","webtrendsContentCategory":null,"webtrendsContentCollection":null,"webtrendsContentGroup":"Scientific Reports","webtrendsContentGroupType":null,"webtrendsContentSubGroup":"Article","status":null}},"article":{"doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6"},"attributes":{"cms":null,"deliveryPlatform":"oscar","copyright":{"open":true,"legacy":{"webtrendsLicenceType":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"}}},"contentInfo":{"authors":["A. M. Grice","P. C. Stancil","M. Ghafariasl","S. Singh","S. Gamage","M. J. Schaible","Y. Abate","K. Lang","T. M. Orlando"],"publishedAt":1735776000,"publishedAtString":"2025-01-02","title":"Nanoscale characterization of space weathering in lunar samples","legacy":null,"publishedAtTime":null,"documentType":"aplusplus","subjects":"Astronomy and planetary science,Planetary science"},"journal":{"pcode":"srep","title":"scientific reports","volume":"15","issue":"1","id":41598,"publishingModel":"Open Access"},"authorization":{"status":true},"features":[{"name":"furtherReadingSection","present":true}],"collection":null},"page":{"category":{"pageType":"article"},"attributes":{"template":"mosaic","featureFlags":[{"name":"nature-onwards-journey","active":false}],"testGroup":null},"search":null},"privacy":{},"version":"1.0.0","product":null,"session":null,"user":null,"backHalfContent":true,"country":"SG","hasBody":true,"uneditedManuscript":false,"twitterId":["o3xnx","o43y9","o3ef7"],"baiduId":"d38bce82bcb44717ccc29a90c4b781ea","japan":false}]; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-ERRNTNZ807', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-71668177-1', twitterId: ['3xnx', 'o43y9', 'o3ef7'], baiduId: 'd38bce82bcb44717ccc29a90c4b781ea', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.nature.com', imprint: 'nature' }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .c-card--major .c-card__title,.u-h1,.u-h2,h1,h2{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title,.c-card__title,.c-reading-companion__figure-title,.u-h3,.u-h4,h3,h4,h5,h6{letter-spacing:-.0117156rem}html{text-size-adjust:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:100%;height:100%;line-height:1.15;overflow-y:scroll}body{background:#eee;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.76;margin:0;min-height:100%}details,main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}a,sup{vertical-align:baseline}a{background-color:transparent;color:#069;overflow-wrap:break-word;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto;word-break:break-word}b{font-weight:bolder}sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-.5em}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input,select{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=checkbox]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}.c-card--major .c-card__title,.u-h1,.u-h2,button,h1,h2{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}button{border-radius:0;cursor:pointer}.c-card--major .c-card__title,.u-h1,.u-h2,h1,h2{font-weight:700}h1{font-size:2rem;letter-spacing:-.0390625rem;line-height:2.25rem}.c-card--major .c-card__title,.u-h2,h2{font-size:1.5rem;letter-spacing:-.0117156rem;line-height:1.6rem}.u-h3{letter-spacing:-.0117156rem}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title,.c-card__title,.c-reading-companion__figure-title,.u-h3,.u-h4,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4rem}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title,.c-reading-companion__figure-title,.u-h4,h3,h4,h5,h6{letter-spacing:-.0117156rem}.c-reading-companion__figure-title,.u-h4,h4{font-size:1.125rem}button:focus{outline:3px solid #fece3e;will-change:transform}input+label{padding-left:.5em}nav ol,nav ul{list-style:none none}p:empty{display:none}.sans-serif{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.article-page{background:#fff}.c-article-header{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;margin-bottom:40px}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}.c-article-title{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.25;margin:0 0 16px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list svg{margin-left:4px}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#069;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-info-details{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-top:16px}.c-article-info-details__cite-as{border-left:1px solid #6f6f6f;margin-left:8px;padding-left:8px}.c-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3}.c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper{margin:16px 0}.c-article-metrics-bar__item{align-items:baseline;border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;margin-right:8px}.c-article-metrics-bar__item:last-child{border-right:0}.c-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-metrics-bar__label{color:#626262;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:0 10px 0 5px}.c-article-metrics-bar__details{margin:0}.c-article-main-column{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;margin-right:8.6%;width:60.2%}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-main-column{margin-right:0;width:100%}}.c-article-extras{float:left;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;width:31.2%}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-extras{display:none}}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title,.c-article-section__title{border-bottom:2px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1.25rem;margin:0;padding-bottom:8px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title,.c-article-section__title{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.24}}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title{margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-body p{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-section{clear:both}.c-article-section__content{margin-bottom:40px;padding-top:8px}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-section__content{padding-left:0}}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-article-license__badge,c-card__section{margin-top:8px}.c-code-block{border:1px solid #eee;font-family:monospace;margin:0 0 24px;padding:20px}.c-code-block__heading{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:16px}.c-code-block__line{display:block;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#069;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-editorial-summary__container{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__content--less{max-height:9.5rem;overflow:hidden}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button{background-color:#fff;border:0;color:#069;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button.active,.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button.hover,.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button:active,.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-context-bar{box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 rgba(51,51,51,.2);position:relative;width:100%}.c-context-bar__title{display:none}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:389px}.c-reading-companion__scroll-pane{margin:0;min-height:200px;overflow:hidden auto}.c-reading-companion__tabs{display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__tabs>li{flex-grow:1}.c-reading-companion__tab{background-color:#eee;border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left-width:0;color:#069;font-size:1rem;padding:8px 8px 8px 15px;text-align:left;width:100%}.c-reading-companion__tabs li:first-child .c-reading-companion__tab{border-left-width:1px}.c-reading-companion__tab--active{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #fff;color:#222;font-weight:700}.c-reading-companion__sections-list{list-style:none;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__sections-list{margin:0 0 8px;min-height:50px}.c-reading-companion__section-item{font-size:1rem;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__section-item a{display:block;line-height:1.5;overflow:hidden;padding:8px 0 8px 16px;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:8px 8px 8px 16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-reading-companion__figure-full-link svg{height:.8em;margin-left:2px}.c-reading-companion__panel{border-top:none;display:none;margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.c-cod,.c-reading-companion__panel--active{display:block}.c-cod{font-size:1rem;width:100%}.c-cod__form{background:#ebf0f3}.c-cod__prompt{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.c-cod__label{display:block;margin:0 0 4px}.c-cod__row{display:flex;margin:0 0 16px}.c-cod__row:last-child{margin:0}.c-cod__input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;flex-basis:75%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;padding:13px}.c-cod__input--submit{background-color:#069;border:1px solid #069;color:#fff;flex-shrink:1;margin-left:8px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-cod__input--submit-single{flex-basis:100%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0}.c-cod__input--submit:focus,.c-cod__input--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#069}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:2px}.c-pdf-download{display:flex;margin-bottom:16px;max-height:48px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-pdf-download{max-height:none}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-pdf-download{max-height:48px}}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%}.c-pdf-download__link:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-pdf-download__text{padding-right:4px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-pdf-download__text{text-transform:capitalize}}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-pdf-download__text{padding-right:8px}}.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download{display:block;margin-bottom:0;white-space:nowrap}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-pdf-download .u-sticky-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-100%;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}}.c-pdf-container{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download{display:flex;flex-basis:100%}}.c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download+.c-pdf-download{margin-left:16px}.c-article-extras .c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download{width:100%}.c-article-extras .c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download+.c-pdf-download{margin-left:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{align-items:center;flex:1 1 183px}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{padding:16px}}.article-page--commercial .c-article-main-column .c-pdf-button__container .c-pdf-download{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.article-page--commercial .c-article-main-column .c-pdf-button__container .c-pdf-download{display:block}}.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:2px solid #00b8b0;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:8px}.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card{flex-basis:100%}.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card__image{align-items:baseline;flex:1 1 40%;margin:0 0 0 16px;max-width:150px}.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card__image img{border:1px solid #cedbe0;height:auto;min-height:0;position:static}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card__image{display:none}}.c-card__layout{display:flex;flex:1 1 auto;justify-content:space-between}.c-card__title-recommendation{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:4;display:-webkit-box;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 8px;max-height:5.6em;overflow:hidden!important;text-overflow:ellipsis}.c-card__title-recommendation .c-card__link{color:inherit}.c-card__title-recommendation .c-card__link:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-card__title-recommendation .MathJax_Display{display:inline!important}.c-card__link:not(.c-card__link--no-block-link):before{z-index:1}.c-article-metrics__heading a,.c-article-metrics__posts .c-card__title a,.c-article-recommendations-card__link{color:inherit}.c-recommendations-column-switch .c-meta{margin-top:auto}.c-article-recommendations-card__meta-type,.c-meta .c-meta__item:first-child{font-weight:700}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:none;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 8px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:block;margin:0}}.c-article-metrics__posts .c-card__title{font-size:1.05rem}.c-article-metrics__posts .c-card__title+span{color:#6f6f6f;font-size:1rem}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:320px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#ccc;display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-author-list{color:#6f6f6f;font-family:inherit;font-size:1rem;line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-author-list>li,.c-breadcrumbs>li,.c-footer__links>li,.js .c-author-list,.u-list-comma-separated>li,.u-list-inline>li{display:inline}.c-author-list>li:not(:first-child):not(:last-child):before{content:", "}.c-author-list>li:not(:only-child):last-child:before{content:" & "}.c-author-list--compact{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-author-list--truncated>li:not(:only-child):last-child:before{content:" ... "}.js .c-author-list__hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.js .c-author-list__hide:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.c-meta{color:inherit;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-meta--large{font-size:1rem}.c-meta--large .c-meta__item{margin-bottom:8px}.c-meta__item{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:4px}.c-meta__item:not(:last-child){border-right:1px solid #d5d5d5;margin-right:4px;padding-right:4px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-meta__item--block-sm-max{display:block}.c-meta__item--block-sm-max:not(:last-child){border-right:none;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-meta__item--block-at-lg{display:block}.c-meta__item--block-at-lg:not(:last-child){border-right:none;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}}.c-meta__type{font-weight:700;text-transform:none}.c-skip-link{background:#069;bottom:auto;color:#fff;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:link{color:#fff}.c-status-message{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;position:relative;width:100%}.c-card__summary>p:last-child,.c-status-message :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-status-message--boxed{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #eee;border-radius:2px;line-height:1.4;padding:16px}.c-status-message__heading{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700}.c-status-message__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;flex:0 0 auto;height:1.5em;margin-right:8px;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1.5em}.c-status-message__icon--top{align-self:flex-start}.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon{color:#003f8d}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info{border-bottom:4px solid #003f8d}.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon{color:#c40606}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error{border-bottom:4px solid #c40606}.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon{color:#00b8b0}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:4px solid #00b8b0}.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon{color:#edbc53}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning{border-bottom:4px solid #edbc53}.c-breadcrumbs{color:#000;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-breadcrumbs__link{color:#666}svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#888;height:10px;margin:4px 4px 0;width:10px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item{display:none}.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:last-child,.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2){display:inline}}.c-card{background-color:transparent;border:0;box-shadow:none;display:flex;flex-direction:column;font-size:14px;min-width:0;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:relative}.c-card--no-shape{background:0 0;border:0;box-shadow:none}.c-card__image{display:flex;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:56.25%;position:relative}@supports (aspect-ratio:1/1){.c-card__image{padding-bottom:0}}.c-card__image img{left:0;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;position:absolute}@supports ((-o-object-fit:cover) or (object-fit:cover)){.c-card__image img{height:100%;object-fit:cover;width:100%}}.c-card__body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:16px}.c-card--no-shape .c-card__body{padding:0}.c-card--no-shape .c-card__body:not(:first-child){padding-top:16px}.c-card__title{letter-spacing:-.01875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-top:0}[lang=de] .c-card__title{hyphens:auto}.c-card__summary{line-height:1.4}.c-card__summary>p{margin-bottom:5px}.c-card__summary a{text-decoration:underline}.c-card__link:not(.c-card__link--no-block-link):before{bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.c-card--flush .c-card__body{padding:0}.c-card--major{font-size:1rem}.c-card--dark{background-color:#29303c;border-width:0;color:#e3e4e5}.c-card--dark .c-card__title{color:#fff}.c-card--dark .c-card__link,.c-card--dark .c-card__summary a{color:inherit}.c-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:5px solid #000;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:16px}.c-header__row{padding:0;position:relative}.c-header__row:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #eee}.c-header__split{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:space-between}.c-header__logo-container{flex:1 1 0px;line-height:0;margin:8px 24px 8px 0}.c-header__logo{transform:translateZ(0)}.c-header__logo img{max-height:32px}.c-header__container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px}.c-header__menu{align-items:center;display:flex;flex:0 1 auto;flex-wrap:wrap;font-weight:700;gap:8px 8px;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0 -8px;padding:0}@media print{.c-header__menu{display:none}}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-header__menu--hide-lg-max{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.c-header__menu--global{font-weight:400;justify-content:flex-end}.c-header__menu--global svg{display:none;visibility:hidden}.c-header__menu--global svg:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__menu--global svg{display:block;visibility:visible}}.c-header__menu--journal{font-size:.875rem;margin:8px 0 8px -8px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__menu--journal{flex-wrap:nowrap;font-size:1rem}}.c-header__item{padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0;position:static}.c-header__item--pipe{border-left:2px solid #eee;padding-left:8px}.c-header__item--padding{padding-bottom:8px;padding-top:8px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__item--dropdown-menu{position:relative}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-header__item--hide-lg{display:none;visibility:hidden}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-header__item--hide-md-max{display:none;visibility:hidden}.c-header__item--hide-md-max:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.c-header__link{align-items:center;color:inherit;display:inline-flex;gap:4px 4px;padding:8px;white-space:nowrap}.c-header__link svg{transition-duration:.2s}.c-header__show-text{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .c-header__heading--js-hide:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__show-text{display:inline;visibility:visible}}.c-header__dropdown{background-color:#000;border-bottom:1px solid #2f2f2f;color:#eee;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.2;padding:16px 0}@media print{.c-header__dropdown{display:none}}.c-header__heading{display:inline-block;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:8px}.c-header__heading--keyline{border-top:1px solid;border-color:#2f2f2f;margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px;width:100%}.c-header__list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0 16px;list-style:none;margin:0 -8px}.c-header__flush{margin:0 -8px}.c-header__visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-100%;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}.c-header__search-form{margin-bottom:8px}.c-header__search-layout{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px 16px}.c-header__search-layout>:first-child{flex:999 1 auto}.c-header__search-layout>*{flex:1 1 auto}.c-header__search-layout--max-width{max-width:720px}.c-header__search-button{align-items:center;background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:2px;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1rem;justify-content:center;line-height:1.15;margin:0;padding:8px 16px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:all .25s ease 0s,color .25s ease 0s,border-color .25s ease 0s;width:100%}.u-button svg,.u-button--primary svg{fill:currentcolor}.c-header__input,.c-header__select{border:1px solid;border-radius:3px;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:1rem;padding:8px 16px;width:100%}.c-header__select{-webkit-appearance:none;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg height='16' viewBox='0 0 16 16' width='16' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z' fill='%23333' fill-rule='evenodd' transform='matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-position:right .7em top 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1em;box-shadow:0 1px 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,.04);display:block;margin:0;max-width:100%;min-width:150px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__menu--journal .c-header__item--dropdown-menu:last-child .c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{left:auto;right:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-header__menu--journal .c-header__item--dropdown-menu:last-child .c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{left:0;right:auto}}.c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{border-bottom:0;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px;left:0;position:absolute;top:100%;transform:translateY(5px);width:100%;z-index:1}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{transform:translateY(8px);width:auto}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{min-width:225px}}.c-header__dropdown--full-width.has-tethered{padding:32px 0 24px;transform:none;width:100%}.has-tethered .c-header__heading--js-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .c-header__list--js-stack{flex-direction:column}.has-tethered .c-header__item--keyline,.has-tethered .c-header__list~.c-header__list .c-header__item:first-child{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;margin-top:8px;padding-top:8px}.c-header__item--snid-account-widget{display:flex}.c-header__container{padding:0 4px}.c-header__list{padding:0 12px}.c-header__menu .c-header__link{font-size:14px}.c-header__item--snid-account-widget .c-header__link{padding:8px}.c-header__menu--journal{margin-left:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__container{padding:0 16px}.c-header__menu--journal{margin-left:-8px}.c-header__menu .c-header__link{font-size:16px}.c-header__link--search{gap:13px 13px}}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:1px solid #069;border-radius:2px;color:#069;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1rem;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:8px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:all .25s ease 0s,color .25s ease 0s,border-color .25s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button--primary{background-color:#069;background-image:none;border:1px solid #069;color:#fff}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-hide:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-100%;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}@media print{.u-hide-print{display:none}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.u-hide-at-lg{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-hide-at-lg:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.u-clearfix:after,.u-clearfix:before{content:"";display:table}.u-clearfix:after{clear:both}.u-color-open-access{color:#b74616}.u-float-left{float:left}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-full-height{height:100%}.u-link-inherit{color:inherit}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-sans-serif{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.u-text-bold{font-weight:700}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mb-8{margin-bottom:8px}.u-mb-16{margin-bottom:16px}.u-mb-24{margin-bottom:24px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.c-nature-box svg+.c-article__button-text,.u-ml-8{margin-left:8px}.u-pa-16{padding:16px}html *,html :after,html :before{box-sizing:inherit}.c-article-section__title,.c-article-title{font-weight:700}.c-card__title{line-height:1.4em}.c-article__button{background-color:#069;border:1px solid #069;border-radius:2px;color:#fff;display:flex;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:16px;padding:13px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-article__button,.c-article__button:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-article__button--inverted,.c-article__button:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#069}.c-article__button--inverted:hover{background-color:#069;color:#fff}.c-header__link{text-decoration:inherit}.grade-c-hide{display:block}.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{background-color:#ccc;display:none;min-height:137px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{display:block}}.c-nature-box{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 0 5px 0 rgba(51,51,51,.1);line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:24px;padding:16px 16px 3px}.c-nature-box__text{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-nature-box .c-pdf-download{margin-bottom:16px!important}.c-nature-box--version{background-color:#eee}.c-nature-box__wrapper{transform:translateZ(0)}.c-nature-box__wrapper--placeholder{min-height:165px}.c-pdf-download__link{padding:13px 24px} } </style> <link data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/enhanced-article-c2d4d414fd.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/enhanced-article-c2d4d414fd.css" media="only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)"> </noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/article-print-122346e276.css" media="print"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/apple-touch-icon-f39cb19454.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="48x48" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-48x48-b52890008c.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-32x32-3fe59ece92.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-16x16-951651ab72.png> <link rel="manifest" href=/static/manifest.json crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="mask-icon" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/safari-pinned-tab-69bff48fe6.svg color="#000000"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon.ico> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content=/static/browserconfig.xml> <meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"> <meta name="application-name" content="Nature"> <script> (function () { if ( typeof window.CustomEvent === "function" ) return false; function CustomEvent ( event, params ) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent( 'CustomEvent' ); evt.initCustomEvent( event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail ); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; })(); </script>  <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script>  <script> (function(w,d,t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; if (h.indexOf('preview-www.nature.com') > -1) return; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('nature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('test-www.nature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-74.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-74.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else { e.src = '/static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window,document,'script'); </script> <script id="js-position0"> (function(w, d) { w.idpVerifyPrefix = 'https://verify.nature.com'; w.ra21Host = 'https://wayf.springernature.com'; var moduleSupport = (function() { return 'noModule' in d.createElement('script'); })(); if (w.config.mustardcut === true) { w.loader = { index: 0, registered: [], scripts: [ {src: '/static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-c8a573ca90.js', test: 'global-article-js', module: true}, {src: '/static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-d17603b9e9.js', test: 'global-article-js', nomodule: true}, {src: '/static/js/shared-es6-bundle-606cb67187.js', test: 'shared-js', module: true}, {src: '/static/js/shared-es5-bundle-e919764a53.js', test: 'shared-js', nomodule: true}, {src: '/static/js/header-150-es6-bundle-5bb959eaa1.js', test: 'header-150-js', module: true}, {src: '/static/js/header-150-es5-bundle-994fde5b1d.js', test: 'header-150-js', nomodule: true} ].filter(function (s) { if (s.src === null) return false; if (moduleSupport && s.nomodule) return false; return !(!moduleSupport && s.module); }), register: function (value) { this.registered.push(value); }, ready: function () { if (this.registered.length === this.scripts.length) { this.registered.forEach(function (fn) { if (typeof fn === 'function') { setTimeout(fn, 0); } }); this.ready = function () {}; } }, insert: function (s) { var t = d.getElementById('js-position' + this.index); if (t && t.insertAdjacentElement) { t.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', s); } else { d.head.appendChild(s); } ++this.index; }, createScript: function (script, beforeLoad) { var s = d.createElement('script'); s.id = 'js-position' + (this.index + 1); s.setAttribute('data-test', script.test); if (beforeLoad) { s.defer = 'defer'; s.onload = function () { if (script.noinit) { loader.register(true); } if (d.readyState === 'interactive' || d.readyState === 'complete') { loader.ready(); } }; } else { s.async = 'async'; } s.src = script.src; return s; }, init: function () { this.scripts.forEach(function (s) { loader.insert(loader.createScript(s, true)); }); d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { loader.ready(); var conditionalScripts; conditionalScripts = [ {match: 'div[data-pan-container]', src: '/static/js/pan-zoom-es6-bundle-464a2af269.js', test: 'pan-zoom-js', module: true }, {match: 'div[data-pan-container]', src: '/static/js/pan-zoom-es5-bundle-98fb9b653b.js', test: 'pan-zoom-js', nomodule: true }, {match: 'math,span.mathjax-tex', src: '/static/js/math-es6-bundle-23597ae350.js', test: 'math-js', module: true}, {match: 'math,span.mathjax-tex', src: '/static/js/math-es5-bundle-6532c6f78b.js', test: 'math-js', nomodule: true} ]; if (conditionalScripts) { conditionalScripts.filter(function (script) { return !!document.querySelector(script.match) && !((moduleSupport && script.nomodule) || (!moduleSupport && script.module)); }).forEach(function (script) { loader.insert(loader.createScript(script)); }); } }, false); } }; loader.init(); } })(window, document); </script> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/search"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/opensearch/opensearch.xml" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="nature.com"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/opensearch/request" type="application/sru+xml" title="nature.com"> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"Nanoscale characterization of space weathering in lunar samples","description":"Nanoscale Fourier transform infrared (Nano-FTIR) imaging and spectroscopy correlated with photoluminescence measurements of lunar Apollo samples with different surface radiation exposure histories reveal distinct physical and chemical differences associated with space weathering effects. Analysis of two sample fragments: an ilmenite basalt (12016) and an impact melt breccia (15445) show evidence of intrinsic or delivered Nd3+ and an amorphous silica glass component on exterior surfaces, whereas intrinsic Cr3+ and/or trapped electron states are limited to interior surfaces. Spatially localized 1050 cm−1/935 cm−1 band ratios in Nano-FTIR hyperspectral maps may further reflect impact-induced shock nanostructures, while shifts in silicate band positions indicate accumulated radiation damage at the nanoscale from prolonged space weathering due to micrometeorites, solar wind, energetic x-rays and cosmic ray bombardment. Our observations demonstrate that space weathering alterations of the surface of lunar samples at the nanoscale may provide a mechanism to distinguish lunar samples of variable surface exposure age.","datePublished":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1","pageEnd":"9","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6","keywords":["Astronomy and planetary science","Planetary science","Lunar regolith","Space weathering","Near-field spectroscopy","Science","Humanities and Social Sciences","multidisciplinary"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig2_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig3_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig4_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Scientific Reports","issn":["2045-2322"],"volumeNumber":"15","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group UK","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"A. M. Grice","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia","address":{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"P. C. Stancil","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia","address":{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"University of Georgia","address":{"name":"Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"M. Ghafariasl","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia","address":{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"S. Singh","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia","address":{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"S. Gamage","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia","address":{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"M. J. Schaible","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","address":{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","address":{"name":"Center for Space Technology and Research, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Y. Abate","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia","address":{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"K. Lang","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","address":{"name":"School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"T. M. Orlando","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","address":{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","address":{"name":"Center for Space Technology and Research, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","address":{"name":"School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"thomas.orlando@chemistry.gatech.edu","@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":true,"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83392-6"> <meta name="journal_id" content="41598"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Nanoscale characterization of space weathering in lunar samples"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Scientific Reports 2024 15:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2025-01-02"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Nanoscale Fourier transform infrared (Nano-FTIR) imaging and spectroscopy correlated with photoluminescence measurements of lunar Apollo samples with different surface radiation exposure histories reveal distinct physical and chemical differences associated with space weathering effects. Analysis of two sample fragments: an ilmenite basalt (12016) and an impact melt breccia (15445) show evidence of intrinsic or delivered Nd3+ and an amorphous silica glass component on exterior surfaces, whereas intrinsic Cr3+ and/or trapped electron states are limited to interior surfaces. Spatially localized 1050&nbsp;cm−1/935&nbsp;cm−1 band ratios in Nano-FTIR hyperspectral maps may further reflect impact-induced shock nanostructures, while shifts in silicate band positions indicate accumulated radiation damage at the nanoscale from prolonged space weathering due to micrometeorites, solar wind, energetic x-rays and cosmic ray bombardment. Our observations demonstrate that space weathering alterations of the surface of lunar samples at the nanoscale may provide a mechanism to distinguish lunar samples of variable surface exposure age."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2045-2322"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Scientific Reports"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2025-01-02"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="15"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="9"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83392-6"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83392-6.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83392-6"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Scientific Reports"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Sci Rep"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2045-2322"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Nanoscale characterization of space weathering in lunar samples"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="15"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2025/01/02"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="9"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6"/> <meta name="size" content="139338"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Nanoscale Fourier transform infrared (Nano-FTIR) imaging and spectroscopy correlated with photoluminescence measurements of lunar Apollo samples with different surface radiation exposure histories reveal distinct physical and chemical differences associated with space weathering effects. Analysis of two sample fragments: an ilmenite basalt (12016) and an impact melt breccia (15445) show evidence of intrinsic or delivered Nd3+ and an amorphous silica glass component on exterior surfaces, whereas intrinsic Cr3+ and/or trapped electron states are limited to interior surfaces. Spatially localized 1050&nbsp;cm−1/935&nbsp;cm−1 band ratios in Nano-FTIR hyperspectral maps may further reflect impact-induced shock nanostructures, while shifts in silicate band positions indicate accumulated radiation damage at the nanoscale from prolonged space weathering due to micrometeorites, solar wind, energetic x-rays and cosmic ray bombardment. Our observations demonstrate that space weathering alterations of the surface of lunar samples at the nanoscale may provide a mechanism to distinguish lunar samples of variable surface exposure age."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Grice, A. M."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Stancil, P. C."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ghafariasl, M."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Singh, S."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Gamage, S."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Schaible, M. J."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Abate, Y."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Lang, K."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Orlando, T. M."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Astronomy and planetary science"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Planetary science"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Rev. Mineral. Geochem.; citation_title=Space weathering at the moon; citation_author=BW Denevi; citation_volume=89; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=611-650; citation_doi=10.2138/rmg.2023.89.14; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Geophys. Res. Planets; citation_title=Space weathering on airless bodies; citation_author=CM Pieters, SK Noble; citation_volume=121; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1865-1884; citation_doi=10.1002/2016JE005128; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Commun. Earth Environ.; citation_title=Helium reservoirs in iron nanoparticles on the lunar surface; citation_author=BA Cymes, KD Burgess, RM Stroud; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=2024; citation_pages=189; citation_doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01349-z; citation_id=CR3"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Commun. Earth Environ.; citation_title=Hydrogen-bearing vesicles in space weathered lunar calcium-phosphates; citation_author=KD Burgess, BA Cymes, RM Stroud; citation_volume=4; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=414; citation_doi=10.1038/s43247-023-01060-5; citation_id=CR4"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Astron. Astrophys.; citation_title=Comparison of space weathering spectral changes induced by solar wind and micrometeoroid impacts using ion- and femtosecond-laser-irradiated olivine and pyroxene; citation_author=K Chrbolkova; citation_volume=654; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages= A143; citation_doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202140372; citation_id=CR5"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Icarus; citation_title=Mid-infrared spectroscopy of laser-produced basalt melts for remote sensing application; citation_author=M Andreas; citation_volume=335; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113410; citation_id=CR6"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Chem. Rev.; citation_title=Space-weathering of solar system bodies: A laboratory perspective; citation_author=CJ Bennett, C Pirim, TM Orlando; citation_volume=113; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=9086-9150; citation_doi=10.1021/cr400153k; citation_id=CR7"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Meteorit. Planet. Sci.; citation_title=Ultra-reduced phases in Apollo 16 regolith: Combined field emission electron probe microanalysis and atom probe tomography of submicron Fe-Si grains in Apollo 16 sample 61500; citation_author=P Gopon; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=1941-1962; citation_doi=10.1111/maps.12899; citation_id=CR8"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Geophys. Res. Lett.; citation_title=Space weathering of the Chang’e-5 lunar sample from a mid-high latitude region on the moon; citation_author=L Gu; citation_volume=49; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_doi=10.1029/2022gl097875; citation_id=CR9"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.; citation_title=High enrichment of carbon and volatile elements in the surface layers of Luna 16 soil sample 1635: Result of comet or meteorite impact?; citation_author=PD Yu, AV Ivanov, F Wlotzka, EM Galimov, H Wänke; citation_volume=155; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=197-204; citation_doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00212-4; citation_id=CR10"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Sci. Rep.; citation_title=Assessing the shock state of the lunar highlands: Implications for the petrogenesis and chronology of crustal anorthosites; citation_author=J Pernet-Fisher, K Joy, D Martin, K Donaldson Hanna; citation_volume=7; citation_issue=5888; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=1-12; citation_doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7; citation_id=CR11"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Icarus; citation_title=Effects of varying environmental conditions on emissivity spectra of bulk lunar soils: Application to Diviner thermal infrared observations of the Moon; citation_author=null K.L,; citation_volume=283; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=326-342; citation_doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.034; citation_id=CR12"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Icarus; citation_title=Space weathering effects in Diviner Lunar Radiometer multispectral infrared measurements of the lunar Christiansen Feature: Characteristics and mitigation; citation_author=GL Paul; citation_volume=283; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=343-351; citation_doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.010; citation_id=CR13"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.; citation_title=Spectroscopic observations of the Moon at the lunar surface; citation_author=W Yunzhao, H Bruce; citation_volume=484; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=145-153; citation_doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.003; citation_id=CR14"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Commun.; citation_title=Chang’E-5 samples reveal high water content in lunar minerals; citation_author=C Zhou; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=5336; citation_doi=10.1038/s41467-022-33095-1; citation_id=CR15"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Geophys. Res-Planet; citation_title=Detecting sub-micron space weathering effects in lunar grains with synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy; citation_author=KL Utt, RC Ogliore, HA Bechtel, JJ Gillis-Davis, BL Jolliff; citation_volume=126; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=e2021JE006921; citation_doi=10.1029/2021JE006921; citation_id=CR16"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Commun.; citation_title=Nanoscale infrared spectroscopy as a non-destructive probe of extraterrestrial samples; citation_author=G Dominguez; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=5445; citation_doi=10.1038/ncomms6445; citation_id=CR17"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Meteorit. Planetary Sci.; citation_title=Biconical reflectance, micro-Raman, and nano-FTIR spectroscopy of the Didim (H3–5) meteorite: Chemical content and molecular variations; citation_author=M Yesiltas; citation_volume=55; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=2404-2421; citation_doi=10.1111/maps.13585; citation_id=CR18"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Geophys. Res. Planets; citation_title=Nano-FTIR investigation of the CM Chondrite Allan Hills 83100; citation_author=JM Young; citation_volume=127; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=e2021JE007166; citation_doi=10.1029/2021JE007166; citation_id=CR19"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Geophys. Res-Planet; citation_title=Optical effects of space weathering–the role of the finest fraction; citation_author=CM Pieters, EM Fischer, O Rode, A Basu; citation_volume=98; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=20817-20824; citation_doi=10.1029/93je02467; citation_id=CR20"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Meyer, C. The Lunar Sample Compendium, Articles 12016, 15445 https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lsc/ (2023)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac; citation_title=Ages of pristine noritic clasts from Lunar Breccia-15445 and Breccia-15455; citation_author=CY Shih; citation_volume=57; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=915-931; citation_doi=10.1016/0016-7037(93)90178-Y; citation_id=CR22"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Lunar Planetary Sci. Con. Proc.; citation_title=The excess fission xenon problem in lunar samples; citation_author=RJ Drozd, BM Kennedy, CJ Morgan, FA Podosek, GJ Taylor; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=1976; citation_pages=599-623; citation_id=CR23"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=ACS Photonics; citation_title=Nanoscale spectroscopy of dielectric properties of mica; citation_author=A Fali; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=175-181; citation_doi=10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00951; citation_id=CR24"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gaft, M., Panczer, G. & Reisfeld, R. in Springer Mineralogy, 1 online resource (XIX, 606 pages 431 illustrations, 201 illustrations in color (Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer,, Cham, 2015)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Meteoritics Planetary Sci.; citation_title=Complexities in pyroxene compositions derived from absorption band centers: Examples from Apollo samples, HED meteorites, synthetic pure pyroxenes, and remote sensing data; citation_author=DP Moriarty, CM Pieters; citation_volume=51; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=207-234; citation_doi=10.1111/maps.12588; citation_id=CR26"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Acta Geochim.; citation_title=REE characteristics and Nd isotopic compositions of Lunar pristine rocks: Implications for petrogenesis of pristine rocks and source regions; citation_author=XH Fu, YL Zou, ZY Ouyang; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=326-336; citation_doi=10.1007/s11631-010-0464-4; citation_id=CR27"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Sci. Rep.; citation_title=Site-selective mapping of metastable states using electron-beam induced luminescence microscopy; citation_author=R Kumar; citation_volume=10; citation_issue=15650; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=1; citation_doi=10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7; citation_id=CR28"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Sci. Rep.; citation_title=Optical dating in a new light: A direct, non-destructive probe of trapped electrons; citation_author=AK Prasad, NRJ Poolton, M Kook, M Jain; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=12097; citation_doi=10.1038/s41598-017-10174-8; citation_id=CR29"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Phys. Chem. Lett.; citation_title=Quantitative measurement of local infrared absorption and dielectric function with tip-enhanced near-field microscopy; citation_author=AA Govyadinov, I Amenabar, F Huth, PS Carney, R Hillenbrand; citation_volume=4; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=1526-1531; citation_doi=10.1021/jz400453r; citation_id=CR30"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Modern Geol.; citation_title=Visible and near infrared spectra of minerals and rocks. I Silicates; citation_author=GR Hunt, J Salisbury, C Lenhoff; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=1973; citation_pages=23; citation_id=CR31"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Asteroid Sci. Age Hayabusa2 OSIRIS-Rex; citation_title=Near-field infrared spectroscopy as a tool for analysis of Chondritic returned samples; citation_author=T Glotch; citation_volume=2189; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=2061; citation_id=CR32"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Sci. Rep.; citation_title=Nano-FTIR spectroscopic identification of prebiotic carbonyl compounds in Dominion Range 08006 carbonaceous chondrite; citation_author=M Yesiltas, TD Glotch, B Sava; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=11656; citation_doi=10.1038/s41598-021-91200-8; citation_id=CR33"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=ACS Earth Space Chem.; citation_title=Nanoscale infrared characterization of dark clasts and fine-grained rims in CM2 chondrites: Aguas Zarcas and Jbilet Winselwan; citation_author=M Yesiltas, TD Glotch, M Kaya; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=3281-3296; citation_doi=10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00290; citation_id=CR34"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Commun.; citation_title=Subsurface chemical nanoidentification by nano-FTIR spectroscopy; citation_author=L Mester, AA Govyadinov, S Chen, M Goikoetxea, R Hillenbrand; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=3359; citation_doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17034-6; citation_id=CR35"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Meteorit. Planetary Sci.; citation_title=Investigating the shock histories of lunar meteorites Miller Range 090034, 090070, and 090075 using petrography, geochemistry, and micro-FTIR spectroscopy; citation_author=DJ Martin; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=1103-1124; citation_doi=10.1111/maps.12860; citation_id=CR36"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac; citation_title=Frictional melting processes and the generation of shock veins in terrestrial impact structures: Evidence from the Steen River impact structure, Alberta, Canada; citation_author=EL Walton, TG Sharp, J Hu; citation_volume=180; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=256-270; citation_doi=10.1016/j.gca.2016.02.024; citation_id=CR37"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Chin. Sci. Bull.; citation_title=NaAlSi 3 O 8-hollandite and other high-pressure minerals in the shock melt veins of the Suizhou meteorite; citation_author=X Xiande, C Ming, W Deqiang, A Goresy; citation_volume=46; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1116-1125; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02900692; citation_id=CR38"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Meteorit. Planetary Sci.; citation_title=Shock metamorphism of planetary silicate rocks and sediments: Proposal for an updated classification system; citation_author=D Stöffler, C Hamann, K Metzler; citation_volume=53; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=5-49; citation_doi=10.1111/maps.12912; citation_id=CR39"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Meteorit. Planetary Sci.; citation_title=Shock-induced microtextures in lunar apatite and merrillite; citation_author=A Černok, LF White, J Darling, J Dunlop, M Anand; citation_volume=54; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=1262-1282; citation_doi=10.1111/maps.13278; citation_id=CR40"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Contribut. Mineral. Petrol.; citation_title=Nano-and micro-structures in lunar zircon from Apollo 15 and 16 impactites: Implications for age interpretations; citation_author=MA Kusiak; citation_volume=177; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=112; citation_doi=10.1007/s00410-022-01977-8; citation_id=CR41"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Icarus; citation_title=A shock recovery experiment and its implications for Mercury’s surface: The effect of high pressure on porous olivine powder as a regolith analog; citation_author=AN Stojic; citation_volume=357; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114162; citation_id=CR42"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces; citation_title=Nanoscopy of phase separation in Inx Ga1–x N alloys; citation_author=Y Abate; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=23160-23166; citation_doi=10.1021/acsami.6b06766; citation_id=CR43"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Astronomy Astrophys.; citation_title=Low-temperature infrared properties of cosmic dust analogues; citation_author=T Henning, H Mutschke; citation_volume=327; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=743-754; citation_id=CR44"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Grice, A. M."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Stancil, P. C."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ghafariasl, M."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Singh, S."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gamage, S."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Schaible, M. J."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Center for Space Technology and Research, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Abate, Y."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lang, K."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Orlando, T. M."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Center for Space Technology and Research, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"/> <meta name="access_endpoint" content="https://www.nature.com/platform/readcube-access"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SciReports"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Nanoscale characterization of space weathering in lunar samples"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Scientific Reports - Nanoscale characterization of space weathering in lunar samples"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83392-6"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Nature"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Nanoscale characterization of space weathering in lunar samples - Scientific Reports"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/m685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <script> window.eligibleForRa21 = 'false'; </script> </head> <body class="article-page"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="position-relative cleared z-index-50 background-white" data-test="top-containers"> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#content">Skip to main content</a> <div class="c-grade-c-banner u-hide"> <div class="c-grade-c-banner__container"> <p>Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-hide u-show-following-ad"></div> <aside class="c-ad c-ad--728x90"> <div class="c-ad__inner" data-container-type="banner-advert"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-top-1" class="div-gpt-ad advert leaderboard js-ad text-center hide-print grade-c-hide" data-ad-type="top" data-test="top-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/285/scientific_reports/article" data-gpt-sizes="728x90" data-gpt-targeting="type=article;pos=top;artid=s41598-024-83392-6;doi=10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6;subjmeta=33,445,639,704;kwrd=Astronomy+and+planetary+science,Planetary+science"> <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/scientific_reports/article&sz=728x90&c=1762582782&t=pos%3Dtop%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41598-024-83392-6%26doi%3D10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6%26subjmeta%3D33,445,639,704%26kwrd%3DAstronomy+and+planetary+science,Planetary+science"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/scientific_reports/article&sz=728x90&c=1762582782&t=pos%3Dtop%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41598-024-83392-6%26doi%3D10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6%26subjmeta%3D33,445,639,704%26kwrd%3DAstronomy+and+planetary+science,Planetary+science" alt="Advertisement" width="728" height="90"></a> </noscript> </div> </div> </aside> <header class="c-header" id="header" data-header data-track-component="nature-150-split-header" style="border-color:#cedde4"> <div class="c-header__row"> <div class="c-header__container"> <div class="c-header__split"> <div class="c-header__logo-container"> <a href="/srep" data-track="click" data-track-action="home" data-track-label="image"> <picture class="c-header__logo"> <source srcset="https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/srep/header-d3c533c187c710c1bedbd8e293815d5f.svg" media="(min-width: 875px)"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/srep/header-d3c533c187c710c1bedbd8e293815d5f.svg" height="32" alt="Scientific Reports"> </picture> </a> </div> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--global"> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--hide-md-max"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/siteindex" data-test="siteindex-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="open nature research index" data-track-label="link"> <span>View all journals</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link c-header__link--search" href="#search-menu" data-header-expander data-test="search-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="open search tray" data-track-label="button"> <svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="22" width="22" viewBox="0 0 18 18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16.48 15.455c.283.282.29.749.007 1.032a.738.738 0 01-1.032-.007l-3.045-3.044a7 7 0 111.026-1.026zM8 14A6 6 0 108 2a6 6 0 000 12z"/></svg><span>Search</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--snid-account-widget c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" data-track="click_login" data-track-context="header" href='https://idp.nature.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83392-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=619ef983-fb1b-4636-adae-95149ad963bb'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-header__row"> <div class="c-header__container" data-test="navigation-row"> <div class="c-header__split"> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--journal"> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu" data-test="explore-content-button"> <a href="#explore" class="c-header__link" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--explore" data-track="click" data-track-action="open explore expander" data-track-label="button"> <span><span class="c-header__show-text">Explore</span> content</span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu"> <a href="#about-the-journal" class="c-header__link" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--about-the-journal" data-track="click" data-track-action="open about the journal expander" data-track-label="button"> <span>About <span class="c-header__show-text">the journal</span></span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu" data-test="publish-with-us-button"> <a href="#publish-with-us" class="c-header__link c-header__link--dropdown-menu" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--publish" data-track="click" data-track-action="open publish with us expander" data-track-label="button"> <span>Publish <span class="c-header__show-text">with us</span></span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--hide-lg-max"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://idp.nature.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fmy-account%2Falerts%2Fsubscribe-journal%3Flist-id%3D288%26journal-link%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.nature.com%252Fsrep%252F" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="Sign up for alerts" data-track-label="link (desktop site header)" data-track-external> <span>Sign up for alerts</span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill="#222"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/srep.rss" data-track="click" data-track-action="rss feed" data-track-label="link"> <span>RSS feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <nav class="u-mb-16" aria-label="breadcrumbs"> <div class="u-container"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a class="c-breadcrumbs__link" href="/" itemprop="item" data-track="click" data-track-action="breadcrumb" data-track-category="header" data-track-label="link:nature"><span itemprop="name">nature</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" width="10" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill="#666" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li><li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a class="c-breadcrumbs__link" href="/srep" itemprop="item" data-track="click" data-track-action="breadcrumb" data-track-category="header" data-track-label="link:scientific reports"><span itemprop="name">scientific reports</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" width="10" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill="#666" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li><li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a class="c-breadcrumbs__link" href="/srep/articles?type=article" itemprop="item" data-track="click" data-track-action="breadcrumb" data-track-category="header" data-track-label="link:articles"><span itemprop="name">articles</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" width="10" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill="#666" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li><li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb3" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="4"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> Nanoscale characterization of space weathering in lunar samples </div> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both js-pdf-download"> <a href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="download-pdf" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-download"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-pdf-button__container u-mb-16 u-hide-at-lg js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile"> <div class="c-pdf-container" data-track-context="article body"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both js-pdf-download"> <a href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="download-pdf" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-download"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link" class="u-color-open-access" data-test="open-access">Open access</a> </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2025-01-02">02 January 2025</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Nanoscale characterization of space weathering in lunar samples</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-A__M_-Grice-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-A__M_-Grice-Aff1" data-author-search="Grice, A. M.">A. M. Grice</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-P__C_-Stancil-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-P__C_-Stancil-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Stancil, P. C.">P. C. Stancil</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M_-Ghafariasl-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-M_-Ghafariasl-Aff1" data-author-search="Ghafariasl, M.">M. Ghafariasl</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S_-Singh-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-S_-Singh-Aff1" data-author-search="Singh, S.">S. Singh</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S_-Gamage-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-S_-Gamage-Aff1" data-author-search="Gamage, S.">S. Gamage</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M__J_-Schaible-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-M__J_-Schaible-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-search="Schaible, M. J.">M. J. Schaible</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a>,<a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Y_-Abate-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Y_-Abate-Aff1" data-author-search="Abate, Y.">Y. Abate</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-K_-Lang-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-K_-Lang-Aff5" data-author-search="Lang, K.">K. Lang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 9 authors for this article" title="Show all 9 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-T__M_-Orlando-Aff3-Aff4-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-T__M_-Orlando-Aff3-Aff4-Aff6" data-author-search="Orlando, T. M." data-corresp-id="c1">T. M. Orlando<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a>,<a href="#Aff4">4</a>,<a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/srep" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Scientific Reports</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 15</b>, Article number: <span data-test="article-number">301</span> (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2025</span>) <a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">1296 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/astronomy-and-planetary-science" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Astronomy and planetary science</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/planetary-science" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Planetary science</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Nanoscale Fourier transform infrared (Nano-FTIR) imaging and spectroscopy correlated with photoluminescence measurements of lunar Apollo samples with different surface radiation exposure histories reveal distinct physical and chemical differences associated with space weathering effects. Analysis of two sample fragments: an ilmenite basalt (12016) and an impact melt breccia (15445) show evidence of intrinsic or delivered Nd<sup>3+</sup> and an amorphous silica glass component on exterior surfaces, whereas intrinsic Cr<sup>3+</sup> and/or trapped electron states are limited to interior surfaces. Spatially localized 1050 cm<sup>−1</sup>/935 cm<sup>−1</sup> band ratios in Nano-FTIR hyperspectral maps may further reflect impact-induced shock nanostructures, while shifts in silicate band positions indicate accumulated radiation damage at the nanoscale from prolonged space weathering due to micrometeorites, solar wind, energetic x-rays and cosmic ray bombardment. Our observations demonstrate that space weathering alterations of the surface of lunar samples at the nanoscale may provide a mechanism to distinguish lunar samples of variable surface exposure age.</p></div></div></section> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01590-6/MediaObjects/43247_2024_1590_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01590-6?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1038/s43247-024-01590-6">Space-weathered rims on lunar ilmenite as an indicator for relative exposure ages of regolith </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">12 August 2024</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41550-023-02092-9/MediaObjects/41550_2023_2092_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-023-02092-9?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1038/s41550-023-02092-9">Space weathering record and pristine state of Ryugu samples from MicrOmega spectral analysis </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">05 October 2023</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41550-024-02300-0/MediaObjects/41550_2024_2300_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02300-0?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1038/s41550-024-02300-0">Separate effects of irradiation and impacts on lunar metallic iron formation observed in Chang’e-5 samples </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">20 June 2024</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1741000096, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="main-content"> <div class="c-article-section__content c-article-section__content--separator"><p>Lunar regolith samples returned by the Apollo missions have been the subject of extensive laboratory analyses and evidence of space weathering is well-documented in both remote sensing and in-situ analysis of lunar samples down to the nanoscale. Nano-scale evidence for space weathering primarily includes structural defects (e.g. heavy ion particle tracks), amorphous rims of otherwise crystalline minerals, trapped He and H and nanophase Fe<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Denevi, B. W. et al. Space weathering at the moon. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 89, 611–650. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2023.89.14 (2023)." href="#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e600">1</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Pieters, C. M. & Noble, S. K. Space weathering on airless bodies. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 121, 1865–1884. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005128 (2016)." href="#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e600_1">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Cymes, B. A., Burgess, K. D. & Stroud, R. M. Helium reservoirs in iron nanoparticles on the lunar surface. Commun. Earth Environ. 5, 189. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01349-z (2024)." href="#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e600_2">3</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Burgess, K. D., Cymes, B. A. & Stroud, R. M. Hydrogen-bearing vesicles in space weathered lunar calcium-phosphates. Commun. Earth Environ. 4, 414. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01060-5 (2023)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e603">4</a></sup>. At larger micro- and meso- scales, the presence of melt breccias and high-pressure mineral polymorphs are further evidence of shock metamorphism by meteorite impacts. Nano-scale space weathering has been simulated in the laboratory using laser, ion, electron, and x-ray irradiation of lunar simulants<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Chrbolkova, K. et al. Comparison of space weathering spectral changes induced by solar wind and micrometeoroid impacts using ion- and femtosecond-laser-irradiated olivine and pyroxene. Astron. Astrophys. 654, A143. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140372 (2021)." href="#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e607">5</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Andreas, M. et al. Mid-infrared spectroscopy of laser-produced basalt melts for remote sensing application. Icarus 335, 113410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113410 (2020)." href="#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e607_1">6</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Bennett, C. J., Pirim, C. & Orlando, T. M. Space-weathering of solar system bodies: A laboratory perspective. Chem. Rev. 113, 9086–9150. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400153k (2013)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e610">7</a></sup>, and the effects have been probed on meteorites and returned lunar samples using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Gopon, P. et al. Ultra-reduced phases in Apollo 16 regolith: Combined field emission electron probe microanalysis and atom probe tomography of submicron Fe-Si grains in Apollo 16 sample 61500. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 52, 1941–1962. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12899 (2017)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e614">8</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Gu, L. et al. Space weathering of the Chang’e-5 lunar sample from a mid-high latitude region on the moon. Geophys. Res. Lett. 49, e97875. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl097875 (2022)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e617">9</a></sup>, transmission electron microscopy (TEM)<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Chrbolkova, K. et al. Comparison of space weathering spectral changes induced by solar wind and micrometeoroid impacts using ion- and femtosecond-laser-irradiated olivine and pyroxene. Astron. Astrophys. 654, A143. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140372 (2021)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e621">5</a></sup>, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Yu, P. D., Ivanov, A. V., Wlotzka, F., Galimov, E. M. & Wänke, H. High enrichment of carbon and volatile elements in the surface layers of Luna 16 soil sample 1635: Result of comet or meteorite impact?. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 155, 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00212-4 (1998)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e625">10</a></sup>, photoluminescence (PL), cathodoluminescence (CL)<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Pernet-Fisher, J., Joy, K., Martin, D. & Donaldson Hanna, K. Assessing the shock state of the lunar highlands: Implications for the petrogenesis and chronology of crustal anorthosites. Sci. Rep. 7(5888), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7 (2017)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e630">11</a></sup>, and IR absorption/reflection spectroscopy<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Pernet-Fisher, J., Joy, K., Martin, D. & Donaldson Hanna, K. Assessing the shock state of the lunar highlands: Implications for the petrogenesis and chronology of crustal anorthosites. Sci. Rep. 7(5888), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7 (2017)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e634">11</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Donaldson Hanna, K. L, et al. Effects of varying environmental conditions on emissivity spectra of bulk lunar soils: Application to Diviner thermal infrared observations of the Moon. Icarus 283, 326–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.034 (2017)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e637">12</a></sup>, with the latter method being most directly comparable to orbital fly-by spectroscopic campaigns<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="Lucey, P. G. et al. Space weathering effects in Diviner Lunar Radiometer multispectral infrared measurements of the lunar Christiansen Feature: Characteristics and mitigation. Icarus 283, 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.010 (2017)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e641">13</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="Wu, Y. and Hapke, B., Spectroscopic observations of the Moon at the lunar surface. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 484, 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.003 (2018)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e644">14</a></sup>.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>Over the nearly five decades since the Apollo landings, technological advances have allowed laboratory investigations to be extended to nanometer spatial resolutions, using techniques such as atom probe tomography/desorption and nano-secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS)<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Zhou, C. et al. Chang’E-5 samples reveal high water content in lunar minerals. Nat. Commun. 13, 5336. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33095-1 (2022)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e651">15</a></sup>. Though optical spectroscopy techniques can now be carried out with nanoscale spatial resolution<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Utt, K. L., Ogliore, R. C., Bechtel, H. A., Gillis-Davis, J. J. & Jolliff, B. L. Detecting sub-micron space weathering effects in lunar grains with synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy. J. Geophys. Res-Planet 126, e2021JE006921. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006921 (2021)." href="#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e655">16</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Dominguez, G. et al. Nanoscale infrared spectroscopy as a non-destructive probe of extraterrestrial samples. Nat. Commun. 5, 5445. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6445 (2014)." href="#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e655_1">17</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Yesiltas, M. et al. Biconical reflectance, micro-Raman, and nano-FTIR spectroscopy of the Didim (H3–5) meteorite: Chemical content and molecular variations. Meteorit. Planetary Sci. 55, 2404–2421 (2020)." href="#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e655_2">18</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 19" title="Young, J. M. et al. Nano-FTIR investigation of the CM Chondrite Allan Hills 83100. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 127, e2021JE007166. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE007166 (2022)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e658">19</a></sup>, most spatially resolved studies are restricted by a diffraction-limited spectral resolution, mostly in the mid-IR<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Pieters, C. M. & Noble, S. K. Space weathering on airless bodies. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 121, 1865–1884. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005128 (2016)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e662">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Pernet-Fisher, J., Joy, K., Martin, D. & Donaldson Hanna, K. Assessing the shock state of the lunar highlands: Implications for the petrogenesis and chronology of crustal anorthosites. Sci. Rep. 7(5888), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7 (2017)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e665">11</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="Wu, Y. and Hapke, B., Spectroscopic observations of the Moon at the lunar surface. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 484, 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.003 (2018)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e668">14</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="Pieters, C. M., Fischer, E. M., Rode, O. & Basu, A. Optical effects of space weathering–the role of the finest fraction. J. Geophys. Res-Planet 98, 20817–20824. https://doi.org/10.1029/93je02467 (1993)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e671">20</a></sup>. Typically, these optical measurements focus on the Christiansen feature (CF) and Reststrahlen bands (RB) which appear in the ~ 650–4000 cm<sup>−1</sup> (2.5–15 μm) region.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>This work presents a correlative nanoscale Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Nano-FTIR), photoluminescence, and spatially resolved hyperspectral imaging study of micron-sized flakes from both external (outward or solar wind-facing) and internal (center facing) portions of two Apollo lunar samples: an ilmenite basalt (sample 12016) and impact melt breccia (sample 15445). Combining atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging along with near-field and photoluminescent (PL) spectroscopy techniques allows for sample characterization at a <span class="stix">∼</span>10 nm spatial scale while co-resolving variations in topography, mineral structure, and trace heavy element composition, though studies of the latter were restricted to diffraction-limited PL. This approach can synergistically reveal localized physical and chemical alterations from space weathering that may not be visible using conventional micro- or macro-scale optical approaches.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>Lunar samples were chosen from two sites with different surface exposure histories. The Apollo 12 parent sample 12016 is a medium-size olivine basalt with glass-lined micrometeorite pits on the exterior surface<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 21" title="Meyer, C. The Lunar Sample Compendium, Articles 12016, 15445 https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lsc/ (2023)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e683">21</a></sup>. A crystallization age of 12016 has not been determined, but the highly impacted and processed surface suggests an extended exposure at the lunar surface. The Apollo 15 parent sample 15445 is a recrystallized impact melt breccia containing norite and spinel troctolite clasts embedded in a glassy matrix with fragmented and recrystallized plagioclase, olivine, and opaque minerals<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 21" title="Meyer, C. The Lunar Sample Compendium, Articles 12016, 15445 https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lsc/ (2023)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e687">21</a></sup>. The sample has <sup>147</sup>Sm-<sup>143</sup>Nd isochron ages of 4.46 and 4.28 Ga<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 22" title="Shih, C. et al. Ages of pristine noritic clasts from Lunar Breccia-15445 and Breccia-15455. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac 57, 915–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90178-Y (1993)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e695">22</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 23" title="Drozd, R. J., Kennedy, B. M., Morgan, C. J., Podosek, F. A. & Taylor, G. J. The excess fission xenon problem in lunar samples. Lunar Planetary Sci. Con. Proc. 1, 599–623 (1976)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e698">23</a></sup> and a <sup>81</sup>Kr surface exposure age of 157 ± 22 Myr<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 21" title="Meyer, C. The Lunar Sample Compendium, Articles 12016, 15445 https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lsc/ (2023)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e705">21</a></sup>.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>Subsample 12016.48 is a 1 mm thick slice collected from an exterior surface of the parent sample. Two separate sample flakes were taken from the front and back of the 12016.48 slice, denoted side 1 and side 2. Due to the nature of the flake collection, and preparation, it was not possible to state with certainty whether Side 1 or Side 2 faced outward. Subsample 12016.49 is a 1 mm thick slice taken from the rock interior, as such all analyzed 12016.49 subsamples are classified as inward facing. Similarly, subsample 15445.307 was a 1 mm thick slice taken from the exterior of sample 15445, and 15445.311 was a 1 mm thick slice taken from the interior. Flakes were also taken from terrestrial analog samples of anorthite, albite, San Carlos forsterite, and enstatite for analytical comparison to the lunar samples (see supplementary section for the terrestrial mineral history and sources).</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>An overview of the AFM, PL and Nano-FTIR techniques and representative data is given in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig1">1</a>a–g (see methods for additional details). Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig1">1</a>a shows an optical image of the flake taken from sample 15445.311 and studied using the experimental setup (shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig1">1</a>d). The topographical map of a small region on the flake is shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig1">1</a>b, and a spatially-correlated near-field FTIR amplitude image taken using an infrared laser frequency of 932 cm<sup>−1</sup> is shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig1">1</a>e. Representative PL (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig1">1</a>c) and 2nd harmonic Nano-FTIR (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig1">1</a>f and g) spectra are shown on the left and right sides, respectively. The colored dots in the topography and amplitude images are within a spatial error of 0.3 μm and denote the position where the spectra shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig1">1</a>c, f, and g were obtained.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="380"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Nano-FTIR and PL schematic and example results for sample 15445.311. (<b>a</b>) Optical image of a flake from the 15445.311 sample on a SiO<sub>2</sub> substrate, (<b>b</b>) Topographical image of a 12 μm × 7 μm region of the sample, (<b>c</b>) PL spectra at various probe sites on 15445.311, (<b>d</b>) Schematic experimental set-up for PL (left) and Nano-FTIR (right) from the AFM probe of the lunar sample (center), (<b>e</b>) Near-field amplitude image, (<b>f</b>) Nano-FTIR amplitude spectra, (<b>g</b>) Nano-FTIR phase spectra (PM = parabolic mirror, NF = neutral density filter, L = lens, BS = beam splitter, VM = vibrating mirror).</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>PL spectra taken on the lunar samples using a single wavelength excitation laser (λ = 532 nm) are shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig2">2</a>a. A strong broad peak at around 650–680 nm is present in 12016.48 (sides 1 and 2). A weak broad peak between 675 and 725 nm is observed in 12016.49 followed by a stronger feature peaking between 870 and 880 nm. Samples 15445.307 and 15445.311 have a broad feature peaking at 675 nm and a sharper peak centered at 875 nm only observed in 15445.307. Note this peak width may extend to longer wavelength since the instrumental PL cut-off is 920 nm. The terrestrial albite, anorthite, forsterite, and enstatite samples show broad features that peak near 630, 710, 630, and 645 nm, respectively (see supplementary Figure S1). Least squares spectral fits of the lunar samples using these terrestrial sample spectral profiles are shown as red lines in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig2">2</a>a. The fits were carried out by numerically summing weighted measured contributions of terrestrial samples yielding empirical mineralogical compositions. All these fits are dominated by appreciable contributions of anorthite and forsterite except for 12016.48 side 2, which can be explained by enstatite and anorthite (see supplemental Figures S2–S6).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Fig. 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="685" height="444"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p>(<b>a</b>) PL and (<b>b</b>) Nano-FTIR amplitude and (<b>c</b>) phase spectra of the indicated lunar samples (black curves). Fits (see supplemental for details) to terrestrial sample spectra are shown by the red curves. The feature at 1150 cm<sup>−1</sup> shown by the arrow in (<b>b</b>) (top panel) is not present in any of the terrestrial samples. Nano-FTIR simulation of amorphous SiO<sub>2</sub> (dark yellow dotted line) reproduces the 1150 cm<sup>−1</sup> amplitude and phase features as well as a Nano-FTIR measurement (blue) of amorphous SiO<sub>2</sub><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 24" title="Fali, A. et al. Nanoscale spectroscopy of dielectric properties of mica. Acs Photonics 8, 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00951 (2021)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e824">24</a></sup>. The SiO<sub>2</sub> phase peak is slightly shifted in the simulation and better represented by the SiO<sub>2</sub> measurement. Yellow and green vertical bands indicate the expected range of the CF and RB features.</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>These lunar samples are unlikely to have pure anorthite, forsterite or enstatite (the latter with Mg/Fe + Mg close to 0.9 or less) and terrestrial minerals are known to have compositional variability and intrinsic ions that give rise to photoluminescence. The PL spectra of the lunar samples can be understood qualitatively with respect to the trace metals and photoactive ions present in the terrestrial samples. Specifically, the broad peak around 675–680 nm (extending from 625 to 750 nm) in 12016.48 (sides 1 and 2) and 15445.311 can be attributed to the incorporation of Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Mg<sup>2+</sup><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 25" title="Gaft, M., Panczer, G. & Reisfeld, R. in Springer Mineralogy, 1 online resource (XIX, 606 pages 431 illustrations, 201 illustrations in color (Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer,, Cham, 2015)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e848">25</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="Moriarty, D. P. & Pieters, C. M. Complexities in pyroxene compositions derived from absorption band centers: Examples from Apollo samples, HED meteorites, synthetic pure pyroxenes, and remote sensing data. Meteoritics Planetary Sci. 51, 207–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12588 (2016)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e851">26</a></sup>. The split features peaking at 850 and 875 nm in 12016.49 are not seen on any of the terrestrial mineral samples and may be due to Cr<sup>3+</sup> and Nd<sup>3+</sup>, respectively. The sharper peak centered at 875 nm in 15445.307 may also be attributed, at least partially, to Nd<sup>3+</sup><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 25" title="Gaft, M., Panczer, G. & Reisfeld, R. in Springer Mineralogy, 1 online resource (XIX, 606 pages 431 illustrations, 201 illustrations in color (Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer,, Cham, 2015)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e861">25</a></sup>. Trace metal species such as Cr and Nd can be intrinsic (e.g. <sup>143</sup>Nd is a stable daughter product from the radiogenic decay of <sup>147</sup>Sm<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Fu, X. H., Zou, Y. L. & Ouyang, Z. Y. REE characteristics and Nd isotopic compositions of Lunar pristine rocks: Implications for petrogenesis of pristine rocks and source regions. Acta Geochim. 29, 326–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-010-0464-4 (2010)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e869">27</a></sup>) or delivered by meteorite impactors on the lunar surface. The relative ratios of the Cr<sup>3+</sup> and Nd<sup>3+</sup> observed in 12016.49 and 15445.307 are consistent with the amounts measured in the parent Apollo samples<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 18" title="Yesiltas, M. et al. Biconical reflectance, micro-Raman, and nano-FTIR spectroscopy of the Didim (H3–5) meteorite: Chemical content and molecular variations. Meteorit. Planetary Sci. 55, 2404–2421 (2020)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e878">18</a></sup>. Unfortunately, limited knowledge of PL emission strengths<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 25" title="Gaft, M., Panczer, G. & Reisfeld, R. in Springer Mineralogy, 1 online resource (XIX, 606 pages 431 illustrations, 201 illustrations in color (Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer,, Cham, 2015)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e882">25</a></sup> and orientation effects, which are likely minimal at the PL focal spot scale, precludes determination of both absolute and relative abundances.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>The features that peak near 875 nm may reflect lunar geochemistry, or alternatively may be associated with the effects of space weathering. Specifically, the 875 nm band may be a radiation-induced electron (hole) trap state(s) produced by solar wind, X-ray or cosmic ray exposure. Solar wind (protons, electrons and soft X-rays) have penetration depths < 100 nm in regolith whereas higher energy (> 10 keV) X-rays penetrate up to several mm and galactic cosmic rays from centimeters to meters depending on the density.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>In a luminescence microscopy study of terrestrial feldspar by Kumar et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="Kumar, R. et al. Site-selective mapping of metastable states using electron-beam induced luminescence microscopy. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7 (2020)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e892">28</a></sup>, two peaks appear near 880 nm and 955 nm in PL, but shifted down to 750 nm in cathodoluminescence. These were produced by X-ray and high energy electron irradiation, respectively. These electron trap states are thought to be useful in luminescence geochronology as faithful records of radiation dosage since they are stable states that do not bleach nor anneal over time<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="Kumar, R. et al. Site-selective mapping of metastable states using electron-beam induced luminescence microscopy. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7 (2020)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e896">28</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 29" title="Prasad, A. K., Poolton, N. R. J., Kook, M. & Jain, M. Optical dating in a new light: A direct, non-destructive probe of trapped electrons. Sci. Rep. 7, 12097. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10174-8 (2017)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e899">29</a></sup>. The 875 nm PL band in the inward-facing sample 12016.49 can be fit well using a substantial contribution of the electron trap state spectra derived from Kumar et. al <sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="Kumar, R. et al. Site-selective mapping of metastable states using electron-beam induced luminescence microscopy. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7 (2020)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e903">28</a></sup>. In contrast, the outward facing sample 15445.307 is best fit with Nd<sup>3+</sup> emission with a much smaller electron trap state contribution (See Figures S4 and S5). This implies the trap states are likely made from the more deeply penetrating X-rays or cosmic rays, and that the Nd<sup>3+</sup> has either migrated to the surface or was delivered by an impact event in the near vicinity. Overall, the PL data can be explained by a combination of compositional variability and possible defect and electron (hole) trap sites formed by space weathering.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>Since differences between lunar and terrestrial spectra are expected due to space weathering effects, systematic Nano-FTIR studies can help elucidate the radiation effects on the crystalline structure and optical spectra. To illustrate this, normalized near-field amplitude and phase spectra obtained using Nano-FTIR spectroscopy of the lunar samples over the 675 -1300 cm<sup>−1</sup> range are shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig2">2</a>b and c, respectively. There is an inherent correlation between a sample’s amplitude and phase spectra to its reflectivity and absorption, respectively, both of which are probed locally in the near field and described by the extended dipole model. These spectra therefore enable discrimination of compositional heterogeneities at nanoscale spatial resolution through analysis of peak and trough locations and intensities<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 30" title="Govyadinov, A. A., Amenabar, I., Huth, F., Carney, P. S. & Hillenbrand, R. Quantitative measurement of local infrared absorption and dielectric function with tip-enhanced near-field microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 1526–1531. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz400453r (2013)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e919">30</a></sup>. The closest matching Nano-FTIR terrestrial mineral spectra (see supplementary Figure S1) compared to the lunar spectra are shown in red lines (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig2">2</a>b and c). The yellow and green vertical bands indicate the expected range of the CF and RBs, respectively. The CF is a reflectance minimum, located around 1250–1000 cm<sup>−1</sup> (8–10 µm) in most silicates and the RBs are strong fundamental molecular vibrations that occur at < 1250–1000 cm<sup>−1</sup> and correspond to Si–O asymmetric stretching and O–Si–O bending modes<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Hunt, G. R., Salisbury, J. & Lenhoff, C. Visible and near infrared spectra of minerals and rocks. I Silicates. Modern Geol. 2, 23 (1973)." href="#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e931">31</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Glotch, T. et al. Near-field infrared spectroscopy as a tool for analysis of Chondritic returned samples. Asteroid Sci. Age Hayabusa2 OSIRIS-Rex 2189, 2061 (2019)." href="#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e931_1">32</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Yesiltas, M., Glotch, T. D. & Sava, B. Nano-FTIR spectroscopic identification of prebiotic carbonyl compounds in Dominion Range 08006 carbonaceous chondrite. Sci. Rep. 11, 11656. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91200-8 (2021)." href="#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e931_2">33</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 34" title="Yesiltas, M., Glotch, T. D. & Kaya, M. Nanoscale infrared characterization of dark clasts and fine-grained rims in CM2 chondrites: Aguas Zarcas and Jbilet Winselwan. ACS Earth Space Chem. 5, 3281–3296. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00290 (2021)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e934">34</a></sup>. As found from the PL fits, anorthite can approximately account for the Nano-FTIR lunar spectra, except for 12016.48 side 2 and 12016.49 which are more closely reproduced by enstatite and forsterite, respectively. It should be noted that the diffraction-limited PL samples spatial regions of ~ 300 nm × 300 nm which may include a mixed mineralogy, unlike the Nano-FTIR whose optical sampling zone is smaller than a typical grain.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>A significant discrepancy seen only in the lunar samples is the strong amplitude peak near 1150 cm<sup>−1</sup> (shown by the arrow in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig2">2</a>b top panel). This band, which is also present but weaker in the phase spectra, is prominent in 12016.48 side 1 and not present in side 2. This is potential evidence that side 1 was an outward facing exterior subsample, while side 2 was inward facing. A similar band is observed as a weaker feature in samples 15445.307 and 15445.311, two impact melt breccia samples. To understand this, we simulated (see methods section) the near-field spectra of an amorphous silica band which is shown as a dark yellow dotted line. This reproduces the 1150 cm<sup>−1</sup> feature well allowing for a nearly complete reproduction of the three lunar amplitude and phase spectra. To further illustrate this, comparison to a Nano-FTIR spectra of an amorphous silica sample is also shown in blue<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 24" title="Fali, A. et al. Nanoscale spectroscopy of dielectric properties of mica. Acs Photonics 8, 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00951 (2021)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e949">24</a></sup>. The SiO<sub>2</sub> phase peak is slightly shifted in the simulation due to approximations<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 35" title="Mester, L., Govyadinov, A. A., Chen, S., Goikoetxea, M. & Hillenbrand, R. Subsurface chemical nanoidentification by nano-FTIR spectroscopy. Nat. Commun. 11, 3359. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17034-6 (2020)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e956">35</a></sup> and better represented by the amorphous SiO<sub>2</sub> measurement. </p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>Amorphous silica rims can be made by micrometeorite impacts or solar wind irradiation. If this amorphous silica band was formed from space weathering, the strong distinction between spectra from each side of 12016.48 is consistent with a prolonged surface exposure history of the sample, while the less pronounced 1150 cm<sup>−1</sup> feature in sample 15445 may be explained by inclusion of previously exposed fragments into the melt breccia.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>The Nano-FTIR spectra shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig1">1</a>f and g are similar at each point measured on the 15445.311 interior sample surface, but the amplitude and phase at any given wavenumber differ with variable deviancy between spectra. To elucidate the potential nanoscale heterogeneity inherent in space weathered lunar samples, we employed single frequency scattering near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and Nano-FTIR point spectroscopy at distinct points on the 15445.307 exterior sample surface. Note that the 15445.307 subsample at which the image and spectra were captured for the data presented in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig3">3</a> is different from the 15445.307 subsample used for the data shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig2">2</a>. The clear contrast distinctions seen in the topographical image (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig3">3</a>a) are faithfully captured in the point spectra spanning the spectral range of 800–1200 cm<sup>−1</sup> that were acquired in the regions denoted by the red[R] and blue[B] squares and lines (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig3">3</a>a and b). The image contrast is also seen clearly in the single-frequency amplitude and phase maps collected at 932 cm<sup>−1</sup> (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig3">3</a>c and d) and 1050 cm<sup>−1</sup> (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig3">3</a>e and f). The contrast between these datasets stem from variations in the surface dielectric constants that may be caused by shock metamorphism from meteorite impacts and it is more discernible at the 1050 cm<sup>−1</sup> frequency.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3" data-title="Fig. 3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig3" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="figure 3" loading="lazy" width="685" height="841"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-3-desc"><p>Topographical, Nano-FTIR images, and spectra of lunar sample 15445.307. (<b>a</b>) Topographical image. (<b>b</b>) Nano-FTIR amplitude and phase spectra at locations (red[R] and blue[B] squares) in the image (<b>a</b>). (<b>c</b>) Amplitude map at 932 cm<sup>−1</sup>. (<b>d</b>) Phase map at 932 cm<sup>−1</sup>. (<b>e</b>) and (<b>f</b>), same as (<b>c</b>) and (<b>d</b>) but at 1050 cm<sup>−1</sup>. Each image corresponds to a spatial scale of 1000 nm × 1000 nm.</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6/figures/3" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>To further explore possible effects of shock metamorphism, Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig4">4</a> displays topography (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig4">4</a>a), amplitude and height profiles (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig4">4</a>b), and single frequency Nano-FTIR amplitude maps at 935 cm<sup>−1</sup> (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig4">4</a>c) and 1050 cm<sup>−1</sup> (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig4">4</a>d) for the 15445.307 subsample, similar to those shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig3">3</a>, but at a different location (See Figure S7 for corresponding Nano-FTIR phase maps). The amplitude and topography variations shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig4">4</a>b correspond to the dashed horizontal line in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig4">4</a>a, c, and d. These profiles suggest there is no clear correlation between structures in the topography and the amplitude variations, such that amplitude variations can be interpreted to reflect changes in surface chemistry.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4" data-title="Fig. 4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig4_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig4" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="figure 4" loading="lazy" width="685" height="936"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p>(<b>a</b>) Topographical image of lunar sample 15445.307. (<b>b</b>) Amplitude and topographical profile curves corresponding to the dashed line in (<b>a</b>), (<b>c</b>), and (<b>d</b>). Amplitude images corresponding to (<b>a</b>) at (<b>c</b>) 935 cm<sup>−1</sup>[B] and (<b>d</b>) 1050 cm<sup>−1</sup>[R]. (<b>e</b>) Nano-FTIR amplitude ratio 1050 cm<sup>−1</sup>/935 cm<sup>−1</sup> versus 935 cm<sup>−1</sup> for 15445.307 (upper frame) and 15445.311 (lower frame) binned according to the reflectance ratios for shocked-induced pressure proposed by Martin<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="Martin, D. J. et al. Investigating the shock histories of lunar meteorites Miller Range 090034, 090070, and 090075 using petrography, geochemistry, and micro-FTIR spectroscopy. Meteorit. Planetary Sci. 52, 1103–1124. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12860 (2017)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1135">36</a></sup>. (<b>f</b>) Spatial locations of the 25–45 GPa bin and > 45 GPa bin pixels in 15445.307 (upper frame) and 15445.311 (lower frame).</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6/figures/4" data-track-dest="link:Figure4 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 4" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>The frequencies chosen here (935 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1050 cm<sup>−1</sup>) are very close to those adopted by Martin et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="Martin, D. J. et al. Investigating the shock histories of lunar meteorites Miller Range 090034, 090070, and 090075 using petrography, geochemistry, and micro-FTIR spectroscopy. Meteorit. Planetary Sci. 52, 1103–1124. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12860 (2017)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1157">36</a></sup>. (932 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1064 cm<sup>−1</sup>) as potential diagnostics of shock effects in feldspars. These frequencies are referred to in the literature as Reststrahlen Band (RB) RB3 and RB1, respectively. The 932 cm<sup>−1</sup> band is the dominant Si–O stretch peak and is present in all phases (mineral or glass). The 1064 cm<sup>−1</sup> band is the point of largest percent reflectance variation within the RB region of the spectrum. Martin et al. argue that the intensity of the reflectance ratio 1064 cm<sup>−1</sup>/932 cm<sup>−1</sup> can be used as an indicator of shock induced pressure with rough binning of < 20 GPa (< 0.42), 20–45 GPa (0.42–0.75,) and > 45 GPa (> 0.75). This contention is based on far-field FTIR spectroscopy of grouped lunar Miller Range meteorites compared to terrestrial anorthite and maskelynite samples. A similar relationship may also exist for near-field measurements of weathered lunar samples.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>Adopting the approach of Ref.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="Martin, D. J. et al. Investigating the shock histories of lunar meteorites Miller Range 090034, 090070, and 090075 using petrography, geochemistry, and micro-FTIR spectroscopy. Meteorit. Planetary Sci. 52, 1103–1124. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12860 (2017)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1177">36</a></sup>, Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig4">4</a>e (upper frame) plots the Nano-FTIR amplitude for 935 cm<sup>−1</sup> versus the 1050 cm<sup>−1</sup>/935 cm<sup>−1</sup> ratio for an expanded region (2000 nm × 2000 nm) of sample 15445.307 (see supplementary Fig. S8 for the full topographical image). This corresponds to 6400 pixels each with a nominal area of 25 nm × 25 nm. For most of the sample, the 1050 cm<sup>−1</sup>/935 cm<sup>−1</sup> ratios range from ~ 0.2–0.4, but approaches or exceeds 1.0 in certain regions. Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig4">4</a>f (upper frame) plots the spatial coordinates of the points for the 25–45 GPa and > 45 GPa bins which are shown to primarily reside along a horizontal line with the higher-pressure points more tightly clustered. Conversely, the same analysis performed for 15445.311 suggests pressures of 25–45 GPa across most of the 2000 nm × 2000 nm section of the sample as illustrated in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig4">4</a>e and f (lower frames). Similar plots for the Nano-FTIR phase are given in the supplemental Fig. S9. Linear regions of > 45 GPa band ratios may reflect spatial localization of shock-induced impact melting along nano-scale fractures or veins<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 37" title="Walton, E. L., Sharp, T. G. & Hu, J. Frictional melting processes and the generation of shock veins in terrestrial impact structures: Evidence from the Steen River impact structure, Alberta, Canada. Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac 180, 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.02.024 (2016)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1201">37</a></sup>. Semi-parallel planar fractures and veins have been observed in a variety of shocked silicate and phosphate minerals<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Xiande, X., Ming, C., Deqiang, W. & El Goresy, A. NaAlSi 3 O 8-hollandite and other high-pressure minerals in the shock melt veins of the Suizhou meteorite. Chin. Sci. Bull. 46, 1116–1125 (2001)." href="#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1205">38</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Stöffler, D., Hamann, C. & Metzler, K. Shock metamorphism of planetary silicate rocks and sediments: Proposal for an updated classification system. Meteorit. Planetary Sci. 53, 5–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12912 (2018)." href="#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1205_1">39</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Černok, A., White, L. F., Darling, J., Dunlop, J. & Anand, M. Shock-induced microtextures in lunar apatite and merrillite. Meteorit. Planetary Sci. 54, 1262–1282. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13278 (2019)." href="#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1205_2">40</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 41" title="Kusiak, M. A. et al. Nano-and micro-structures in lunar zircon from Apollo 15 and 16 impactites: Implications for age interpretations. Contribut. Mineral. Petrol. 177, 112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01977-8 (2022)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1208">41</a></sup>, and the spatially localized damage zones observed in both flakes is consistent with an interpretation of sample 15445 as an impact melt shocked breccia.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>Variations in RB1 and RB3 ratios similar to those reported here were observed by Stojic et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 42" title="Stojic, A. N. et al. A shock recovery experiment and its implications for Mercury’s surface: The effect of high pressure on porous olivine powder as a regolith analog. Icarus 357, 114162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114162 (2021)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1216">42</a></sup> with micro-FTIR spectroscopy of laboratory shocked olivine powders. However, Stojic et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 42" title="Stojic, A. N. et al. A shock recovery experiment and its implications for Mercury’s surface: The effect of high pressure on porous olivine powder as a regolith analog. Icarus 357, 114162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114162 (2021)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1220">42</a></sup>. suggests that the shock pressure effects measured by Martin et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="Martin, D. J. et al. Investigating the shock histories of lunar meteorites Miller Range 090034, 090070, and 090075 using petrography, geochemistry, and micro-FTIR spectroscopy. Meteorit. Planetary Sci. 52, 1103–1124. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12860 (2017)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1224">36</a></sup> may also be due to mixed crystalline orientations. While mixed crystal orientations may contribute to the variations in the RB bands observed here, the 10 nm × 10 nm spatial resolution of the current Nano-FTIR measurements may rule out this alternative explanation or at least minimize the effects since the optical sampling zone is small compared to any grain or crystallite size. The highly heterogeneous features and high-pressure zones observed over nanoscale distances are consistent with localized shock fronts and clustered lattice damage involving meteorite bombardment. Ionization tracks (i.e. radioactive decay by alpha ejection or spontaneous fission) can produce abrupt linear features at the nano-scale but these would typically be in-situ and within the mineral.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>Correlated photoluminescence (PL), nanoscale Fourier transform infrared (Nano-FTIR) spectroscopy and nano-scale topographical imaging have been used to characterize <span class="stix">∼</span>1 μm thick flakes extracted from exterior and interior faces of Apollo lunar samples 12016 and 15445. The broad 650–675 nm peak in the PL spectra is consistent with an anorthite mineralogy for most measurements, with others better explained by the chemical compositions typically found in forsterite or enstatite. The 700–800 nm feature on the 12016.48 interior flake correlates with Cr<sup>3+</sup> and the 800–900 nm feature is likely dominated by X-ray or cosmic ray induced electron-trap states with potentially limited contributions from intrinsic or delivered Nd<sup>3+</sup>. In contrast, the 800–900 nm emission band observed from the 15445.307 exterior flake appears to be dominated by intrinsic or delivered Nd<sup>3+</sup> with limited radiation induced electron-trap state contributions. The spatially localized 1050 cm<sup>−1</sup>/935 cm<sup>−1</sup> band ratios observed in the Nano-FTIR and hyperspectral maps may correlate with localized shock features in both 15445.311 and 15445.307, consistent with interpretation of the sample as an impact melt breccia. For 12016.48, the observed 1150 cm<sup>−1</sup> feature can be explained by an amorphous glass coating likely produced by space weathering processes like micrometeorite impacts or solar wind induced lattice damage. These unique non-destructive table-top measurements provide a new opportunity to identify and distinguish lunar sample surfaces with prolonged surface exposure histories. Moreover, the potential identification of stable electron-trap states suggests that selective photoluminescence measurements may provide additional geochronological constraints to enhance cosmogenic nuclide-based techniques to measuring lunar surface exposure ages. In conclusion, nanoscale observation of lunar samples is a new frontier to unravel the details of space weathering and other processes controlling the evolution of the lunar surface.</p></div><section data-title="Methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec3">Experimental approach</h3><p>Flakes of the lunar samples 15445.311, 15445.307, 12016.48, and 12016.49 were extracted from cut (approximately 5 × 1 mm) slabs and deposited onto silicon (Si) substrates for mapping and characterization. Flakes of terrestrial samples including enstatite, anorthite, forsterite, and albite were similarly extracted from bulk samples and deposited for comparative analysis with lunar samples.</p><p>A commercial (Attocube co.) scattering type scanning near-field microscope (s-SNOM) that is based on a tapping mode AFM was utilized to perform the near-field imaging of the lunar sample. The Nano-FTIR data were acquired using a combination of s-SNOM and a broad-band infrared light source. Tapping mode AFM uses a cantilevered metal coated tip oscillating at a resonant frequency of 280 kHz and a tapping amplitude of 50 nm. A broad-band IR beam with a frequency range of 700–2100 cm<sup>−1</sup> was focused to the tip using a parabolic mirror. Near-field signal containing material specific information was then backscattered and detected by an asymmetric Fourier transform Michelson interferometer. The system operates with pseudoheterodyne detection using a singular beam splitter and moving mirror model. In order to ensure the near-field information was not contaminated by background artifacts, the detector signal was demodulated at a higher harmonic n of the tip mechanical resonance frequency. The amplitude and phase IR near-field spectra were normalized by collecting reference spectrum from an area on the Si substrate used to hold the sample flakes and then taking spectra at the appropriate sample locations. Diffraction-limited PL spectra were also collected using the same setup under ambient conditions. To normalize the spectra, a reference spectrum was taken on the Si substrate.</p><p>The Nano-FTIR tip size resulted in a typical spatial resolution of 10 × 10 nm. Each spectrum acquisition time was 10 s and was averaged over 5 individual acquisitions of each spectrum, for a total of 50 s. Lunar samples had from 20–30 individual spectrum taken at each wavenumber range. Terrestrial samples generally had less than 10.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4">Simulation</h3><p>To simulate the measured Nano-FTIR amplitude and phase spectra of the lunar samples, we apply the extended dipole model for the probe tip interacting with three layers (air, sample, and substrate)<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 24" title="Fali, A. et al. Nanoscale spectroscopy of dielectric properties of mica. Acs Photonics 8, 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00951 (2021)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1271">24</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 30" title="Govyadinov, A. A., Amenabar, I., Huth, F., Carney, P. S. & Hillenbrand, R. Quantitative measurement of local infrared absorption and dielectric function with tip-enhanced near-field microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 1526–1531. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz400453r (2013)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1274">30</a></sup>. Incorporating known dielectric function data for the sample and silicon substrate (properties obtained from far-field measurements or calculations), the normalized s-SNOM amplitude S<sub>2</sub> and phase φ<sub>2</sub> for the second-harmonic are computed. Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#Fig2">2</a>b and c give the computed Nano-FTIR amplitude and phase for an amorphous silicate sample and Figure S10 gives an example for crystalline enstatite. The simulation approach allows for utilization of the extensive literature on measured mineralogical optical constants and dielectric functions. For the simulated amorphous silicate amplitude and phase spectra, the optical constants of Ref.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 43" title="Abate, Y. et al. Nanoscopy of phase separation in Inx Ga1–x N alloys. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 23160–23166. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b06766 (2016)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1285">43</a></sup>. were adopted. The spectral peaks that are experimentally acquired in Nano-FTIR amplitude and phase spectra exhibit a shift towards the blue end of the spectrum when compared to the real and imaginary optical constants. While there are similarities in the overall behavior of the spectra, care must be taken in interpretation. Hence, quantitative interpretation of s-SNOM spectra of astro-minerals requires simulation or direct s-SNOM measurements of reference mineral samples<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 44" title="Henning, T. & Mutschke, H. Low-temperature infrared properties of cosmic dust analogues. Astronomy Astrophys. 327, 743–754 (1997)." href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d366086978e1290">44</a></sup>.</p></div></div></section> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> <section data-title="Data availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability">Data availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>Datasets are available at <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1853/65559">https://hdl.handle.net/1853/65559</a> or upon request with the corresponding author.</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Denevi, B. W. et al. Space weathering at the moon. <i>Rev. Mineral. Geochem.</i> <b>89</b>, 611–650. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2023.89.14" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.2138/rmg.2023.89.14">https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2023.89.14</a> (2023).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.2138/rmg.2023.89.14" data-track-item_id="10.2138/rmg.2023.89.14" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.2138%2Frmg.2023.89.14" aria-label="Article reference 1" data-doi="10.2138/rmg.2023.89.14">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?07667916" aria-label="MATH reference 1">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 1" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Space%20weathering%20at%20the%20moon&journal=Rev.%20Mineral.%20Geochem.&doi=10.2138%2Frmg.2023.89.14&volume=89&pages=611-650&publication_year=2023&author=Denevi%2CBW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="2."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">Pieters, C. M. & Noble, S. K. Space weathering on airless bodies. <i>J. Geophys. Res. Planets</i> <b>121</b>, 1865–1884. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005128" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1002/2016JE005128">https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005128</a> (2016).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1002/2016JE005128" data-track-item_id="10.1002/2016JE005128" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016JE005128" aria-label="Article reference 2" data-doi="10.1002/2016JE005128">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29862145" aria-label="PubMed reference 2">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5975224" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 2">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2016JGRE..121.1865P" aria-label="ADS reference 2">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?05.0475.02" aria-label="MATH reference 2">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 2" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Space%20weathering%20on%20airless%20bodies&journal=J.%20Geophys.%20Res.%20Planets&doi=10.1002%2F2016JE005128&volume=121&pages=1865-1884&publication_year=2016&author=Pieters%2CCM&author=Noble%2CSK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="3."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">Cymes, B. A., Burgess, K. D. & Stroud, R. M. Helium reservoirs in iron nanoparticles on the lunar surface. <i>Commun. Earth Environ.</i> <b>5</b>, 189. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01349-z" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s43247-024-01349-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01349-z</a> (2024).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s43247-024-01349-z" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s43247-024-01349-z" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01349-z" aria-label="Article reference 3" data-doi="10.1038/s43247-024-01349-z">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2024ComEE...5..189C" aria-label="ADS reference 3">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?0249.31002" aria-label="MATH reference 3">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 3" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Helium%20reservoirs%20in%20iron%20nanoparticles%20on%20the%20lunar%20surface&journal=Commun.%20Earth%20Environ.&doi=10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01349-z&volume=5&publication_year=2024&author=Cymes%2CBA&author=Burgess%2CKD&author=Stroud%2CRM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="4."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">Burgess, K. D., Cymes, B. A. & Stroud, R. M. Hydrogen-bearing vesicles in space weathered lunar calcium-phosphates. <i>Commun. Earth Environ.</i> <b>4</b>, 414. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01060-5" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s43247-023-01060-5">https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01060-5</a> (2023).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s43247-023-01060-5" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s43247-023-01060-5" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-023-01060-5" aria-label="Article reference 4" data-doi="10.1038/s43247-023-01060-5">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=38665188" aria-label="PubMed reference 4">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11041702" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 4">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2023ComEE...4..414B" aria-label="ADS reference 4">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?0918.73303" aria-label="MATH reference 4">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 4" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Hydrogen-bearing%20vesicles%20in%20space%20weathered%20lunar%20calcium-phosphates&journal=Commun.%20Earth%20Environ.&doi=10.1038%2Fs43247-023-01060-5&volume=4&publication_year=2023&author=Burgess%2CKD&author=Cymes%2CBA&author=Stroud%2CRM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="5."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">Chrbolkova, K. et al. Comparison of space weathering spectral changes induced by solar wind and micrometeoroid impacts using ion- and femtosecond-laser-irradiated olivine and pyroxene. <i>Astron. Astrophys.</i> <b>654</b>, A143. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140372" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1051/0004-6361/202140372">https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140372</a> (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1051/0004-6361/202140372" data-track-item_id="10.1051/0004-6361/202140372" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202140372" aria-label="Article reference 5" data-doi="10.1051/0004-6361/202140372">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXislKgsbzJ" aria-label="CAS reference 5">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?0867.58084" aria-label="MATH reference 5">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Comparison%20of%20space%20weathering%20spectral%20changes%20induced%20by%20solar%20wind%20and%20micrometeoroid%20impacts%20using%20ion-%20and%20femtosecond-laser-irradiated%20olivine%20and%20pyroxene&journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202140372&volume=654&publication_year=2021&author=Chrbolkova%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="6."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">Andreas, M. et al. Mid-infrared spectroscopy of laser-produced basalt melts for remote sensing application. <i>Icarus</i> <b>335</b>, 113410. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113410" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113410">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113410</a> (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113410" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113410" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2019.113410" aria-label="Article reference 6" data-doi="10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113410">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhslGktb7O" aria-label="CAS reference 6">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1506.92099" aria-label="MATH reference 6">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 6" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mid-infrared%20spectroscopy%20of%20laser-produced%20basalt%20melts%20for%20remote%20sensing%20application&journal=Icarus&doi=10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2019.113410&volume=335&publication_year=2020&author=Andreas%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="7."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">Bennett, C. J., Pirim, C. & Orlando, T. M. Space-weathering of solar system bodies: A laboratory perspective. <i>Chem. Rev.</i> <b>113</b>, 9086–9150. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400153k" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1021/cr400153k">https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400153k</a> (2013).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1021/cr400153k" data-track-item_id="10.1021/cr400153k" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr400153k" aria-label="Article reference 7" data-doi="10.1021/cr400153k">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvVCmtbfL" aria-label="CAS reference 7">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24274796" aria-label="PubMed reference 7">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1463.74059" aria-label="MATH reference 7">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 7" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Space-weathering%20of%20solar%20system%20bodies%3A%20A%20laboratory%20perspective&journal=Chem.%20Rev.&doi=10.1021%2Fcr400153k&volume=113&pages=9086-9150&publication_year=2013&author=Bennett%2CCJ&author=Pirim%2CC&author=Orlando%2CTM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="8."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">Gopon, P. et al. Ultra-reduced phases in Apollo 16 regolith: Combined field emission electron probe microanalysis and atom probe tomography of submicron Fe-Si grains in Apollo 16 sample 61500. <i>Meteorit. Planet. Sci.</i> <b>52</b>, 1941–1962. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12899" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1111/maps.12899">https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12899</a> (2017).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/maps.12899" data-track-item_id="10.1111/maps.12899" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmaps.12899" aria-label="Article reference 8" data-doi="10.1111/maps.12899">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXpsFSit7k%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 8">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2017M%26PS...52.1941G" aria-label="ADS reference 8">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1417.15031" aria-label="MATH reference 8">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 8" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ultra-reduced%20phases%20in%20Apollo%2016%20regolith%3A%20Combined%20field%20emission%20electron%20probe%20microanalysis%20and%20atom%20probe%20tomography%20of%20submicron%20Fe-Si%20grains%20in%20Apollo%2016%20sample%2061500&journal=Meteorit.%20Planet.%20Sci.&doi=10.1111%2Fmaps.12899&volume=52&pages=1941-1962&publication_year=2017&author=Gopon%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="9."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">Gu, L. et al. Space weathering of the Chang’e-5 lunar sample from a mid-high latitude region on the moon. <i>Geophys. Res. Lett.</i> <b>49</b>, e97875. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl097875" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1029/2022gl097875">https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl097875</a> (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1029/2022gl097875" data-track-item_id="10.1029/2022gl097875" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2022gl097875" aria-label="Article reference 9" data-doi="10.1029/2022gl097875">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2022GeoRL..4997875G" aria-label="ADS reference 9">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 9" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Space%20weathering%20of%20the%20Chang%E2%80%99e-5%20lunar%20sample%20from%20a%20mid-high%20latitude%20region%20on%20the%20moon&journal=Geophys.%20Res.%20Lett.&doi=10.1029%2F2022gl097875&volume=49&publication_year=2022&author=Gu%2CL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="10."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">Yu, P. D., Ivanov, A. V., Wlotzka, F., Galimov, E. M. & Wänke, H. High enrichment of carbon and volatile elements in the surface layers of Luna 16 soil sample 1635: Result of comet or meteorite impact?. <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.</i> <b>155</b>, 197–204. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00212-4" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00212-4">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00212-4</a> (1998).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00212-4" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00212-4" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2897%2900212-4" aria-label="Article reference 10" data-doi="10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00212-4">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=1998E%26PSL.155..197D" aria-label="ADS reference 10">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 10" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=High%20enrichment%20of%20carbon%20and%20volatile%20elements%20in%20the%20surface%20layers%20of%20Luna%2016%20soil%20sample%201635%3A%20Result%20of%20comet%20or%20meteorite%20impact%3F&journal=Earth%20Planet.%20Sci.%20Lett.&doi=10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2897%2900212-4&volume=155&pages=197-204&publication_year=1998&author=Yu%2CPD&author=Ivanov%2CAV&author=Wlotzka%2CF&author=Galimov%2CEM&author=W%C3%A4nke%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="11."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">Pernet-Fisher, J., Joy, K., Martin, D. & Donaldson Hanna, K. Assessing the shock state of the lunar highlands: Implications for the petrogenesis and chronology of crustal anorthosites. <i>Sci. Rep.</i> <b>7</b>(5888), 1–12. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7</a> (2017).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-72334-7" aria-label="Article reference 11" data-doi="10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhvFOht77K" aria-label="CAS reference 11">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 11" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Assessing%20the%20shock%20state%20of%20the%20lunar%20highlands%3A%20Implications%20for%20the%20petrogenesis%20and%20chronology%20of%20crustal%20anorthosites&journal=Sci.%20Rep.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-020-72334-7&volume=7&issue=5888&pages=1-12&publication_year=2017&author=Pernet-Fisher%2CJ&author=Joy%2CK&author=Martin%2CD&author=Donaldson%20Hanna%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="12."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">Donaldson Hanna, K. L, et al. Effects of varying environmental conditions on emissivity spectra of bulk lunar soils: Application to Diviner thermal infrared observations of the Moon. <i>Icarus</i> <b>283</b>, 326–342. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.034" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.034">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.034</a> (2017).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.034" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.034" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2016.05.034" aria-label="Article reference 12" data-doi="10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.034">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2017Icar..283..326D" aria-label="ADS reference 12">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 12" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Effects%20of%20varying%20environmental%20conditions%20on%20emissivity%20spectra%20of%20bulk%20lunar%20soils%3A%20Application%20to%20Diviner%20thermal%20infrared%20observations%20of%20the%20Moon&journal=Icarus&doi=10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2016.05.034&volume=283&pages=326-342&publication_year=2017&author=K.L%2C%2C"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="13."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">Lucey, P. G. et al. Space weathering effects in Diviner Lunar Radiometer multispectral infrared measurements of the lunar Christiansen Feature: Characteristics and mitigation. <i>Icarus</i> <b>283</b>, 343–351. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.010" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.010</a> (2017).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.010" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.010" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2016.05.010" aria-label="Article reference 13" data-doi="10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.010">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xot1ymsL8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 13">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1376.94028" aria-label="MATH reference 13">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 13" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Space%20weathering%20effects%20in%20Diviner%20Lunar%20Radiometer%20multispectral%20infrared%20measurements%20of%20the%20lunar%20Christiansen%20Feature%3A%20Characteristics%20and%20mitigation&journal=Icarus&doi=10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2016.05.010&volume=283&pages=343-351&publication_year=2017&author=Paul%2CGL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="14."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">Wu, Y. and Hapke, B., Spectroscopic observations of the Moon at the lunar surface. <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.</i> <b>484</b>, 145–153. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.003" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.003</a> (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.003" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.003" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2017.12.003" aria-label="Article reference 14" data-doi="10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.003">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhvFygs7jF" aria-label="CAS reference 14">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1111.46300" aria-label="MATH reference 14">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 14" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Spectroscopic%20observations%20of%20the%20Moon%20at%20the%20lunar%20surface&journal=Earth%20Planet.%20Sci.%20Lett.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2017.12.003&volume=484&pages=145-153&publication_year=2018&author=Yunzhao%2CW&author=Bruce%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="15."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">Zhou, C. et al. Chang’E-5 samples reveal high water content in lunar minerals. <i>Nat. Commun.</i> <b>13</b>, 5336. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33095-1" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41467-022-33095-1">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33095-1</a> (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41467-022-33095-1" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41467-022-33095-1" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-33095-1" aria-label="Article reference 15" data-doi="10.1038/s41467-022-33095-1">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XitlKrs7zO" aria-label="CAS reference 15">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=36088436" aria-label="PubMed reference 15">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464205" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 15">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2022NatCo..13.5336Z" aria-label="ADS reference 15">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1370.78166" aria-label="MATH reference 15">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 15" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Chang%E2%80%99E-5%20samples%20reveal%20high%20water%20content%20in%20lunar%20minerals&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-022-33095-1&volume=13&publication_year=2022&author=Zhou%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="16."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">Utt, K. L., Ogliore, R. C., Bechtel, H. A., Gillis-Davis, J. J. & Jolliff, B. L. Detecting sub-micron space weathering effects in lunar grains with synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy. <i>J. Geophys. Res-Planet</i> 126, e2021JE006921. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006921" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1029/2021JE006921">https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006921</a> (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1029/2021JE006921" data-track-item_id="10.1029/2021JE006921" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021JE006921" aria-label="Article reference 16" data-doi="10.1029/2021JE006921">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2021JGRE..12606921U" aria-label="ADS reference 16">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 16" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Detecting%20sub-micron%20space%20weathering%20effects%20in%20lunar%20grains%20with%20synchrotron%20infrared%20nanospectroscopy&journal=J.%20Geophys.%20Res-Planet&doi=10.1029%2F2021JE006921&volume=126&publication_year=2021&author=Utt%2CKL&author=Ogliore%2CRC&author=Bechtel%2CHA&author=Gillis-Davis%2CJJ&author=Jolliff%2CBL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="17."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17">Dominguez, G. et al. Nanoscale infrared spectroscopy as a non-destructive probe of extraterrestrial samples. <i>Nat. Commun.</i> <b>5</b>, 5445. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6445" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/ncomms6445">https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6445</a> (2014).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/ncomms6445" data-track-item_id="10.1038/ncomms6445" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6445" aria-label="Article reference 17" data-doi="10.1038/ncomms6445">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXksVCjur4%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 17">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25487365" aria-label="PubMed reference 17">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5445D" aria-label="ADS reference 17">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1412.34078" aria-label="MATH reference 17">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 17" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nanoscale%20infrared%20spectroscopy%20as%20a%20non-destructive%20probe%20of%20extraterrestrial%20samples&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&doi=10.1038%2Fncomms6445&volume=5&publication_year=2014&author=Dominguez%2CG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="18."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18">Yesiltas, M. et al. Biconical reflectance, micro-Raman, and nano-FTIR spectroscopy of the Didim (H3–5) meteorite: Chemical content and molecular variations. <i>Meteorit. Planetary Sci.</i> <b>55</b>, 2404–2421 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/maps.13585" data-track-item_id="10.1111/maps.13585" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmaps.13585" aria-label="Article reference 18" data-doi="10.1111/maps.13585">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitl2msbjN" aria-label="CAS reference 18">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2020M%26PS...55.2404Y" aria-label="ADS reference 18">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1466.37066" aria-label="MATH reference 18">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 18" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Biconical%20reflectance%2C%20micro-Raman%2C%20and%20nano-FTIR%20spectroscopy%20of%20the%20Didim%20%28H3%E2%80%935%29%20meteorite%3A%20Chemical%20content%20and%20molecular%20variations&journal=Meteorit.%20Planetary%20Sci.&doi=10.1111%2Fmaps.13585&volume=55&pages=2404-2421&publication_year=2020&author=Yesiltas%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="19."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19">Young, J. M. et al. Nano-FTIR investigation of the CM Chondrite Allan Hills 83100. <i>J. Geophys. Res. Planets</i> <b>127</b>, e2021JE007166. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE007166" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1029/2021JE007166">https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE007166</a> (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1029/2021JE007166" data-track-item_id="10.1029/2021JE007166" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021JE007166" aria-label="Article reference 19" data-doi="10.1029/2021JE007166">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2022JGRE..12707166Y" aria-label="ADS reference 19">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 19" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nano-FTIR%20investigation%20of%20the%20CM%20Chondrite%20Allan%20Hills%2083100&journal=J.%20Geophys.%20Res.%20Planets&doi=10.1029%2F2021JE007166&volume=127&issue=5&publication_year=2022&author=Young%2CJM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="20."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20">Pieters, C. M., Fischer, E. M., Rode, O. & Basu, A. Optical effects of space weathering–the role of the finest fraction. <i>J. Geophys. Res-Planet</i> <b>98</b>, 20817–20824. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/93je02467" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1029/93je02467">https://doi.org/10.1029/93je02467</a> (1993).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1029/93je02467" data-track-item_id="10.1029/93je02467" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F93je02467" aria-label="Article reference 20" data-doi="10.1029/93je02467">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=1993JGR....9820817P" aria-label="ADS reference 20">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 20" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Optical%20effects%20of%20space%20weathering%E2%80%93the%20role%20of%20the%20finest%20fraction&journal=J.%20Geophys.%20Res-Planet&doi=10.1029%2F93je02467&volume=98&pages=20817-20824&publication_year=1993&author=Pieters%2CCM&author=Fischer%2CEM&author=Rode%2CO&author=Basu%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="21."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR21">Meyer, C. <i>The Lunar Sample Compendium</i>, Articles 12016, 15445 <a href="https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lsc/" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lsc/">https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lsc/</a> (2023).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="22."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR22">Shih, C. et al. Ages of pristine noritic clasts from Lunar Breccia-15445 and Breccia-15455. <i>Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac</i> <b>57</b>, 915–931. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90178-Y" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/0016-7037(93)90178-Y">https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90178-Y</a> (1993).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/0016-7037(93)90178-Y" data-track-item_id="10.1016/0016-7037(93)90178-Y" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2893%2990178-Y" aria-label="Article reference 22" data-doi="10.1016/0016-7037(93)90178-Y">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhvFGnsLY%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 22">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=1993GeCoA..57..915S" aria-label="ADS reference 22">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1179.62108" aria-label="MATH reference 22">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 22" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ages%20of%20pristine%20noritic%20clasts%20from%20Lunar%20Breccia-15445%20and%20Breccia-15455&journal=Geochim.%20Cosmochim.%20Ac&doi=10.1016%2F0016-7037%2893%2990178-Y&volume=57&pages=915-931&publication_year=1993&author=Shih%2CCY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="23."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR23">Drozd, R. J., Kennedy, B. M., Morgan, C. J., Podosek, F. A. & Taylor, G. J. The excess fission xenon problem in lunar samples. <i>Lunar Planetary Sci. Con. Proc.</i> <b>1</b>, 599–623 (1976).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=1976LPSC....7..599D" aria-label="ADS reference 23">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?0723.60121" aria-label="MATH reference 23">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 23" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20excess%20fission%20xenon%20problem%20in%20lunar%20samples&journal=Lunar%20Planetary%20Sci.%20Con.%20Proc.&volume=1&pages=599-623&publication_year=1976&author=Drozd%2CRJ&author=Kennedy%2CBM&author=Morgan%2CCJ&author=Podosek%2CFA&author=Taylor%2CGJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="24."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR24">Fali, A. et al. Nanoscale spectroscopy of dielectric properties of mica. <i>Acs Photonics</i> <b>8</b>, 175–181. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00951" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00951">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00951</a> (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00951" data-track-item_id="10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00951" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsphotonics.0c00951" aria-label="Article reference 24" data-doi="10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00951">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXisFyitLvL" aria-label="CAS reference 24">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1420.91401" aria-label="MATH reference 24">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 24" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nanoscale%20spectroscopy%20of%20dielectric%20properties%20of%20mica&journal=ACS%20Photonics&doi=10.1021%2Facsphotonics.0c00951&volume=8&pages=175-181&publication_year=2021&author=Fali%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="25."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR25">Gaft, M., Panczer, G. & Reisfeld, R. in <i>Springer Mineralogy,</i> 1 online resource (XIX, 606 pages 431 illustrations, 201 illustrations in color (Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer,, Cham, 2015).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="26."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR26">Moriarty, D. P. & Pieters, C. M. Complexities in pyroxene compositions derived from absorption band centers: Examples from Apollo samples, HED meteorites, synthetic pure pyroxenes, and remote sensing data. <i>Meteoritics Planetary Sci.</i> <b>51</b>, 207–234. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12588" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1111/maps.12588">https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12588</a> (2016).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/maps.12588" data-track-item_id="10.1111/maps.12588" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmaps.12588" aria-label="Article reference 26" data-doi="10.1111/maps.12588">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xks1GisA%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 26">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2016M%26PS...51..207M" aria-label="ADS reference 26">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 26" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Complexities%20in%20pyroxene%20compositions%20derived%20from%20absorption%20band%20centers%3A%20Examples%20from%20Apollo%20samples%2C%20HED%20meteorites%2C%20synthetic%20pure%20pyroxenes%2C%20and%20remote%20sensing%20data&journal=Meteoritics%20Planetary%20Sci.&doi=10.1111%2Fmaps.12588&volume=51&pages=207-234&publication_year=2016&author=Moriarty%2CDP&author=Pieters%2CCM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="27."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR27">Fu, X. H., Zou, Y. L. & Ouyang, Z. Y. REE characteristics and Nd isotopic compositions of Lunar pristine rocks: Implications for petrogenesis of pristine rocks and source regions. <i>Acta Geochim.</i> <b>29</b>, 326–336. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-010-0464-4" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s11631-010-0464-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-010-0464-4</a> (2010).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s11631-010-0464-4" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s11631-010-0464-4" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s11631-010-0464-4" aria-label="Article reference 27" data-doi="10.1007/s11631-010-0464-4">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVCltLbI" aria-label="CAS reference 27">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 27" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=REE%20characteristics%20and%20Nd%20isotopic%20compositions%20of%20Lunar%20pristine%20rocks%3A%20Implications%20for%20petrogenesis%20of%20pristine%20rocks%20and%20source%20regions&journal=Acta%20Geochim.&doi=10.1007%2Fs11631-010-0464-4&volume=29&pages=326-336&publication_year=2010&author=Fu%2CXH&author=Zou%2CYL&author=Ouyang%2CZY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="28."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR28">Kumar, R. et al. Site-selective mapping of metastable states using electron-beam induced luminescence microscopy. <i>Sci. Rep.</i> <b>10</b>, 1–14. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7</a> (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-72334-7" aria-label="Article reference 28" data-doi="10.1038/s41598-020-72334-7">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhvFOht77K" aria-label="CAS reference 28">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1487.39034" aria-label="MATH reference 28">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 28" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Site-selective%20mapping%20of%20metastable%20states%20using%20electron-beam%20induced%20luminescence%20microscopy&journal=Sci.%20Rep.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-020-72334-7&volume=10&issue=15650&publication_year=2020&author=Kumar%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="29."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR29">Prasad, A. K., Poolton, N. R. J., Kook, M. & Jain, M. Optical dating in a new light: A direct, non-destructive probe of trapped electrons. <i>Sci. Rep.</i> <b>7</b>, 12097. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10174-8" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-017-10174-8">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10174-8</a> (2017).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-017-10174-8" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41598-017-10174-8" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-10174-8" aria-label="Article reference 29" data-doi="10.1038/s41598-017-10174-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhtl2ksr3O" aria-label="CAS reference 29">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28951569" aria-label="PubMed reference 29">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5615069" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 29">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2017NatSR...712097P" aria-label="ADS reference 29">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1043.83015" aria-label="MATH reference 29">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 29" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Optical%20dating%20in%20a%20new%20light%3A%20A%20direct%2C%20non-destructive%20probe%20of%20trapped%20electrons&journal=Sci.%20Rep.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-017-10174-8&volume=7&publication_year=2017&author=Prasad%2CAK&author=Poolton%2CNRJ&author=Kook%2CM&author=Jain%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="30."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR30">Govyadinov, A. A., Amenabar, I., Huth, F., Carney, P. S. & Hillenbrand, R. Quantitative measurement of local infrared absorption and dielectric function with tip-enhanced near-field microscopy. <i>J. Phys. Chem. Lett.</i> <b>4</b>, 1526–1531. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jz400453r" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1021/jz400453r">https://doi.org/10.1021/jz400453r</a> (2013).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1021/jz400453r" data-track-item_id="10.1021/jz400453r" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjz400453r" aria-label="Article reference 30" data-doi="10.1021/jz400453r">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXltVOms74%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 30">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26282309" aria-label="PubMed reference 30">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 30" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Quantitative%20measurement%20of%20local%20infrared%20absorption%20and%20dielectric%20function%20with%20tip-enhanced%20near-field%20microscopy&journal=J.%20Phys.%20Chem.%20Lett.&doi=10.1021%2Fjz400453r&volume=4&pages=1526-1531&publication_year=2013&author=Govyadinov%2CAA&author=Amenabar%2CI&author=Huth%2CF&author=Carney%2CPS&author=Hillenbrand%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="31."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR31">Hunt, G. R., Salisbury, J. & Lenhoff, C. Visible and near infrared spectra of minerals and rocks. I Silicates. <i>Modern Geol.</i> <b>2</b>, 23 (1973).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=1971ModGe...2...23H" aria-label="ADS reference 31">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 31" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Visible%20and%20near%20infrared%20spectra%20of%20minerals%20and%20rocks.%20I%20Silicates&journal=Modern%20Geol.&volume=2&publication_year=1973&author=Hunt%2CGR&author=Salisbury%2CJ&author=Lenhoff%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="32."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR32">Glotch, T. et al. Near-field infrared spectroscopy as a tool for analysis of Chondritic returned samples. <i>Asteroid Sci. Age Hayabusa2 OSIRIS-Rex</i> <b>2189</b>, 2061 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2019LPICo2189.2061G" aria-label="ADS reference 32">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1432.62031" aria-label="MATH reference 32">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 32" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Near-field%20infrared%20spectroscopy%20as%20a%20tool%20for%20analysis%20of%20Chondritic%20returned%20samples&journal=Asteroid%20Sci.%20Age%20Hayabusa2%20OSIRIS-Rex&volume=2189&publication_year=2019&author=Glotch%2CT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="33."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR33">Yesiltas, M., Glotch, T. D. & Sava, B. Nano-FTIR spectroscopic identification of prebiotic carbonyl compounds in Dominion Range 08006 carbonaceous chondrite. <i>Sci. Rep.</i> <b>11</b>, 11656. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91200-8" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-021-91200-8">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91200-8</a> (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-021-91200-8" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41598-021-91200-8" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-91200-8" aria-label="Article reference 33" data-doi="10.1038/s41598-021-91200-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhsFOgs7%2FF" aria-label="CAS reference 33">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=34079034" aria-label="PubMed reference 33">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8172632" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 33">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2021NatSR..1111656Y" aria-label="ADS reference 33">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 33" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nano-FTIR%20spectroscopic%20identification%20of%20prebiotic%20carbonyl%20compounds%20in%20Dominion%20Range%2008006%20carbonaceous%20chondrite&journal=Sci.%20Rep.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-021-91200-8&volume=11&publication_year=2021&author=Yesiltas%2CM&author=Glotch%2CTD&author=Sava%2CB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="34."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR34">Yesiltas, M., Glotch, T. D. & Kaya, M. Nanoscale infrared characterization of dark clasts and fine-grained rims in CM2 chondrites: Aguas Zarcas and Jbilet Winselwan. <i>ACS Earth Space Chem.</i> <b>5</b>, 3281–3296. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00290" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00290">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00290</a> (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00290" data-track-item_id="10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00290" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsearthspacechem.1c00290" aria-label="Article reference 34" data-doi="10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00290">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXisVylt77K" aria-label="CAS reference 34">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2021ESC.....5.3281Y" aria-label="ADS reference 34">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 34" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nanoscale%20infrared%20characterization%20of%20dark%20clasts%20and%20fine-grained%20rims%20in%20CM2%20chondrites%3A%20Aguas%20Zarcas%20and%20Jbilet%20Winselwan&journal=ACS%20Earth%20Space%20Chem.&doi=10.1021%2Facsearthspacechem.1c00290&volume=5&pages=3281-3296&publication_year=2021&author=Yesiltas%2CM&author=Glotch%2CTD&author=Kaya%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="35."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR35">Mester, L., Govyadinov, A. A., Chen, S., Goikoetxea, M. & Hillenbrand, R. Subsurface chemical nanoidentification by nano-FTIR spectroscopy. <i>Nat. Commun.</i> <b>11</b>, 3359. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17034-6" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1038/s41467-020-17034-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17034-6</a> (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41467-020-17034-6" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41467-020-17034-6" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-17034-6" aria-label="Article reference 35" data-doi="10.1038/s41467-020-17034-6">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhtlGms7%2FI" aria-label="CAS reference 35">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32620874" aria-label="PubMed reference 35">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7335173" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 35">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3359M" aria-label="ADS reference 35">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 35" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Subsurface%20chemical%20nanoidentification%20by%20nano-FTIR%20spectroscopy&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-020-17034-6&volume=11&publication_year=2020&author=Mester%2CL&author=Govyadinov%2CAA&author=Chen%2CS&author=Goikoetxea%2CM&author=Hillenbrand%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="36."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR36">Martin, D. J. et al. Investigating the shock histories of lunar meteorites Miller Range 090034, 090070, and 090075 using petrography, geochemistry, and micro-FTIR spectroscopy. <i>Meteorit. Planetary Sci.</i> <b>52</b>, 1103–1124. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12860" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1111/maps.12860">https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12860</a> (2017).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/maps.12860" data-track-item_id="10.1111/maps.12860" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmaps.12860" aria-label="Article reference 36" data-doi="10.1111/maps.12860">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXntl2ns7w%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 36">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2017M%26PS...52.1103M" aria-label="ADS reference 36">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1404.03040" aria-label="MATH reference 36">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 36" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Investigating%20the%20shock%20histories%20of%20lunar%20meteorites%20Miller%20Range%20090034%2C%20090070%2C%20and%20090075%20using%20petrography%2C%20geochemistry%2C%20and%20micro-FTIR%20spectroscopy&journal=Meteorit.%20Planetary%20Sci.&doi=10.1111%2Fmaps.12860&volume=52&pages=1103-1124&publication_year=2017&author=Martin%2CDJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="37."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR37">Walton, E. L., Sharp, T. G. & Hu, J. Frictional melting processes and the generation of shock veins in terrestrial impact structures: Evidence from the Steen River impact structure, Alberta, Canada. <i>Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac</i> <b>180</b>, 256–270. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.02.024" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.gca.2016.02.024">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.02.024</a> (2016).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.gca.2016.02.024" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.gca.2016.02.024" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gca.2016.02.024" aria-label="Article reference 37" data-doi="10.1016/j.gca.2016.02.024">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XjsFCjsL8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 37">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2016GeCoA.180..256W" aria-label="ADS reference 37">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 37" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Frictional%20melting%20processes%20and%20the%20generation%20of%20shock%20veins%20in%20terrestrial%20impact%20structures%3A%20Evidence%20from%20the%20Steen%20River%20impact%20structure%2C%20Alberta%2C%20Canada&journal=Geochim.%20Cosmochim.%20Ac&doi=10.1016%2Fj.gca.2016.02.024&volume=180&pages=256-270&publication_year=2016&author=Walton%2CEL&author=Sharp%2CTG&author=Hu%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="38."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR38">Xiande, X., Ming, C., Deqiang, W. & El Goresy, A. NaAlSi 3 O 8-hollandite and other high-pressure minerals in the shock melt veins of the Suizhou meteorite. <i>Chin. Sci. Bull.</i> <b>46</b>, 1116–1125 (2001).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/BF02900692" data-track-item_id="10.1007/BF02900692" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/BF02900692" aria-label="Article reference 38" data-doi="10.1007/BF02900692">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 38" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=NaAlSi%203%20O%208-hollandite%20and%20other%20high-pressure%20minerals%20in%20the%20shock%20melt%20veins%20of%20the%20Suizhou%20meteorite&journal=Chin.%20Sci.%20Bull.&doi=10.1007%2FBF02900692&volume=46&pages=1116-1125&publication_year=2001&author=Xiande%2CX&author=Ming%2CC&author=Deqiang%2CW&author=Goresy%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="39."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR39">Stöffler, D., Hamann, C. & Metzler, K. Shock metamorphism of planetary silicate rocks and sediments: Proposal for an updated classification system. <i>Meteorit. Planetary Sci.</i> <b>53</b>, 5–49. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12912" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1111/maps.12912">https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12912</a> (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/maps.12912" data-track-item_id="10.1111/maps.12912" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmaps.12912" aria-label="Article reference 39" data-doi="10.1111/maps.12912">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhtl2nsLfL" aria-label="CAS reference 39">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2018M%26PS...53....5S" aria-label="ADS reference 39">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 39" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Shock%20metamorphism%20of%20planetary%20silicate%20rocks%20and%20sediments%3A%20Proposal%20for%20an%20updated%20classification%20system&journal=Meteorit.%20Planetary%20Sci.&doi=10.1111%2Fmaps.12912&volume=53&pages=5-49&publication_year=2018&author=St%C3%B6ffler%2CD&author=Hamann%2CC&author=Metzler%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="40."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR40">Černok, A., White, L. F., Darling, J., Dunlop, J. & Anand, M. Shock-induced microtextures in lunar apatite and merrillite. <i>Meteorit. Planetary Sci.</i> <b>54</b>, 1262–1282. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13278" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1111/maps.13278">https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13278</a> (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/maps.13278" data-track-item_id="10.1111/maps.13278" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmaps.13278" aria-label="Article reference 40" data-doi="10.1111/maps.13278">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXlslertr0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 40">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2019M%26PS...54.1262C" aria-label="ADS reference 40">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 40" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Shock-induced%20microtextures%20in%20lunar%20apatite%20and%20merrillite&journal=Meteorit.%20Planetary%20Sci.&doi=10.1111%2Fmaps.13278&volume=54&pages=1262-1282&publication_year=2019&author=%C4%8Cernok%2CA&author=White%2CLF&author=Darling%2CJ&author=Dunlop%2CJ&author=Anand%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="41."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR41">Kusiak, M. A. et al. Nano-and micro-structures in lunar zircon from Apollo 15 and 16 impactites: Implications for age interpretations. <i>Contribut. Mineral. Petrol.</i> <b>177</b>, 112. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01977-8" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1007/s00410-022-01977-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01977-8</a> (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s00410-022-01977-8" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s00410-022-01977-8" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s00410-022-01977-8" aria-label="Article reference 41" data-doi="10.1007/s00410-022-01977-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XivFeks7rJ" aria-label="CAS reference 41">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2022CoMP..177..112K" aria-label="ADS reference 41">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?0705.90039" aria-label="MATH reference 41">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 41" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nano-and%20micro-structures%20in%20lunar%20zircon%20from%20Apollo%2015%20and%2016%20impactites%3A%20Implications%20for%20age%20interpretations&journal=Contribut.%20Mineral.%20Petrol.&doi=10.1007%2Fs00410-022-01977-8&volume=177&publication_year=2022&author=Kusiak%2CMA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="42."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR42">Stojic, A. N. et al. A shock recovery experiment and its implications for Mercury’s surface: The effect of high pressure on porous olivine powder as a regolith analog. <i>Icarus</i> <b>357</b>, 114162. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114162" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114162">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114162</a> (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114162" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114162" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2020.114162" aria-label="Article reference 42" data-doi="10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114162">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1507.74221" aria-label="MATH reference 42">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 42" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20shock%20recovery%20experiment%20and%20its%20implications%20for%20Mercury%E2%80%99s%20surface%3A%20The%20effect%20of%20high%20pressure%20on%20porous%20olivine%20powder%20as%20a%20regolith%20analog&journal=Icarus&doi=10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2020.114162&volume=357&publication_year=2021&author=Stojic%2CAN"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="43."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR43">Abate, Y. et al. Nanoscopy of phase separation in In<sub>x</sub> Ga<sub>1–x</sub> N alloys. <i>ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces</i> <b>8</b>, 23160–23166. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b06766" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1021/acsami.6b06766">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b06766</a> (2016).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1021/acsami.6b06766" data-track-item_id="10.1021/acsami.6b06766" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsami.6b06766" aria-label="Article reference 43" data-doi="10.1021/acsami.6b06766">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtlKmsrjL" aria-label="CAS reference 43">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27533107" aria-label="PubMed reference 43">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?1353.32010" aria-label="MATH reference 43">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 43" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Nanoscopy%20of%20phase%20separation%20in%20Inx%20Ga1%E2%80%93x%20N%20alloys&journal=ACS%20Appl.%20Mater.%20Interfaces&doi=10.1021%2Facsami.6b06766&volume=8&pages=23160-23166&publication_year=2016&author=Abate%2CY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="44."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR44">Henning, T. & Mutschke, H. Low-temperature infrared properties of cosmic dust analogues. <i>Astronomy Astrophys.</i> <b>327</b>, 743–754 (1997).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=1997A%26A...327..743H" aria-label="ADS reference 44">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="math reference" data-track-action="math reference" href="http://www.emis.de/MATH-item?0791.58059" aria-label="MATH reference 44">MATH</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 44" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Low-temperature%20infrared%20properties%20of%20cosmic%20dust%20analogues&journal=Astronomy%20Astrophys.&volume=327&pages=743-754&publication_year=1997&author=Henning%2CT&author=Mutschke%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>This work was directly supported by the NASA Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SERVI) under cooperative agreement NNA17BF68A (REVEALS) and NNH22ZDA020C (CLEVER).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">A. M. Grice, P. C. Stancil, M. Ghafariasl, S. Singh, S. Gamage & Y. Abate</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Center for Simulational Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">P. C. Stancil</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">M. J. Schaible & T. M. Orlando</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Center for Space Technology and Research, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">M. J. Schaible & T. M. Orlando</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">K. Lang</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">T. M. Orlando</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-A__M_-Grice-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">A. M. Grice</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=A.%20M.%20Grice" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=A.%20M.%20Grice" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22A.%20M.%20Grice%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-P__C_-Stancil-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">P. C. Stancil</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=P.%20C.%20Stancil" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=P.%20C.%20Stancil" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22P.%20C.%20Stancil%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-M_-Ghafariasl-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">M. Ghafariasl</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=M.%20Ghafariasl" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=M.%20Ghafariasl" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22M.%20Ghafariasl%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-S_-Singh-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">S. Singh</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=S.%20Singh" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=S.%20Singh" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22S.%20Singh%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-S_-Gamage-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">S. Gamage</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=S.%20Gamage" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=S.%20Gamage" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22S.%20Gamage%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-M__J_-Schaible-Aff3-Aff4"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">M. J. Schaible</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=M.%20J.%20Schaible" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=M.%20J.%20Schaible" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22M.%20J.%20Schaible%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Y_-Abate-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Y. Abate</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Y.%20Abate" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Y.%20Abate" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Y.%20Abate%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-K_-Lang-Aff5"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">K. Lang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=K.%20Lang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=K.%20Lang" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22K.%20Lang%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-T__M_-Orlando-Aff3-Aff4-Aff6"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">T. M. Orlando</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=T.%20M.%20Orlando" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=T.%20M.%20Orlando" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22T.%20M.%20Orlando%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>A.M.G. data acquisition, analysis, writing. M. G., S. S., and S. G., data acquisition and analysis. Y. A., and T.M.O. conceptualization, resources, supervision, data analysis, writing-review, editing. P.C. S., simulation, data analysis, writing, editing. M.J. S and K. L. data analysis, editing.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:thomas.orlando@chemistry.gatech.edu">T. M. Orlando</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Publisher’s note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary Information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec5-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec5">Supplementary Information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec5-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information." href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6/MediaObjects/41598_2024_83392_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information.</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"> <p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</a>.</p> <p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Nanoscale%20characterization%20of%20space%20weathering%20in%20lunar%20samples&author=A.%20M.%20Grice%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fs41598-024-83392-6&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29&publication=2045-2322&publicationDate=2025-01-02&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true&oa=CC%20BY-NC-ND">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg height="81" width="57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m17.35 35.45 21.3-14.2v-17.03h-21.3" fill="#989898"/><path d="m38.65 35.45-21.3-14.2v-17.03h21.3" fill="#747474"/><path d="m28 .5c-12.98 0-23.5 10.52-23.5 23.5s10.52 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5-10.52 23.5-23.5c0-6.23-2.48-12.21-6.88-16.62-4.41-4.4-10.39-6.88-16.62-6.88zm0 41.25c-9.8 0-17.75-7.95-17.75-17.75s7.95-17.75 17.75-17.75 17.75 7.95 17.75 17.75c0 4.71-1.87 9.22-5.2 12.55s-7.84 5.2-12.55 5.2z" fill="#535353"/><path d="m41 36c-5.81 6.23-15.23 7.45-22.43 2.9-7.21-4.55-10.16-13.57-7.03-21.5l-4.92-3.11c-4.95 10.7-1.19 23.42 8.78 29.71 9.97 6.3 23.07 4.22 30.6-4.86z" fill="#9c9c9c"/><path d="m.2 58.45c0-.75.11-1.42.33-2.01s.52-1.09.91-1.5c.38-.41.83-.73 1.34-.94.51-.22 1.06-.32 1.65-.32.56 0 1.06.11 1.51.35.44.23.81.5 1.1.81l-.91 1.01c-.24-.24-.49-.42-.75-.56-.27-.13-.58-.2-.93-.2-.39 0-.73.08-1.05.23-.31.16-.58.37-.81.66-.23.28-.41.63-.53 1.04-.13.41-.19.88-.19 1.39 0 1.04.23 1.86.68 2.46.45.59 1.06.88 1.84.88.41 0 .77-.07 1.07-.23s.59-.39.85-.68l.91 1c-.38.43-.8.76-1.28.99-.47.22-1 .34-1.58.34-.59 0-1.13-.1-1.64-.31-.5-.2-.94-.51-1.31-.91-.38-.4-.67-.9-.88-1.48-.22-.59-.33-1.26-.33-2.02zm8.4-5.33h1.61v2.54l-.05 1.33c.29-.27.61-.51.96-.72s.76-.31 1.24-.31c.73 0 1.27.23 1.61.71.33.47.5 1.14.5 2.02v4.31h-1.61v-4.1c0-.57-.08-.97-.25-1.21-.17-.23-.45-.35-.83-.35-.3 0-.56.08-.79.22-.23.15-.49.36-.78.64v4.8h-1.61zm7.37 6.45c0-.56.09-1.06.26-1.51.18-.45.42-.83.71-1.14.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.36c.07.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.29 0 .57-.04.83-.13s.51-.21.76-.37l.55 1.01c-.33.21-.69.39-1.09.53-.41.14-.83.21-1.26.21-.48 0-.92-.08-1.34-.25-.41-.16-.76-.4-1.07-.7-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.6-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.07.45-.31.29-.5.73-.58 1.3zm2.5.62c0-.57.09-1.08.28-1.53.18-.44.43-.82.75-1.13s.69-.54 1.1-.71c.42-.16.85-.24 1.31-.24.45 0 .84.08 1.17.23s.61.34.85.57l-.77 1.02c-.19-.16-.38-.28-.56-.37-.19-.09-.39-.14-.61-.14-.56 0-1.01.21-1.35.63-.35.41-.52.97-.52 1.67 0 .69.17 1.24.51 1.66.34.41.78.62 1.32.62.28 0 .54-.06.78-.17.24-.12.45-.26.64-.42l.67 1.03c-.33.29-.69.51-1.08.65-.39.15-.78.23-1.18.23-.46 0-.9-.08-1.31-.24-.4-.16-.75-.39-1.05-.7s-.53-.69-.7-1.13c-.17-.45-.25-.96-.25-1.53zm6.91-6.45h1.58v6.17h.05l2.54-3.16h1.77l-2.35 2.8 2.59 4.07h-1.75l-1.77-2.98-1.08 1.23v1.75h-1.58zm13.69 1.27c-.25-.11-.5-.17-.75-.17-.58 0-.87.39-.87 1.16v.75h1.34v1.27h-1.34v5.6h-1.61v-5.6h-.92v-1.2l.92-.07v-.72c0-.35.04-.68.13-.98.08-.31.21-.57.4-.79s.42-.39.71-.51c.28-.12.63-.18 1.04-.18.24 0 .48.02.69.07.22.05.41.1.57.17zm.48 5.18c0-.57.09-1.08.27-1.53.17-.44.41-.82.72-1.13.3-.31.65-.54 1.04-.71.39-.16.8-.24 1.23-.24s.84.08 1.24.24c.4.17.74.4 1.04.71s.54.69.72 1.13c.19.45.28.96.28 1.53s-.09 1.08-.28 1.53c-.18.44-.42.82-.72 1.13s-.64.54-1.04.7-.81.24-1.24.24-.84-.08-1.23-.24-.74-.39-1.04-.7c-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.45-.27-.96-.27-1.53zm1.65 0c0 .69.14 1.24.43 1.66.28.41.68.62 1.18.62.51 0 .9-.21 1.19-.62.29-.42.44-.97.44-1.66 0-.7-.15-1.26-.44-1.67-.29-.42-.68-.63-1.19-.63-.5 0-.9.21-1.18.63-.29.41-.43.97-.43 1.67zm6.48-3.44h1.33l.12 1.21h.05c.24-.44.54-.79.88-1.02.35-.24.7-.36 1.07-.36.32 0 .59.05.78.14l-.28 1.4-.33-.09c-.11-.01-.23-.02-.38-.02-.27 0-.56.1-.86.31s-.55.58-.77 1.1v4.2h-1.61zm-47.87 15h1.61v4.1c0 .57.08.97.25 1.2.17.24.44.35.81.35.3 0 .57-.07.8-.22.22-.15.47-.39.73-.73v-4.7h1.61v6.87h-1.32l-.12-1.01h-.04c-.3.36-.63.64-.98.86-.35.21-.76.32-1.24.32-.73 0-1.27-.24-1.61-.71-.33-.47-.5-1.14-.5-2.02zm9.46 7.43v2.16h-1.61v-9.59h1.33l.12.72h.05c.29-.24.61-.45.97-.63.35-.17.72-.26 1.1-.26.43 0 .81.08 1.15.24.33.17.61.4.84.71.24.31.41.68.53 1.11.13.42.19.91.19 1.44 0 .59-.09 1.11-.25 1.57-.16.47-.38.85-.65 1.16-.27.32-.58.56-.94.73-.35.16-.72.25-1.1.25-.3 0-.6-.07-.9-.2s-.59-.31-.87-.56zm0-2.3c.26.22.5.37.73.45.24.09.46.13.66.13.46 0 .84-.2 1.15-.6.31-.39.46-.98.46-1.77 0-.69-.12-1.22-.35-1.61-.23-.38-.61-.57-1.13-.57-.49 0-.99.26-1.52.77zm5.87-1.69c0-.56.08-1.06.25-1.51.16-.45.37-.83.65-1.14.27-.3.58-.54.93-.71s.71-.25 1.08-.25c.39 0 .73.07 1 .2.27.14.54.32.81.55l-.06-1.1v-2.49h1.61v9.88h-1.33l-.11-.74h-.06c-.25.25-.54.46-.88.64-.33.18-.69.27-1.06.27-.87 0-1.56-.32-2.07-.95s-.76-1.51-.76-2.65zm1.67-.01c0 .74.13 1.31.4 1.7.26.38.65.58 1.15.58.51 0 .99-.26 1.44-.77v-3.21c-.24-.21-.48-.36-.7-.45-.23-.08-.46-.12-.7-.12-.45 0-.82.19-1.13.59-.31.39-.46.95-.46 1.68zm6.35 1.59c0-.73.32-1.3.97-1.71.64-.4 1.67-.68 3.08-.84 0-.17-.02-.34-.07-.51-.05-.16-.12-.3-.22-.43s-.22-.22-.38-.3c-.15-.06-.34-.1-.58-.1-.34 0-.68.07-1 .2s-.63.29-.93.47l-.59-1.08c.39-.24.81-.45 1.28-.63.47-.17.99-.26 1.54-.26.86 0 1.51.25 1.93.76s.63 1.25.63 2.21v4.07h-1.32l-.12-.76h-.05c-.3.27-.63.48-.98.66s-.73.27-1.14.27c-.61 0-1.1-.19-1.48-.56-.38-.36-.57-.85-.57-1.46zm1.57-.12c0 .3.09.53.27.67.19.14.42.21.71.21.28 0 .54-.07.77-.2s.48-.31.73-.56v-1.54c-.47.06-.86.13-1.18.23-.31.09-.57.19-.76.31s-.33.25-.41.4c-.09.15-.13.31-.13.48zm6.29-3.63h-.98v-1.2l1.06-.07.2-1.88h1.34v1.88h1.75v1.27h-1.75v3.28c0 .8.32 1.2.97 1.2.12 0 .24-.01.37-.04.12-.03.24-.07.34-.11l.28 1.19c-.19.06-.4.12-.64.17-.23.05-.49.08-.76.08-.4 0-.74-.06-1.02-.18-.27-.13-.49-.3-.67-.52-.17-.21-.3-.48-.37-.78-.08-.3-.12-.64-.12-1.01zm4.36 2.17c0-.56.09-1.06.27-1.51s.41-.83.71-1.14c.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.37c.08.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.3 0 .58-.04.84-.13.25-.09.51-.21.76-.37l.54 1.01c-.32.21-.69.39-1.09.53s-.82.21-1.26.21c-.47 0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>"></a></div><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Grice, A.M., Stancil, P.C., Ghafariasl, M. <i>et al.</i> Nanoscale characterization of space weathering in lunar samples. <i>Sci Rep</i> <b>15</b>, 301 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2024-05-20">20 May 2024</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2024-12-13">13 December 2024</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2025-01-02">02 January 2025</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords</h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Lunar%20regolith&facet-discipline="Science%2C%20Humanities%20and%20Social%20Sciences%2C%20multidisciplinary"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Lunar regolith</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Space%20weathering&facet-discipline="Science%2C%20Humanities%20and%20Social%20Sciences%2C%20multidisciplinary"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Space weathering</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Near-field%20spectroscopy&facet-discipline="Science%2C%20Humanities%20and%20Social%20Sciences%2C%20multidisciplinary"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Near-field spectroscopy</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </div> </article> </main> <aside class="c-article-extras u-hide-print" aria-label="Article navigation" data-component-reading-companion data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-desktop" data-track-context="reading companion"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both js-pdf-download"> <a href="/articles/s41598-024-83392-6.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="download-pdf" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-download"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mt-16 u-hide" data-component-mpu> <div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-right-2" class="div-gpt-ad advert medium-rectangle js-ad text-center hide-print grade-c-hide" data-ad-type="right" data-test="right-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/285/scientific_reports/article" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-gpt-targeting="type=article;pos=right;artid=s41598-024-83392-6;doi=10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6;subjmeta=33,445,639,704;kwrd=Astronomy+and+planetary+science,Planetary+science"> <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/scientific_reports/article&sz=300x250&c=-808467648&t=pos%3Dright%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41598-024-83392-6%26doi%3D10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6%26subjmeta%3D33,445,639,704%26kwrd%3DAstronomy+and+planetary+science,Planetary+science"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/scientific_reports/article&sz=300x250&c=-808467648&t=pos%3Dright%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41598-024-83392-6%26doi%3D10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6%26subjmeta%3D33,445,639,704%26kwrd%3DAstronomy+and+planetary+science,Planetary+science" alt="Advertisement" width="300" height="250"></a> </noscript> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="Explore-content" data-test="Explore-content" id="explore" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="Explore-content" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">Explore content</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/research-articles" data-track="click" data-track-action="research articles" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Research articles </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/news-and-comment" data-track="click" data-track-action="news & comment" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> News & Comment </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/collections" data-track="click" data-track-action="collections" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Collections </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/browse-subjects" data-track="click" data-track-action="subjects" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Subjects </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.facebook.com/scientificreports" data-track="click" data-track-action="facebook" data-track-label="link">Follow us on Facebook </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://twitter.com/SciReports" data-track="click" data-track-action="twitter" data-track-label="link">Follow us on Twitter </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--hide-lg"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/my-account/alerts/subscribe-journal?list-id=288" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="Sign up for alerts" data-track-external data-track-label="link (mobile dropdown)">Sign up for alerts<svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill="#fff"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--hide-lg"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/srep.rss" data-track="click" data-track-action="rss feed" data-track-label="link"> <span>RSS feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="About-the-journal" id="about-the-journal" data-test="about-the-journal" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="About-the-journal" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">About the journal</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/about" data-track="click" data-track-action="about scientific reports" data-track-label="link"> About Scientific Reports </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/contact" data-track="click" data-track-action="contact" data-track-label="link"> Contact </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/journal-policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal policies" data-track-label="link"> Journal policies </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/guide-to-referees" data-track="click" data-track-action="guide to referees" data-track-label="link"> Guide to referees </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/calls-for-papers" data-track="click" data-track-action="calls for papers" data-track-label="link"> Calls for Papers </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/editorschoice" data-track="click" data-track-action="editor's choice" data-track-label="link"> Editor's Choice </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/highlights" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal highlights" data-track-label="link"> Journal highlights </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/open-access" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access fees and funding" data-track-label="link"> Open Access Fees and Funding </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="Publish-with-us-label" id="publish-with-us" data-test="publish-with-us" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="Publish-with-us-label" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">Publish with us</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/srep/author-instructions" data-track="click" data-track-action="for authors" data-track-label="link"> For authors </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" data-test="nature-author-services" data-track="nav_language_services" data-track-context="header publish with us dropdown menu" data-track-action="manuscript author services" data-track-label="link manuscript author services" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/go/sn/?utm_source=For+Authors&utm_medium=Website_Nature&utm_campaign=Platform+Experimentation+2022&utm_id=PE2022"> Language editing services </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--keyline"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://author-welcome.nature.com/41598" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="submit link in Nature header dropdown menu" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link (publish with us dropdown menu)" data-track-external data-gtm-criteo="submit-manuscript">Submit manuscript<svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m15 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v5.5c0 .27614237-.2238576.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5v-5.5c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-9v3c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-3v10c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h7.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-7.5c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-10.17157288c0-.53043297.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.41421356l3.82842712-3.82842712c.37507276-.37507276.88378059-.58578644 1.41421356-.58578644zm-.5442863 8.18867991 3.3545404 3.35454039c.2508994.2508994.2538696.6596433.0035959.909917-.2429543.2429542-.6561449.2462671-.9065387-.0089489l-2.2609825-2.3045251.0010427 7.2231989c0 .3569916-.2898381.6371378-.6473715.6371378-.3470771 0-.6473715-.2852563-.6473715-.6371378l-.0010428-7.2231995-2.2611222 2.3046654c-.2531661.2580415-.6562868.2592444-.9065605.0089707-.24295423-.2429542-.24865597-.6576651.0036132-.9099343l3.3546673-3.35466731c.2509089-.25090888.6612706-.25227691.9135302-.00001728zm-.9557137-3.18867991c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-8.5-3.587-3.587 3.587h2.587c.55228475 0 1-.44771525 1-1zm8.5 1.587c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill="#fff"/></svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="search-menu" class="c-header__dropdown c-header__dropdown--full-width" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 class="c-header__visually-hidden">Search</h2> <form class="c-header__search-form" action="/search" method="get" role="search" autocomplete="off" data-test="inline-search"> <label class="c-header__heading" for="keywords">Search articles by subject, keyword or author</label> <div class="c-header__search-layout c-header__search-layout--max-width"> <div> <input type="text" required="" class="c-header__input" id="keywords" name="q" value=""> </div> <div class="c-header__search-layout"> <div> <label for="results-from" class="c-header__visually-hidden">Show results from</label> <select id="results-from" name="journal" class="c-header__select"> <option value="" selected>All journals</option> <option value="srep">This journal</option> </select> </div> <div> <button type="submit" class="c-header__search-button">Search</button> </div> </div> </div> </form> <div class="c-header__flush"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/search/advanced" data-track="click" data-track-action="advanced search" data-track-label="link"> Advanced search </a> </div> <h3 class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--keyline">Quick links</h3> <ul class="c-header__list"> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/subjects" data-track="click" data-track-action="explore articles by subject" data-track-label="link">Explore articles by subject</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/naturecareers" data-track="click" data-track-action="find a job" data-track-label="link">Find a job</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/authors/index.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="guide to authors" data-track-label="link">Guide to authors</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/authors/editorial_policies/" data-track="click" data-track-action="editorial policies" data-track-label="link">Editorial policies</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <footer class="composite-layer" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical"> <meta itemprop="publisher" content="Springer Nature"> <div class="u-mt-16 u-mb-16"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="u-display-flex u-flex-wrap u-justify-content-space-between"> <p class="c-meta u-ma-0 u-flex-shrink"> <span class="c-meta__item"> Scientific Reports (<i>Sci Rep</i>) </span> <span class="c-meta__item"> <abbr title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</abbr> <span itemprop="onlineIssn">2045-2322</span> (online) </span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer"> <div class="u-hide-print" data-track-component="footer"> <h2 class="u-visually-hidden">nature.com sitemap</h2> <div class="c-footer__container"> <div class="c-footer__grid c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">About Nature Portfolio</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/npg_/company_info/index.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="about us" data-track-label="link">About us</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/npg_/press_room/press_releases.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="press releases" data-track-label="link">Press releases</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://press.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="press office" data-track-label="link">Press office</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://support.nature.com/support/home" data-track="click" data-track-action="contact us" data-track-label="link">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Discover content</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/siteindex" data-track="click" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/subjects" data-track="click" data-track-action="article by subject" data-track-label="link">Articles by subject</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.protocols.io/" data-track="click" data-track-action="protocols.io" data-track-label="link">protocols.io</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.natureindex.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature index" data-track-label="link">Nature Index</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Publishing policies</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="Nature portfolio policies" data-track-label="link">Nature portfolio policies</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nature-research/open-access" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link">Open access</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Author & Researcher services</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/reprints" data-track="click" data-track-action="reprints and permissions" data-track-label="link">Reprints & permissions</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data" data-track="click" data-track-action="data research service" data-track-label="link">Research data</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/language-editing/" data-track="click" data-track-action="language editing" data-track-label="link">Language editing</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" data-track="click" data-track-action="scientific editing" data-track-label="link">Scientific editing</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://masterclasses.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature masterclasses" data-track-label="link">Nature Masterclasses</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://solutions.springernature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="research solutions" data-track-label="link">Research Solutions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Libraries & institutions</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/tools-services" data-track="click" data-track-action="librarian service and tools" data-track-label="link">Librarian service & tools</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/manage-your-account/librarianportal" data-track="click" data-track-action="librarian portal" data-track-label="link">Librarian portal</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/openresearch/about-open-access/information-for-institutions" data-track="click" data-track-action="open research" data-track-label="link">Open research</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/recommend-to-your-library" data-track="click" data-track-action="Recommend to library" data-track-label="link">Recommend to library</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Advertising & partnerships</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/product/digital-advertising/" data-track="click" data-track-action="advertising" data-track-label="link">Advertising</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="partnerships and services" data-track-label="link">Partnerships & Services</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/media-kits/" data-track="click" data-track-action="media kits" data-track-label="link">Media kits</a> </li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/product/branded-content-native-advertising/" data-track-action="branded content" data-track-label="link">Branded content</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Professional development</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature careers" data-track-label="link">Nature Careers</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://conferences.nature.com" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature conferences" data-track-label="link">Nature<span class="u-visually-hidden"> </span> Conferences</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Regional websites</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/natafrica" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature africa" data-track-label="link">Nature Africa</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="http://www.naturechina.com" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature china" data-track-label="link">Nature China</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nindia" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature india" data-track-label="link">Nature India</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/natitaly" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature Italy" data-track-label="link">Nature Italy</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.natureasia.com/ja-jp" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature japan" data-track-label="link">Nature Japan</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nmiddleeast" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature middle east" data-track-label="link">Nature Middle East</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer__container"> <ul class="c-footer__links"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/privacy" data-track="click" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-label="link">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/cookies" data-track="click" data-track-action="use of cookies" data-track-label="link">Use of cookies</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"> <button class="optanon-toggle-display c-footer__link" onclick="javascript:;" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="click" data-track-action="manage cookies" data-track-label="link">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies </button> </li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/legal-notice" data-track="click" data-track-action="legal notice" data-track-label="link">Legal notice</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/accessibility-statement" data-track="click" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/terms-and-conditions" data-track="click" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-label="link">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/ccpa" data-track="click" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer__container"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="c-footer__link"> <img src="/static/images/logos/sn-logo-white-ea63208b81.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2025 Springer Nature Limited</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><path id="a" d="M0 .74h56.72v55.24H0z"/></defs><symbol id="icon-access" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m14 8c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v7h2.5c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5v1.5h-18v-1.5c0-.2761424.22385763-.5.5-.5h2.5v-7c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1s1 .44771525 1 1v6.9996556h8v-6.9996556c0-.55228475.4477153-1 1-1zm-8 0 2 1v5l-2 1zm6 0v7l-2-1v-5zm-2.42653766-7.59857636 7.03554716 4.92488299c.4162533.29137735.5174853.86502537.226108 1.28127873-.1721584.24594054-.4534847.39241464-.7536934.39241464h-14.16284822c-.50810197 0-.92-.41189803-.92-.92 0-.30020869.1464741-.58153499.39241464-.75369337l7.03554714-4.92488299c.34432015-.2410241.80260453-.2410241 1.14692468 0zm-.57346234 2.03988748-3.65526982 2.55868888h7.31053962z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-account" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.2379028 16.9048051c1.3083556-.2032362 2.5118471-.7235183 3.5294683-1.4798399-.8731327-2.5141501-2.0638925-3.935978-3.7673711-4.3188248v-1.27684611c1.1651924-.41183641 2-1.52307546 2-2.82929429 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.30621883.83480763 2.41745788 2 2.82929429v1.27684611c-1.70347856.3828468-2.89423845 1.8046747-3.76737114 4.3188248 1.01762123.7563216 2.22111275 1.2766037 3.52946833 1.4798399.40563808.0629726.81921174.0951949 1.23790281.0951949s.83226473-.0322223 1.2379028-.0951949zm4.3421782-2.1721994c1.4927655-1.4532925 2.419919-3.484675 2.419919-5.7326057 0-4.418278-3.581722-8-8-8s-8 3.581722-8 8c0 2.2479307.92715352 4.2793132 2.41991895 5.7326057.75688473-2.0164459 1.83949951-3.6071894 3.48926591-4.3218837-1.14534283-.70360829-1.90918486-1.96796271-1.90918486-3.410722 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.44275929-.763842 2.70711371-1.9091849 3.410722 1.6497664.7146943 2.7323812 2.3054378 3.4892659 4.3218837zm-5.580081 3.2673943c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-alert" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-broad" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.10307866 2.97190702v7.69043288l2.44965196-2.44676915c.38776071-.38730439 1.0088052-.39493524 1.38498697-.01919617.38609051.38563612.38643641 1.01053024-.00013864 1.39665039l-4.12239817 4.11754683c-.38616704.3857126-1.01187344.3861062-1.39846576-.0000311l-4.12258206-4.11773056c-.38618426-.38572979-.39254614-1.00476697-.01636437-1.38050605.38609047-.38563611 1.01018509-.38751562 1.4012233.00306241l2.44985644 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983.43698413-.98042709.98493125-.98159081l7.89910522-.0043627c.5451687 0 .9871152.44142642.9871152.98595351s-.4419465.98595351-.9871152.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 14 15)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m3.28337502 11.5302405 4.03074001 4.176208c.37758093.3912076.98937525.3916069 1.367372-.0000316l4.03091977-4.1763942c.3775978-.3912252.3838182-1.0190815.0160006-1.4001736-.3775061-.39113013-.9877245-.39303641-1.3700683.003106l-2.39538585 2.4818345v-11.6147896l-.00649339-.11662112c-.055753-.49733869-.46370161-.88337888-.95867408-.88337888-.49497246 0-.90292107.38604019-.95867408.88337888l-.00649338.11662112v11.6147896l-2.39518594-2.4816273c-.37913917-.39282218-.98637524-.40056175-1.35419292-.0194697-.37750607.3911302-.37784433 1.0249269.00013556 1.4165479z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m4.46975946 3.28337502-4.17620792 4.03074001c-.39120768.37758093-.39160691.98937525.0000316 1.367372l4.1763942 4.03091977c.39122514.3775978 1.01908149.3838182 1.40017357.0160006.39113012-.3775061.3930364-.9877245-.00310603-1.3700683l-2.48183446-2.39538585h11.61478958l.1166211-.00649339c.4973387-.055753.8833789-.46370161.8833789-.95867408 0-.49497246-.3860402-.90292107-.8833789-.95867408l-.1166211-.00649338h-11.61478958l2.4816273-2.39518594c.39282216-.37913917.40056173-.98637524.01946965-1.35419292-.39113012-.37750607-1.02492687-.37784433-1.41654791.00013556z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m11.5302405 12.716625 4.176208-4.03074003c.3912076-.37758093.3916069-.98937525-.0000316-1.367372l-4.1763942-4.03091981c-.3912252-.37759778-1.0190815-.38381821-1.4001736-.01600053-.39113013.37750607-.39303641.98772445.003106 1.37006824l2.4818345 2.39538588h-11.6147896l-.11662112.00649339c-.49733869.055753-.88337888.46370161-.88337888.95867408 0 .49497246.38604019.90292107.88337888.95867408l.11662112.00649338h11.6147896l-2.4816273 2.39518592c-.39282218.3791392-.40056175.9863753-.0194697 1.3541929.3911302.3775061 1.0249269.3778444 1.4165479-.0001355z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-sub" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.89692134 4.97190702v7.69043288l-2.44965196-2.4467692c-.38776071-.38730434-1.0088052-.39493519-1.38498697-.0191961-.38609047.3856361-.38643643 1.0105302.00013864 1.3966504l4.12239817 4.1175468c.38616704.3857126 1.01187344.3861062 1.39846576-.0000311l4.12258202-4.1177306c.3861843-.3857298.3925462-1.0047669.0163644-1.380506-.3860905-.38563612-1.0101851-.38751563-1.4012233.0030624l-2.44985643 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983-.43698413-.98042709-.98493125-.98159081l-7.89910525-.0043627c-.54516866 0-.98711517.44142642-.98711517.98595351s.44194651.98595351.98711517.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.716625 4.46975946-4.03074003-4.17620792c-.37758093-.39120768-.98937525-.39160691-1.367372.0000316l-4.03091981 4.1763942c-.37759778.39122514-.38381821 1.01908149-.01600053 1.40017357.37750607.39113012.98772445.3930364 1.37006824-.00310603l2.39538588-2.48183446v11.61478958l.00649339.1166211c.055753.4973387.46370161.8833789.95867408.8833789.49497246 0 .90292107-.3860402.95867408-.8833789l.00649338-.1166211v-11.61478958l2.39518592 2.4816273c.3791392.39282216.9863753.40056173 1.3541929.01946965.3775061-.39113012.3778444-1.02492687-.0001355-1.41654791z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-article" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13 15v-12.9906311c0-.0073595-.0019884-.0093689.0014977-.0093689l-11.00158888.00087166v13.00506804c0 .5482678.44615281.9940603.99415146.9940603h10.27350412c-.1701701-.2941734-.2675644-.6357129-.2675644-1zm-12 .0059397v-13.00506804c0-.5562408.44704472-1.00087166.99850233-1.00087166h11.00299537c.5510129 0 .9985023.45190985.9985023 1.0093689v2.9906311h3v9.9914698c0 1.1065798-.8927712 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.09954652 0-1.99406028-.8927712-1.99406028-1.9940603zm13-9.0059397v9c0 .5522847.4477153 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-9zm-10-2h7v4h-7zm1 1v2h5v-2zm-1 4h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-audio" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13.0957477 13.5588459c-.195279.1937043-.5119137.193729-.7072234.0000551-.1953098-.193674-.1953346-.5077061-.0000556-.7014104 1.0251004-1.0168342 1.6108711-2.3905226 1.6108711-3.85745208 0-1.46604976-.5850634-2.83898246-1.6090736-3.85566829-.1951894-.19379323-.1950192-.50782531.0003802-.70141028.1953993-.19358497.512034-.19341614.7072234.00037709 1.2094886 1.20083761 1.901635 2.8250555 1.901635 4.55670148 0 1.73268608-.6929822 3.35779608-1.9037571 4.55880738zm2.1233994 2.1025159c-.195234.193749-.5118687.1938462-.7072235.0002171-.1953548-.1936292-.1954528-.5076613-.0002189-.7014104 1.5832215-1.5711805 2.4881302-3.6939808 2.4881302-5.96012998 0-2.26581266-.9046382-4.3883241-2.487443-5.95944795-.1952117-.19377107-.1950777-.50780316.0002993-.70141031s.5120117-.19347426.7072234.00029682c1.7683321 1.75528196 2.7800854 4.12911258 2.7800854 6.66056144 0 2.53182498-1.0120556 4.90597838-2.7808529 6.66132328zm-14.21898205-3.6854911c-.5523759 0-1.00016505-.4441085-1.00016505-.991944v-3.96777631c0-.54783558.44778915-.99194407 1.00016505-.99194407h2.0003301l5.41965617-3.8393633c.44948677-.31842296 1.07413994-.21516983 1.39520191.23062232.12116339.16823446.18629727.36981184.18629727.57655577v12.01603479c0 .5478356-.44778914.9919441-1.00016505.9919441-.20845738 0-.41170538-.0645985-.58133413-.184766l-5.41965617-3.8393633zm0-.991944h2.32084805l5.68047235 4.0241292v-12.01603479l-5.68047235 4.02412928h-2.32084805z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-block" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m0 0h24v24h-24z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-book" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 13v-11h1v11h11v-11h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v10.2675644c.29417337-.1701701.63571286-.2675644 1-.2675644zm12 1h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1h13zm0 3h-13c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-12c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h13c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v14c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1zm-8.5-13h6c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1 2h4c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-broad" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.18274226 7.81v7.7999954l2.48162734-2.4816273c.3928221-.3928221 1.0219731-.4005617 1.4030652-.0194696.3911301.3911301.3914806 1.0249268-.0001404 1.4165479l-4.17620796 4.1762079c-.39120769.3912077-1.02508144.3916069-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.1763942-4.1763942c-.39122514-.3912251-.39767006-1.0190815-.01657798-1.4001736.39113012-.3911301 1.02337106-.3930364 1.41951349.0031061l2.48183446 2.4818344v-8.7999954c0-.54911294.4426881-.99439484.99778758-.99557515l8.00221246-.00442485c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1s-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 20.182742 24.805206)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-calendar" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 0c.2761424 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h2c1.1072288 0 2 .89451376 2 2v12c0 1.1072288-.8945138 2-2 2h-12c-1.1072288 0-2-.8945138-2-2v-12c0-1.1072288.89451376-2 2-2h1v1h-1c-.55393837 0-1 .44579254-1 1v3h14v-3c0-.55393837-.4457925-1-1-1h-2v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.2319336.49047852-.5.49047852-.2761424 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.2319336-.49047852.5-.49047852zm3.5 7h-14v8c0 .5539384.44579254 1 1 1h12c.5539384 0 1-.4457925 1-1zm-11 6v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm-6-2v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-3-2v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-5.5-9c.27614237 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h5v1h-5v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.23193359.49047852-.5.49047852-.27614237 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.23193359-.49047852.5-.49047852z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-cart" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m5 14c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm10 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm-10 1c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.44771525-1-1-1zm10 0c-.5522847 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1zm-12.82032249-15c.47691417 0 .88746157.33678127.98070211.80449199l.23823144 1.19501025 13.36277974.00045554c.5522847.00001882.9999659.44774934.9999659 1.00004222 0 .07084994-.0075361.14150708-.022474.2107727l-1.2908094 5.98534344c-.1007861.46742419-.5432548.80388386-1.0571651.80388386h-10.24805106c-.59173366 0-1.07142857.4477153-1.07142857 1 0 .5128358.41361449.9355072.94647737.9932723l.1249512.0067277h10.35933776c.2749512 0 .4979349.2228539.4979349.4978051 0 .2749417-.2227336.4978951-.4976753.4980063l-10.35959736.0041886c-1.18346732 0-2.14285714-.8954305-2.14285714-2 0-.6625717.34520317-1.24989198.87690425-1.61383592l-1.63768102-8.19004794c-.01312273-.06561364-.01950005-.131011-.0196107-.19547395l-1.71961253-.00064219c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385762-.5-.5 0-.27614237.22385763-.5.5-.5zm14.53193359 2.99950224h-13.11300004l1.20580469 6.02530174c.11024034-.0163252.22327998-.02480398.33844139-.02480398h10.27064786z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-less" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 4-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 -1 0 9 9)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-more" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 6-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4.00000002c-.39052429.3905243-1.02368927.3905243-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 1)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle-fill" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 14c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 12c2.209139 0 4-1.790861 4-4s-1.790861-4-4-4-4 1.790861-4 4 1.790861 4 4 4zm0 2c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-citation" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.63593473 5.99995183c2.20913897 0 3.99999997 1.79084375 3.99999997 3.99996146 0 1.40730761-.7267788 2.64486871-1.8254829 3.35783281 1.6240224.6764218 2.8754442 2.0093871 3.4610603 3.6412466l-1.0763845.000006c-.5310008-1.2078237-1.5108121-2.1940153-2.7691712-2.7181346l-.79002167-.329052v-1.023992l.63016577-.4089232c.8482885-.5504661 1.3698342-1.4895187 1.3698342-2.51898361 0-1.65683828-1.3431457-2.99996146-2.99999997-2.99996146-1.65685425 0-3 1.34312318-3 2.99996146 0 1.02946491.52154569 1.96851751 1.36983419 2.51898361l.63016581.4089232v1.023992l-.79002171.329052c-1.25835905.5241193-2.23817037 1.5103109-2.76917113 2.7181346l-1.07638453-.000006c.58561612-1.6318595 1.8370379-2.9648248 3.46106024-3.6412466-1.09870405-.7129641-1.82548287-1.9505252-1.82548287-3.35783281 0-2.20911771 1.790861-3.99996146 4-3.99996146zm7.36897597-4.99995183c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89353404 1.9950893 2.00274083v5.994422c0 1.10608317-.8926228 2.00274087-1.9950893 2.00274087l-3.0049107-.0009037v-1l3.0049107.00091329c.5490631 0 .9950893-.44783123.9950893-1.00275046v-5.994422c0-.55646537-.4450595-1.00275046-.9950893-1.00275046h-14.00982141c-.54906309 0-.99508929.44783123-.99508929 1.00275046v5.9971821c0 .66666024.33333333.99999036 1 .99999036l2-.00091329v1l-2 .0009037c-1 0-2-.99999041-2-1.99998077v-5.9971821c0-1.10608322.8926228-2.00274083 1.99508929-2.00274083zm-8.5049107 2.9999711c.27614237 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.22385763.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm3 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm4 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.2238576-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-close" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-collections" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m15 4c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2h1c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-1v-1zm-4-3c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-9c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2zm0 1h-8c-.51283584 0-.93550716.38604019-.99327227.88337887l-.00672773.11662113v9c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227zm-1.5 7c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-compare" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12 3c3.3137085 0 6 2.6862915 6 6s-2.6862915 6-6 6c-1.0928452 0-2.11744941-.2921742-2.99996061-.8026704-.88181407.5102749-1.90678042.8026704-3.00003939.8026704-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6c1.09325897 0 2.11822532.29239547 3.00096303.80325037.88158756-.51107621 1.90619177-.80325037 2.99903697-.80325037zm-6 1c-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5 0 2.7614237 2.23857625 5 5 5 .74397391 0 1.44999672-.162488 2.08451611-.4539116-1.27652344-1.1000812-2.08451611-2.7287264-2.08451611-4.5460884s.80799267-3.44600721 2.08434391-4.5463015c-.63434719-.29121054-1.34037-.4536985-2.08434391-.4536985zm6 0c-.7439739 0-1.4499967.16248796-2.08451611.45391156 1.27652341 1.10008123 2.08451611 2.72872644 2.08451611 4.54608844s-.8079927 3.4460072-2.08434391 4.5463015c.63434721.2912105 1.34037001.4536985 2.08434391.4536985 2.7614237 0 5-2.2385763 5-5 0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5zm-1.4162763 7.0005324h-3.16744736c.15614659.3572676.35283837.6927622.58425872 1.0006671h1.99892988c.23142036-.3079049.42811216-.6433995.58425876-1.0006671zm.4162763-2.0005324h-4c0 .34288501.0345146.67770871.10025909 1.0011864h3.79948181c.0657445-.32347769.1002591-.65830139.1002591-1.0011864zm-.4158423-1.99953894h-3.16831543c-.13859957.31730812-.24521946.651783-.31578599.99935097h3.79988742c-.0705665-.34756797-.1771864-.68204285-.315786-.99935097zm-1.58295822-1.999926-.08316107.06199199c-.34550042.27081213-.65446126.58611297-.91825862.93727862h2.00044041c-.28418626-.37830727-.6207872-.71499149-.99902072-.99927061z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download-file" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.5046024 4c.27614237 0 .5.21637201.5.49209595v6.14827645l1.7462789-1.77990922c.1933927-.1971171.5125222-.19455839.7001689-.0069117.1932998.19329992.1910058.50899492-.0027774.70277812l-2.59089271 2.5908927c-.19483374.1948337-.51177825.1937771-.70556873-.0000133l-2.59099079-2.5909908c-.19484111-.1948411-.19043735-.5151448-.00279066-.70279146.19329987-.19329987.50465175-.19237083.70018565.00692852l1.74638684 1.78001764v-6.14827695c0-.27177709.23193359-.49209595.5-.49209595z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.9975267 12.999368c.5467123 0 1.0024733.4478567 1.0024733 1.000316 0 .5563109-.4488226 1.000316-1.0024733 1.000316h-9.99505341c-.54671233 0-1.00247329-.4478567-1.00247329-1.000316 0-.5563109.44882258-1.000316 1.00247329-1.000316zm-4.9975267-11.999368c.55228475 0 1 .44497754 1 .99589209v6.80214418l2.4816273-2.48241149c.3928222-.39294628 1.0219732-.4006883 1.4030652-.01947579.3911302.39125371.3914806 1.02525073-.0001404 1.41699553l-4.17620792 4.17752758c-.39120769.3913313-1.02508144.3917306-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.17639421-4.17771394c-.39122513-.39134876-.39767006-1.01940351-.01657797-1.40061601.39113012-.39125372 1.02337105-.3931606 1.41951349.00310701l2.48183446 2.48261871v-6.80214418c0-.55001601.44386482-.99589209 1-.99589209z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-editors" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.72592184 2.54588137c-.48811714-.34391207-1.08343326-.54588137-1.72592184-.54588137-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400182l-.79002171.32905522c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.79153984 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4 1.09079823 0 2.07961816.43662103 2.80122451 1.1446278-.37707584.09278571-.7373238.22835063-1.07530267.40125357zm-2.72592184 14.45411863h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.7915398 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.40732121-.7267788 2.64489414-1.8254829 3.3578652 2.2799093.9496145 3.8254829 3.1931829 3.8254829 5.7411543v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.1155483-1.2760206-4.0125067-3.2099783-4.8180274l-.7900217-.3290552v-1.02400184l.6301658-.40892721c.8482885-.55047139 1.3698342-1.489533 1.3698342-2.51900785 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400184l-.79002171.3290552c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-email" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-.0049107 2.55749512v1.44250488l-7 4-7-4v-1.44250488l7 4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-error" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm2.8630343 4.71100931-2.8630343 2.86303426-2.86303426-2.86303426c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.4265779-.00062147-.39651227.39651226-.39348876 1.03246767.00062147 1.4265779l2.86303426 2.86303426-2.86303426 2.8630343c-.39658757.3965875-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062147 1.4265779.39651226.3965122 1.03246767.3934887 1.4265779-.0006215l2.86303426-2.8630343 2.8630343 2.8630343c.3965875.3965876 1.0328109.3943885 1.4265779.0006215.3965122-.3965123.3934887-1.0324677-.0006215-1.4265779l-2.8630343-2.8630343 2.8630343-2.86303426c.3965876-.39658757.3943885-1.03281091.0006215-1.4265779-.3965123-.39651227-1.0324677-.39348876-1.4265779.00062147z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-ethics" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.76384967 1.41421356.83301651-.8330165c.77492941-.77492941 2.03133823-.77492941 2.80626762 0l.8330165.8330165c.3750728.37507276.8837806.58578644 1.4142136.58578644h1.3496361c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v1.34963611c0 .53043298.2107137 1.03914081.5857864 1.41421356l.8330165.83301651c.7749295.77492941.7749295 2.03133823 0 2.80626762l-.8330165.8330165c-.3750727.3750728-.5857864.8837806-.5857864 1.4142136v1.3496361c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-1.3496361c-.530433 0-1.0391408.2107137-1.4142136.5857864l-.8330165.8330165c-.77492939.7749295-2.03133821.7749295-2.80626762 0l-.83301651-.8330165c-.37507275-.3750727-.88378058-.5857864-1.41421356-.5857864h-1.34963611c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-1.3496361c0-.530433-.21071368-1.0391408-.58578644-1.4142136l-.8330165-.8330165c-.77492941-.77492939-.77492941-2.03133821 0-2.80626762l.8330165-.83301651c.37507276-.37507275.58578644-.88378058.58578644-1.41421356v-1.34963611c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h1.34963611c.53043298 0 1.03914081-.21071368 1.41421356-.58578644zm-1.41421356 1.58578644h-1.34963611c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v1.34963611c0 .79564947-.31607052 1.55871121-.87867966 2.12132034l-.8330165.83301651c-.38440512.38440512-.38440512 1.00764896 0 1.39205408l.8330165.83301646c.56260914.5626092.87867966 1.3256709.87867966 2.1213204v1.3496361c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h1.34963611c.79564947 0 1.55871121.3160705 2.12132034.8786797l.83301651.8330165c.38440512.3844051 1.00764896.3844051 1.39205408 0l.83301646-.8330165c.5626092-.5626092 1.3256709-.8786797 2.1213204-.8786797h1.3496361c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1.3496361c0-.7956495.3160705-1.5587112.8786797-2.1213204l.8330165-.83301646c.3844051-.38440512.3844051-1.00764896 0-1.39205408l-.8330165-.83301651c-.5626092-.56260913-.8786797-1.32567087-.8786797-2.12132034v-1.34963611c0-.55228475-.4477153-1-1-1h-1.3496361c-.7956495 0-1.5587112-.31607052-2.1213204-.87867966l-.83301646-.8330165c-.38440512-.38440512-1.00764896-.38440512-1.39205408 0l-.83301651.8330165c-.56260913.56260914-1.32567087.87867966-2.12132034.87867966zm3.58698944 11.4960218c-.02081224.002155-.04199226.0030286-.06345763.002542-.98766446-.0223875-1.93408568-.3063547-2.75885125-.8155622-.23496767-.1450683-.30784554-.4531483-.16277726-.688116.14506827-.2349677.45314827-.3078455.68811595-.1627773.67447084.4164161 1.44758575.6483839 2.25617384.6667123.01759529.0003988.03495764.0017019.05204365.0038639.01713363-.0017748.03452416-.0026845.05212715-.0026845 2.4852814 0 4.5-2.0147186 4.5-4.5 0-1.04888973-.3593547-2.04134635-1.0074477-2.83787157-.1742817-.21419731-.1419238-.5291218.0722736-.70340353.2141973-.17428173.5291218-.14192375.7034035.07227357.7919032.97327203 1.2317706 2.18808682 1.2317706 3.46900153 0 3.0375661-2.4624339 5.5-5.5 5.5-.02146768 0-.04261937-.0013529-.06337445-.0039782zm1.57975095-10.78419583c.2654788.07599731.419084.35281842.3430867.61829728-.0759973.26547885-.3528185.419084-.6182973.3430867-.37560116-.10752146-.76586237-.16587951-1.15568824-.17249193-2.5587807-.00064534-4.58547766 2.00216524-4.58547766 4.49928198 0 .62691557.12797645 1.23496.37274865 1.7964426.11035133.2531347-.0053975.5477984-.25853224.6581497-.25313473.1103514-.54779841-.0053975-.65814974-.2585322-.29947131-.6869568-.45606667-1.43097603-.45606667-2.1960601 0-3.05211432 2.47714695-5.50006595 5.59399617-5.49921198.48576182.00815502.96289603.0795037 1.42238033.21103795zm-1.9766658 6.41091303 2.69835-2.94655317c.1788432-.21040373.4943901-.23598862.7047939-.05714545.2104037.17884318.2359886.49439014.0571454.70479387l-3.01637681 3.34277395c-.18039088.1999106-.48669547.2210637-.69285412.0478478l-1.93095347-1.62240047c-.21213845-.17678204-.24080048-.49206439-.06401844-.70420284.17678204-.21213844.49206439-.24080048.70420284-.06401844z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-expand"><path d="M7.498 11.918a.997.997 0 0 0-.003-1.411.995.995 0 0 0-1.412-.003l-4.102 4.102v-3.51A1 1 0 0 0 .98 10.09.992.992 0 0 0 0 11.092V17c0 .554.448 1.002 1.002 1.002h5.907c.554 0 1.002-.45 1.002-1.003 0-.539-.45-.978-1.006-.978h-3.51zm3.005-5.835a.997.997 0 0 0 .003 1.412.995.995 0 0 0 1.411.003l4.103-4.103v3.51a1 1 0 0 0 1.001 1.006A.992.992 0 0 0 18 6.91V1.002A1 1 0 0 0 17 0h-5.907a1.003 1.003 0 0 0-1.002 1.003c0 .539.45.978 1.006.978h3.51z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-explore" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 17c4.418278 0 8-3.581722 8-8s-3.581722-8-8-8-8 3.581722-8 8 3.581722 8 8 8zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9zm0-2.5c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5c2.969509 0 5.400504-2.3575119 5.497023-5.31714844.0090007-.27599565.2400359-.49243782.5160315-.48343711.2759957.0090007.4924378.2400359.4834371.51603155-.114093 3.4985237-2.9869632 6.284554-6.4964916 6.284554zm-.29090657-12.99359748c.27587424-.01216621.50937715.20161139.52154336.47748563.01216621.27587423-.20161139.50937715-.47748563.52154336-2.93195733.12930094-5.25315116 2.54886451-5.25315116 5.49456849 0 .27614237-.22385763.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5c0-3.48142406 2.74307146-6.34074398 6.20909343-6.49359748zm1.13784138 8.04763908-1.2004882-1.20048821c-.19526215-.19526215-.19526215-.51184463 0-.70710678s.51184463-.19526215.70710678 0l1.20048821 1.2004882 1.6006509-4.00162734-4.50670359 1.80268144-1.80268144 4.50670359zm4.10281269-6.50378907-2.6692597 6.67314927c-.1016411.2541026-.3029834.4554449-.557086.557086l-6.67314927 2.6692597 2.66925969-6.67314926c.10164107-.25410266.30298336-.45544495.55708602-.55708602z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-filter" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m14.9738641 0c.5667192 0 1.0261359.4477136 1.0261359 1 0 .24221858-.0902161.47620768-.2538899.65849851l-5.6938314 6.34147206v5.49997973c0 .3147562-.1520673.6111434-.4104543.7999971l-2.05227171 1.4999945c-.45337535.3313696-1.09655869.2418269-1.4365902-.1999993-.13321514-.1730955-.20522717-.3836284-.20522717-.5999978v-6.99997423l-5.69383133-6.34147206c-.3731872-.41563511-.32996891-1.0473954.09653074-1.41107611.18705584-.15950448.42716133-.2474224.67571519-.2474224zm-5.9218641 8.5h-2.105v6.491l.01238459.0070843.02053271.0015705.01955278-.0070558 2.0532976-1.4990996zm-8.02585008-7.5-.01564945.00240169 5.83249953 6.49759831h2.313l5.836-6.499z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-home" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 5-6 6v5h4v-4h4v4h4v-5zm7 6.5857864v4.4142136c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-5v-4h-2v4h-5c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-4.4142136c-.25592232 0-.51184464-.097631-.70710678-.2928932l-.58578644-.5857864c-.39052429-.3905243-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358l8.29289322-8.29289322 8.2928932 8.29289322c.3905243.39052429.3905243 1.02368928 0 1.41421358l-.5857864.5857864c-.1952622.1952622-.4511845.2928932-.7071068.2928932zm-7-9.17157284-7.58578644 7.58578644.58578644.5857864 7-6.99999996 7 6.99999996.5857864-.5857864z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-image" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm-3.49645283 10.1752453-3.89407257 6.7495552c.11705545.048464.24538859.0751995.37998328.0751995h10.60290092l-2.4329715-4.2154691-1.57494129 2.7288098zm8.49779013 6.8247547c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v13.98991071l4.50814957-7.81026689 3.08089884 5.33809539 1.57494129-2.7288097 3.5875735 6.2159812zm-3.0059397-11c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm0 1c-.5522847 0-1 .44771525-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.44771525 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-info" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm0 7h-1.5l-.11662113.00672773c-.49733868.05776511-.88337887.48043643-.88337887.99327227 0 .47338693.32893365.86994729.77070917.97358929l.1126697.01968298.11662113.00672773h.5v3h-.5l-.11662113.0067277c-.42082504.0488782-.76196299.3590206-.85696816.7639815l-.01968298.1126697-.00672773.1166211.00672773.1166211c.04887817.4208251.35902055.761963.76398144.8569682l.1126697.019683.11662113.0067277h3l.1166211-.0067277c.4973387-.0577651.8833789-.4804365.8833789-.9932723 0-.4733869-.3289337-.8699473-.7707092-.9735893l-.1126697-.019683-.1166211-.0067277h-.5v-4l-.00672773-.11662113c-.04887817-.42082504-.35902055-.76196299-.76398144-.85696816l-.1126697-.01968298zm0-3.25c-.69035594 0-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25s.55964406 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25-.55964406 1.25-1.25-.55964406-1.25-1.25-1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-institution" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m7 16.9998189v-2.0003623h4v2.0003623h2v-3.0005434h-8v3.0005434zm-3-10.00181122h-1.52632364c-.27614237 0-.5-.22389817-.5-.50009056 0-.13995446.05863589-.27350497.16166338-.36820841l1.23156713-1.13206327h-2.36690687v12.00217346h3v-2.0003623h-3v-1.0001811h3v-1.0001811h1v-4.00072448h-1zm10 0v2.00036224h-1v4.00072448h1v1.0001811h3v1.0001811h-3v2.0003623h3v-12.00217346h-2.3695309l1.2315671 1.13206327c.2033191.186892.2166633.50325042.0298051.70660631-.0946863.10304615-.2282126.16169266-.3681417.16169266zm3-3.00054336c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v13.00235456h-18v-13.00235456c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112h3.45499992l4.20535144-3.86558216c.19129876-.17584288.48537447-.17584288.67667324 0l4.2053514 3.86558216zm-4 3.00054336h-8v1.00018112h8zm-2 6.00108672h1v-4.00072448h-1zm-1 0v-4.00072448h-2v4.00072448zm-3 0v-4.00072448h-1v4.00072448zm8-4.00072448c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.4477153-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm-12 0c.55228475 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm5.99868798-7.81907007-5.24205601 4.81852671h10.48411203zm.00131202 3.81834559c-.55228475 0-1-.44779634-1-1.00018112s.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112-.44771525 1.00018112-1 1.00018112zm-1 11.00199236v1.0001811h2v-1.0001811z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-location" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9.39521328 16.2688008c.79596342-.7770119 1.59208152-1.6299956 2.33285652-2.5295081 1.4020032-1.7024324 2.4323601-3.3624519 2.9354918-4.871847.2228715-.66861448.3364384-1.29323246.3364384-1.8674457 0-3.3137085-2.6862915-6-6-6-3.36356866 0-6 2.60156856-6 6 0 .57421324.11356691 1.19883122.3364384 1.8674457.50313169 1.5093951 1.53348863 3.1694146 2.93549184 4.871847.74077492.8995125 1.53689309 1.7524962 2.33285648 2.5295081.13694479.1336842.26895677.2602648.39521328.3793207.12625651-.1190559.25826849-.2456365.39521328-.3793207zm-.39521328 1.7311992s-7-6-7-11c0-4 3.13400675-7 7-7 3.8659932 0 7 3.13400675 7 7 0 5-7 11-7 11zm0-8c-1.65685425 0-3-1.34314575-3-3s1.34314575-3 3-3c1.6568542 0 3 1.34314575 3 3s-1.3431458 3-3 3zm0-1c1.1045695 0 2-.8954305 2-2s-.8954305-2-2-2-2 .8954305-2 2 .8954305 2 2 2z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-minus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h11.99825664c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-11.99825664c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-newsletter" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.8482489 2-1.1428571v-1.7053918h-4v1.7053918zm-3-1.7142857v-2.1339632h6v2.1339632l3-1.71428574v-6.41967746h-12v6.41967746zm10-5.3839632 1.5299989.95624934c.2923814.18273835.4700011.50320827.4700011.8479983v8.44575236c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-8.44575236c0-.34479003.1776197-.66525995.47000106-.8479983l1.52999894-.95624934v-2.75c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h12c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm0 1.17924764v3.07075236l-7 4-7-4v-3.07075236l-1 .625v8.44575236c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-8.44575236zm-10-1.92924764h6v1h-6zm-1 2h8v1h-8z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 1c4.418278 0 8 3.581722 8 8s-3.581722 8-8 8-8-3.581722-8-8 3.581722-8 8-8zm-2.90107518 5.2732337h-1.41865256v7.1712107h1.41865256zm4.55867178.02508949h-2.99247027v7.14612121h2.91062487c.7673039 0 1.4476365-.1483432 2.0410182-.445034s1.0511995-.7152915 1.3734671-1.2558144c.3222677-.540523.4833991-1.1603247.4833991-1.85942385 0-.68545815-.1602789-1.30270225-.4808414-1.85175082-.3205625-.54904856-.7707074-.97532211-1.3504481-1.27883343-.5797408-.30351132-1.2413173-.45526471-1.9847495-.45526471zm-.1892674 1.07933542c.7877654 0 1.4143875.22336734 1.8798852.67010873.4654977.44674138.698243 1.05546001.698243 1.82617415 0 .74343221-.2310402 1.34447791-.6931277 1.80315511-.4620874.4586773-1.0750688.6880124-1.8389625.6880124h-1.46810075v-4.98745039zm-5.08652545-3.71099194c-.21825533 0-.410525.08444276-.57681478.25333081-.16628977.16888806-.24943341.36245684-.24943341.58071218 0 .22345188.08314364.41961891.24943341.58850696.16628978.16888806.35855945.25333082.57681478.25333082.233845 0 .43390938-.08314364.60019916-.24943342.16628978-.16628977.24943342-.36375592.24943342-.59240436 0-.233845-.08314364-.43131115-.24943342-.59240437s-.36635416-.24163862-.60019916-.24163862z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-plus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h4.99912834v-4.99912834c0-.55276616.44386482-1.00087166 1-1.00087166.55228475 0 1 .44463086 1 1.00087166v4.99912834h4.9991283c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-4.9991283v4.9991283c0 .5527662-.44386482 1.0008717-1 1.0008717-.55228475 0-1-.4446309-1-1.0008717v-4.9991283h-4.99912834c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-print" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 5h-14.00982141c-.54941618 0-.99508929.4467783-.99508929.99961498v6.00077002c0 .5570958.44271433.999615.99508929.999615h1.00491071v-3h12v3h1.0049107c.5494162 0 .9950893-.4467783.9950893-.999615v-6.00077002c0-.55709576-.4427143-.99961498-.9950893-.99961498zm-2.0049107-1v-2.00208688c0-.54777062-.4519464-.99791312-1.0085302-.99791312h-7.9829396c-.55661731 0-1.0085302.44910695-1.0085302.99791312v2.00208688zm1 10v2.0018986c0 1.103521-.9019504 1.9981014-2.0085302 1.9981014h-7.9829396c-1.1092806 0-2.0085302-.8867064-2.0085302-1.9981014v-2.0018986h-1.00491071c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8874333-1.99508929-1.999615v-6.00077002c0-1.10435686.8926228-1.99961498 1.99508929-1.99961498h1.00491071v-2.00208688c0-1.10341695.90195036-1.99791312 2.0085302-1.99791312h7.9829396c1.1092806 0 2.0085302.89826062 2.0085302 1.99791312v2.00208688h1.0049107c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.88743329 1.9950893 1.99961498v6.00077002c0 1.1043569-.8926228 1.999615-1.9950893 1.999615zm-1-3h-10v5.0018986c0 .5546075.44702548.9981014 1.0085302.9981014h7.9829396c.5565964 0 1.0085302-.4491701 1.0085302-.9981014zm-9 1h8v1h-8zm0 2h5v1h-5zm9-5c-.5522847 0-1-.44771525-1-1s.4477153-1 1-1 1 .44771525 1 1-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-search" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M21.697 20.261a1.028 1.028 0 01.01 1.448 1.034 1.034 0 01-1.448-.01l-4.267-4.267A9.812 9.811 0 010 9.812a9.812 9.811 0 1117.43 6.182zM9.812 18.222A8.41 8.41 0 109.81 1.403a8.41 8.41 0 000 16.82z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-facebook" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m6.00368507 20c-1.10660471 0-2.00368507-.8945138-2.00368507-1.9940603v-12.01187942c0-1.10128908.89451376-1.99406028 1.99406028-1.99406028h12.01187942c1.1012891 0 1.9940603.89451376 1.9940603 1.99406028v12.01187942c0 1.1012891-.88679 1.9940603-2.0032184 1.9940603h-2.9570132v-6.1960818h2.0797387l.3114113-2.414723h-2.39115v-1.54164807c0-.69911803.1941355-1.1755439 1.1966615-1.1755439l1.2786739-.00055875v-2.15974763l-.2339477-.02492088c-.3441234-.03134957-.9500153-.07025255-1.6293054-.07025255-1.8435726 0-3.1057323 1.12531866-3.1057323 3.19187953v1.78079225h-2.0850778v2.414723h2.0850778v6.1960818z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-twitter" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m18.8767135 6.87445248c.7638174-.46908424 1.351611-1.21167363 1.6250764-2.09636345-.7135248.43394112-1.50406.74870123-2.3464594.91677702-.6695189-.73342162-1.6297913-1.19486605-2.6922204-1.19486605-2.0399895 0-3.6933555 1.69603749-3.6933555 3.78628909 0 .29642457.0314329.58673729.0942985.8617704-3.06469922-.15890802-5.78835241-1.66547825-7.60988389-3.9574208-.3174714.56076194-.49978171 1.21167363-.49978171 1.90536824 0 1.31404706.65223085 2.47224203 1.64236444 3.15218497-.60350999-.0198635-1.17401554-.1925232-1.67222562-.47366811v.04583885c0 1.83355406 1.27302891 3.36609966 2.96411421 3.71294696-.31118484.0886217-.63651445.1329326-.97441718.1329326-.2357461 0-.47149219-.0229194-.69466516-.0672303.47149219 1.5065703 1.83253297 2.6036468 3.44975116 2.632678-1.2651707 1.0160946-2.85724264 1.6196394-4.5891906 1.6196394-.29861172 0-.59093688-.0152796-.88011875-.0504227 1.63450624 1.0726291 3.57548241 1.6990934 5.66104951 1.6990934 6.79263079 0 10.50641749-5.7711113 10.50641749-10.7751859l-.0094298-.48894775c.7229547-.53478659 1.3516109-1.20250585 1.8419628-1.96190282-.6632323.30100846-1.3751855.50422736-2.1217148.59590507z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-youtube" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m10.1415 14.3973208-.0005625-5.19318431 4.863375 2.60554491zm9.963-7.92753362c-.6845625-.73643756-1.4518125-.73990314-1.803375-.7826454-2.518875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-.007875 0-3.7861875 0-6.3050625.18714178-.352125.04274226-1.1188125.04620784-1.8039375.7826454-.5394375.56084773-.7149375 1.8344515-.7149375 1.8344515s-.18 1.49597903-.18 2.99138042v1.4024082c0 1.495979.18 2.9913804.18 2.9913804s.1755 1.2736038.7149375 1.8344515c.685125.7364376 1.5845625.7133337 1.9850625.7901542 1.44.1420891 6.12.1859866 6.12.1859866s3.78225-.005776 6.301125-.1929178c.3515625-.0433198 1.1188125-.0467854 1.803375-.783223.5394375-.5608477.7155-1.8344515.7155-1.8344515s.18-1.4954014.18-2.9913804v-1.4024082c0-1.49540139-.18-2.99138042-.18-2.99138042s-.1760625-1.27360377-.7155-1.8344515z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-subject-medicine" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 8h-6.5c-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3v1c0 1.6568542 1.34314575 3 3 3h1v-2h-.5c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5h1.5 2 1 2c1.6568542 0 3-1.34314575 3-3v-1c0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3h-2v2h1.5c.8284271 0 1.5.67157288 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5zm-5.5-1v-1h-3.5c-1.38071187 0-2.5-1.11928813-2.5-2.5s1.11928813-2.5 2.5-2.5h1.02786405c.46573528 0 .92507448.10843528 1.34164078.31671843l1.13382424.56691212c.06026365-1.05041141.93116291-1.88363055 1.99667093-1.88363055 1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2h2c2.209139 0 4 1.790861 4 4v1c0 2.209139-1.790861 4-4 4h-2v1h2c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2h-2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2s-2-.8954305-2-2h-1c-2.209139 0-4-1.790861-4-4v-1c0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4zm0-2v-2.05652691c-.14564246-.03538148-.28733393-.08714006-.42229124-.15461871l-1.15541752-.57770876c-.27771087-.13885544-.583937-.21114562-.89442719-.21114562h-1.02786405c-.82842712 0-1.5.67157288-1.5 1.5s.67157288 1.5 1.5 1.5zm4 1v1h1.5c.2761424 0 .5-.22385763.5-.5s-.2238576-.5-.5-.5zm-1 1v-5c0-.55228475-.44771525-1-1-1s-1 .44771525-1 1v5zm-2 4v5c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-5zm3 2v2h2c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1s-.4477153-1-1-1zm-4-1v-1h-.5c-.27614237 0-.5.2238576-.5.5s.22385763.5.5.5zm-3.5-9h1c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-success" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm3.4860198 4.98163161-4.71802968 5.50657859-2.62834168-2.02300024c-.42862421-.36730544-1.06564993-.30775346-1.42283677.13301307-.35718685.44076653-.29927542 1.0958383.12934879 1.46314377l3.40735508 2.7323063c.42215801.3385221 1.03700951.2798252 1.38749189-.1324571l5.38450527-6.33394549c.3613513-.43716226.3096573-1.09278382-.115462-1.46437175-.4251192-.37158792-1.0626796-.31842941-1.4240309.11873285z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-table" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587l-4.0059107-.001.001.001h-1l-.001-.001h-5l.001.001h-1l-.001-.001-3.00391071.001c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm-11.0059107 5h-3.999v6.9941413c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h3.00391071zm6 0h-5v8h5zm5.0059107-4h-4.0059107v3h5.001v1h-5.001v7.999l4.0059107.001c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-12.5049107 9c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1.499-5h-5v3h5zm-6 0h-3.00391071c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v1.99414134h3.999z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick-circle" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 2c5.5228475 0 10 4.4771525 10 10s-4.4771525 10-10 10-10-4.4771525-10-10 4.4771525-10 10-10zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9 4.02943725-9 9 0 4.9705627 4.02943725 9 9 9 4.9705627 0 9-4.0294373 9-9 0-4.97056275-4.0294373-9-9-9zm4.2199868 5.36606669c.3613514-.43716226.9989118-.49032077 1.424031-.11873285s.4768133 1.02720949.115462 1.46437175l-6.093335 6.94397871c-.3622945.4128716-.9897871.4562317-1.4054264.0971157l-3.89719065-3.3672071c-.42862421-.3673054-.48653564-1.0223772-.1293488-1.4631437s.99421256-.5003185 1.42283677-.1330131l3.11097438 2.6987741z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.76799012 9.21106946-3.1109744-2.58349728c-.42862421-.35161617-1.06564993-.29460792-1.42283677.12733148s-.29927541 1.04903009.1293488 1.40064626l3.91576307 3.23873978c.41034319.3393961 1.01467563.2976897 1.37450571-.0948578l6.10568327-6.660841c.3613513-.41848908.3096572-1.04610608-.115462-1.4018218-.4251192-.35571573-1.0626796-.30482786-1.424031.11366122z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-update" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m1 13v1c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1h-1v-10h-14v10zm16-1h1v2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-2h1v-9c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h14c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm-1 0v1h-4.5857864l-1 1h-2.82842716l-1-1h-4.58578644v-1h5l1 1h2l1-1zm-13-8h12v7h-12zm1 1v5h10v-5zm1 1h4v1h-4zm0 2h4v1h-4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-upload" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.85576936 4.14572769c.19483374-.19483375.51177826-.19377714.70556874.00001334l2.59099082 2.59099079c.1948411.19484112.1904373.51514474.0027906.70279143-.1932998.19329987-.5046517.19237083-.7001856-.00692852l-1.74638687-1.7800176v6.14827687c0 .2717771-.23193359.492096-.5.492096-.27614237 0-.5-.216372-.5-.492096v-6.14827641l-1.74627892 1.77990922c-.1933927.1971171-.51252214.19455839-.70016883.0069117-.19329987-.19329988-.19100584-.50899493.00277731-.70277808z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-video" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-8.30912922 2.24944486 4.60460462 2.73982242c.9365543.55726659.9290753 1.46522435 0 2.01804082l-4.60460462 2.7398224c-.93655425.5572666-1.69578148.1645632-1.69578148-.8937585v-5.71016863c0-1.05087579.76670616-1.446575 1.69578148-.89375851zm-.67492769.96085624v5.5750128c0 .2995102-.10753745.2442517.16578928.0847713l4.58452283-2.67497259c.3050619-.17799716.3051624-.21655446 0-.39461026l-4.58452283-2.67497264c-.26630747-.15538481-.16578928-.20699944-.16578928.08477139z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-warning" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.75c.69035594 0 1.25.5596441 1.25 1.25s-.55964406 1.25-1.25 1.25-1.25-.5596441-1.25-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25-1.25zm.41320045-7.75c.55228475 0 1.00000005.44771525 1.00000005 1l-.0034543.08304548-.3333333 4c-.043191.51829212-.47645714.91695452-.99654578.91695452h-.15973424c-.52008864 0-.95335475-.3986624-.99654576-.91695452l-.33333333-4c-.04586475-.55037702.36312325-1.03372649.91350028-1.07959124l.04148683-.00259031zm-.41320045 14c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-checklist-banner" viewBox="0 0 56.69 56.69"><path style="fill:none" d="M0 0h56.69v56.69H0z"/><clipPath id="b"><use xlink:href="#a" style="overflow:visible"/></clipPath><path d="M21.14 34.46c0-6.77 5.48-12.26 12.24-12.26s12.24 5.49 12.24 12.26-5.48 12.26-12.24 12.26c-6.76-.01-12.24-5.49-12.24-12.26zm19.33 10.66 10.23 9.22s1.21 1.09 2.3-.12l2.09-2.32s1.09-1.21-.12-2.3l-10.23-9.22m-19.29-5.92c0-4.38 3.55-7.94 7.93-7.94s7.93 3.55 7.93 7.94c0 4.38-3.55 7.94-7.93 7.94-4.38-.01-7.93-3.56-7.93-7.94zm17.58 12.99 4.14-4.81" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round"/><path d="M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5m14.42-5.2V4.86s0-2.93-2.93-2.93H4.13s-2.93 0-2.93 2.93v37.57s0 2.93 2.93 2.93h15.01M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 1)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h4.99912834v-4.99912834c0-.55276616.44386482-1.00087166 1-1.00087166.55228475 0 1 .44463086 1 1.00087166v4.99912834h4.9991283c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-4.9991283v4.9991283c0 .5527662-.44386482 1.0008717-1 1.0008717-.55228475 0-1-.4446309-1-1.0008717v-4.9991283h-4.99912834c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h11.99825664c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-11.99825664c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.9975267 12.999368c.5467123 0 1.0024733.4478567 1.0024733 1.000316 0 .5563109-.4488226 1.000316-1.0024733 1.000316h-9.99505341c-.54671233 0-1.00247329-.4478567-1.00247329-1.000316 0-.5563109.44882258-1.000316 1.00247329-1.000316zm-4.9975267-11.999368c.55228475 0 1 .44497754 1 .99589209v6.80214418l2.4816273-2.48241149c.3928222-.39294628 1.0219732-.4006883 1.4030652-.01947579.3911302.39125371.3914806 1.02525073-.0001404 1.41699553l-4.17620792 4.17752758c-.39120769.3913313-1.02508144.3917306-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.17639421-4.17771394c-.39122513-.39134876-.39767006-1.01940351-.01657797-1.40061601.39113012-.39125372 1.02337105-.3931606 1.41951349.00310701l2.48183446 2.48261871v-6.80214418c0-.55001601.44386482-.99589209 1-.99589209z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm0 7h-1.5l-.11662113.00672773c-.49733868.05776511-.88337887.48043643-.88337887.99327227 0 .47338693.32893365.86994729.77070917.97358929l.1126697.01968298.11662113.00672773h.5v3h-.5l-.11662113.0067277c-.42082504.0488782-.76196299.3590206-.85696816.7639815l-.01968298.1126697-.00672773.1166211.00672773.1166211c.04887817.4208251.35902055.761963.76398144.8569682l.1126697.019683.11662113.0067277h3l.1166211-.0067277c.4973387-.0577651.8833789-.4804365.8833789-.9932723 0-.4733869-.3289337-.8699473-.7707092-.9735893l-.1126697-.019683-.1166211-.0067277h-.5v-4l-.00672773-.11662113c-.04887817-.42082504-.35902055-.76196299-.76398144-.85696816l-.1126697-.01968298zm0-3.25c-.69035594 0-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25s.55964406 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25-.55964406 1.25-1.25-.55964406-1.25-1.25-1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.462 0c1.413 0 2.538 1.184 2.538 2.619v12.762c0 1.435-1.125 2.619-2.538 2.619h-16.924c-1.413 0-2.538-1.184-2.538-2.619v-12.762c0-1.435 1.125-2.619 2.538-2.619zm.538 5.158-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1 -3.253-.008l-7.369-6.248v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619zm-.538-3.158h-16.924c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.75c.69035594 0 1.25.5596441 1.25 1.25s-.55964406 1.25-1.25 1.25-1.25-.5596441-1.25-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25-1.25zm.41320045-7.75c.55228475 0 1.00000005.44771525 1.00000005 1l-.0034543.08304548-.3333333 4c-.043191.51829212-.47645714.91695452-.99654578.91695452h-.15973424c-.52008864 0-.95335475-.3986624-.99654576-.91695452l-.33333333-4c-.04586475-.55037702.36312325-1.03372649.91350028-1.07959124l.04148683-.00259031zm-.41320045 14c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-expand-image" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m7.49754099 11.9178212c.38955542-.3895554.38761957-1.0207846-.00290473-1.4113089-.39324695-.3932469-1.02238878-.3918247-1.41130883-.0029047l-4.10273549 4.1027355.00055454-3.5103985c.00008852-.5603185-.44832171-1.006032-1.00155062-1.0059446-.53903074.0000852-.97857527.4487442-.97866268 1.0021075l-.00093318 5.9072465c-.00008751.553948.44841131 1.001882 1.00174994 1.0017946l5.906983-.0009331c.5539233-.0000875 1.00197907-.4486389 1.00206646-1.0018679.00008515-.5390307-.45026621-.9784332-1.00588841-.9783454l-3.51010549.0005545zm3.00571741-5.83449376c-.3895554.38955541-.3876196 1.02078454.0029047 1.41130883.393247.39324696 1.0223888.39182478 1.4113089.00290473l4.1027355-4.10273549-.0005546 3.5103985c-.0000885.56031852.4483217 1.006032 1.0015506 1.00594461.5390308-.00008516.9785753-.44874418.9786627-1.00210749l.0009332-5.9072465c.0000875-.553948-.4484113-1.00188204-1.0017499-1.00179463l-5.906983.00093313c-.5539233.00008751-1.0019791.44863892-1.0020665 1.00186784-.0000852.53903074.4502662.97843325 1.0058884.97834547l3.5101055-.00055449z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-github" viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M48.854 0C21.839 0 0 22 0 49.217c0 21.756 13.993 40.172 33.405 46.69 2.427.49 3.316-1.059 3.316-2.362 0-1.141-.08-5.052-.08-9.127-13.59 2.934-16.42-5.867-16.42-5.867-2.184-5.704-5.42-7.17-5.42-7.17-4.448-3.015.324-3.015.324-3.015 4.934.326 7.523 5.052 7.523 5.052 4.367 7.496 11.404 5.378 14.235 4.074.404-3.178 1.699-5.378 3.074-6.6-10.839-1.141-22.243-5.378-22.243-24.283 0-5.378 1.94-9.778 5.014-13.2-.485-1.222-2.184-6.275.486-13.038 0 0 4.125-1.304 13.426 5.052a46.97 46.97 0 0 1 12.214-1.63c4.125 0 8.33.571 12.213 1.63 9.302-6.356 13.427-5.052 13.427-5.052 2.67 6.763.97 11.816.485 13.038 3.155 3.422 5.015 7.822 5.015 13.2 0 18.905-11.404 23.06-22.324 24.283 1.78 1.548 3.316 4.481 3.316 9.126 0 6.6-.08 11.897-.08 13.526 0 1.304.89 2.853 3.316 2.364 19.412-6.52 33.405-24.935 33.405-46.691C97.707 22 75.788 0 48.854 0z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-left"><path d="M15 7a1 1 0 000-2H3.385l2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 00.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 00-1.417 0L.294 5.292a1.001 1.001 0 000 1.416l4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 001.4.016 1 1 0 00-.003-1.42L3.385 7H15z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-right"><path d="M1 7a1 1 0 010-2h11.615l-2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 01-.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 011.417 0l4.176 4.177a1.001 1.001 0 010 1.416l-4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 01-1.4.016 1 1 0 01.003-1.42L12.615 7H1z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-submit-open" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path d="M12 0c1.10457 0 2 .895431 2 2v5c0 .276142-.223858.5-.5.5S13 7.276142 13 7V2c0-.512836-.38604-.935507-.883379-.993272L12 1H6v3c0 1.10457-.89543 2-2 2H1v8c0 .512836.38604.935507.883379.993272L2 15h6.5c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H2c-1.104569 0-2-.89543-2-2V5.828427c0-.530433.210714-1.039141.585786-1.414213L4.414214.585786C4.789286.210714 5.297994 0 5.828427 0H12Zm3.41 11.14c.250899.250899.250274.659726 0 .91-.242954.242954-.649606.245216-.9-.01l-1.863671-1.900337.001043 5.869492c0 .356992-.289839.637138-.647372.637138-.347077 0-.647371-.285256-.647371-.637138l-.001043-5.869492L9.5 12.04c-.253166.258042-.649726.260274-.9.01-.242954-.242954-.252269-.657731 0-.91l2.942184-2.951303c.250908-.250909.66127-.252277.91353-.000017L15.41 11.14ZM5 1.413 1.413 5H4c.552285 0 1-.447715 1-1V1.413ZM11 3c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H7.5c-.276142 0-.5-.223858-.5-.5s.223858-.5.5-.5H11Zm0 2c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H7.5c-.276142 0-.5-.223858-.5-.5s.223858-.5.5-.5H11Z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></symbol></svg> </div> </footer> <div class="c-site-messages message u-hide u-hide-print c-site-messages--nature-briefing c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 sans-serif " data-component-id="nature-briefing-banner" data-component-expirydays="30" data-component-trigger-scroll-percentage="15" data-track="in-view" data-track-action="in-view" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner visible: Flagship"> <div class="c-site-messages__banner-large"> <div class="c-site-messages__close-container"> <button class="c-site-messages__close" data-track="click" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner dismiss: Flagship"> <svg width="25px" height="25px" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 25 25" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <title>Close banner</title> <defs></defs> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <rect opacity="0" x="0" y="0" width="25" height="25"></rect> <path d="M6.29679575,16.2772478 C5.90020818,16.6738354 5.90240728,17.3100587 6.29617427,17.7038257 C6.69268654,18.100338 7.32864195,18.0973145 7.72275218,17.7032043 L12,13.4259564 L16.2772478,17.7032043 C16.6738354,18.0997918 17.3100587,18.0975927 17.7038257,17.7038257 C18.100338,17.3073135 18.0973145,16.671358 17.7032043,16.2772478 L13.4259564,12 L17.7032043,7.72275218 C18.0997918,7.32616461 18.0975927,6.68994127 17.7038257,6.29617427 C17.3073135,5.89966201 16.671358,5.90268552 16.2772478,6.29679575 L12,10.5740436 L7.72275218,6.29679575 C7.32616461,5.90020818 6.68994127,5.90240728 6.29617427,6.29617427 C5.89966201,6.69268654 5.90268552,7.32864195 6.29679575,7.72275218 L10.5740436,12 L6.29679575,16.2772478 Z" fill="#ffffff"></path> </g> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Close</span> </button> </div> <div class="c-site-messages__form-container"> <div class="grid grid-12 last"> <div class="grid grid-4"> <img alt="Nature Briefing" src="/static/images/logos/nature-briefing-logo-n150-white-d81c9da3ec.svg" width="250" height="40"> <p class="c-site-messages--nature-briefing__strapline extra-tight-line-height">Sign up for the <em>Nature Briefing</em> newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.</p> </div> <div class="grid grid-8 last"> <form action="https://www.nature.com/briefing/briefing" method="post" data-location="banner" data-track="signup_nature_briefing_banner" data-track-action="transmit-form" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner submit: Flagship"> <input id="briefing-banner-signup-form-input-track-originReferralPoint" type="hidden" name="track_originReferralPoint" value="MainBriefingBanner"> <input id="briefing-banner-signup-form-input-track-formType" type="hidden" name="track_formType" value="DirectEmailBanner"> <input type="hidden" value="false" name="gdpr_tick" id="gdpr_tick_banner"> <input type="hidden" value="false" name="marketing" id="marketing_input_banner"> <input type="hidden" value="false" name="marketing_tick" id="marketing_tick_banner"> <input type="hidden" value="MainBriefingBanner" name="brieferEntryPoint" id="brieferEntryPoint_banner"> <label class="nature-briefing-banner__email-label" for="emailAddress">Email address</label> <div class="nature-briefing-banner__email-wrapper"> <input class="nature-briefing-banner__email-input box-sizing text14" type="email" id="emailAddress" name="emailAddress" value="" placeholder="e.g. jo.smith@university.ac.uk" required data-test-element="briefing-emailbanner-email-input"> <input type="hidden" value="true" name="N:nature_briefing_daily" id="defaultNewsletter_banner"> <button type="submit" class="nature-briefing-banner__submit-button box-sizing text14" data-test-element="briefing-emailbanner-signup-button">Sign up</button> </div> <div class="nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-wrapper grid grid-12 last"> <input class="nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-checkbox" id="gdpr-briefing-banner-checkbox" type="checkbox" name="gdpr" value="true" data-test-element="briefing-emailbanner-gdpr-checkbox" required> <label class="nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label box-sizing text13 sans-serif block tighten-line-height" for="gdpr-briefing-banner-checkbox">I agree my information will be processed in accordance with the <em>Nature</em> and Springer Nature Limited <a href="https://www.nature.com/info/privacy">Privacy Policy</a>.</label> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-site-messages__banner-small"> <div class="c-site-messages__close-container"> <button class="c-site-messages__close" data-track="click" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner dismiss: Flagship"> <svg width="25px" height="25px" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 25 25" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <title>Close banner</title> <defs></defs> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <rect opacity="0" x="0" y="0" width="25" height="25"></rect> <path d="M6.29679575,16.2772478 C5.90020818,16.6738354 5.90240728,17.3100587 6.29617427,17.7038257 C6.69268654,18.100338 7.32864195,18.0973145 7.72275218,17.7032043 L12,13.4259564 L16.2772478,17.7032043 C16.6738354,18.0997918 17.3100587,18.0975927 17.7038257,17.7038257 C18.100338,17.3073135 18.0973145,16.671358 17.7032043,16.2772478 L13.4259564,12 L17.7032043,7.72275218 C18.0997918,7.32616461 18.0975927,6.68994127 17.7038257,6.29617427 C17.3073135,5.89966201 16.671358,5.90268552 16.2772478,6.29679575 L12,10.5740436 L7.72275218,6.29679575 C7.32616461,5.90020818 6.68994127,5.90240728 6.29617427,6.29617427 C5.89966201,6.69268654 5.90268552,7.32864195 6.29679575,7.72275218 L10.5740436,12 L6.29679575,16.2772478 Z" fill="#ffffff"></path> </g> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Close</span> </button> </div> <div class="c-site-messages__content text14"> <span class="c-site-messages--nature-briefing__strapline strong">Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox.</span> <a class="nature-briefing__link text14 sans-serif" data-track="click" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Small-screen banner CTA to site" data-test-element="briefing-banner-link" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.nature.com/briefing/signup/?brieferEntryPoint=MainBriefingBanner">Sign up for Nature Briefing </a> </div> </div> </div> <noscript> <img hidden src="https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.png" width="0" height="0" style="display: none" alt=""> </noscript> <script src="//content.readcube.com/ping?doi=10.1038/s41598-024-83392-6&format=js&last_modified=2025-01-02" async></script> </body> </html>