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<span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-war years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_literary_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_literary_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contributions to literary theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_literary_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_journalism_and_posthumous_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_journalism_and_posthumous_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Wartime journalism and posthumous controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول دي مان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول دي مان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол де Ман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол де Ман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پل دو مان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل دو مان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EB%94%94_%EB%A7%8C" title="폴 디 만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 디 만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פול דה מאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול דה מאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Поль де Ман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Поль де Ман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول دى مان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول دى مان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ポール・ド・マン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・ド・マン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਾਲ ਡੀ ਮਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਲ ਡੀ ਮਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Ман, Поль де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ман, Поль де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul de Man" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="保羅·德曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保羅·德曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q353754#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Paul+de+Man%22">"Paul de Man"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Paul+de+Man%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Paul+de+Man%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Paul+de+Man%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Paul+de+Man%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Paul+de+Man%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul de Man</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Paul Adolph Michel Deman</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1919-12-06</span>)</span>December 6, 1919<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 21, 1983<span style="display:none">(1983-12-21)</span> (aged 64)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_(1834%E2%80%931969)" title="Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)">Free University of Brussels</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (Ph.D., 1960)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Criticism of <a href="/wiki/Authorial_intentionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorial intentionalism">authorial intentionalism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul de Man</b> (December 6, 1919 – December 21, 1983), born <b>Paul Adolph Michel Deman</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish20143_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish20143-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary critic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theorist</a>. He was known particularly for his importation of German and French <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> approaches into Anglo-American literary studies and critical theory. Along with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, he was part of an influential critical movement that went beyond traditional interpretation of literary texts to reflect on the epistemological difficulties inherent in any textual, literary, or critical activity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach aroused considerable opposition, which de Man attributed to "resistance" inherent in the difficult enterprise of literary interpretation itself.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death, de Man became a subject of further controversy when his history of writing pro-Nazi and anti-Jewish propaganda for the wartime edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a></i>, a major Belgian newspaper during <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">German occupation</a>, came to light. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He began his teaching career in the United States at <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a> where he taught <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1960, then taught at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014xv,_xx_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014xv,_xx-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the faculty in French and Comparative Literature at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he was considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_school_(deconstruction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale school (deconstruction)">Yale School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a>. At the time of his death from cancer, he was <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Professor" title="Sterling Professor">Sterling Professor</a> of the Humanities and chairman of the Department of Comparative Literature at Yale. De Man oversaw the dissertations of <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Spivak" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayatri Spivak">Gayatri Spivak</a> (at Cornell), <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Johnson" title="Barbara Johnson">Barbara Johnson</a> (at Yale),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (May 2014)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Weber" title="Samuel Weber">Samuel Weber</a> (at Cornell), and many other noted scholars. </p><p>After his death, a researcher uncovered some two hundred previously unknown articles which de Man had written in his early twenties for Belgian <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborationist</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014needed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014needed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> newspapers during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, some of them implicitly and two explicitly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitic</a>. These, in combination with revelations about his domestic life and financial history, caused a scandal and provoked a reconsideration of his life and work.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul de Man was born to a family of artisans of nineteenth-century Belgium and by the time of his birth, his family was prominent among the new <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish20144_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish20144-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of Robert de Man, a manufacturer and Magdalena de Braey.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His maternal great-grandfather was the noted Flemish poet <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Beers_(poet)" title="Jan van Beers (poet)">Jan Van Beers</a>, and the family spoke French at home. His uncle <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Man" title="Henri de Man">Henri de Man</a> (Dutch: Hendrik) was a famous <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> theorist and politician, who became a Nazi-<a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborator</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He played an important part in the decisions made by De Man during the Nazi occupation of Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul's father, Robert ("Bob") de Man, was a moderately successful businessman whose firm manufactured X-ray equipment. De Man's father and his mother, Madeleine, who were first cousins, married over the family's opposition. The marriage proved unhappy. </p><p>De Man's early life was difficult and shadowed by tragedy. His mother Madeleine's first pregnancy with her oldest son Hendrik ("Rik," b. 1915) coincided with the intense German bombings of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and strained her physical and mental health. The stillbirth of a daughter two years later pushed her into intermittent but lifelong suicidal <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>. She was psychologically fragile and had to be watched. The family walked on eggshells and "Bob" de Man found solace with other women. In contrast to Rik, who was backward and a failure in school, Paul dealt with his difficult home life by becoming a brilliant student and accomplished athlete. He was enrolled in the Dutch-speaking cohort of boys admitted to the prestigious and highly competitive Royal Athenaeum of Antwerp. There, he followed his father's career path in choosing to study science and engineering, consistently receiving top marks in all subjects and graduating at the top of his class. He took no courses in literature or philosophy but developed a strong extracurricular interest in both as well as in religious mysticism. In 1936, his brother Rik de Man was killed at the age of 21 when his bicycle was struck by a train at a railroad crossing. The following year, it was Paul, then seventeen, who discovered the body of their mother, who had hanged herself a month before the anniversary of Rik's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish201445_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish201445-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That fall Paul enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_(1834%E2%80%931969)" title="Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)">Free University of Brussels</a>. He wrote for student magazines and continued to take courses in science and engineering. For stability he turned to his uncle Henri as a patron and surrogate emotional father, later on several occasions telling people Henri was his real father and his real father was his uncle. He fathered a son with <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a>-born Anaïde Baraghian, the wife of his good friend, Gilbert Jaeger. They lived in a <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9nage_%C3%A0_trois" title="Ménage à trois">ménage à trois</a></i> until August 1942, when Baraghian left her husband. Paul married her in 1944, and the couple had two more sons together.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Man, Baraghian and Jaeger fled to the south of France near the Spanish border when the Nazis occupied Belgium in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish201499–103_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish201499–103-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henri, who by then was a self-avowed fascist, welcomed the Nazi invaders, whom he saw as essential for instituting his brand of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (May 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a year, Henri de Man was appointed as de facto puppet Prime Minister of Belgium under the Nazis. Some believed that he used his influence to secure his nephew a position as an occasional cultural critic for <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a></i>, the influential Belgian <a href="/wiki/French-language" class="mw-redirect" title="French-language">French-language</a> newspaper. After contributing an essay, "The Jews in Present-Day Literature", to <i>Le Soir volé'</i>s notorious anti-Semitic attack of March 4, 1941, de Man became its official book reviewer and a cultural critic. Later he contributed to the Flemish daily <i>Het Vlaamsche Land</i>; both publications were vehemently anti-Semitic when under Nazi control. As a cultural critic, de Man would contribute hundreds of articles and reviews to these publications. His writings supported the Germanic ideology and the triumph of Germany in the war, while never referring directly to Hitler himself. In spite of that he maintained friendships with individual Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holding three different jobs, de Man became very highly paid, but he lost all three between November 1942 and April 1943, failures that resulted from a combination of losing a coup he had launched against one employer and his own incompetence as a businessman at another.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After this, de Man went into hiding; the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgian Resistance</a> had now begun assassinating prominent Belgian pro-Nazis. He had lost his protection in late 1942, when Henri, mistrusted by his collaborators on the right and himself marked for death as a traitor by the Belgian Resistance, went into exile. </p><p>De Man spent the rest of the war in seclusion reading American and French literature and philosophy and organizing a translation into Dutch of <i><a href="/wiki/Moby_Dick" class="mw-redirect" title="Moby Dick">Moby Dick</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, which he published in 1945. He would be interrogated by prosecutor Roger Vinçotte,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014194_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014194-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not charged after the war. Henri de Man was <a href="/wiki/Tried_in_absentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tried in absentia">tried and convicted <i>in absentia</i></a> for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>; he died in Switzerland in 1953, after crashing his car into an oncoming train, an accident that was almost certainly a suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (May 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_years">Post-war years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-war years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1948, de Man left Belgium and emigrated to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had fled as an exile to avoid what became two trials for criminal and financial misdeeds (thefts of money from investors in a publishing company he ran) for which he was convicted <i>in absentia</i> to five years of imprisonment and heavy fines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014192_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014192-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baraghian sailed with their three young sons to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, where her parents had recently immigrated. De Man found work stocking books at the Doubleday Bookstore at New York City's <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Station</a>. From there he wrote to his friend <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a>, a French philosopher, and through him, he met <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Macdonald" title="Dwight Macdonald">Dwight Macdonald</a>, a key figure on the New York intellectual and literary scene. At Macdonald's apartment, de Man met the celebrated novelist <a href="/wiki/Mary_McCarthy_(author)" title="Mary McCarthy (author)">Mary McCarthy</a>. McCarthy recommended de Man to her friend <a href="/wiki/Artine_Artinian" title="Artine Artinian">Artine Artinian</a>, a professor of French at <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a>, as a temporary replacement while Artinian spent the academic year 1949–50 in France as a <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbright fellow">Fulbright fellow</a>. </p> <blockquote><p>De Man was to teach Mr. Artinian's courses, advise Mr. Artinian's advisees, and move into Mr. Artinian's house. By December [1949], de Man had married one of the advisees, a French major named Patricia Kelley, and when the first Mrs. de Man turned up with their three young boys, Hendrik, Robert, and Marc, in the spring of 1950, Patricia de Man [sic] was pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-lehman_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>De Man persuaded the devastated Baraghian to accept a sum of money, agree to a divorce, and return to Argentina. She, however, surprised him when she left the eldest boy with him, while he surprised her when his first check proved worthless. The boy was raised by Kelley's parents while she took the younger ones back to Argentina with a promise of <a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">child support</a> that de Man was never to honor.<sup id="cite_ref-lehman_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (May 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A heavily fictionalized account of this period of de Man's life is the basis of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Thomas" title="Henri Thomas">Henri Thomas</a>'s 1964 novel <i>Le Parjure</i> (<i>The Perjurer</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His life also provides the basis for <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Schlink" title="Bernhard Schlink">Bernhard Schlink</a>'s 2006 novel, translated as "Homecoming". De Man married Kelley a first time in June 1950, but did not tell her that he had not actually gotten a divorce and that the marriage was <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamous</a>. They underwent a second marriage ceremony in August 1960, when his divorce from Baraghian was finalized, and later had a third ceremony in Ithaca.<sup id="cite_ref-Smallwood2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smallwood2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to their son, Michael, born while the couple was at Bard College, they had a daughter, Patsy. The couple remained together until de Man's death, aged 64, in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The de Mans moved to Boston, where Paul earned money teaching conversational French at <a href="/wiki/Berlitz_Corporation" title="Berlitz Corporation">Berlitz</a> and did translations assisted by Patricia de Man; he also gave private French lessons to <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> student <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, then running a small center and publication of his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014326–327_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014326–327-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, de Man met <a href="/wiki/Harry_Levin" title="Harry Levin">Harry Levin</a>, the Harvard Professor of Comparative Literature, and "was invited to join an informal literary seminar that met at Levin's house (alongside, e.g., <a href="/wiki/George_Steiner" title="George Steiner">George Steiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Simon_(critic)" title="John Simon (critic)">John Simon</a>). By the fall of 1952, he was officially admitted to graduate study in comparative literature."<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954 someone sent Harvard an anonymous letter denouncing de Man as a wartime collaborator and questioning his immigration status (a letter not surviving, and known only on the basis of de Man's response to it).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014347–360_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014347–360-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Harvard faculty members, de Man offered a thorough and more than satisfactory account of his immigration status and the nature of his political activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks2014_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was writing his dissertation, de Man was awarded a prestigious appointment at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows" title="Harvard Society of Fellows">Harvard Society of Fellows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014345_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014345-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, because his thesis was unsatisfactory to his mentors on several counts, and especially its philosophical approach, they were prepared to dismiss him, but he moved immediately to an advanced position at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, where he was highly valued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014423–425_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014423–425-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooks_(writer)" title="Peter Brooks (writer)">Peter Brooks</a>, who was de Man's undergraduate student at Harvard, and later became his friend and colleague at Yale, wrote that rather than brand de Man as a confidence man, as his critics were inclined to do: </p> <blockquote><p>One might consider this a story of remarkable survival and success following the chaos of war, occupation, postwar migration, and moments of financial desperation: without any degrees to his name, de Man had impressed, among others, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a>, Macdonald, McCarthy, and Levin, and entered the highest precincts of American academia. During the following decade, he contributed nine articles to the newly established <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review">New York Review</a></i>: astute and incisive short essays on major European writers—<a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6lderlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gide" title="Gide">Gide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sartre">Sartre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Borges" class="mw-redirect" title="Borges">Borges</a>—that display notable cultural range and critical poise.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks2014_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1966, de Man attended a conference on <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> delivered his celebrated essay, "<a href="/wiki/Structure,_Sign,_and_Play_in_the_Discourse_of_the_Human_Sciences" title="Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences">Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences</a>"; de Man and Derrida soon became fast friends.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Both were to become identified with <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a>. De Man came to reflect the influence primarily of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a> and used deconstruction to study <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, both <a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German</a>, as well as French literature, specifically the works of <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Maurice Blanchot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G .W. F. Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hoelderlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Hoelderlin">Friedrich Hoelderlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following an appointment to a professorship in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, de Man returned to the United States in the 1970s to teach at Yale University, where he served for the rest of his career. At the time of his death of cancer at age 64, he was a <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Professor" title="Sterling Professor">Sterling Professor</a> and chairman of the department of comparative literature at Yale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_literary_theory">Contributions to literary theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contributions to literary theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although de Man's work in the 1960s differs from his later deconstructive endeavors, considerable continuity can also be discerned. In his 1967 essay "Criticism and Crisis" (included as the first chapter of <i>Blindness and Insight</i>), he argues that because literary works are understood to be fictions rather than factual accounts, they exemplify the break between a <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">sign and its meaning</a>: literature "means" nothing, but critics resist this insight: </p> <blockquote><p>When modern critics think they are demystifying literature, they are in fact being demystified by it. But since this necessarily occurs in the form of a crisis, they are blind to what takes place within themselves. What they call anthropology, linguistics, psychoanalysis, is nothing but literature reappearing like the hydra's head in the very spot where it had been suppressed. The human mind will go through amazing feats to avoid facing 'the nothingness of human matters'.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>De Man would later observe that, due to this resistance to acknowledging that literature does not "mean", English departments had become "large organizations in the service of everything except their own subject matter" ("The Return to Philology"). He said that the study of literature had become the art of applying <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, or other disciplines to the literary text, in an effort to make the text "mean" something. </p><p>Among the central threads running through de Man's work is his attempt to tease out the tension between rhetoric (which de Man uses as a term to mean figural language and <a href="/wiki/Trope_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trope (linguistics)">trope</a>) and meaning, seeking moments in the text where linguistic forces "tie themselves into a knot which arrests the process of understanding."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Man's earlier essays from the 1960s, collected in <i>Blindness and Insight</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> represent an attempt to seek these <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradoxes</a> in the texts of <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a> and move beyond <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(literature)" title="Formalism (literature)">formalism</a>. One of De Man's central topoi is of the blindness on which these critical readings are predicated, that the "insight seems instead to have been gained from a negative movement that animates the critic's thought, an unstated principle that leads his language away from its asserted stand...as if the very possibility of assertion had been put into question."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here de Man tries to undercut the notion of the poetic work as a unified, atemporal <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">icon</a>, a self-possessed repository of meaning freed from the <a href="/wiki/Authorial_intentionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorial intentionalism">intentionalist</a> and affective fallacies. In de Man's argument, formalist and New Critical valorization of the "organic" nature of poetry is ultimately self-defeating: the notion of the verbal icon is undermined by the irony and ambiguity inherent within it. Form ultimately acts as "both a creator and undoer of organic totalities", and "the final insight...annihilated the premises which led up to it."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Rhetoric" title="Category:Rhetoric">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/150px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/225px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg/300px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#History_and_development" title="Rhetoric">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Ancient_Greece" title="Rhetoric">Ancient Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_style" title="Asiatic style">Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_orators" title="Attic orators">Attic orators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Indian_rhetoric" title="Ancient Indian rhetoric">Ancient India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Rome" title="Rhetoric">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature#The_age_of_Cicero" title="Latin literature">The age of Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Medieval_to_Enlightenment" title="Rhetoric">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Byzantine rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric#Sixteenth_century" title="Rhetoric">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Studia_humanitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Studia humanitatis">Studia humanitatis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rhetoric" title="Modern rhetoric">Modern period</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Captatio_benevolentiae" title="Captatio benevolentiae">Captatio benevolentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chironomia" title="Chironomia">Chironomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delectare" class="mw-redirect" title="Delectare">Delectare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Docere" class="mw-redirect" title="Docere">Docere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloquence" title="Eloquence">Eloquence</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eloquentia_perfecta" title="Eloquentia perfecta">Eloquentia perfecta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthymeme" title="Enthymeme">Enthymeme</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facilitas" title="Facilitas">Facilitas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">Informal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(rhetoric)" title="Scheme (rhetoric)">Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Canons_of_Rhetoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Canons of Rhetoric">Five canons</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inventio" title="Inventio">Inventio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dispositio" title="Dispositio">Dispositio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elocutio" title="Elocutio">Elocutio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria">Memoria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pronuntiatio" title="Pronuntiatio">Pronuntiatio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsos" title="Hypsos">Hypsos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">Imitatio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">Kairos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_loci" title="Method of loci">Method of loci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_modes" title="Rhetorical modes">Modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_operations" title="Rhetorical operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modes_of_persuasion" title="Modes of persuasion">Persuasion</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_situation" title="Rhetorical situation">Situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_style_(rhetoric)" title="Grand style (rhetoric)">Grand</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sotto_voce" title="Sotto voce">Sotto voce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_topos" title="Literary topos">Topos</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Genres</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declamation" title="Declamation">Declamation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Controversia" title="Controversia">Controversia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_rhetoric" title="Deliberative rhetoric">Deliberative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">Demagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dissoi_logoi" title="Dissoi logoi">Dissoi logoi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elocution" title="Elocution">Elocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epideictic" title="Epideictic">Epideictic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">Encomium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">Panegyric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">Eulogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_speech" title="Farewell speech">Farewell speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_rhetoric" title="Forensic rhetoric">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_oration_(ancient_Greece)" title="Funeral oration (ancient Greece)">Funeral oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitational_rhetoric" title="Invitational rhetoric">Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture">Lecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_lecture" title="Public lecture">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_talk" title="Lightning talk">Lightning talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">Maiden speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diatribe" title="Diatribe">Diatribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eristic" title="Eristic">Eristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippic" title="Philippic">Philippic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progymnasmata" title="Progymnasmata">Progymnasmata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suasoria" title="Suasoria">Suasoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_speech" title="Resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_speech" title="Stump speech">Stump speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-war_rhetoric" title="Pro-war rhetoric">War-mongering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_criticism" title="Rhetorical criticism">Criticism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_criticism" title="Cluster criticism">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatistic_pentad" title="Dramatistic pentad">Pentadic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_analysis" title="Frame analysis">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_criticism" title="Genre criticism">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphoric_criticism" title="Metaphoric criticism">Metaphoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis_criticism" title="Mimesis criticism">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_criticism" title="Narrative criticism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aristotelianism_(literature)" title="Neo-Aristotelianism (literature)">Neo-Aristotelian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Rhetoricians</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Bakhtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_C._Booth" title="Wayne C. Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brueggemann" title="Walter Brueggemann">Brueggemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Pizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Ramus" title="Petrus Ramus">Ramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(380 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)#Discussion_of_rhetoric_and_writing_(257c–279c)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 370 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_to_Alexander" title="Rhetoric to Alexander">Rhetoric to Alexander</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophistical_Refutations" title="Sophistical Refutations">De Sophisticis Elenchis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Inventione" title="De Inventione">De Inventione</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(84 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium" title="Rhetorica ad Herennium">Rhetorica ad Herennium</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(55 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Oratorical_Partitions" title="A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions">A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Optimo_Genere_Oratorum" title="De Optimo Genere Oratorum">De Optimo Genere Oratorum</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(46 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Orator</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(46 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institutio_Oratoria" title="Institutio Oratoria">Institutio Oratoria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(95)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(100–400)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogus_de_oratoribus" title="Dialogus de oratoribus">Dialogus de oratoribus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(102)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_doctrina_Christiana" title="De doctrina Christiana">De doctrina Christiana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(426)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1305)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1521)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language_as_Symbolic_Action" title="Language as Symbolic Action">Language as Symbolic Action</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_Rhetoric" title="A General Rhetoric">A General Rhetoric</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subfields</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argumentation_theory" title="Argumentation theory">Argumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_rhetoric" title="Cognitive rhetoric">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_rhetoric" title="Contrastive rhetoric">Contrastive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_rhetoric" title="Constitutive rhetoric">Constitutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rhetoric" title="Digital rhetoric">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_rhetoric" title="Native American rhetoric">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_rhetorics" class="mw-redirect" title="New rhetorics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_health_and_medicine" title="Rhetoric of health and medicine">Health and medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_rhetoric_and_composition_pedagogy" title="Theories of rhetoric and composition pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_rhetoric" title="Procedural rhetoric">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_technology" title="Rhetoric of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_therapy" title="Rhetoric of therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_rhetoric" title="Visual rhetoric">Visual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_rhetoric_and_composition" title="Visual rhetoric and composition">Composition</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_dictaminis" title="Ars dictaminis">Ars dictaminis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxa" title="Doxa">Doxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary of rhetorical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossophobia" title="Glossophobia">Glossophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">List of feminist rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches" title="List of speeches">List of speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_skills" title="Oral skills">Oral skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">Orator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistis" title="Pistis">Pistis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rhetoric" title="Public rhetoric">Public rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_social_intervention_model" title="Rhetoric of social intervention model">Rhetoric of social intervention model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetrickery" title="Rhetrickery">Rhetrickery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogerian_argument" title="Rogerian argument">Rogerian argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduction" title="Seduction">Seduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speechwriter" title="Speechwriter">Speechwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_point" title="Talking point">Talking point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terministic_screen" title="Terministic screen">Terministic screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulmin_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulmin model">Toulmin model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_iron" title="Wooden iron">Wooden iron</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhetoric" title="Template:Rhetoric"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rhetoric" title="Template talk:Rhetoric"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhetoric" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhetoric"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <i>Allegories of Reading</i>, de Man further explores the tensions arising in figural language in Nietzsche, Rousseau, Rilke, and Proust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Man1979_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Man1979-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these essays, he concentrates on crucial passages which have a <a href="/wiki/Metalinguistics" title="Metalinguistics">metalinguistic</a> function or metacritical implications, particularly those where figural language has a dependency on classical philosophical oppositions (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a>/accident, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synchronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:synchronic">synchronic</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diachronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:diachronic">diachronic</a>, appearance/reality) which are so central to Western <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>. Many of the essays in this volume attempt to undercut figural totalization, the notion that one can control or dominate a discourse or phenomenon through <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>. In de Man's discussion of Nietzsche's <i>The Birth of Tragedy</i>, for instance, he claims that "genetic" conceptions of history appearing in the text are undercut by the <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorical</a> strategies Nietzsche employs: "the deconstruction does not occur between statements, as in a logical refutation or a dialectic, but happens instead between, on the one hand, metalinguistic statements about the rhetorical nature of language and, on the other hand, a rhetorical <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a> that puts these statements into question."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Man197998_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Man197998-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For de Man, an "allegory of reading" emerges when texts are subjected to such scrutiny and reveal this tension; a reading wherein the text reveals its own assumptions about language, and in so doing dictates a statement about <a href="/wiki/Undecidable_problem" title="Undecidable problem">undecidability</a>, the difficulties inherent in totalization, their own readability, or the "limitations of textual authority."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Man197999_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Man197999-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Man is also known for his readings of English and <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> and post-Romantic poetry and philosophy (<i>The Rhetoric of Romanticism</i>), and concise and deeply ironic essays. Specifically noteworthy is his critical dismantling of the Romantic ideology and the linguistic assumptions which underlie it. His arguments are outlined below. First, de Man seeks to deconstruct the privileged claims in Romanticism of <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> over <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> over <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a>. In his reading, because of the implication of <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-identity</a> and wholeness which is inherent in the Romantics' conception of metaphor, when this self-identity decomposes, so also does the means of overcoming the dualism between <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a> and <a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">object</a>, which Romantic metaphor sought to transcend. In de Man's reading, to compensate for this inability, Romanticism constantly relies on allegory to attain the wholeness established by the totality of the symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, in his essay "<a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_to_Theory" title="The Resistance to Theory">The Resistance to Theory</a>", which explores the task and philosophical bases of <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a>, de Man uses the example of the classical <i><a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">trivium</a></i> of grammar, rhetoric, and logic to argue that the use of linguistic sciences in literary theory and criticism (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">structuralist</a> approach) was able to harmonize the logical and grammatical dimension of literature, but only at the expense of effacing the rhetorical elements of texts which presented the greatest interpretive demands. He posits that the resistance to theory is the resistance to reading, thus the resistance to theory is theory itself. Or the resistance to theory is what constitutes the possibility and existence of theory. Taking up the example of the title of Keats's poem <i>The Fall of Hyperion</i>, de Man draws out an irreducible interpretive undecidability which bears strong affinities to the same term in Derrida's work and some similarity to the notion of incommensurability as developed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Postmodern_Condition" title="The Postmodern Condition">The Postmodern Condition</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Differend" title="The Differend">The Differend</a></i>. De Man argues that the recurring motive of theoretical readings is to subsume these decisions under theoretical, futile generalizations, which are displaced in turn by harsh <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemics</a> about theory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Man's influence on literary criticism was considerable, in part through his numerous and vocal disciples. Although much of his work brought to bear insights on literature drawn from German philosophers such as Kant and Heidegger, de Man also closely followed developments in contemporary <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> literature, criticism, and theory. </p><p>Much of de Man's work was collected or published posthumously, for instance in his book <i>Resistance to Theory</i> which he complete shortly before his death, and a collection of essays, edited by his former Yale colleague Andrzej Warminski, was published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a> in 1996 under the title <i>Aesthetic Ideology</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wartime_journalism_and_posthumous_controversies">Wartime journalism and posthumous controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wartime journalism and posthumous controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Over-quotation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">too many or overly lengthy quotations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit">summarize the quotations</a>. Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paul_de_Man" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Paul de Man">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paul_de_Man" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Paul de Man">Wikisource</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In August 1987, Ortwin de Graef, a Belgian graduate student at the <a href="/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven">University of Leuven</a>, discovered some two hundred articles, including <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-semitic</a> pieces, which de Man had written during World War II for <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a></i>, a Nazi-controlled newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, a conference on Paul de Man took place at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Antwerp" title="University of Antwerp">University of Antwerp</a>. "On the last day, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Stengers" title="Jean Stengers">Jean Stengers</a>, a historian at the Free University of Brussels, addressed a topic pointedly titled: "Paul de Man, a Collaborator?"<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then Georges Goriely, professor emeritus of sociology at the Free University of Brussels, rose to deliver what he called "A Personal Testimony": </p> <blockquote><p>M. Goriely began by extolling de Man, whom he had known intimately in his youth, as "a charming, humorous, modest, highly cultured" <i>homme de lettres</i> renowned in Belgian literary circles during their youth. Then the professor dropped his bombshell. De Man, he asserted, wasn't all that he appeared to be. He was "completely, almost pathologically, dishonest," a crook who had bankrupted his family. "Swindling, forging, lying were, at least at the time, second nature to him."<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The European press was in an uproar: "There were stories in La <i>Quinzaine Litteraire</i>, the <i>Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</i>, The <i>(Manchester) Guardian</i>. <i>Newsweek</i> juxtaposed a photograph of de Man with another of Nazis on the march. <i>Le Soir</i> described him as 'an academic <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Waldheim#Election_and_Waldheim_Affair" title="Kurt Waldheim">Waldheim</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Man's disciples tried to portray the attacks on de Man as a cover for his critics' dislike of deconstruction, alleging that the attacks were a ruse that used de Man's youthful errors as evidence of what they considered the decadence at the heart of the Continental thought behind de Man and his theories. The controversies quickly spread from the pages of scholarly journals<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerrida1988597–598_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerrida1988597–598-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the broader media. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i> and the front page of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> exposed the sensational details of de Man's personal life, particularly the circumstances of his marriage and his difficult relationships with his children.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the most controversial and explicitly anti-semitic essay from this wartime journalism, titled "Jews in Contemporary Literature" (1941), de Man described how "[v]ulgar anti-semitism willingly takes pleasure in considering post-war cultural phenomenon (after the war of 14–18) as degenerate and decadent because they are [enjewished]."<sup id="cite_ref-deMan127-129_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deMan127-129-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that </p> <blockquote><p>Literature does not escape this lapidary judgement: it is sufficient to discover a few Jewish writers under Latinized pseudonyms for all contemporary production to be considered polluted and evil. This conception entails rather dangerous consequences ... it would be a rather unflattering appreciation of western writers to reduce them to being mere imitators of a Jewish culture which is foreign to them.<sup id="cite_ref-deMan127-129_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deMan127-129-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The article claimed that contemporary literature had not broken from tradition as a result of the First World War and that </p> <blockquote><p>the Jews cannot claim to have been its creators, nor even to have exercised a preponderant influence over its development. On any closer examination, this influence appears to have extraordinarily little importance since one might have expected that, given the specific characteristics of the Jewish Spirit, the later would have played a more brilliant role in this artistic production.<sup id="cite_ref-deMan127-129_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deMan127-129-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The article concluded that "our civilization...[b]y keeping, in spite of Semitic interference in all aspects of European life, an intact originality and character...has shown that its basic character is healthy." It concluded that "the creation of a Jewish colony isolated from Europe" as "a solution to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Question">Jewish problem</a>" would not entail any "deplorable consequences" for "the literary life of the west."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the only known article in which de Man pronounced such views so openly, though two or three other articles also accept without demurral the disenfranchisement and ostracization of Jews, as some contributors to <i>Responses</i> have noted. </p><p>De Man's colleagues, students, and contemporaries tried to respond to his early writings and his subsequent silence about them in the volume <i>Responses: On Paul de Man's Wartime Journalism</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (edited by Werner Hamacher, Neil Hertz, and Thomas Keenan; Nebraska, 1989). His longtime friend, Jacques Derrida, who was Jewish, published a long piece responding to de Man's critics, declaring: </p> <blockquote><p>To judge, to condemn the work or the man on the basis of what was a brief episode, to call for closing, that is to say, at least figuratively, for censuring or burning his books is to reproduce the exterminating gesture which one accuses de Man of not having armed himself against sooner with the necessary vigilance. It is not even to draw a lesson that he, de Man, learned to draw from the war.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some readers objected to what they considered as Derrida's effort to relate criticism of de Man to the greater tragedy of extermination of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a> lengthily defended de Man in <i><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism,_or,_the_Cultural_Logic_of_Late_Capitalism" title="Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism">Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism</a></i> (1991), observing about de Man's critics that "it does not seem to me that North American intellectuals have generally had the kind of experience of history that would qualify them to judge the actions and choices of people under <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">military occupation</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Jameson_257_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jameson_257-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jameson, the efforts to implicate de Man in the Holocaust hinged on a fundamental misunderstanding of Nazi anti-Semitism: </p> <blockquote><p>The exclusive emphasis on anti-Semitism ignores and politically neutralizes its other constitutive feature in the Nazi period: namely, <a href="/wiki/Anticommunism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunism">anticommunism</a>. [The] very possibility of the Judeocide was absolutely at one with and inseparable from the anticommunist and radical right-wing mission of National Socialism.... But put this way, it seems at once clear that DeMan was neither an anticommunist nor a right-winger: had he taken such positions in his student days..., they would have been public knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Jameson_257_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jameson_257-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Turning to the content and ideology of de Man's wartime journalism, Jameson contended that it was "devoid of any personal originality or distinctiveness", simply rehearsing <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a> commonplaces found in a broad range of European political movements. From this, Jameson concluded that none of the wartime articles "had any relevance to Paul De Man, for whom the thing dramatically called 'collaboration' was simply a job, in a Europe henceforth and for the foreseeable future <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">united and German</a>, and who as long as I knew him personally was simply a good <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Jameson_257_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jameson_257-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 1980s, some of de Man's followers, many of them Jewish, have pointed out that de Man at no time in his life displayed personal animus against Jews. Shoshana Felman, recounted that </p> <blockquote><p>about a year after the journalistic publication of his compromising statement, he and his wife sheltered for several days in their apartment the Jewish pianist Esther Sluszny and her husband, who were then illegal citizens in hiding from the Nazis. During this same period, de Man was meeting regularly with Georges Goriely, a member of the Belgian Resistance. According to Goriely's own testimony, he never for one minute feared denunciation of his underground activities by Paul de Man.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Jameson proposed that de Man's apparent anti-Semitism was suffused with <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> and, properly interpreted, served as a <a href="/wiki/Philo-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo-Semitism">philosemitic</a> parody and rebuke of conventional anti-Semitic tropes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But, his disciples and defenders have failed to agree about the nature of de Man's silence about his wartime activities. His critics, on the other hand, point out that throughout his life de Man was not only passively silent, but also engaged in an active coverup through lies and misdirections about his past. </p><p>The question of de Man's personal history has continued to fascinate scholars, as evidenced by Evelyn Barish's 2014 biography <i>The Double Life of Paul de Man</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an advance review published in <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a></i>, Christine Smallwood concludes that de Man, as portrayed by Barish, was "a slippery Mr. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ripley" title="Tom Ripley">Ripley</a>, a confidence man, and a hustler who embezzled, lied, forged, and arreared his way to intellectual acclaim."<sup id="cite_ref-Smallwood2014_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smallwood2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to these claims, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooks_(writer)" title="Peter Brooks (writer)">Peter Brooks</a>, who succeeded to de Man's post as Sterling Professor at Yale, stated that some of Barish's accusations were overblown, identifying several errors in her footnotes: "One could do a review of Barish's footnotes that would cast many doubts on her scholarship".<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks2014_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, he cites the footnote Barish provides to support her claim that in 1942 de Man planned to launch a Nazi literary magazine: "I shared this information, and it has since been previously published in Belgian sources not now available to me", noting that this sort of thing "does not pass any sort of muster." Harvard professor <a href="/wiki/Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand">Louis Menand</a>, on the other hand, in his review in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, finds Barish's biography important and credible, notwithstanding the presence of occasional errors and exaggerations. Menand writes "[h]er book is a brief for the prosecution. But it is not a hatchet job, and she has an amazing tale to tell. In her account, all guns are smoking. There are enough to stock a miniseries."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism</i>. 1971.</li> <li><i>Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02845-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02845-8">0-300-02845-8</a>), 1979.</li> <li><i>Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism</i>. 2nd ed. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1135-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1135-1">0-8166-1135-1</a>), 1983.</li> <li><i>The Rhetoric of Romanticism</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05527-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05527-7">0-231-05527-7</a>), 1984.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_to_Theory" title="The Resistance to Theory">The Resistance to Theory</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1294-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1294-3">0-8166-1294-3</a>), 1986.</li> <li><i>Wartime Journalism, 1934–1943</i> Werner Hamacher, Neil Hertz, Thomas Keenan, editors (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1684-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1684-X">0-8032-1684-X</a>), 1988.</li> <li><i>Critical Writings: 1953–1978</i> Lindsay Waters, editor (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1695-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1695-7">0-8166-1695-7</a>), 1989.</li> <li><i>Romanticism and Contemporary Criticism: The Gauss Seminar and Other Papers</i> E. S. Burt, Kevin Newmark, and Andrzej Warminski, editors (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1695-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1695-7">0-8166-1695-7</a>), 1993.</li> <li><i>Aesthetic Ideology</i> Andrzej Warminski, editor (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2204-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2204-3">0-8166-2204-3</a>), 1996</li> <li><i>The Post-Romantic Predicament</i>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_McQuillan" title="Martin McQuillan">Martin McQuillan</a>, editor (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74864-105-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74864-105-5">978-0-74864-105-5</a>), 2012 [de Man's dissertation, collected with other writings from his Harvard University years, 1956–1961].</li> <li><i>The Paul de Man Notebooks</i>, Martin McQuillan, editor (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74864-104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74864-104-8">978-0-74864-104-8</a>), 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deconstructionists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of deconstructionists">List of deconstructionists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jameson renders the basic message of de Man's wartime writings as follows: "you garden-variety anti-Semites ... in fact do your own cause a disservice. You have not understood that if 'Jewish literature' is as dangerous and virulent as you claim it is, it follows that Aryan literature does not amount to much ... You would therefore under these circumstances be better advised to stop talking about the Jews altogether and to cultivate your own garden."<sup id="cite_ref-Jameson_257_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jameson_257-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish20143-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish20143_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.atavist.com/stranger-than-fiction-epoch-times-falun-gong-trump-election-2020/">Stranger Than Fiction</a> The Atavist Magazine. 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Man1982" class="citation book cs1">de Man, Paul (1982). <i>The Resistance to Theory</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 3–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resistance+to+Theory&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=3-20&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=de+Man&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpikes2003" class="citation book cs1">Spikes, Michael Paul (2003). <i>Understanding Contemporary American Literary Theory, Revised Edition</i>. University of South Carolina Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-498-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-498-2"><bdi>1-57003-498-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Contemporary+American+Literary+Theory%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57003-498-2&rft.aulast=Spikes&rft.aufirst=Michael+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014xv,_xx-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014xv,_xx_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, pp. xv, xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014needed-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014needed_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, p. needed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas1988-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas1988_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Atlas1988" class="citation news cs1">James Atlas (August 28, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/28/magazine/the-case-of-paul-de-man.html?pagewanted=all">"The Case of Paul de Man"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Case+of+Paul+de+Man&rft.date=1988-08-28&rft.au=James+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F08%2F28%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-case-of-paul-de-man.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish20144-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish20144_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuillian2001" class="citation book cs1">McQuillian, Martin (2001). <i>Paul de Man</i>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-60911-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-60911-6"><bdi>978-1-134-60911-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+de+Man&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-134-60911-6&rft.aulast=McQuillian&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish201445-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish201445_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1997" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Wendy (1997). <i>The Scandal of Pleasure: Art in an Age of Fundamentalism</i>. University Of Chicago Press. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scandal+of+Pleasure%3A+Art+in+an+Age+of+Fundamentalism&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish201499–103-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish201499–103_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, pp. 99–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuttleton1991" class="citation web cs1">Tuttleton, James (April 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/Quisling-criticism--the-case-of-Paul-de-Man-5464">"Quisling criticism: the case of Paul de Man: a review of David Lehman, 'Signs of the Times: Deconstruction & the Fall of Paul de Man'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>New Criterion</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Criterion&rft.atitle=Quisling+criticism%3A+the+case+of+Paul+de+Man%3A+a+review+of+David+Lehman%2C+%27Signs+of+the+Times%3A+Deconstruction+%26+the+Fall+of+Paul+de+Man%27&rft.date=1991-04&rft.aulast=Tuttleton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcriterion.com%2Farticles.cfm%2FQuisling-criticism--the-case-of-Paul-de-Man-5464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gérard-LiboisJosé_Gotovitch1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jules_G%C3%A9rard-Libois" title="Jules Gérard-Libois">J. Gérard-Libois</a>; José Gotovitch (1980). <i>L'An 40. La Belgique occupée</i> [<i>The year 40. Occupied Belgium</i>] (in French). Bruxelles: Centre de recherche et d’information socio-politiques (CRISP).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27An+40.+La+Belgique+occup%C3%A9e&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pub=Centre+de+recherche+et+d%E2%80%99information+socio-politiques+%28CRISP%29&rft.date=1980&rft.au=J.+G%C3%A9rard-Libois&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Gotovitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, e.g., his contacts with G. Goriély, p. 142 and E. Sluszny, pp. 153, 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014194-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014194_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Rudnytsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Peter Rudnytsky (1994). "Rousseau's Confessions, De Man's Excuses". In Mary Donaldson-Evans; Lucienne Frappier-Mazur; Gerald Prince (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wfwHC3G0LOIC"><i>Autobiography, Historiography, Rhetoric: A Festschrift in Honor of Frank Paul Bowman</i></a>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 215–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-05183-576-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-05183-576-2"><bdi>978-9-05183-576-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rousseau%27s+Confessions%2C+De+Man%27s+Excuses&rft.btitle=Autobiography%2C+Historiography%2C+Rhetoric%3A+A+Festschrift+in+Honor+of+Frank+Paul+Bowman&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=215-243&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9-05183-576-2&rft.au=Peter+Rudnytsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfwHC3G0LOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKermode1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kermode, Frank (March 16, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v11/n06/frank-kermode/paul-de-mans-abyss">"Paul de Man's Abyss"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. <b>11</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Paul+de+Man%27s+Abyss&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1989-03-16&rft.aulast=Kermode&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv11%2Fn06%2Ffrank-kermode%2Fpaul-de-mans-abyss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014192-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014192_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lehman-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lehman_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lehman_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehman1992" class="citation web cs1">Lehman, David (May 24, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/24/books/paul-de-man-the-plot-thickens.html?pagewanted=all">"Paul de Man: The Plot Thickens"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Paul+de+Man%3A+The+Plot+Thickens&rft.date=1992-05-24&rft.aulast=Lehman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F05%2F24%2Fbooks%2Fpaul-de-man-the-plot-thickens.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/The-Many-Betrayals-of-Paul-de/142505/">"The Many Betrayals of Paul de Man"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>. 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Many+Betrayals+of+Paul+de+Man&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-Many-Betrayals-of-Paul-de%2F142505%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay_Waters1989" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay Waters (1989). "Paul de Man: Life and Works". <i>Critical Writings: 1953–1978</i>. By Paul de Man. Lindsay Waters (ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. lxiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+de+Man%3A+Life+and+Works&rft.btitle=Critical+Writings%3A+1953%E2%80%931978&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=lxiv&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Lindsay+Waters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Derrida2002" class="citation book cs1">Jacques Derrida (2002). "Le Parjure: <i>Perhaps</i>, Storytelling and Lying". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withoutalibimeri00derr"><i>Without Alibi</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withoutalibimeri00derr/page/n195">161</a>–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+Parjure%3A+Perhaps%2C+Storytelling+and+Lying&rft.btitle=Without+Alibi&rft.pages=161-201&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Jacques+Derrida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithoutalibimeri00derr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smallwood2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smallwood2014_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smallwood2014_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Smallwood2014" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Christine Smallwood (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harpers.org/archive/2014/03/new-books-56/">"New Books"</a>. <i>Harper's Magazine</i>. Vol. March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=New+Books&rft.volume=March+2014&rft.date=2014-03&rft.au=Christine+Smallwood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharpers.org%2Farchive%2F2014%2F03%2Fnew-books-56%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014326–327-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014326–327_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, pp. 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks2014-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks2014_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks2014_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks2014_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks2014_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Brooks2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Peter Brooks (April 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/apr/03/strange-case-paul-de-man/?insrc=hpss">"The Strange Case of Paul de Man"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Case+of+Paul+de+Man&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft.au=Peter+Brooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2014%2Fapr%2F03%2Fstrange-case-paul-de-man%2F%3Finsrc%3Dhpss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014347–360-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014347–360_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, pp. 347–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014345-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014345_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014423–425-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014423–425_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>, pp. 423–425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Man" class="citation book cs1">de Man, Paul. "Criticism and Crisis". <i>Blindness and Insight</i>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Criticism+and+Crisis&rft.btitle=Blindness+and+Insight&rft.pages=18&rft.aulast=de+Man&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The phrase "nothingness of human matters" – <i>le néant des choses humaines</i> – is from a well-known passage about the imagination from <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Julie,_or_the_New_Heloise" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie, or the New Heloise"><i>Julie ou La Nouvelle Héloïse</i></a> (VI: VIII), which asserts that human happiness lies only in desire and not fulfillment: "The world of illusions is the only one worth inhabiting. Such is the vanity of human matters, outside the realm of the Self-Created Being, that nothing here is beautiful but what is not.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Man, Paul, "Shelley Disfigured", in Bloom, Harold, et al. <i>Deconstruction and Criticism</i> (New York, Continuum: 1979), p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Man" class="citation book cs1">de Man, Paul. <i>Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blindness+and+Insight%3A+Essays+in+the+Rhetoric+of+Contemporary+Criticism&rft.aulast=de+Man&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Man" class="citation book cs1">de Man, Paul. "The Rhetoric of Blindness". <i>Blindness and Insight</i>. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Blindness&rft.btitle=Blindness+and+Insight&rft.pages=103&rft.aulast=de+Man&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Man" class="citation book cs1">de Man, Paul. "The Rhetoric of Blindness". <i>Blindness and Insight</i>. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Blindness&rft.btitle=Blindness+and+Insight&rft.pages=104&rft.aulast=de+Man&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Man1979-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Man1979_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Man1979">de Man 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Man197998-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Man197998_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Man1979">de Man 1979</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Man197999-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Man197999_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Man1979">de Man 1979</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Man" class="citation book cs1">de Man, Paul. "The Rhetoric of Temporality". <i>Blindness and Insight</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Temporality&rft.btitle=Blindness+and+Insight&rft.aulast=de+Man&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/6e28faec945e8a779256e5b2c64a1120">"Dead Yale Scholar Wrote For Nazi Paper"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. December 2, 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Dead+Yale+Scholar+Wrote+For+Nazi+Paper&rft.date=1987-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F6e28faec945e8a779256e5b2c64a1120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For facsimiles of the articles, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_de_Man1988" class="citation book cs1">Paul de Man (1988). Werner Hamacher; Neil Hertz; Thomas Keenan (eds.). <i>Wartime Journalism 1939–1943</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wartime+Journalism+1939%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Paul+de+Man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenand2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Menand, Louis (2014-03-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/24/the-de-man-case">"The De Man Case"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+De+Man+Case&rft.date=2014-03-17&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Menand&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F03%2F24%2Fthe-de-man-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerrida1988597–598-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerrida1988597–598_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDerrida1988">Derrida 1988</a>, pp. 597–598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Yale Scholar Wrote for Pro-Nazi Newspaper". <i>The New York Times</i>. December 1, 1987. pp. B1, B6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yale+Scholar+Wrote+for+Pro-Nazi+Newspaper&rft.pages=B1%2C+B6&rft.date=1987-12-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deMan127-129-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deMan127-129_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deMan127-129_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deMan127-129_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul de Man. "The Jews in Contemporary Literature." Originally published in <i>Le Soir</i> (March 4, 1941), Martin McQuillan, translator, in Martin McQuillan, <i>Paul de Man. USA</i> (Routledge. 2001), pp. 127–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_de_Man1941" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paul de Man (March 4, 1941). "Les Juifs dans la littérature actuelle". <i>Le Soir</i> (in French). p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Soir&rft.atitle=Les+Juifs+dans+la+litt%C3%A9rature+actuelle&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1941-03-04&rft.au=Paul+de+Man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamacherHertzKeenan1989" class="citation book cs1">Hamacher, Werner; Hertz, Neil; Keenan, Thomas (January 1989). <i>Responses: On Paul de Man's Wartime Journalism: Werner Hamacher, Neil H. Hertz, Thomas Keenan: 9780803272439: Amazon.com: Books</i>. U of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080327243X" title="Special:BookSources/080327243X"><bdi>080327243X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Responses%3A+On+Paul+de+Man%27s+Wartime+Journalism%3A+Werner+Hamacher%2C+Neil+H.+Hertz%2C+Thomas+Keenan%3A+9780803272439%3A+Amazon.com%3A+Books&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1989-01&rft.isbn=080327243X&rft.aulast=Hamacher&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Hertz%2C+Neil&rft.au=Keenan%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDerrida1988">Derrida 1988</a>, p. 651; see also the "Critical Responses" in <i>Critical Inquiry</i> 15 (Summer 1989, 765–811) and Derrida's reply, "Biodegradables: Seven Diary Fragments", 812–873.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Wiener1989" class="citation journal cs1">Jon Wiener (Summer 1989). "The Responsibilities of Friendship: Jacques Derrida on Paul de Man's Collaboration". <i>Critical Inquiry</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 797–803. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F448520">10.1086/448520</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145367297">145367297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=The+Responsibilities+of+Friendship%3A+Jacques+Derrida+on+Paul+de+Man%27s+Collaboration&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=797-803&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F448520&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145367297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Jon+Wiener&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jameson_257-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jameson_257_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jameson_257_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jameson_257_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jameson_257_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fredric Jameson, 1991, <i>Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 256–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoshana Felman, "Paul de Man's Silence", <i>Critical Inquiry</i> 15: 4 (Summer, 1989): 704–744</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarish2014-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarish2014_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarish2014">Barish 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Menand2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Louis Menand (March 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2014/03/24/140324crat_atlarge_menand?currentPage=all">"The de Man Case: Does a Critic's Past Explain His Criticism?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+de+Man+Case%3A+Does+a+Critic%27s+Past+Explain+His+Criticism%3F&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft.au=Louis+Menand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farts%2Fcritics%2Fatlarge%2F2014%2F03%2F24%2F140324crat_atlarge_menand%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarish2014" class="citation book cs1">Barish, Evelyn (2014). <i>The Double Life of Paul de Man</i>. New York: W. W. Norton/<a href="/wiki/Liveright_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveright & Company">Liveright</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-326-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-326-1"><bdi>978-0-87140-326-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Double+Life+of+Paul+de+Man&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton%2FLiveright&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-326-1&rft.aulast=Barish&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Man1979" class="citation book cs1">de Man, Paul (1979). <i>Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02845-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02845-8"><bdi>0-300-02845-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allegories+of+Reading%3A+Figural+Language+in+Rousseau%2C+Nietzsche%2C+Rilke%2C+and+Proust&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-300-02845-8&rft.aulast=de+Man&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrida1988" class="citation journal cs1">Derrida, Jacques (Spring 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.clas.ufl.edu/burt/deconstructionandnewmediatheory/PauldeManWar.pdf">"Like the Sound of the Sea Deep within a Shell: Paul de Man's War"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Critical Inquiry</i>. <b>14</b> (3). Translated by Kamuf, Peggy: 590–652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F448458">10.1086/448458</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343706">1343706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161117345">161117345</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Like+the+Sound+of+the+Sea+Deep+within+a+Shell%3A+Paul+de+Man%27s+War&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=590-652&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161117345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1343706%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F448458&rft.aulast=Derrida&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.clas.ufl.edu%2Fburt%2Fdeconstructionandnewmediatheory%2FPauldeManWar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>In inverse chronological order</dt></dl> <ul><li>Christine Smallwood, 2014, "New Books (The Double Life of Paul de Man)", <i>Harpers Magazine</i>, March 2014, pp. 77–78.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Colebrook" title="Claire Colebrook">Claire Colebrook</a>, Paul de Man, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cohen_(Cultural_Theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Cohen (Cultural Theorist)">Tom Cohen</a> & <a href="/wiki/J._Hillis_Miller" title="J. Hillis Miller">J. Hillis Miller</a>, 2012, <i>Theory and the Disappearing Future: On de Man, On Benjamin</i>. New York, N.Y.: Routledge. [Includes de Man's notes for "Conclusions: on The Task of the Translator"]</li> <li>Ian MacKenzie, 2002,<i>Paradigms of Reading: Relevance Theory and Deconstruction</i>. New York, N.Y.;Macmillan/Palgrave.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Cohen_(cultural_theorist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Cohen (cultural theorist) (page does not exist)">Tom Cohen</a>, Barbara Cohen, J. Hillis Miller & Andrzej Warminski, Eds., 2000, <i>Material Events: Paul de Man and the Afterlife of Theory</i>. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press. [Essays on <i>Aesthetic Ideology</i>]</li> <li>Rodolphe Gasché, 1998, <i>The Wild Card of Reading</i>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Cathy Caruth & Deborah Esch, Eds., 1995, <i>Critical Encounters: Reference and Responsibility in Deconstructive Writing</i>, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.</li> <li>Cynthia Chase, 1986, <i>Decomposing Figures: Rhetorical Reading in the Romantic Tradition</i>. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.</li> <li>James J. Sosnoski, 1995, <i>Modern Skeletons in Postmodern Closets: A Cultural Studies Alternative (Knowledge : Disciplinarity and Beyond)</i>. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.</li> <li>Ortwin De Graef, 1995, <i>Titanic Light: Paul de Man's Post-Romanticism</i>. Lincoln, NE.: University of Nebraska Press.</li> <li>Ortwin De Graef, 1993, <i>Serenity in Crisis: A Preface to Paul de Man, 1939–1960</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a>, 1991, <i>Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 217–59.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury1991" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury" title="Malcolm Bradbury">Bradbury, Malcolm</a> (February 24, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/01/specials/bradbury-deman.html">"The Scholar Who Misread History"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Scholar+Who+Misread+History&rft.date=1991-02-24&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F01%2F04%2F01%2Fspecials%2Fbradbury-deman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+de+Man" class="Z3988"></span> [Review of D. Lehman's <i>Signs of the times: Deconstruction and the Fall of Paul De Man</i>]</li> <li>David Lehman, 1991, <i>Signs of the Times: Deconstruction and the Fall of Paul de Man.</i> New York: Simon & Schuster/Poseidon Press.</li> <li>Lindsay Waters & <a href="/wiki/Wlad_Godzich" title="Wlad Godzich">Wlad Godzich</a>, 1989, <i>Reading de Man Reading</i>. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, 1989, <i>Memoires for Paul de Man</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</li> <li>Neil Hertz, Werner Hamacher & Thomas Keenan, Eds., 1988, <i>Responses to Paul de Man's Wartime Journalism</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.</li> <li>Christopher Norris, 1988, <i>Paul de Man: Deconstruction and the Critique of Aesthetic Ideology</i>, London: Routledge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paul_de_Man" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Paul de Man">Paul de Man</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Archival collections</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6p30071t">Guide to the Paul de Man Papers.</a> Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt6d5nf4nq">Guide to the Neil Hertz Papers on Paul de Man.</a> Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucispace.lib.uci.edu/handle/10575/1090">UCIspace at the Libraries digital collection: Paul de Man manuscripts, circa 1973–1983</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/paul_de_man.html">Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyxdqrxct9QmTt8wKxkXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118887203">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060229">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120056903">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120056903">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00465418">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="De Man, Paul"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV058348">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35034260">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20020716471&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX869690">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/179402">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068603754">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90053127">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000142826&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000027985&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=64707">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199606641">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mppl5t0tc5bpx">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810537783105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/281431">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260345205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000104095">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511793906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14782704">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00606751?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/806761">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118887203.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118887203">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028167988">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69x2nrd">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&oldid=1257966017">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_de_Man&oldid=1257966017</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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