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1.1.4 Students </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports_and_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Sports and debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faculty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Faculty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faculty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Class </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alumni_in_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni_in_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Alumni in politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumni_in_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Administration and organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_and_organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration and organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staff_and_labor_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staff_and_labor_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Staff and labor unions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staff_and_labor_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Campus </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campus subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_nonresidential_campus_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_nonresidential_campus_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Notable nonresidential campus buildings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_nonresidential_campus_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sustainability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_New_Haven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_New_Haven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Relationship with New Haven </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_New_Haven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Town–gown_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town–gown_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Town–gown relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town–gown_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Campus safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campus_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Academics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Admissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faculty,_research,_and_intellectual_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculty,_research,_and_intellectual_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Faculty, research, and intellectual traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faculty,_research,_and_intellectual_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Campus life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campus life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campus_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residential_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Residential colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calhoun_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calhoun_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Calhoun College </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calhoun_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Student organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secret_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Secret societies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Athletics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Song </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mascot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mascot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Mascot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mascot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benefactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefactors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Benefactors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Notable alumni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In fiction and popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Yale University</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" > 98 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale-universiteit" title="Yale-universiteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yale-universiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Eormengyld" title="Yale Eormengyld – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Yale Eormengyld" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84" title="جامعة ييل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة ييل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_Yale" title="Universidá de Yale – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá de Yale" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yel_Universiteti" title="Yel Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yel Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ییل بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ییل بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ%C3%A9rsitas_Yale" title="Univérsitas Yale – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Univérsitas Yale" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="ইয়েল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়েল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_T%C4%81i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Yale Tāi-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yale Tāi-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Ельскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ельскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Ельскі ўнівэрсытэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ельскі ўнівэрсытэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Йейлски университет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йейлски университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Yale" title="Univerzitet Yale – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Univerzitet Yale" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_Yale" title="Universitat Yale – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat Yale" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%C4%95" title="Йель университечĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йель университечĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaleova_univerzita" title="Yaleova univerzita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Yaleova univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Yale" title="Prifysgol Yale – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol Yale" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yale University" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yale University" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale%27i_%C3%9Clikool" title="Yale'i Ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Yale'i Ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%93%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BB" title="Πανεπιστήμιο Γέιλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο Γέιλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Yale" title="Universidad Yale – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad Yale" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_Yale" title="Universitato Yale – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato Yale" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Unibertsitatea" title="Yale Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yale Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84" title="دانشگاه ییل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه ییل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Yale" title="Université Yale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université Yale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_fan_Yale" title="Universiteit fan Yale – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Universiteit fan Yale" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollscoil_Yale" title="Ollscoil Yale – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ollscoil Yale" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Yale" title="Oilthigh Yale – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh Yale" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Yale" title="Universidade Yale – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade Yale" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Thai-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Yale Thai-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yale Thai-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%9D%BC_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="예일 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예일 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Եյլի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եյլի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="येल विश्वविद्यालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="येल विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_Yale" title="Sveučilište Yale – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveučilište Yale" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_Yale" title="Universitato Yale – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Universitato Yale" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Yale University" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Yale" title="Universitas Yale – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Yale" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Yale-háskóli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Yale-háskóli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Yale" title="Università Yale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università Yale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C" title="אוניברסיטת ייל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת ייל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_sukuli_k%C9%A9t%C9%9Bz%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Yale sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yale sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="იელის უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იელის უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Йель университеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йель университеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo_Kikuu_cha_Yale" title="Chuo Kikuu cha Yale – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuo Kikuu cha Yale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Йель Университети – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Йель Университети" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Yalensis" title="Universitas Yalensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Yalensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeila_Universit%C4%81te" title="Jeila Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jeila Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeilio_universitetas" title="Jeilio universitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jeilio universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Egyetem" title="Yale Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Yale Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="യേൽ സർവ്വകലാശാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യേൽ സർവ്വകലാശാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="იელიშ უნივერსიტეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იელიშ უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84" title="جامعة ييل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة ييل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Yale" title="Universiti Yale – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Yale" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Иелийн Их сургууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иелийн Их сургууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ယေးလ်တက္ကသိုလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယေးလ်တက္ကသိုလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale-universiteit" title="Yale-universiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yale-universiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="येल विश्वविद्यालय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="येल विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="イェール大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イェール大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yale University" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yale University" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Yale" title="Universitat de Yale – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Universitat de Yale" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_universiteti" title="Yale universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yale universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਯੇਲ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੇਲ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ییل یونیورسٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ییل یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat_Yale" title="Universidat Yale – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Universidat Yale" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9B" title="សាកលវិទ្យាល័យយ៉េល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាកលវិទ្យាល័យយ៉េល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Yale" title="Università Yale – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Università Yale" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Yale University" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Yale" title="Uniwersytet Yale – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet Yale" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Yale" title="Universidade Yale – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade Yale" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_Yale" title="Universitatea Yale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea Yale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Yachay_Suntur" title="Yale Yachay Suntur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yale Yachay Suntur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Йельский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йельский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Yale University" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yale University" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Yale University" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_Yale" title="Univerza Yale – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza Yale" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%B5" title="زانکۆی یەیڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆی یەیڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Jejl" title="Univerzitet Jejl – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Univerzitet Jejl" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Yale" title="Univerzitet Yale – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet Yale" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalen_yliopisto" title="Yalen yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yalen yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yale University" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasang_Yale" title="Pamantasang Yale – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamantasang Yale" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யேல் பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யேல் பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yel_universitet%C4%B1" title="Yel universitetı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Yel universitetı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5" title="มหาวิทยาลัยเยล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยเยล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Донишгоҳи Йел – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Йел" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Yale Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yale Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Єльський університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єльський університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ییل یونیورسٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ییل یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89" title="يالې ئۇنىۋېرسىتېتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يالې ئۇنىۋېرسىتېتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Yale" title="Đại học Yale – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Yale" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_Yale" title="Unibersidad Yale – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unibersidad Yale" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="耶鲁大学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耶鲁大学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%AD%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="耶魯大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耶魯大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers%C4%B1tey_Yale" title="Universıtey Yale – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Universıtey Yale" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yale_University&params=41_18_59_N_72_55_20_W_region:US_type:edu">41°18′59″N 72°55′20″W / 41.31639°N 72.92222°W / 41.31639; -72.92222</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Private university in New Haven, Connecticut, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yale" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yale_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yale (disambiguation)">Yale (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Yale University</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Yale_University_Shield_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yale_University_Shield_1.svg/150px-Yale_University_Shield_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yale_University_Shield_1.svg/225px-Yale_University_Shield_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yale_University_Shield_1.svg/300px-Yale_University_Shield_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="293" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Yale_University" title="Coat of arms of Yale University">Coat of arms</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Universitas Yalensis<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Collegiate School (1701–1718) <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a> (1718–1887)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Lux et veritas (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) <a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim" title="Urim and Thummim">אורים ותמים</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"Light and truth"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">October 9, 1701; 323 years ago (1701-10-09)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education" title="New England Commission of Higher Education">NECHE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">AAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Consortium_on_Financing_Higher_Education" title="Consortium on Financing Higher Education">COFHE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Research_Universities" title="International Alliance of Research Universities">IARU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities" title="National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities">NAICU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Associated_Universities" title="Oak Ridge Associated Universities">ORAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$41.4 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-Endowment-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurie_McInnis" title="Maurie McInnis">Maurie McInnis</a><a href="#cite_note-Yale24thPres-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Strobel" title="Scott Strobel">Scott Strobel</a><a href="#cite_note-provost-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,499 (fall 2023)<a href="#cite_note-facts-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">12,093 (fall 2023)<a href="#cite_note-enrollment-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,749 (fall 2023)<a href="#cite_note-enrollment-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,344 (fall 2023)<a href="#cite_note-enrollment-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yale_University&params=41_18_59_N_72_55_20_W_region:US_type:edu">41°18′59″N 72°55′20″W / 41.31639°N 72.92222°W / 41.31639; -72.92222</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Midsize city</a>, 1,015 acres (411 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_Daily_News" title="Yale Daily News">Yale Daily News</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale blue">Yale blue</a> & white<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Bulldogs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> <a href="/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Championship Subdivision">FCS</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey" title="ECAC Hockey">ECAC Hockey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association" title="New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association">NEISA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association" title="Intercollegiate Rowing Association">IRA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges">EARC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Women%27s_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges">EAWRC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Dan" title="Handsome Dan">Handsome Dan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yale.edu">yale.edu</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49112#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Yale_University_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yale_University_logo.svg/110px-Yale_University_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yale_University_logo.svg/165px-Yale_University_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yale_University_logo.svg/220px-Yale_University_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="216" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yale_seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Yale_seal.png/180px-Yale_seal.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Yale_seal.png/270px-Yale_seal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cb/Yale_seal.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Official seal used by the college and the university</figcaption></figure> Yale University is a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Colonial_Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Colonial Colleges">third-oldest institution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">higher education in the United States</a>, and one of the nine <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">colonial colleges</a> chartered before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Yale was established as the Collegiate School in 1701 by <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalist</a> clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut Colony</a>. Originally restricted to instructing ministers in theology and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">sacred languages</a>, the school's curriculum expanded, incorporating humanities and sciences by the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. In the 19th century, the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale's faculty and student populations grew rapidly after 1890 due to the expansion of the physical campus and its scientific research programs. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, including the original <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">undergraduate college</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> While the university is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Corporation" title="Yale Corporation">Yale Corporation</a>, each school's <a href="/wiki/Academic_personnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic personnel">faculty</a> oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_New_Haven" title="Downtown New Haven">downtown New Haven</a>, the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven, a campus in <a href="/wiki/West_Haven,_Connecticut" title="West Haven, Connecticut">West Haven</a>, and forests and nature preserves throughout <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_endowment" title="Yale University endowment">the university's endowment</a> was valued at $40.7 billion, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment" title="List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment">third largest of any educational institution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Endowment-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Library" title="Yale University Library">Yale University Library</a>, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-2013LibraryReport-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Student athletes compete in intercollegiate sports as the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Yale Bulldogs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">Division I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> conference. As of October 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit">[update]</a>, 68 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> laureates, 5 <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields medalists</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Abel_Prize" title="Abel Prize">Abel Prize</a> laureates, and 3 <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> winners have been affiliated with Yale University. In addition, Yale has graduated many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yale_University_people" title="List of Yale University people">notable alumni</a>, including 5 <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of presidents of the United States by education">U.S. presidents</a>, 10 <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>, 19 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court Justices</a>, 31 <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">living billionaires</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Elkins-2018-14">[14]</a> 54 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yale_University_people#College_founders_and_presidents" title="List of Yale University people">college founders and presidents</a>, many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yale_University_people#Presidents_and_vice_presidents,_royalty,_other_heads_of_state,_prime_ministers_and_ministers" title="List of Yale University people">heads of state</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yale_University_people#Cabinet_members,_chairpersons/administrators_and_advisers" title="List of Yale University people">cabinet</a> members and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yale_University_people#Governors,_other_state_officials_and_mayors" title="List of Yale University people">governors</a>. Hundreds of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yale_University_people#U.S._Senators" title="List of Yale University people">members of Congress</a> and many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yale_University_people#Diplomats" title="List of Yale University people">U.S. diplomats</a>, 96 <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellows</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> 263 <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholars">Rhodes Scholars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> 123 <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship" title="Marshall Scholarship">Marshall Scholars</a>, 81 <a href="/wiki/Gates_Cambridge_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gates Cambridge Scholars">Gates Cambridge Scholars</a>, 102 <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellows</a> and 9 <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Scholarship" title="Mitchell Scholarship">Mitchell Scholars</a> have been affiliated with the university. Yale's current faculty include 67 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-National_Academy_of_Sciences-17">[17]</a> 55 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-National_Academy_of_Medicine-18">[18]</a> 8 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NAE_Website-19">[19]</a> and 193 members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_of_Yale_College">Early history of Yale College</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history of Yale College">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins">Origins</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School", a would-be charter passed in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a> by the General Court of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Colony of Connecticut</a> on October 9, 1701. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership. Soon after, a group of ten <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregational</a> ministers, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Andrew" title="Samuel Andrew">Samuel Andrew</a>, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather (nephew of <a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a>), Rev. James Noyes II (son of <a href="/wiki/James_Noyes" title="James Noyes">James Noyes</a>), <a href="/wiki/James_Pierpont_(Yale_founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Pierpont (Yale founder)">James Pierpont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pierson" title="Abraham Pierson">Abraham Pierson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noadiah_Russell_(Yale_founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noadiah Russell (Yale founder)">Noadiah Russell</a>, Joseph Webb, and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Woodbridge" title="Timothy Woodbridge">Timothy Woodbridge</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> <a href="/wiki/Alumni" title="Alumni">alumni</a>, met in the study of Reverend <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Russell_(Yale_co-founder)" title="Samuel Russell (Yale co-founder)">Samuel Russell</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Branford,_Connecticut" title="Branford, Connecticut">Branford</a>, to donate books to form the school's library.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The group, led by <a href="/wiki/James_Pierpont_(Yale_founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Pierpont (Yale founder)">James Pierpont</a>, is now known as "The Founders".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Front_View_of_Yale_College_and_the_College_Chapel_New_Haven_printed_by_Daniel_Bowen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/A_Front_View_of_Yale_College_and_the_College_Chapel_New_Haven_printed_by_Daniel_Bowen.jpg/220px-A_Front_View_of_Yale_College_and_the_College_Chapel_New_Haven_printed_by_Daniel_Bowen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/A_Front_View_of_Yale_College_and_the_College_Chapel_New_Haven_printed_by_Daniel_Bowen.jpg/330px-A_Front_View_of_Yale_College_and_the_College_Chapel_New_Haven_printed_by_Daniel_Bowen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/A_Front_View_of_Yale_College_and_the_College_Chapel_New_Haven_printed_by_Daniel_Bowen.jpg/440px-A_Front_View_of_Yale_College_and_the_College_Chapel_New_Haven_printed_by_Daniel_Bowen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Front view of "Yale-College" and the chapel, printed by Daniel Bowen in 1786</figcaption></figure> Known from its origin as the "Collegiate School", the institution opened in the home of its first <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a>, Abraham Pierson, who is considered Yale's first president. Pierson lived in <a href="/wiki/Killingworth,_Connecticut" title="Killingworth, Connecticut">Killingworth</a>. The school moved to <a href="/wiki/Old_Saybrook,_Connecticut" title="Old Saybrook, Connecticut">Saybrook</a> in 1703, when the first treasurer of Yale, Nathaniel Lynde, donated land and a building. In 1716, it moved to New Haven. Meanwhile, there was a rift forming at Harvard between its sixth president, Increase Mather, and the rest of the Harvard clergy, whom Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Church polity</a>. The feud caused the Mathers to champion the Collegiate School in the hope it would maintain the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> religious orthodoxy in a way Harvard had not.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Rev. <a href="/wiki/Jason_Haven" title="Jason Haven">Jason Haven</a>, minister at the <a href="/wiki/First_Church_and_Parish_in_Dedham" title="First Church and Parish in Dedham">First Church and Parish in Dedham</a>, Massachusetts, had been considered for the presidency on account of his orthodox theology and "Neatness dignity and purity of Style [which] surpass those of all that have been mentioned", but was passed over due to his "very Valetudinary and infirm State of Health".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naming_and_development">Naming and development</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naming and development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yale_family_chrest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Yale_family_chrest.jpg/180px-Yale_family_chrest.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Yale_family_chrest.jpg/270px-Yale_family_chrest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Yale_family_chrest.jpg/360px-Yale_family_chrest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the family of <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Yale" title="Elihu Yale">Elihu Yale</a>, after whom the university was named in 1718</figcaption></figure> In 1718, at the behest of either Rector <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Andrew" title="Samuel Andrew">Samuel Andrew</a> or the colony's Governor <a href="/wiki/Gurdon_Saltonstall" title="Gurdon Saltonstall">Gurdon Saltonstall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> contacted the Boston-born businessman <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Yale" title="Elihu Yale">Elihu Yale</a> to ask for money to construct a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Dummer" title="Jeremiah Dummer">Jeremiah Dummer</a>, Yale, who had made a fortune in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a> while working for the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> as the first president of <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George" title="Fort St. George">Fort St. George</a>, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum of money. Cotton Mather suggested the school change its name to "Yale College".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The name Yale is the Anglicized spelling of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh (language)">Welsh</a> name <a href="/wiki/I%C3%A2l" class="mw-redirect" title="Iâl">Iâl</a>, which had been used for the family estate at Plas yn Iâl, near <a href="/wiki/Llandegla" title="Llandegla">Llandegla</a>, Wales. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced 180 prominent intellectuals to donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s works and developed his "<a href="/wiki/New_divinity" class="mw-redirect" title="New divinity">new divinity</a>". In 1722 the rector and six friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced they had given up <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, become <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminians</a>, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies as missionaries for the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> faith. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clapp" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Clapp">Thomas Clapp</a> became president in 1745, and while he attempted to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy, did not close the library. Other students found <a href="/wiki/Deist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deist">Deist</a> books in the library.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Curriculum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Connecticut_Hall_Old_Campus_Yale_College_New_Haven_Connecticut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/View_of_Connecticut_Hall_Old_Campus_Yale_College_New_Haven_Connecticut.jpg/220px-View_of_Connecticut_Hall_Old_Campus_Yale_College_New_Haven_Connecticut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/View_of_Connecticut_Hall_Old_Campus_Yale_College_New_Haven_Connecticut.jpg/330px-View_of_Connecticut_Hall_Old_Campus_Yale_College_New_Haven_Connecticut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/View_of_Connecticut_Hall_Old_Campus_Yale_College_New_Haven_Connecticut.jpg/440px-View_of_Connecticut_Hall_Old_Campus_Yale_College_New_Haven_Connecticut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Connecticut Hall, oldest building on the Yale campus, built between 1750 and 1753</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yale_College_diploma_Nathaniel_Chauncey_1702.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yale_College_diploma_Nathaniel_Chauncey_1702.jpg/220px-Yale_College_diploma_Nathaniel_Chauncey_1702.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yale_College_diploma_Nathaniel_Chauncey_1702.jpg/330px-Yale_College_diploma_Nathaniel_Chauncey_1702.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yale_College_diploma_Nathaniel_Chauncey_1702.jpg/440px-Yale_College_diploma_Nathaniel_Chauncey_1702.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>First diploma awarded by <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a>, granted to Nathaniel Chauncey in 1702</figcaption></figure> Yale College undergraduates follow a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">liberal arts</a> curriculum with departmental <a href="/wiki/Major_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major (academic)">majors</a> and is organized into a social system of <a href="/wiki/Residential_colleges_of_Yale_University" title="Residential colleges of Yale University">residential colleges</a>. Yale was swept up by the great intellectual movements of the period—the <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>—due to the religious and scientific interests of presidents <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clap" title="Thomas Clap">Thomas Clap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles" title="Ezra Stiles">Ezra Stiles</a>. They were instrumental in developing the scientific curriculum while dealing with wars, student tumults, graffiti, "irrelevance" of curricula, desperate need for endowment and disagreements with the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_General_Assembly" title="Connecticut General Assembly">Connecticut legislature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical language</a>, along with Greek and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and essential for study of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> in the original. Reverend Stiles, president from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in Hebrew as a vehicle for studying ancient <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical texts</a> in their original language, requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study it) and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase אורים ותמים (<a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim" title="Urim and Thummim">Urim and Thummim</a>) on the Yale seal. A 1746 graduate of Yale, Stiles came to the college with experience in education, having played an integral role in founding <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in 1779 when British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the college. However, Yale graduate <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fanning_(colonial_administrator)" title="Edmund Fanning (colonial administrator)">Edmund Fanning</a>, secretary to the British general in command of the occupation, intervened and the college was saved. In 1803, Fanning was granted an honorary degree <a href="/wiki/LL.D." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.D.">LL.D.</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Students">Students</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Students">edit</a>]</div> As the only college in Connecticut from 1701 to 1823, Yale educated the sons of the elite.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Punishable offenses included <a href="/wiki/Cardplaying" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardplaying">cardplaying</a>, tavern-going, destruction of college property, and acts of disobedience. Harvard was distinctive for the stability and maturity of its tutor corps, while Yale had youth and zeal.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The emphasis on classics gave rise to private student societies, open only by invitation, which arose as forums for discussions of scholarship, literature and politics. The first were debating societies: <a href="/wiki/Crotonia_(literary_society)" title="Crotonia (literary society)">Crotonia</a> in 1738, <a href="/wiki/Linonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Linonia">Linonia</a> in 1753 and <a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Unity" title="Brothers in Unity">Brothers in Unity</a> in 1768. Linonia and Brothers in Unity continue to exist; commemorations to them can be found with names given to campus structures, like Brothers in Unity Courtyard in Branford College. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_View_of_the_Buildings_of_Yale_College_at_New_Haven_1807.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/A_View_of_the_Buildings_of_Yale_College_at_New_Haven_1807.jpg/220px-A_View_of_the_Buildings_of_Yale_College_at_New_Haven_1807.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/A_View_of_the_Buildings_of_Yale_College_at_New_Haven_1807.jpg/330px-A_View_of_the_Buildings_of_Yale_College_at_New_Haven_1807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/A_View_of_the_Buildings_of_Yale_College_at_New_Haven_1807.jpg/440px-A_View_of_the_Buildings_of_Yale_College_at_New_Haven_1807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Old Brick Row in 1807</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Yale_Report_of_1828" title="Yale Report of 1828">Yale Report of 1828</a> was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, math and science. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Europe">higher education in Europe</a>, there was no <a href="/wiki/National_curriculum" title="National curriculum">national curriculum</a> for U.S. colleges and universities. In the competition for students and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for innovation. At the same time, they realized a significant portion of students and prospective students demanded a classical background. The report meant the classics would not be abandoned. During this period, institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual-track curriculum. In the decentralized environment of U.S. higher education, balancing change with tradition was a common challenge.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congregationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brought by <a href="/wiki/Victorian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian culture">Victorian culture</a>. They concentrated on developing a person possessed of religious values strong enough to sufficiently resist temptations from within, yet flexible enough to adjust to the '<a href="/wiki/-ism" title="-ism">isms</a>' (<a href="/wiki/Professionalism" title="Professionalism">professionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>) tempting them from without.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a>, professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms. Sumner bested President <a href="/wiki/Noah_Porter" title="Noah Porter">Noah Porter</a>, who disliked the social sciences and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Porter objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> that espoused agnostic materialism because it might harm students.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Until 1887, the legal name of the university was "The President and Fellows of Yale College, in New Haven". In 1887, under an act passed by the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_General_Assembly" title="Connecticut General Assembly">Connecticut General Assembly</a>, Yale was renamed "Yale University".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports_and_debate">Sports and debate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sports and debate">edit</a>]</div> The Revolutionary War soldier <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Hale" title="Nathan Hale">Nathan Hale</a> (Yale 1773) was the archetype of the Yale ideal in the early 19th century: a manly yet aristocratic scholar, well-versed in knowledge and sports, and a patriot who "regretted" that he "had but one life to lose" for his country. Western painter <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a> (Yale 1900) was an artist whose heroes gloried in the combat and tests of strength in the Wild West. The fictional, turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man <a href="/wiki/Frank_Merriwell" title="Frank Merriwell">Frank Merriwell</a> embodied this same heroic ideal without racial prejudice, and his fictional successor Dink Stover in the novel <a href="/wiki/Stover_at_Yale" title="Stover at Yale">Stover at Yale</a> (1912) questioned the business mentality that had become prevalent at the school. Increasingly students turned to athletic stars as their heroes, especially since winning the big game became the goal of the student body, the alumni, and the team itself.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yale%27s_four-oared_crew_team_with_1876_Centennial_Regatta_trophy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Yale%27s_four-oared_crew_team_with_1876_Centennial_Regatta_trophy.jpg/220px-Yale%27s_four-oared_crew_team_with_1876_Centennial_Regatta_trophy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Yale%27s_four-oared_crew_team_with_1876_Centennial_Regatta_trophy.jpg/330px-Yale%27s_four-oared_crew_team_with_1876_Centennial_Regatta_trophy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Yale%27s_four-oared_crew_team_with_1876_Centennial_Regatta_trophy.jpg/440px-Yale%27s_four-oared_crew_team_with_1876_Centennial_Regatta_trophy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Yale's four-oared <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">crew</a> team posing with the 1876 Centennial <a href="/wiki/Regatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatta">Regatta</a> trophy, won in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> Along with <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>, Yale students rejected British concepts about '<a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">amateurism</a>' and constructed athletic programs that were uniquely American.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry" title="Harvard–Yale football rivalry">Harvard–Yale football rivalry</a> began in 1875. Between 1892, when Harvard and Yale met in one of the first <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercollegiate debates">intercollegiate debates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and in 1909 (year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard/Yale/Princeton) the rhetoric, symbolism, and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame these debates. Debates were covered on front pages of <a href="/wiki/College_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="College newspaper">college newspapers</a> and emphasized in <a href="/wiki/Yearbook" title="Yearbook">yearbooks</a>, and team members received the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Varsity_letter" title="Varsity letter">athletic letters</a> for their jackets. There were rallies to send off teams to matches, but they never attained the broad appeal athletics enjoyed. One reason may be that debates do not have a clear winner, because scoring is subjective. With late 19th-century concerns about the impact of modern life on the body, athletics offered hope that neither the individual nor society was coming apart.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the reforms of 1905–06, which sought to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Twining_Hadley" title="Arthur Twining Hadley">Arthur Hadley</a> of Yale, <a href="/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell" title="A. Lawrence Lowell">A. Lawrence Lowell</a> of Harvard, and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> of Princeton worked to develop moderate reforms to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Intercollegiate Athletic Association</a>. While the big three had attempted to operate independently of the majority, the changes pushed did reduce injuries.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion">Expansion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expansion">edit</a>]</div> Starting with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine" title="Yale School of Medicine">Yale School of Medicine</a> in 1810, the college expanded gradually, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School" title="Yale Divinity School">Yale Divinity School</a> in 1822, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> in 1822, the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1847, the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School" title="Sheffield Scientific School">Sheffield Scientific School</a> in 1847,<a href="#cite_note-NoteA-44">[a]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Art" title="Yale School of Art">Yale School of Fine Arts</a> in 1869. In 1887, under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_V" title="Timothy Dwight V">Timothy Dwight V</a>, Yale College was renamed to Yale University, and the former name was applied only to the <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">undergraduate college</a>. The university would continue to expand into the 20th and 21st centuries, adding the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Music" title="Yale School of Music">Yale School of Music</a> in 1894, the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Forestry_%26_Environmental_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies">Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies</a> in 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Public_Health" title="Yale School of Public Health">Yale School of Public Health</a> in 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Architecture" title="Yale School of Architecture">Yale School of Architecture</a> in 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Nursing" title="Yale School of Nursing">Yale School of Nursing</a> 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale School of Drama">Yale School of Drama</a> in 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Management" title="Yale School of Management">Yale School of Management</a> in 1976, and the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_School_of_Global_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson School of Global Affairs">Jackson School of Global Affairs</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-The_Future_of_Jackson-45">[44]</a> The Sheffield Scientific School would also reorganize its relationship with the university to teach only undergraduate courses. Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. <a href="/wiki/Noah_Porter" title="Noah Porter">Noah Porter</a>, a moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Historian George Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Levesque says he did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a changing culture. Levesque concludes, noting he may have misunderstood some of the challenges, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence of the modern university. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medicine">Medicine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medicine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolsey_Hall_Memorial_Hall_University_Dining_Hall_Yale_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Woolsey_Hall_Memorial_Hall_University_Dining_Hall_Yale_University.jpg/220px-Woolsey_Hall_Memorial_Hall_University_Dining_Hall_Yale_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Woolsey_Hall_Memorial_Hall_University_Dining_Hall_Yale_University.jpg/330px-Woolsey_Hall_Memorial_Hall_University_Dining_Hall_Yale_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Woolsey_Hall_Memorial_Hall_University_Dining_Hall_Yale_University.jpg/440px-Woolsey_Hall_Memorial_Hall_University_Dining_Hall_Yale_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woolsey_Hall" title="Woolsey Hall">Woolsey Hall</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1905</figcaption></figure> Milton Winternitz led the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine" title="Yale School of Medicine">Yale School of Medicine</a> as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the psychiatry department and built new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, lasted only a few years before resentful antisemitic colleagues drove him to resign.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faculty">Faculty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Faculty">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rummell,_Richard_Yale_University_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rummell%2C_Richard_Yale_University_cropped.jpg/220px-Rummell%2C_Richard_Yale_University_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rummell%2C_Richard_Yale_University_cropped.jpg/330px-Rummell%2C_Richard_Yale_University_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rummell%2C_Richard_Yale_University_cropped.jpg/440px-Rummell%2C_Richard_Yale_University_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2678" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor of the Yale campus facing north</figcaption></figure> Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, most elite university faculties counted among their numbers few, if any, Jews, blacks, women, or other minorities; Yale was no exception. By 1980, this condition had been altered dramatically, as numerous members of those groups held faculty positions.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Almost all members of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences—and some members of other faculties—teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women">Women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> In 1793, <a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Foote" title="Lucinda Foote">Lucinda Foote</a> passed the entrance exams for Yale College, but was rejected by the president on the basis of her gender.<a href="#cite_note-bookof-50">[49]</a> Women studied at Yale from 1892, in graduate-level programs at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The first seven women to earn PhDs received their degrees in 1894: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Deering_Hanscom" title="Elizabeth Deering Hanscom">Elizabeth Deering Hanscom</a>, Cornelia H. B. Rogers, Sara Bulkley Rogers, <a href="/wiki/Margaretta_Palmer" title="Margaretta Palmer">Margaretta Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Augusta_Scott" title="Mary Augusta Scott">Mary Augusta Scott</a>, Laura Johnson Wylie, and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Fitch_Roberts" title="Charlotte Fitch Roberts">Charlotte Fitch Roberts</a>. There is a portrait of them in <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Memorial_Library" title="Sterling Memorial Library">Sterling Memorial Library</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Zlamany" title="Brenda Zlamany">Brenda Zlamany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 1966, Yale began discussions with its <a href="/wiki/Sister_school" title="Sister school">sister school</a> <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a> about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(colleges)" title="Seven Sisters (colleges)">Seven Sisters</a>—elite higher education schools that served as sister institutions to the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> when nearly all Ivy League institutions still only admitted men—tentatively accepted, but then declined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate;<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> she was the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony_Hall" title="St. Anthony Hall">St. Anthony Hall</a>. The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first to have women starting from freshman year;<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> A decade into co-education, student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit <a href="/wiki/Alexander_v._Yale" title="Alexander v. Yale">Alexander v. Yale</a>. In the 1970s, a group of students and a faculty member sued Yale for its failure to curtail sexual harassment, especially by male faculty. The case was partly built from a 1977 report authored by plaintiff <a href="/wiki/Ann_Olivarius" title="Ann Olivarius">Ann Olivarius</a>, "A report to the Yale Corporation from the Yale Undergraduate Women's Caucus".<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> This case was the first to use <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a> to argue and establish that sexual harassment of female students can be considered illegal sex discrimination. The plaintiffs were Olivarius, Ronni Alexander, Margery Reifler, Pamela Price,<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> and Lisa E. Stone. They were joined by Yale classics professor John "Jack" J. Winkler. The lawsuit, brought partly by <a href="/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon" title="Catharine A. MacKinnon">Catharine MacKinnon</a>, alleged rape, fondling, and offers of higher grades for sex by faculty, including <a href="/wiki/Keith_Brion" title="Keith Brion">Keith Brion</a>, professor of flute and director of bands, political science professor Raymond Duvall,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> English professor <a href="/wiki/Michael_George_Cooke" title="Michael George Cooke">Michael Cooke</a>, and coach of the field hockey team, Richard Kentwell. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and Women's Center.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine <a href="/wiki/Broad_Recognition" title="Broad Recognition">Broad Recognition</a>, alleging the university had a hostile sexual climate.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Afterwards, universities and colleges throughout the U.S. also established sexual harassment grievance procedures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class">Class</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Class">edit</a>]</div> Yale instituted policies in the early 20th century designed to maintain the proportion of white Protestants from notable families in the student body (see <a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">numerus clausus</a>) and eliminated such preferences, beginning with the class of 1970.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, Yale and <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> (PKU) established a Joint Undergraduate Program in Beijing, an exchange program allowing Yale students to spend a semester living and studying with PKU honor students.<a href="#cite_note-Gideon-2012-64">[63]</a> In July 2012, the Yale University-PKU Program ended due to weak participation.<a href="#cite_note-Gideon-2012-64">[63]</a> In 2007 outgoing Yale President <a href="/wiki/Rick_Levin" title="Rick Levin">Rick Levin</a> characterized Yale's institutional priorities: "First, among the nation's finest research universities, Yale is distinctively committed to excellence in undergraduate education. Second, in our graduate and professional schools, as well as in Yale College, we are committed to the education of leaders."<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In 2009, former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> picked Yale as one location—the others being Britain's <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiti Teknologi Mara">Universiti Teknologi Mara</a>—for the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair_Faith_Foundation" title="Tony Blair Faith Foundation">Tony Blair Faith Foundation</a>'s United States Faith and Globalization Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> As of 2009, former Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a> is the director of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_the_Study_of_Globalization" title="Yale Center for the Study of Globalization">Yale Center for the Study of Globalization</a> and teaches an undergraduate seminar, "Debating Globalization".<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC chair <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> teaches a residential college seminar, "Understanding Politics and Politicians".<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Also in 2009, an alliance was formed among Yale, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, and both schools' affiliated hospital complexes to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care—a field known as <a href="/wiki/Translational_medicine" title="Translational medicine">translational medicine</a>. President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but "no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL".<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In August 2013, a new partnership with the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> led to the opening of <a href="/wiki/Yale-NUS_College" title="Yale-NUS College">Yale-NUS College</a> in Singapore, a joint effort to create a new liberal arts college in Asia featuring a curriculum including Western and Asian traditions.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In 2017, having been suggested for decades,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Yale University renamed Calhoun College, named for <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave owner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abolitionist">anti-abolitionist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>. It is now Hopper College, after <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In 2020, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>, the #CancelYale tag was used on social media to demand that Elihu Yale's name be removed from Yale University. Much of the support originated from right-wing pundits such as <a href="/wiki/Mike_Cernovich" title="Mike Cernovich">Mike Cernovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Ann Coulter</a>, who intended to satirize what they perceived as the excesses of <a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">cancel culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Yale spent most of his professional career in the employ of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (EIC), serving as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_presidents_of_Madras_Presidency" title="List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency">governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Presidency of Fort St. George</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>. The EIC, including Yale himself, was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a>, though the extent of Yale's involvement in slavery remains debated.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> His singularly large donation led critics to argue Yale University relied on money derived from slavery for its first scholarships and endowments.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Digital_Histories_At_Yale-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> In 2020, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> sued Yale for alleged discrimination against Asian and white candidates, through affirmative action admission policies.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In 2021, under the new Biden administration, the Justice Department withdrew the lawsuit. The group, <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions" title="Students for Fair Admissions">Students for Fair Admissions</a>, later won a similar <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College">lawsuit against Harvard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In April 2024, Yale students joined <a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_on_university_campuses_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="April 2024 Israel–Hamas war protests on university campuses in the United States">other campuses across the United States</a> in protests against the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The student protestors demanded that Yale University <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">divest from military weapons companies with ties to Israel</a>'s war on Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Over 50 people were arrested at protests in and around <a href="/wiki/Hewitt_Quadrangle" title="Hewitt Quadrangle">Beinecke Plaza</a>, and protests continued during the summer and in the new academic year starting September 2024.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Undergraduate students "overwhelmingly" voted in a December referendum to call for divestment.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alumni_in_politics">Alumni in politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alumni in politics">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a> wrote in 2002 that "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale".<a href="#cite_note-Magazine_p._6-87">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_alumni" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale alumni">Yale alumni</a> were represented on the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> ticket in every U.S. presidential election between 1972 and 2004.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Yale-educated presidents since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> include <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and major-party nominees include <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (2016), <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lieberman" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lieberman">Joseph Lieberman</a> (vice president, 2000), and <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a> (vice president, 1972). Other alumni who have made serious bids for the presidency include <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> (2020), <a href="/wiki/Tom_Steyer" title="Tom Steyer">Tom Steyer</a> (2020), <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> (2016), <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a> (1984 and 1988), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">Paul Tsongas</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> (1976, 1980, 1992). Several explanations have been offered for Yale's representation since the end of the Vietnam War. Sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influence of Reverend <a href="/wiki/William_Sloane_Coffin" title="William Sloane Coffin">William Sloane Coffin</a> on future candidates.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-89">[88]</a> Yale President Levin attributes the run to Yale's focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders", an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Whitney_Griswold" title="Alfred Whitney Griswold">Alfred Whitney Griswold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingman_Brewster" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingman Brewster">Kingman Brewster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-89">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Brodhead" title="Richard H. Brodhead">Richard H. Brodhead</a>, former dean of Yale College and now president of <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, stated: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of <a href="/wiki/Volunteerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteerism">volunteerism</a> at Yale".<a href="#cite_note-Magazine_p._6-87">[86]</a> Yale historian <a href="/wiki/Gaddis_Smith" title="Gaddis Smith">Gaddis Smith</a> notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale during the 20th century that led Kerry to lead the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Political_Union" title="Yale Political Union">Yale Political Union</a>'s Liberal Party, <a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a> the Conservative Party, and Lieberman to manage the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Daily_News" title="Yale Daily News">Yale Daily News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a> points to a history of networking and elitism: "It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school".<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family".<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Bumiller" title="Elisabeth Bumiller">Elisabeth Bumiller</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Fallows" title="James Fallows">James Fallows</a> credit the culture of community that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-2004-93">[92]</a> During the 1988 presidential election, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (Yale '48) derided <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism".<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In 2004 <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation".<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-2004-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_organization">Administration and organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administration and organization">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:280px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">School founding </th></tr> <tr> <td>School</td> <td style="text-align: center;">Year founded </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1701 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine" title="Yale School of Medicine">Yale School of Medicine</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1810 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School" title="Yale Divinity School">Yale Divinity School</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1822 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1824 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1847 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School" title="Sheffield Scientific School">Sheffield Scientific School</a><a href="#cite_note-NoteA-44">[a]</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1847 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Engineering_%26_Applied_Science" title="Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science">Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1852 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Art" title="Yale School of Art">Yale School of Fine Arts</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1869 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Music" title="Yale School of Music">Yale School of Music</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1894 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_the_Environment" title="Yale School of the Environment">Yale School of the Environment</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Public_Health" title="Yale School of Public Health">Yale School of Public Health</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1915 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Architecture" title="Yale School of Architecture">Yale School of Architecture</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1916 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Nursing" title="Yale School of Nursing">Yale School of Nursing</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Geffen_School_of_Drama_at_Yale_University" title="David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University">David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1955 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Management" title="Yale School of Management">Yale School of Management</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackson_School_of_Global_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson School of Global Affairs">Jackson School of Global Affairs</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">2022<a href="#cite_note-The_Future_of_Jackson-45">[44]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Yale_College" class="mw-redirect" title="President and Fellows of Yale College">President and Fellows of Yale College</a>, also known as the Yale Corporation, or board of trustees, is the governing body of the university and consists of thirteen standing committees with separate responsibilities outlined in the by-laws. The corporation has 19 members: three <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio_member" title="Ex officio member">ex officio</a> members, ten successor trustees, and six elected alumni fellows.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The university has three major academic components: Yale College (the undergraduate program), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the twelve professional schools.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Yale's former president <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard C. Levin">Richard C. Levin</a> was, at the time, one of the highest paid university presidents in the United States with a 2008 salary of $1.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Yale's succeeding president Peter Salovey ranks 40th with a 2020 salary of $1.16 million.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The Yale Provost's Office and similar executive positions have launched several women into prominent university executive positions. In 1977, Provost <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Holborn_Gray" title="Hanna Holborn Gray">Hanna Holborn Gray</a> was appointed interim president of Yale and later went on to become president of the University of Chicago, being the first woman to hold either position at each respective school.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In 1994, Provost <a href="/wiki/Judith_Rodin" title="Judith Rodin">Judith Rodin</a> became the first permanent female president of an Ivy League institution at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In 2002, Provost <a href="/wiki/Alison_Richard" title="Alison Richard">Alison Richard</a> became the vice-chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> In 2003, the dean of the Divinity School, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Chopp" title="Rebecca Chopp">Rebecca Chopp</a>, was appointed president of <a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate University</a> and later went on to serve as the president of <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> in 2009, and then the first female chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Denver" title="University of Denver">University of Denver</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In 2004, Provost <a href="/wiki/Susan_Hockfield" title="Susan Hockfield">Dr. Susan Hockfield</a> became the president of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In 2004, Dean of the Nursing school, Catherine Gilliss, was appointed the dean of Duke University's School of Nursing and vice chancellor for nursing affairs.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In 2007, Deputy Provost <a href="/wiki/H._Kim_Bottomly" title="H. Kim Bottomly">H. Kim Bottomly</a> was named president of <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Similar examples for men who have served in Yale leadership positions can also be found. In 2004, Dean of Yale College <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Brodhead" title="Richard H. Brodhead">Richard H. Brodhead</a> was appointed as the president of <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> In 2008, Provost <a href="/wiki/Andrew_D._Hamilton" title="Andrew D. Hamilton">Andrew Hamilton</a> was confirmed to be the vice chancellor of the University of Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staff_and_labor_unions">Staff and labor unions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Staff and labor unions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Hospital_and_University_Employees" title="Federation of Hospital and University Employees">Federation of Hospital and University Employees</a></div> Yale University staff are represented by several different unions. Clerical and technical workers are represented by Local 34, and service and maintenance workers are represented by Local 35, both of the same union affiliate <a href="/wiki/UNITE_HERE" title="UNITE HERE">UNITE HERE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-It's_Your_Yale-109">[108]</a> Unlike similar institutions, Yale has consistently refused to recognize its graduate student union, Local 33 (another affiliate of UNITE HERE), citing claims that the union's elections were undemocratic and how graduate students are not employees;<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> the move to not recognize the union has been criticized by the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">American Federation of Teachers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In addition, officers of the Yale University Police Department are represented by the Yale Police Benevolent Association, which affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employees.<a href="#cite_note-It's_Your_Yale-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Yale security officers joined the International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America in late 2010,<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> even though the Yale administration contested the election.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> In October 2014, after deliberation,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Yale security decided to form a new union, the Yale University Security Officers Association, which has since represented the campus security officers.<a href="#cite_note-It's_Your_Yale-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Moreover, Yale has been accused by the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a> of failing to treat workers with respect,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> as well as not renewing contracts with professors over involvement in campus labor issues.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Yale has responded to strikes with claims over mediocre union participation and the benefits of their contracts.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Campus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yale_Law_School_in_the_Sterling_Law_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yale_Law_School_in_the_Sterling_Law_Building.jpg/220px-Yale_Law_School_in_the_Sterling_Law_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yale_Law_School_in_the_Sterling_Law_Building.jpg/330px-Yale_Law_School_in_the_Sterling_Law_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yale_Law_School_in_the_Sterling_Law_Building.jpg/440px-Yale_Law_School_in_the_Sterling_Law_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>, located in the Sterling Law Building</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeineckeInterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BeineckeInterior.jpg/180px-BeineckeInterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BeineckeInterior.jpg/270px-BeineckeInterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BeineckeInterior.jpg/360px-BeineckeInterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Library">Interior of Beinecke Library</a></figcaption></figure> Yale's central campus in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_New_Haven" title="Downtown New Haven">downtown New Haven</a> covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Yale%E2%80%93New_Haven_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale–New Haven Hospital">Yale–New Haven Hospital</a>. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Golf_Course" title="Yale Golf Course">Yale Golf Course</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In 2008, Yale purchased the 17-building, 136-acre (0.55 km2) former <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer HealthCare</a> complex in <a href="/wiki/West_Haven,_Connecticut" title="West Haven, Connecticut">West Haven</a>, Connecticut,<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire—the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) <a href="/wiki/Yale-Myers_Forest" title="Yale-Myers Forest">Yale-Myers Forest</a> in Connecticut's <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Corner" title="Quiet Corner">Quiet Corner</a>—and nature preserves including <a href="/wiki/Thimble_Islands" title="Thimble Islands">Horse Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Yale is noted for its largely <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a> campus<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> as well as several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a>'s Yale Art Gallery<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> and Center for British Art, <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a>'s Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rudolph_(architect)" title="Paul Rudolph (architect)">Paul Rudolph's</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_Art_and_Architecture_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Art and Architecture Building">Art & Architecture Building</a>. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along <a href="/wiki/Hillhouse_Avenue" title="Hillhouse Avenue">Hillhouse Avenue</a>, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> when he visited the United States in the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a> listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a> architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Harkness" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward S. Harkness">Edward S. Harkness</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Drama_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Drama School">Yale Drama School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities, such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a> on the buildings depict contemporary scenes, like a policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, <a href="/wiki/James_Gamble_Rogers" title="James Gamble Rogers">James Gamble Rogers</a>, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid,<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> deliberately breaking their <a href="/wiki/Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">leaded glass</a> windows and repairing them in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is <a href="/wiki/Harkness_Tower" title="Harkness Tower">Harkness Tower</a>, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Memorial_Carillon" title="Yale Memorial Carillon">Yale Memorial Carillon</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NathanHaleStatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NathanHaleStatue.jpg/180px-NathanHaleStatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NathanHaleStatue.jpg/270px-NathanHaleStatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NathanHaleStatue.jpg/360px-NathanHaleStatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Hale" title="Nathan Hale">Nathan Hale</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Hall" title="Connecticut Hall">Connecticut Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanderbilt_Hall_at_Yale_university.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vanderbilt_Hall_at_Yale_university.jpg/220px-Vanderbilt_Hall_at_Yale_university.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vanderbilt_Hall_at_Yale_university.jpg/330px-Vanderbilt_Hall_at_Yale_university.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vanderbilt_Hall_at_Yale_university.jpg/440px-Vanderbilt_Hall_at_Yale_university.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilt Hall</a></figcaption></figure> Other examples of the Gothic style are on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Campus" title="Old Campus">Old Campus</a> by architects like <a href="/wiki/Henry_Austin_(architect)" title="Henry Austin (architect)">Henry Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Haight" title="Charles C. Haight">Charles C. Haight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russell_Sturgis" title="Russell Sturgis">Russell Sturgis</a>. Several are associated with members of the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilt family</a>, including Vanderbilt Hall,<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Phelps Hall,<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony_Hall" title="St. Anthony Hall">St. Anthony Hall</a> (a commission for member <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Vanderbilt" title="Frederick William Vanderbilt">Frederick William Vanderbilt</a>), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School" title="Sheffield Scientific School">Sheffield Scientific School</a> (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of <a href="/wiki/Silliman_College" title="Silliman College">Silliman College</a>, the largest residential college.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The oldest building on campus, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Hall" title="Connecticut Hall">Connecticut Hall</a> (built in 1750), is in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian style</a>. Georgian-style buildings erected from 1929 to 1933 include <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_College" title="Timothy Dwight College">Timothy Dwight College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierson_College" title="Pierson College">Pierson College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Davenport_College" title="Davenport College">Davenport College</a>, except the latter's east, York Street façade, which was constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic style</a> to coordinate with adjacent structures. The <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_and_Manuscript_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Gordon Bunshaft</a> of <a href="/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Skidmore, Owings & Merrill">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill</a>, is one of the largest buildings in the world reserved exclusively for the preservation of rare books and manuscripts. The library includes a six-story above-ground tower of book stacks, filled with 180,000 volumes, that is surrounded by large translucent Vermont marble panels and a steel and granite truss. The panels act as windows and subdue direct sunlight while also diffusing the light in warm hues throughout the interior.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Near the library is a sunken courtyard with sculptures by Isamu Noguchi that are said to represent time (the pyramid), the sun (the circle), and chance (the cube).<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The library is located near the center of the university in <a href="/wiki/Hewitt_Quadrangle" title="Hewitt Quadrangle">Hewitt Quadrangle</a>, which is now more commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Plaza">Beinecke Plaza</a>". Alumnus <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a>, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> in St. Louis, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Dulles International Airport">Washington Dulles International Airport</a> main terminal, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs_Holmdel_Complex" title="Bell Labs Holmdel Complex">Bell Labs Holmdel Complex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Building" title="CBS Building">CBS Building</a> in Manhattan, designed <a href="/wiki/Ingalls_Rink" title="Ingalls Rink">Ingalls Rink</a>, dedicated in 1959,<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> as well as the residential colleges Ezra Stiles and Morse.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> These latter were modeled after the medieval <a href="/wiki/Italian_hill_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian hill town">Italian hill town</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a>—a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The athletic field complex is partially in New Haven, and partially in <a href="/wiki/West_Haven,_Connecticut" title="West Haven, Connecticut">West Haven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yale's Old Campus at dusk, April 2013"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Old_campus.jpg/800px-Old_campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Old_campus.jpg/1200px-Old_campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Old_campus.jpg/1600px-Old_campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7004" data-file-height="2562" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_campus.jpg" title="File:Old campus.jpg"> </a></div>Yale's Old Campus at dusk, April 2013</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_nonresidential_campus_buildings">Notable nonresidential campus buildings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable nonresidential campus buildings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harkness_Tower_in_autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Harkness_Tower_in_autumn.jpg/180px-Harkness_Tower_in_autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Harkness_Tower_in_autumn.jpg/270px-Harkness_Tower_in_autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Harkness_Tower_in_autumn.jpg/360px-Harkness_Tower_in_autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>Harkness Tower</figcaption></figure> Notable nonresidential campus buildings and landmarks include <a href="/wiki/Battell_Chapel" title="Battell Chapel">Battell Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Rare Book Library">Beinecke Rare Book Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harkness_Tower" title="Harkness Tower">Harkness Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanities_Quadrangle" title="Humanities Quadrangle">Humanities Quadrangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingalls_Rink" title="Ingalls Rink">Ingalls Rink</a>, Kline Biology Tower, <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Memorial_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Osborne Memorial Laboratories">Osborne Memorial Laboratories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payne_Whitney_Gymnasium" title="Payne Whitney Gymnasium">Payne Whitney Gymnasium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Peabody Museum of Natural History">Peabody Museum of Natural History</a>, Sterling Hall of Medicine, <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Law_Buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterling Law Buildings">Sterling Law Buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Memorial_Library" title="Sterling Memorial Library">Sterling Memorial Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolsey_Hall" title="Woolsey Hall">Woolsey Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery" title="Yale University Art Gallery">Yale University Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Art_%26_Architecture_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Art & Architecture Building">Yale Art & Architecture Building</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mellon_Centre_for_Studies_in_British_Art" title="Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art">Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art</a> in London. Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: <a href="/wiki/Berzelius_(secret_society)" title="Berzelius (secret society)">Berzelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donn_Barber" title="Donn Barber">Donn Barber</a> in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); <a href="/wiki/Book_and_Snake" title="Book and Snake">Book and Snake</a>, Louis R. Metcalfe in a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Ionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Ionic">Greek Ionic</a> style (erected in 1901); <a href="/wiki/Elihu_(secret_society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elihu (secret society)">Elihu</a>, architect unknown but built in a <a href="/wiki/American_colonial_architecture" title="American colonial architecture">Colonial</a> style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); <a href="/wiki/Mace_and_Chain" title="Mace and Chain">Mace and Chain</a>, in a late colonial, early <a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Victorian style</a> (built in 1823). (Interior moulding is said to have belonged to <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>); <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_Society" title="Manuscript Society">Manuscript Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/King-lui_Wu" title="King-lui Wu">King-lui Wu</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dan_Kiley" title="Dan Kiley">Dan Kiley</a> responsible for landscaping and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Josef Albers</a> for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a <a href="/wiki/Mid-century_modern" title="Mid-century modern">mid-century modern</a> style; <a href="/wiki/Scroll_and_Key" title="Scroll and Key">Scroll and Key</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Morris_Hunt" title="Richard Morris Hunt">Richard Morris Hunt</a> in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts style</a> (erected 1869–70); <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jackson_Davis" title="Alexander Jackson Davis">Alexander Jackson Davis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Henry_Austin_(architect)" title="Henry Austin (architect)">Henry Austin</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revival">Egypto-Doric style</a> utilizing <a href="/wiki/Brownstone" title="Brownstone">Brownstone</a> (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">Neo-Gothic</a> towers in rear garden were completed); <a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_(secret_society)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Elmo (secret society)">St. Elmo</a>, (former tomb) <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacKenzie_Murchison" title="Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison">Kenneth M. Murchison</a>, 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; and <a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_Head_(secret_society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf's Head (secret society)">Wolf's Head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Grosvenor_Goodhue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue">Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue</a>, erected 1923–1924, Collegiate Gothic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sustainability">edit</a>]</div> Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale.<a href="#cite_note-Yale_Sustainability_Strategy-144">[143]</a> Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges.<a href="#cite_note-Yale_commits_to_long-term_Greenhouse_Gas_Reduction_and_Renewable_Energy_Strategy-145">[144]</a> Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification.<a href="#cite_note-Yale's_Greenhouse_Gas_Reduction_Strategy-146">[145]</a> Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls.<a href="#cite_note-Yale_Sustainable_Food_Project-147">[146]</a> Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a "B+" grade overall.<a href="#cite_note-Sustainable_Endowments_Institute_Report_Card-148">[147]</a> Yale is a member of the Ivy Plus Sustainability Consortium, through which it has committed to best-practice sharing and the ongoing exchange of campus sustainability solutions along with other member institutions.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grove_Street_Cemetery,_New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven">Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Botanical_Garden" title="Marsh Botanical Garden">Marsh Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Sustainable_Food_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Sustainable Food Project">Yale Sustainable Food Program Farm</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_New_Haven">Relationship with New Haven</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Relationship with New Haven">edit</a>]</div> Yale is the largest taxpayer and employer in the City of <a href="/wiki/New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> and has often buoyed the city's economy and communities. Yale, however, has consistently opposed paying a tax on its academic property.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Yale's <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery" title="Yale University Art Gallery">Art Galleries</a>, along with many other university resources, are free and openly accessible. Yale also funds the <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut#New_Haven_Promise" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven Promise</a> program, paying full tuition for eligible students from New Haven public schools.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Town–gown_relations">Town–gown relations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Town–gown relations">edit</a>]</div> Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in myriad community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Town_and_gown" title="Town and gown">town and gown</a> relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campus_safety">Campus safety</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Campus safety">edit</a>]</div> Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a <a href="/wiki/Safety_escort" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety escort">safety escort</a>, and 24-hour shuttle service. In the 1970s and 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_locations_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut locations by per capita income">poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violent_crime" title="Violent crime">violent crime</a> rose in New Haven, dampening Yale's student and faculty recruiting efforts.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Between 1990 and 2006, New Haven's crime rate fell by half, helped by a <a href="/wiki/Community_policing" title="Community policing">community policing strategy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Police_Department" title="New Haven Police Department">New Haven Police</a> and Yale's campus became the safest among peer schools.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> In 2004, the national non-profit watchdog group Security on Campus filed a complaint with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a>, accusing Yale of under-reporting rape and sexual assaults.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> In April 2021, Yale announced that it will require students to receive a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a> as a condition of being on campus during the fall 2021 term.<a href="#cite_note-covid19vaccine-forbes-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Academics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions">Admissions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Admissions">edit</a>]</div> Undergraduate admission to Yale College is considered "most selective" by <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._News_&_World_Report-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In 2022, Yale accepted 2,234 students to the Class of 2026 out of 50,015 applicants, for an acceptance rate of 4.46%.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> 98% of students graduate within six years.<a href="#cite_note-2013YCBN-166">[165]</a> Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants, and the university is <a href="/wiki/Need-blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Need-blind">need-blind</a> for both domestic and international applicants.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395.<a href="#cite_note-2013CDS-168">[167]</a> 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid.<a href="#cite_note-2013YCBN-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FinAidPolicy-170">[169]</a> About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.<a href="#cite_note-2013YCBN-166">[165]</a> For 2019, Yale ranked second in enrollment of recipients of the <a href="/wiki/National_Merit_Scholarship_Program" title="National Merit Scholarship Program">National Merit $2,500 Scholarship</a> (140 scholars).<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Half of all Yale undergraduates are women, more than 39% are <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minority">ethnic minority</a> U.S. citizens (19% are underrepresented minorities), and 10.5% are <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2013CDS-168">[167]</a> 55% attended public schools and 45% attended private, religious, or international schools, and 97% of students were in the top 10% of their high school class.<a href="#cite_note-2013YCBN-166">[165]</a> Every year, Yale College also admits a small group of <a href="/wiki/Non-traditional_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-traditional student">non-traditional students</a> through the Eli Whitney Students Program. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collections">Collections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Collections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sterling_Memorial_Library_2,_September_1,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sterling_Memorial_Library_2%2C_September_1%2C_2008.jpg/220px-Sterling_Memorial_Library_2%2C_September_1%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sterling_Memorial_Library_2%2C_September_1%2C_2008.jpg/330px-Sterling_Memorial_Library_2%2C_September_1%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sterling_Memorial_Library_2%2C_September_1%2C_2008.jpg/440px-Sterling_Memorial_Library_2%2C_September_1%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="3097" /></a><figcaption>Yale University's <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Memorial_Library" title="Sterling Memorial Library">Sterling Memorial Library</a>, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Lin</a>'s sculpture, Women's Table. The sculpture records the number of women enrolled at Yale over its history; female undergraduates were not admitted until 1969.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Library" title="Yale University Library">Yale University Library</a>, which holds over 15 million volumes, is the second-largest university collection in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-2013LibraryReport-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The main library, <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Memorial_Library" title="Sterling Memorial Library">Sterling Memorial Library</a>, contains about 4 million volumes, and other holdings are dispersed at subject and location libraries. Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Rare Book Library">Beinecke Rare Book Library</a> has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Cushing/John_Hay_Whitney_Medical_Library" title="Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library">Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library</a> includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Walpole_Library" title="Lewis Walpole Library">Lewis Walpole Library</a> contains the largest collection of 18th‑century British literary works. The <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Club" title="Elizabethan Club">Elizabethan Club</a>, technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_caf%C3%A9_de_nuit_(The_Night_Caf%C3%A9)_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Le_caf%C3%A9_de_nuit_%28The_Night_Caf%C3%A9%29_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpeg/220px-Le_caf%C3%A9_de_nuit_%28The_Night_Caf%C3%A9%29_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Le_caf%C3%A9_de_nuit_%28The_Night_Caf%C3%A9%29_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpeg/330px-Le_caf%C3%A9_de_nuit_%28The_Night_Caf%C3%A9%29_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Le_caf%C3%A9_de_nuit_%28The_Night_Caf%C3%A9%29_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpeg/440px-Le_caf%C3%A9_de_nuit_%28The_Night_Caf%C3%A9%29_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="7408" data-file-height="5848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Caf%C3%A9" title="The Night Café">The Night Café</a>, Vincent van Gogh, 1888, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery" title="Yale University Art Gallery">Yale Art Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery" title="Yale University Art Gallery">Yale University Art Gallery</a>, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 200,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartwout and Kahn buildings. The latter, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a>'s first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a>, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mellon" title="Paul Mellon">Paul Mellon</a> and is housed in another Kahn-designed building. The <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Peabody Museum of Natural History">Peabody Museum of Natural History</a> in New Haven is used by school children and contains research collections in anthropology, archaeology, and the natural environment. The <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Collection_of_Musical_Instruments" title="Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments">Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments</a>, affiliated with the Yale School of Music, is perhaps the least-known of Yale's collections because its hours of opening are restricted. The museums once housed the artifacts brought to the United States from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> by Yale history professor <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_III" title="Hiram Bingham III">Hiram Bingham</a> in his Yale-financed expedition to <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> in 1912—when the removal of such artifacts was legal. The artifacts were restored to Peru in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">Academic rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">National</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges">Forbes</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-174">[173]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-175">[174]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monthly college rankings">Washington Monthly</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-176">[175]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">WSJ</a>/College Pulse<a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-177">[176]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Global</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_ARWU-178">[177]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-179">[178]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">23</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-180">[179]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-181">[180]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">10</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings">Rankings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rankings">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> ranked Yale third among U.S. national universities for 2016,<a href="#cite_note-U.S._News_&_World_Report-163">[162]</a> as it had for each of the previous sixteen years. Yale University is <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">accredited</a> by the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education" title="New England Commission of Higher Education">New England Commission of Higher Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Internationally, Yale was ranked 11th in the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, tenth in the 2016–17 Nature Index<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> for quality of scientific research output, and tenth in the 2016 CWUR World University Rankings.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> The university was also ranked sixth in the 2016 Times Higher Education (THE) Global University Employability Rankings<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> and eighth in the Academic World Reputation Rankings.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> In 2019, it ranked 27th among the universities around the world by <a href="/wiki/SCImago_Institutions_Rankings" title="SCImago Institutions Rankings">SCImago Institutions Rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty,_research,_and_intellectual_traditions">Faculty, research, and intellectual traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Faculty, research, and intellectual traditions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yale_University" title="Special:EditPage/Yale University">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Yale is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> (AAU) and is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> among "R1: Doctoral Universities—Very high research activity".<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> ranked Yale 15th among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2021 with $1.16 billion.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Yale's current faculty include 67 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-National_Academy_of_Sciences-17">[17]</a> 55 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-National_Academy_of_Medicine-18">[18]</a> 8 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NAE_Website-19">[19]</a> and 187 members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-20">[20]</a> The college is, after normalization for institution size, the tenth-largest baccalaureate source of <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctoral degree</a> recipients in the United States, and the largest such source within the Ivy League.<a href="#cite_note-Center_College-191">[190]</a> It also is a top 10 (ranked seventh) baccalaureate source (after normalization for the number of graduates) of some of the most notable scientists (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing</a> prizes, or membership in <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a>, or <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Wai-2015-192">[191]</a> Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a> movement. Of the New Critics, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/W.K._Wimsatt" class="mw-redirect" title="W.K. Wimsatt">W.K. Wimsatt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cleanth_Brooks" title="Cleanth Brooks">Cleanth Brooks</a> were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, the father of deconstruction, taught at the department of comparative literature from the late 1970s to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Yale_school_(deconstruction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale school (deconstruction)">Yale School</a>". These included <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Paul de Man</a> who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, <a href="/wiki/J._Hillis_Miller" title="J. Hillis Miller">J. Hillis Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hartman" title="Geoffrey Hartman">Geoffrey Hartman</a> (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">David Brion Davis</a> are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">southern</a> historians; likewise, <a href="/wiki/David_Montgomery_(historian)" title="David Montgomery (historian)">David Montgomery</a>, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; <a href="/wiki/Allen_Forte" title="Allen Forte">Allen Forte</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lewin" title="David Lewin">David Lewin</a> were influential teachers and scholars. Since the late 1960s, Yale produces social sciences and policy research through its Yale Institution for Social and Policy Studies (ISPS). In addition to eminent faculty members, Yale research relies heavily on the presence of roughly 1200 <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">Postdocs</a> from various national and international origin working in the multiple laboratories in the sciences, social sciences, humanities, and professional schools of the university. The university progressively recognized this working force with the recent creation of the Office for Postdoctoral Affairs and the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Postdoctoral_Association" title="Yale Postdoctoral Association">Yale Postdoctoral Association</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus_life">Campus life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Campus life">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Student body composition as of May 2, 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> </td> <td align="right">35% </td> <td align="left">35<div style="width:70px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">24% </td> <td align="left">24<div style="width:48px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> </td> <td align="right">15% </td> <td align="left">15<div style="width:30px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">Foreign national</a> </td> <td align="right">10% </td> <td align="left">10<div style="width:20px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td align="right">9% </td> <td align="left">9<div style="width:18px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<a href="#cite_note-194">[b]</a> </td> <td align="right">6% </td> <td align="left">6<div style="width:12px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">Economic diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Low-income</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[c]</a> </td> <td align="right">20% </td> <td align="left">20<div style="width:40px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluent</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[d]</a> </td> <td align="right">80% </td> <td align="left">80<div style="width:160px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Yale is a research university, with the majority of its students in the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">professional</a> schools. <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a> students, come from a variety of ethnic, national, socioeconomic, and personal backgrounds. Of the 2010–2011 freshman class, 10% are non‑U.S. citizens, while 54% went to public high schools.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> The median family income of Yale students is $192,600, with 57% of students coming from the top 10% highest-earning families and 16% from the bottom 60%.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_mobility_index-198">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_colleges">Residential colleges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Residential colleges">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Residential_colleges_of_Yale_University" title="Residential colleges of Yale University">Residential colleges of Yale University</a></div> Yale's <a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">residential college</a> system was established in 1933 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Harkness" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward S. Harkness">Edward S. Harkness</a>, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">colleges</a> at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university#Dependent_colleges" title="Collegiate university">dependent entities</a> of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a head and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates constitute each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as "Master's Teas", but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. All other undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college. All undergraduates are members of a college, to which they are assigned before their freshman year, and 85 percent live in the college quadrangle or a college-affiliated dormitory.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> While the majority of upperclassman live in the colleges, most on-campus freshmen live on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Campus" title="Old Campus">Old Campus</a>, the university's oldest precinct. While Harkness' original colleges were <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian Revival</a> or <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a> in style, two colleges constructed in the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Morse_College" title="Morse College">Morse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles_College" title="Ezra Stiles College">Ezra Stiles</a> Colleges, have modernist designs. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, and a range of student facilities. The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history. In 2017, the university opened two new colleges near <a href="/wiki/Science_Hill_(Yale_University)" title="Science Hill (Yale University)">Science Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Edwards_Courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jonathan Edwards College courtyard"><img alt="Jonathan Edwards College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jonathan_Edwards_Courtyard.jpg/240px-Jonathan_Edwards_Courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jonathan_Edwards_Courtyard.jpg/360px-Jonathan_Edwards_Courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jonathan_Edwards_Courtyard.jpg/480px-Jonathan_Edwards_Courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_College" title="Jonathan Edwards College">Jonathan Edwards College</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Branford_Court_spring_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Branford College courtyard"><img alt="Branford College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Branford_Court_spring_2.JPG/270px-Branford_Court_spring_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Branford_Court_spring_2.JPG/405px-Branford_Court_spring_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Branford_Court_spring_2.JPG/540px-Branford_Court_spring_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Branford_College" title="Branford College">Branford College</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saybrook_College_Courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saybrook College's Killingworth Courtyard"><img alt="Saybrook College's Killingworth Courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Saybrook_College_Courtyard.jpg/240px-Saybrook_College_Courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Saybrook_College_Courtyard.jpg/360px-Saybrook_College_Courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Saybrook_College_Courtyard.jpg/480px-Saybrook_College_Courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_College" title="Saybrook College">Saybrook College</a>'s Killingworth Courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopper_College_Courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hopper College courtyard"><img alt="Hopper College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hopper_College_Courtyard.jpg/430px-Hopper_College_Courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hopper_College_Courtyard.jpg/645px-Hopper_College_Courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hopper_College_Courtyard.jpg/860px-Hopper_College_Courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7600" data-file-height="3184" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hopper_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopper College">Hopper College</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkeley_College_(South)_at_Yale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berkeley College buildings"><img alt="Berkeley College buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Berkeley_College_%28South%29_at_Yale.jpg/270px-Berkeley_College_%28South%29_at_Yale.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Berkeley_College_%28South%29_at_Yale.jpg/405px-Berkeley_College_%28South%29_at_Yale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Berkeley_College_%28South%29_at_Yale.jpg/540px-Berkeley_College_%28South%29_at_Yale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_College_(Yale_University)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley College (Yale University)">Berkeley College</a> buildings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 372px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 370px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trumbull_College_Courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trumbull College courtyard"><img alt="Trumbull College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Trumbull_College_Courtyard.jpg/555px-Trumbull_College_Courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Trumbull_College_Courtyard.jpg/833px-Trumbull_College_Courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Trumbull_College_Courtyard.jpg/1110px-Trumbull_College_Courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9052" data-file-height="2936" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trumbull_College" title="Trumbull College">Trumbull College</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Davenport_College_Courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Davenport College courtyard"><img alt="Davenport College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Davenport_College_Courtyard.jpg/378px-Davenport_College_Courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Davenport_College_Courtyard.jpg/566px-Davenport_College_Courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Davenport_College_Courtyard.jpg/755px-Davenport_College_Courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6612" data-file-height="3155" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Davenport_College" title="Davenport College">Davenport College</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 366.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 364.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierson_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pierson College courtyard"><img alt="Pierson College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pierson_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg/547px-Pierson_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg" decoding="async" width="365" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pierson_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg/821px-Pierson_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pierson_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg/1094px-Pierson_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8362" data-file-height="2752" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pierson_College" title="Pierson College">Pierson College</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 294px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 292px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Silliman_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silliman College courtyard"><img alt="Silliman College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Silliman_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg/438px-Silliman_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Silliman_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg/657px-Silliman_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Silliman_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg/876px-Silliman_College_Courtyard_Yale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7600" data-file-height="3124" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Silliman_College" title="Silliman College">Silliman College</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 375.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 373.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Timothy_Dwight_College_courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timothy Dwight College courtyard"><img alt="Timothy Dwight College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Timothy_Dwight_College_courtyard.jpg/560px-Timothy_Dwight_College_courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="374" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Timothy_Dwight_College_courtyard.jpg/840px-Timothy_Dwight_College_courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Timothy_Dwight_College_courtyard.jpg/1120px-Timothy_Dwight_College_courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9932" data-file-height="3194" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_College" title="Timothy Dwight College">Timothy Dwight College</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Morse_College_Courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morse College courtyard"><img alt="Morse College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Morse_College_Courtyard.jpg/391px-Morse_College_Courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Morse_College_Courtyard.jpg/586px-Morse_College_Courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Morse_College_Courtyard.jpg/781px-Morse_College_Courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6742" data-file-height="3110" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Morse_College" title="Morse College">Morse College</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 400.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 398.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezra_Stiles_Courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ezra Stiles College courtyard"><img alt="Ezra Stiles College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ezra_Stiles_Courtyard.jpg/598px-Ezra_Stiles_Courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="399" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ezra_Stiles_Courtyard.jpg/897px-Ezra_Stiles_Courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ezra_Stiles_Courtyard.jpg/1196px-Ezra_Stiles_Courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9834" data-file-height="2962" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles_College" title="Ezra Stiles College">Ezra Stiles College</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin_College_Yale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benjamin Franklin College courtyard"><img alt="Benjamin Franklin College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Benjamin_Franklin_College_Yale.jpg/240px-Benjamin_Franklin_College_Yale.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Benjamin_Franklin_College_Yale.jpg/360px-Benjamin_Franklin_College_Yale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Benjamin_Franklin_College_Yale.jpg/480px-Benjamin_Franklin_College_Yale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_College" title="Benjamin Franklin College">Benjamin Franklin College</a> courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 353.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pauli_Murray_College_Yale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pauli Murray College courtyard"><img alt="Pauli Murray College courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pauli_Murray_College_Yale.jpg/530px-Pauli_Murray_College_Yale.jpg" decoding="async" width="354" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pauli_Murray_College_Yale.jpg/794px-Pauli_Murray_College_Yale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pauli_Murray_College_Yale.jpg/1059px-Pauli_Murray_College_Yale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8808" data-file-height="2996" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray_College" title="Pauli Murray College">Pauli Murray College</a> courtyard </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calhoun_College">Calhoun College</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Calhoun College">edit</a>]</div> Since the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a> beliefs and pro-slavery leadership<a href="#cite_note-calhoun_1837-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-student-petition-2015-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_2015_rename_Calhoun-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freshman_address_aug_2015-204">[200]</a> had prompted calls to rename the college or remove its tributes to Calhoun. The racially motivated <a href="/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting" title="Charleston church shooting">church shooting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, South Carolina, led to renewed calls in the summer of 2015 for <a href="/wiki/Calhoun_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Calhoun College">Calhoun College</a>, one of 12 residential colleges at the time, to be renamed. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change.<a href="#cite_note-student-petition-2015-202">[198]</a> They argued in the petition that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-student-petition-2015-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_2015_rename_Calhoun-203">[199]</a> In August 2015, Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed.<a href="#cite_note-Freshman_address_aug_2015-204">[200]</a> He described Calhoun as "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina".<a href="#cite_note-Freshman_address_aug_2015-204">[200]</a> He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests."<a href="#cite_note-calhoun_1837-201">[197]</a> Student activism about this issue increased in the fall of 2015, and included further protests sparked by controversy surrounding an administrator's comments on the potential positive and negative implications of students who wear <a href="/wiki/Halloween_costumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Halloween costumes">Halloween costumes</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Culturally_sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturally sensitive">culturally sensitive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> Campus-wide discussions expanded to include critical discussion of the experiences of women of color on campus, and the realities of racism in undergraduate life.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> The protests were sensationalized by the media and led to the labelling of some students as being members of <a href="/wiki/Generation_Snowflake" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation Snowflake">Generation Snowflake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> In April 2016, Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests", Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college<a href="#cite_note-NYT_April_2016_right_wrong-208">[204]</a> explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future". He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it".<a href="#cite_note-NYT_April_2016_right_wrong-208">[204]</a> "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." One change that will be issued is the title of "master" for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to "head of college" due to its connotation of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-foxnews_2015-209">[205]</a> Despite this apparently conclusive reasoning, Salovey announced that Calhoun College would be renamed for groundbreaking computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a> in February 2017.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> This renaming decision received a range of responses from Yale students and alumni.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> In his 2019 book Assault on American Excellence, former <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Yale_Law_School" title="Dean of Yale Law School">Dean of Yale Law School</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_T._Kronman" title="Anthony T. Kronman">Anthony T. Kronman</a> criticized the title and name changes and the lack of support from Salovey for <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Christakis#Yale_Halloween_controversy" title="Nicholas Christakis">the Christakises</a>, who were targeted by the student activists. Other members of the university community disagreed with Kronman's positions.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_organizations">Student organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Student organizations">edit</a>]</div> In 2024, Yale had 526 registered undergraduate student organizations, plus hundreds of others for graduate students.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. The <a href="/wiki/Yale_Literary_Magazine" title="Yale Literary Magazine">Yale Literary Magazine</a>, founded in February 1836, is the oldest student literary magazine in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> Established in 1872, <a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Record" title="The Yale Record">The Yale Record</a> is the world's oldest college <a href="/wiki/Humor_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Humor magazine">humor magazine</a>. Newspapers include the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Daily_News" title="Yale Daily News">Yale Daily News</a>, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly <a href="/wiki/Yale_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Herald">Yale Herald</a>, which was first published in 1986. The Yale Journal of Medicine & Law is a biannual magazine that explores the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Health_law" title="Health law">law and medicine</a>. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The <a href="/wiki/Yale_Dramatic_Association" title="Yale Dramatic Association">Yale Dramatic Association</a> and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM and FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream. The <a href="/wiki/Yale_College_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale College Council">Yale College Council</a> (YCC) serves as the campus's undergraduate student government. All registered student organizations are regulated and funded by a subsidiary organization of the YCC, known as the Undergraduate Organizations Funding Committee (UOFC).<a href="#cite_note-UOFC-219">[215]</a> The Graduate and Professional Student Senate (GPSS) serves as Yale's graduate and professional student government. <a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Political_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="The Yale Political Union">The Yale Political Union</a> (YPU) is a debate society founded in 1934 to host student discussions on a wide variety of topics. It is advised by alumni political leaders such as <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yale_International_Relations_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale International Relations Association">Yale International Relations Association</a> (YIRA) functions as the umbrella organization for the university's top-ranked Model UN team. YIRA also has a Europe-based offshoot, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Model_Government_Europe" title="Yale Model Government Europe">Yale Model Government Europe</a>, other Model UN conferences such as YMUN, YMUN Korea, YMUN Taiwan and Yale Model African Union (YMAU), the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Review_of_International_Studies" title="Yale Review of International Studies">Yale Review of International Studies</a> (YRIS), and educational programs such as the Yale International Relations Leadership Institute and Hemispheres. The campus includes several <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">fraternities and sororities</a>. The campus features at least 18 <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> groups, the most famous of which is <a href="/wiki/The_Whiffenpoofs" title="The Whiffenpoofs">The Whiffenpoofs</a>, which from its founding in 1909 until 2018 was made up solely of senior men. The <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Club" title="Elizabethan Club">Elizabethan Club</a>, a social club, has a membership of undergraduates, graduates, faculty and staff with literary or artistic interests. Membership is by invitation. Members and their guests may enter the "Lizzie's" premises for conversation and tea. The club owns first editions of a Shakespeare Folio, several Shakespeare Quartos, and a first edition of Milton's <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>, among other important literary texts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secret_societies">Secret societies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Secret societies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yale_secret_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale secret societies">Yale secret societies</a></div> Yale's <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret societies</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_Societies_at_Yale_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Societies at Yale University">include</a> <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scroll_and_Key" title="Scroll and Key">Scroll and Key</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_Head_(secret_society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf's Head (secret society)">Wolf's Head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_and_Snake" title="Book and Snake">Book and Snake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elihu_(secret_society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elihu (secret society)">Elihu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berzelius_(secret_society)" title="Berzelius (secret society)">Berzelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_(secret_society)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Elmo (secret society)">St. Elmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_Society" title="Manuscript Society">Manuscript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Unity" title="Brothers in Unity">Brothers in Unity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Linonia">Linonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony_Hall" title="St. Anthony Hall">St. Anthony Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabtai_(society)" title="Shabtai (society)">Shabtai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myth_and_Sword" title="Myth and Sword">Myth and Sword</a>, Daughters of Sovereign Government (DSG), <a href="/wiki/Mace_and_Chain" title="Mace and Chain">Mace and Chain</a>, ISO, <a href="/wiki/Spade_and_Grave" title="Spade and Grave">Spade and Grave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sage_and_Chalice" title="Sage and Chalice">Sage and Chalice</a>, among others. The two oldest existing honor societies are the <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Honor_Society" title="Aurelian Honor Society">Aurelian</a> (1910) and the <a href="/wiki/Torch_Honor_Society" title="Torch Honor Society">Torch Honor Society</a> (1916).<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> These are akin to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_social_clubs#The_Clubs" title="Harvard College social clubs">Harvard finals clubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eating_clubs_at_Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating clubs at Princeton University">Princeton eating clubs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Senior_societies_at_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior societies at University of Pennsylvania">senior societies at University of Pennsylvania</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Traditions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bladderball" title="Bladderball">Bladderball</a></div> Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "<a href="/wiki/Bright_College_Years" title="Bright College Years">bright college years</a>", though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes".<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> ("Bright College Years", the university's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Strong_Durand" title="Henry Strong Durand">Henry Durand</a>, Class of 1881, to the tune of <a href="/wiki/Die_Wacht_am_Rhein" title="Die Wacht am Rhein">Die Wacht am Rhein</a>.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_Woolsey" title="Theodore Dwight Woolsey">Theodore Dwight Woolsey</a> on Old Campus; however, actual students rarely do so.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> In the second half of the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Bladderball" title="Bladderball">Bladderball</a>, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletics">Athletics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Athletics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Yale Bulldogs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yale-Harvard-Game.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Yale-Harvard-Game.jpg/220px-Yale-Harvard-Game.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Yale-Harvard-Game.jpg/330px-Yale-Harvard-Game.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Yale-Harvard-Game.jpg/440px-Yale-Harvard-Game.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bowl" title="Yale Bowl">Yale Bowl</a>, the college football stadium</figcaption></figure> Yale supports 35 varsity athletic teams that compete in the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> Conference, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_College_Athletic_Conference" title="Eastern College Athletic Conference">Eastern College Athletic Conference</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association" title="New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association">New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association</a>. Yale athletic teams compete intercollegiately at the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> Division I level. Like other members of the Ivy League, Yale does not offer athletic scholarships. Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bowl" title="Yale Bowl">Yale Bowl</a> (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum" title="Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum">Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Bowl_(stadium)" title="Rose Bowl (stadium)">Rose Bowl</a>), located at The <a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a> Field athletic complex, and the <a href="/wiki/Payne_Whitney_Gymnasium" title="Payne Whitney Gymnasium">Payne Whitney Gymnasium</a>, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> In 1970, the NCAA banned Yale from participating in all NCAA sports for two years, in reaction to Yale—against the wishes of the NCAA—playing its Jewish center <a href="/wiki/Jack_Langer" title="Jack Langer">Jack Langer</a> in college games after Langer had played for Team United States at the <a href="/wiki/1969_Maccabiah_Games" title="1969 Maccabiah Games">1969 Maccabiah Games</a> in Israel with the approval of Yale President <a href="/wiki/Kingman_Brewster" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingman Brewster">Kingman Brewster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto11a-228">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-autoa-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3a-230">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto12a-231">[227]</a> The decision impacted 300 Yale students, every Yale student on its sports teams, over the next two years.<a href="#cite_note-auto15a-232">[228]</a> In 2016, the men's basketball team won the Ivy League Championship title for the first time in 54 years, earning a spot in the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament">NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament</a>. In the first round of the tournament, the Bulldogs beat the <a href="/wiki/Baylor_Bears" title="Baylor Bears">Baylor Bears</a> 79–75 in the school's first-ever tournament win.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Camp_Gate_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Walter_Camp_Gate_1.jpg/220px-Walter_Camp_Gate_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Walter_Camp_Gate_1.jpg/330px-Walter_Camp_Gate_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Walter_Camp_Gate_1.jpg/440px-Walter_Camp_Gate_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a> Gate at the Yale Athletic Complex</figcaption></figure> In May 2018, the men's lacrosse team defeated the <a href="/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils" title="Duke Blue Devils">Duke Blue Devils</a> to claim their first-ever <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship">NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> and were the first Ivy League school to win the title since the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> Yale crew is the oldest collegiate athletic team in America, and won <a href="/wiki/Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympics">Olympic Games</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Medal">Gold Medal</a> for men's eights in 1924 and 1956. The <a href="/wiki/Yale_Corinthian_Yacht_Club" title="Yale Corinthian Yacht Club">Yale Corinthian Yacht Club</a>, founded in 1881, is the oldest collegiate <a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">sailing</a> club in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The <a href="/wiki/Gilder_Boathouse" title="Gilder Boathouse">Gilder Boathouse</a> is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gilder" title="Richard Gilder">Richard Gilder</a> '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the <a href="/wiki/Gales_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gales Ferry">Gales Ferry</a> site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the <a href="/wiki/Yale-Harvard_Boat_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale-Harvard Boat Race">Yale-Harvard Boat Race</a>. In 1896, Yale and <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a> played the first known <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> game in the United States. Since 2006, the school's ice hockey clubs have played a commemorative game.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> Yale students claim to have invented <a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Frisbee</a>, by tossing empty <a href="/wiki/Frisbie_Pie_Company" title="Frisbie Pie Company">Frisbie Pie Company</a> tins.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> Yale athletics are supported by the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Precision_Marching_Band" title="Yale Precision Marching Band">Yale Precision Marching Band</a>. "Precision" is used here ironically; the band is a scatter-style band that runs wildly between formations rather than actually marching.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> The band attends every home football game and many away, as well as most hockey and basketball games throughout the winter. Yale intramural sports are also a significant aspect of student life. Students compete for their respective residential colleges, fostering a friendly rivalry. The year is divided into fall, winter, and spring seasons, each of which includes about 10 different sports. About half the sports are coeducational. At the end of the year, the residential college with the most points (not all sports count equally) wins the Tyng Cup. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Song">Song</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Song">edit</a>]</div> Notable among the songs commonly played and sung at events such as <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">commencement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convocation" title="Convocation">convocation</a>, alumni gatherings, and athletic games is the alma mater, "<a href="/wiki/Bright_College_Years" title="Bright College Years">Bright College Years</a>". Despite its popularity, "<a href="/wiki/Boola_Boola" title="Boola Boola">Boola Boola</a>" is not the official <a href="/wiki/Fight_song" title="Fight song">fight song</a>, albeit being the origin of the university's unofficial motto. The official Yale fight song, "Bulldog" was written by <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a> during his undergraduate days and is sung after touchdowns during a football game.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> Additionally, two other songs, "Down the Field" by C.W. O'Conner, and "Bingo Eli Yale", also by Cole Porter, are still sung at football games. According to College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology published in 1998, "Down the Field" ranks as the fourth-greatest fight song of all time.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mascot">Mascot</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mascot">edit</a>]</div> The school <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascot</a> is "<a href="/wiki/Handsome_Dan" title="Handsome Dan">Handsome Dan</a>", the Yale <a href="/wiki/Bulldog" title="Bulldog">bulldog</a>, and the Yale fight song contains the refrain, "Bulldog, bulldog, bow wow wow". The school color, since 1894, is <a href="/wiki/Yale_Blue" title="Yale Blue">Yale Blue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> Yale's Handsome Dan is believed to be the first college mascot in America, having been established in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-YaleBulldogs-243">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Mental health">edit</a>]</div> Yale has faced significant criticism for its handling of <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_education" title="Mental health in education">student mental health</a> on campus.<a href="#cite_note-Wan2022-244">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wanfollowup-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-delValle2022-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giambrone2015-247">[243]</a> Suicidal and depressed students say that Yale forced them to medically withdraw rather than provide them with academic accommodations under the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with Disabilities Act">Americans with Disabilities Act</a>, and in 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Ruderman_Family_Foundation" title="Ruderman Family Foundation">Ruderman Family Foundation</a> ranked Yale as having the worst mental health policies in the Ivy League.<a href="#cite_note-Bialek2021-248">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heyman2018-249">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-delValle2022-246">[242]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Dear Yale, I loved being here. I only wish I could've had some time. I needed time to work things out and to wait for new medication to kick in, but I couldn't do it in school, and I couldn't bear the thought of having to leave for a full year, or of leaving and never being readmitted. Love, Luchang. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Luchang Wang, posted on Facebook in 2015 shortly before her death<a href="#cite_note-Wan2022-244">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giambrone2015-247">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Siegel2015-250">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller2016-252">[248]</a></cite></div> </div> Students at Yale say that the university's policies force them to hide their depression and avoid seeking help, for fear of being forced to leave.<a href="#cite_note-Wan2022-244">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bialek2021-248">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giambrone2015-247">[243]</a> One prominent case was the suicide of Luchang Wang in 2015, who died by suicide after making a Facebook post saying that she needed time to deal with her mental health issues, but could not deal with being forced to medically withdraw for an entire year with an uncertain chance of being readmitted.<a href="#cite_note-Siegel2015-250">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giambrone2015-247">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller2016-252">[248]</a> Wang had previously withdrawn from school due to mental health issues, and was afraid of being forced to withdraw again, as a second readmission attempt would be considerably more difficult for her.<a href="#cite_note-Siegel2015-250">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giambrone2015-247">[243]</a> A friend of Wang said that she routinely lied to her university therapist to avoid being kicked out,<a href="#cite_note-Siegel2015-250">[246]</a> and another student said that many at Yale lie to their counselors as "there's no clear standard established that says exactly what students will get involuntarily hospitalized or withdrawn for".<a href="#cite_note-Giambrone2015-247">[243]</a> In response, the university convened a commission to evaluate their readmission policies after a mental health withdrawal, renaming the process to "reinstatement" as well as eliminating the $50 reapplication fee.<a href="#cite_note-Wan2022-244">[240]</a> For students that do seek help, waitlists for therapy can be months long, with individual counselling sessions only 30 minutes in length.<a href="#cite_note-Wan2022-244">[240]</a> In 2022, after a Washington Post article about their medical withdrawal policies, the school increased the number of mental health clinicians on campus from 51 to 60 as well as promised further changes.<a href="#cite_note-Wanfollowup-245">[241]</a> In 2023, after a lawsuit was filed against the school for what the plaintiffs described as discrimination, the university changed the name of a "medical withdrawal" to a "medical leave of absence" saying that the "leave of absence" terminology would allow students to remain on Yale's insurance while away from the school.<a href="#cite_note-Cook2023-253">[249]</a> The new policy also allowed for students on a leave of absence to participate in extracurricular clubs and visit campus,<a href="#cite_note-Cook2023-253">[249]</a> something a student on medical withdrawal was banned from doing.<a href="#cite_note-Wan2022-244">[240]</a> A representative of Yale also said that the criticism of their policies "misrepresents our efforts and unwavering commitment to supporting our students, whose well-being and success are our primary focus" and that "the mental health of our students is a very, very high priority".<a href="#cite_note-Wanfollowup-245">[241]</a> After the death of undergraduate student Rachael Shaw Rosenbaum by suicide, an organization called Elis for Rachael was formed, advocating for mental health-related reforms. The group has sued Yale, demanding changes.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefactors">Benefactors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Benefactors">edit</a>]</div> Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Yale" title="Elihu Yale">Elihu Yale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Dummer" title="Jeremiah Dummer">Jeremiah Dummer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilt</a> family, the <a href="/wiki/Harkness_Tower" title="Harkness Tower">Harkness</a> family (<a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Harkness" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward S. Harkness">Edward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Harkness" title="Anna M. Harkness">Anna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Harkness" title="William Harkness">William</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_and_Manuscript_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library">Beinecke</a> family (Edwin, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Beinecke" title="Frederick W. Beinecke">Frederick</a>, and Walter), <a href="/wiki/John_William_Sterling" title="John William Sterling">John William Sterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payne_Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="Payne Whitney">Payne Whitney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Earl_Sheffield" title="Joseph Earl Sheffield">Joseph Earl Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mellon" title="Paul Mellon">Paul Mellon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._G._Murphy" title="Charles B. G. Murphy">Charles B. G. Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tsai" title="Joseph Tsai">Joseph Tsai</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_K._Lanman" title="William K. Lanman">William K. Lanman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Schwarzman" title="Stephen A. Schwarzman">Stephen Schwarzman</a>. The Yale Class of 1954, led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gilder" title="Richard Gilder">Richard Gilder</a>, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Johnson" title="Charles B. Johnson">Charles B. Johnson</a>, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support the construction of two new residential colleges.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> The colleges have been named respectively in honor of <a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Pauli Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>. A $100 million contribution<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Adams_(businessman)" title="Stephen Adams (businessman)">Stephen Adams</a> enabled the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Music" title="Yale School of Music">Yale School of Music</a> to become tuition-free and the Adams Center for Musical Arts to be built, while a $150 million contribution<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Geffen" title="David Geffen">David Geffen</a> enabled the Yale School of Drama (renamed the <a href="/wiki/David_Geffen_School_of_Drama_at_Yale_University" title="David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University">David Geffen School of Drama at Yale</a>) to become tuition-free as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notable alumni">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yale_University_people" title="List of Yale University people">List of Yale University people</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yale_Law_School_alumni" title="List of Yale Law School alumni">List of Yale Law School alumni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Yale_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Yale University">List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Yale University</a></div>Yale has produced many distinguished alumni in various fields, in both the public and private sectors. According to 2020 data, around 71% of undergraduates join the workforce, while 17% attend graduate or professional schools.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> Yale graduates have been recipients of 263 <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarships</a>,<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> 123 <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship" title="Marshall Scholarship">Marshall Scholarships</a>,<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> 67 <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Scholarship" title="Harry S. Truman Scholarship">Truman Scholarships</a>,<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> 21 <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Scholarship" title="Churchill Scholarship">Churchill Scholarships</a>,<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> and 9 <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Scholarship" title="Mitchell Scholarship">Mitchell Scholarships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> The university is the 2nd largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Scholars</a>, with 1,244 in its history<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> and 89 <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> The U.S. Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs ranked Yale fifth among research institutions producing the most 2020–2021 Fulbright Scholars.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> 31 <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">living billionaires</a> are alumni.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins-2018-14">[14]</a> One of the most popular undergraduate majors is political science, with many going on to serve in government and politics.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> Former presidents who attended for undergrad include <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> while former presidents <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> attended Yale Law School.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> Vice president <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> graduated from Yale Law School.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> Former vice president and influential <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum era">antebellum era</a> politician <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> also graduated from Yale. Former world leaders include Italian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> Turkish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a>,<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> South Korean prime minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hong-koo" title="Lee Hong-koo">Lee Hong-koo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> German president <a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> Philippine president <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paciano_Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José Paciano Laurel">José Paciano Laurel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> Latvian president <a href="/wiki/Valdis_Zatlers" title="Valdis Zatlers">Valdis Zatlers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> Taiwanese premier <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Yi-huah" title="Jiang Yi-huah">Jiang Yi-huah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> and Malawian president <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mutharika" title="Peter Mutharika">Peter Mutharika</a>,<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> among others. Prominent royals who graduated are <a href="/wiki/Crown_Princess_Victoria_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden">Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympia_von_und_zu_Arco-Zinneberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympia von und zu Arco-Zinneberg">Olympia Bonaparte, Princess Napoléon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> Alumni have had considerable presence in U.S. government in all three branches. On the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, 19 justices have been alumni, including current <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Liptak-2014-285">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Liptak-2014-285">[281]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> Alumni have been <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senators</a>, including current senators <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennet" title="Michael Bennet">Michael Bennet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Richard Blumenthal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Sherrod Brown</a>,<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> Current and former cabinet members include Secretaries of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>;<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> U.S. Secretaries of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a>,<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Robert Rubin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Nicholas F. Brady</a>,<a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Steven Mnuchin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a>;<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> U.S. Attorneys General <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a>,<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a>,<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Levi" title="Edward H. Levi">Edward H. Levi</a>;<a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a> and many others. Peace Corps founder and American diplomat <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a> and public official and urban planner <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a> are Yale alumni. Yale has produced numerous award-winning authors and influential writers,<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> like <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winners <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Vincent_Ben%C3%A9t" title="Stephen Vincent Benét">Stephen Vincent Benét</a>,<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doug_Wright" title="Doug Wright">Doug Wright</a>,<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">David McCullough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> winning actors, actresses, and directors include <a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a>,<a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a>,<a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Roy_Hill" title="George Roy Hill">George Roy Hill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o" title="Lupita Nyong'o">Lupita Nyong'o</a>,<a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_McDormand" title="Frances McDormand">Frances McDormand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[317]</a> Alumni from Yale have also made notable contributions to both music and the arts. Leading American composer from the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>,<a href="#cite_note-322">[318]</a> Broadway composer <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-323">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy award</a> winner <a href="/wiki/David_Lang_(composer)" title="David Lang (composer)">David Lang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-324">[320]</a> multi-<a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a> winner Composer and Musicologist <a href="/wiki/Maury_Yeston" title="Maury Yeston">Maury Yeston</a>,<a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a> and award-winning jazz pianist and composer <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Iyer" title="Vijay Iyer">Vijay Iyer</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[322]</a> all hail from Yale. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Boss_Prize" title="Hugo Boss Prize">Hugo Boss Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Barney" title="Matthew Barney">Matthew Barney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a> famed American sculptor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a> President Barack Obama presidential portrait painter <a href="/wiki/Kehinde_Wiley" title="Kehinde Wiley">Kehinde Wiley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellows</a> and contemporary artists <a href="/wiki/Tschabalala_Self" title="Tschabalala Self">Tschabalala Self</a>,<a href="#cite_note-330">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Titus_Kaphar" title="Titus Kaphar">Titus Kaphar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whitten" title="Richard Whitten">Richard Whitten</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Sze" title="Sarah Sze">Sarah Sze</a>,<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Editorial_Cartooning" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning">Pulitzer Prize</a> winning cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Garry_Trudeau" title="Garry Trudeau">Garry Trudeau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a> photorealist painter <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Close" title="Chuck Close">Chuck Close</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a> all graduated from Yale. Additional alumni include architect and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Lin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize" title="Pritzker Architecture Prize">Pritzker Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Norman Foster</a>,<a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> designer <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a> Journalists and pundits include <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cavett" title="Dick Cavett">Dick Cavett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Cuomo" title="Chris Cuomo">Chris Cuomo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anderson_Cooper" title="Anderson Cooper">Anderson Cooper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blake_Hounshell" title="Blake Hounshell">Blake Hounshell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-341">[337]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[338]</a> In business, Yale has had numerous alumni and former students go on to become founders of influential business, like <a href="/wiki/William_E._Boeing" title="William E. Boeing">William Boeing</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[339]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>), <a href="/wiki/Briton_Hadden" title="Briton Hadden">Briton Hadden</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Luce" title="Henry Luce">Henry Luce</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time Magazine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Schwarzman" title="Stephen A. Schwarzman">Stephen A. Schwarzman</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Blackstone_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blackstone Group">Blackstone Group</a>), <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Smith" title="Frederick W. Smith">Frederick W. Smith</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a> (<a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a>), <a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[344]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a>), <a href="/wiki/Harold_Stanley" title="Harold Stanley">Harold Stanley</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[345]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bing_Gordon" title="Bing Gordon">Bing Gordon</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[346]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Silbermann" title="Ben Silbermann">Ben Silbermann</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[347]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a>). Other business people from Yale include former chairman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Sears_Holdings" title="Sears Holdings">Sears Holdings</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lampert" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lampert">Edward Lampert</a>,<a href="#cite_note-352">[348]</a> former <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a> president <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bewkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Bewkes">Jeffrey Bewkes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[349]</a> former <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a> chairperson and CEO <a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-354">[350]</a> sports agent <a href="/wiki/Donald_Dell" title="Donald Dell">Donald Dell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a> and investor/philanthropist Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Templeton" title="John Templeton">John Templeton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-356">[352]</a> Alumni distinguished in academia include literary critic and historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Henry Louis Gates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-357">[353]</a> economists <a href="/wiki/Irving_Fischer" class="mw-redirect" title="Irving Fischer">Irving Fischer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-358">[354]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahbub_ul_Haq" title="Mahbub ul Haq">Mahbub ul Haq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-359">[355]</a> and Nobel Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a>;<a href="#cite_note-360">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> laureates <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[357]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a>;<a href="#cite_note-362">[358]</a> Fields Medalist <a href="/wiki/John_G._Thompson" title="John G. Thompson">John G. Thompson</a>;<a href="#cite_note-363">[359]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> leader and <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> director <a href="/wiki/Francis_S._Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis S. Collins">Francis S. Collins</a>;<a href="#cite_note-364">[360]</a> brain surgery pioneer <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Cushing" title="Harvey Cushing">Harvey Cushing</a>;<a href="#cite_note-365">[361]</a> pioneering computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a>;<a href="#cite_note-366">[362]</a> influential mathematician and chemist <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a>;<a href="#cite_note-367">[363]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> inductee and biochemist <a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a>;<a href="#cite_note-368">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> recipient <a href="/wiki/Ron_Rivest" title="Ron Rivest">Ron Rivest</a>;<a href="#cite_note-369">[365]</a> inventors <a href="/wiki/Samuel_F.B._Morse" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel F.B. Morse">Samuel F.B. Morse</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[366]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a>;<a href="#cite_note-371">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a>;<a href="#cite_note-372">[368]</a> lexicographer <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a>;<a href="#cite_note-373">[369]</a> and theologians <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[370]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[371]</a> In the sporting arena, alumni include baseball players <a href="/wiki/Ron_Darling" title="Ron Darling">Ron Darling</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[372]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craig_Breslow" title="Craig Breslow">Craig Breslow</a> who in the major leagues played with fellow Yale alum <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Lavarnway" title="Ryan Lavarnway">Ryan Lavarnway</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[373]</a> and baseball executives <a href="/wiki/Theo_Epstein" title="Theo Epstein">Theo Epstein</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[374]</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Weiss_(baseball)" title="George Weiss (baseball)">George Weiss</a>;<a href="#cite_note-379">[375]</a> football players <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Hill" title="Calvin Hill">Calvin Hill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-380">[376]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Fencik" title="Gary Fencik">Gary Fenick</a>,<a href="#cite_note-381">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-382">[378]</a> and "the Father of American Football" <a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a>;<a href="#cite_note-383">[379]</a> ice hockey players <a href="/wiki/Chris_Higgins_(ice_hockey)" title="Chris Higgins (ice hockey)">Chris Higgins</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[380]</a> and Olympian <a href="/wiki/Helen_Resor_(ice_hockey)" title="Helen Resor (ice hockey)">Helen Resor</a>;<a href="#cite_note-385">[381]</a> Olympic figure skating champions <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Hughes" title="Sarah Hughes">Sarah Hughes</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[382]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Chen" title="Nathan Chen">Nathan Chen</a>;<a href="#cite_note-387">[383]</a> nine-time <a href="/wiki/U.S._Squash" title="U.S. Squash">U.S. Squash</a> men's champion <a href="/wiki/Julian_Illingworth" title="Julian Illingworth">Julian Illingworth</a>;<a href="#cite_note-388">[384]</a> Olympic swimmer <a href="/wiki/Don_Schollander" title="Don Schollander">Don Schollander</a>;<a href="#cite_note-389">[385]</a> Olympic rowers <a href="/wiki/Josh_West" title="Josh West">Josh West</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[386]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Wailes" title="Rusty Wailes">Rusty Wailes</a>;<a href="#cite_note-391">[387]</a> Olympic sailor <a href="/wiki/Stuart_McNay" title="Stuart McNay">Stuart McNay</a>;<a href="#cite_note-392">[388]</a> Olympic runner <a href="/wiki/Frank_Shorter" title="Frank Shorter">Frank Shorter</a>;<a href="#cite_note-393">[389]</a> and others. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Notable Yale alumni include:</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="7th Vice President of the United States John C. Calhoun (College, 1806)"><img alt="7th Vice President of the United States John C. Calhoun (College, 1806)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/97px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/145px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/194px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6149" data-file-height="7621" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">7th Vice President of the United States <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (College, 1806)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="27th President of the United States and Chief Justice William Howard Taft (BA, 1878)"><img alt="27th President of the United States and Chief Justice William Howard Taft (BA, 1878)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg/85px-Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg/127px-Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg/169px-Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="5648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">27th President of the United States and Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (BA, 1878)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="38th President of the United States Gerald Ford (LLB, 1941)"><img alt="38th President of the United States Gerald Ford (LLB, 1941)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait.jpg/89px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait.jpg/133px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait.jpg/178px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2969" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">38th President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (LLB, 1941)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush (BA, 1948)"><img alt="41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush (BA, 1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/91px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/137px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/183px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">41st President of the United States <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (BA, 1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton (JD, 1973)"><img alt="42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton (JD, 1973)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/92px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/138px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/184px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">42nd President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (JD, 1973)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (BA, 1968)"><img alt="43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (BA, 1968)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/91px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/136px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/181px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">43rd President of the United States <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (BA, 1968)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:VancePortrait(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="50th Vice President of the United States JD Vance (JD, 2013)"><img alt="50th Vice President of the United States JD Vance (JD, 2013)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-VancePortrait%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="1251" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">50th Vice President of the United States <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> (JD, 2013)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Clarence Thomas (JD, 1974)"><img alt="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Clarence Thomas (JD, 1974)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/87px-Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/131px-Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/174px-Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3300" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> (JD, 1974)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Samuel Alito (JD, 1975)"><img alt="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Samuel Alito (JD, 1975)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg/96px-Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg/144px-Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg/192px-Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> (JD, 1975)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Sonia Sotomayor (JD, 1979)"><img alt="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Sonia Sotomayor (JD, 1979)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg/96px-Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg/144px-Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg/192px-Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> (JD, 1979)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_(full_length).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Brett Kavanaugh (BA, 1987; JD, 1990)"><img alt="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Brett Kavanaugh (BA, 1987; JD, 1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg/99px-Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg/148px-Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg/197px-Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> (BA, 1987; JD, 1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillary_Clinton_by_Gage_Skidmore_4_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="67th United States Secretary of State and Former U.S. Senator of New York Hillary Clinton (JD, 1973)"><img alt="67th United States Secretary of State and Former U.S. Senator of New York Hillary Clinton (JD, 1973)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hillary_Clinton_by_Gage_Skidmore_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Hillary_Clinton_by_Gage_Skidmore_4_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hillary_Clinton_by_Gage_Skidmore_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Hillary_Clinton_by_Gage_Skidmore_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hillary_Clinton_by_Gage_Skidmore_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Hillary_Clinton_by_Gage_Skidmore_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2245" data-file-height="2995" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">67th United States Secretary of State and Former U.S. Senator of New York <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (JD, 1973)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amy_Klobuchar,_official_portrait,_113th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senator of Minnesota Amy Klobuchar (BA, 1982)"><img alt="Senator of Minnesota Amy Klobuchar (BA, 1982)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Amy_Klobuchar%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/96px-Amy_Klobuchar%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Amy_Klobuchar%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/144px-Amy_Klobuchar%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Amy_Klobuchar%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/192px-Amy_Klobuchar%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="4800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Senator of Minnesota <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> (BA, 1982)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_Ned_Lamont_of_Connecticut,_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governor of Connecticut Ned Lamont (MBA, 1980)"><img alt="Governor of Connecticut Ned Lamont (MBA, 1980)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Governor_Ned_Lamont_of_Connecticut%2C_official_portrait.jpg/87px-Governor_Ned_Lamont_of_Connecticut%2C_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Governor_Ned_Lamont_of_Connecticut%2C_official_portrait.jpg/131px-Governor_Ned_Lamont_of_Connecticut%2C_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Governor_Ned_Lamont_of_Connecticut%2C_official_portrait.jpg/175px-Governor_Ned_Lamont_of_Connecticut%2C_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="1990" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Governor of Connecticut <a href="/wiki/Ned_Lamont" title="Ned Lamont">Ned Lamont</a> (MBA, 1980)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_DeSantis_in_October_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governor of Florida Ron DeSantis (BA, 2001)"><img alt="Governor of Florida Ron DeSantis (BA, 2001)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ron_DeSantis_in_October_2023.jpg/90px-Ron_DeSantis_in_October_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ron_DeSantis_in_October_2023.jpg/135px-Ron_DeSantis_in_October_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ron_DeSantis_in_October_2023.jpg/180px-Ron_DeSantis_in_October_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1690" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Governor of Florida <a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a> (BA, 2001)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig (JD, 1989)"><img alt="Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig (JD, 1989)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg/92px-Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg/138px-Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg/185px-Lawrence_Lessig_May_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="3020" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harvard law professor <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> (JD, 1989)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_dershowitz_2009_retouched_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz (LLB, 1962)"><img alt="Former Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz (LLB, 1962)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alan_dershowitz_2009_retouched_cropped.jpg/88px-Alan_dershowitz_2009_retouched_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alan_dershowitz_2009_retouched_cropped.jpg/133px-Alan_dershowitz_2009_retouched_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alan_dershowitz_2009_retouched_cropped.jpg/177px-Alan_dershowitz_2009_retouched_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1257" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Harvard law professor <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a> (LLB, 1962)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Louis_Gates,_Jr_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Literary critic and historian Henry Louis Gates Jr. (BA, 1973)"><img alt="Literary critic and historian Henry Louis Gates Jr. (BA, 1973)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Henry_Louis_Gates%2C_Jr_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Henry_Louis_Gates%2C_Jr_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Henry_Louis_Gates%2C_Jr_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Henry_Louis_Gates%2C_Jr_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Henry_Louis_Gates%2C_Jr_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Henry_Louis_Gates%2C_Jr_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="2180" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Literary critic and historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr.</a> (BA, 1973)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th,_2008-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Economist and Nobel Prize laureate Paul Krugman (BA, 1974)"><img alt="Economist and Nobel Prize laureate Paul Krugman (BA, 1974)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-8.jpg/97px-Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-8.jpg/146px-Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-8.jpg/195px-Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3194" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Economist and Nobel Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> (BA, 1974)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jodie_Foster_talking_to_Kali_Reis_2024_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Actress and filmmaker Jodie Foster (BA, 1985)"><img alt="Actress and filmmaker Jodie Foster (BA, 1985)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jodie_Foster_talking_to_Kali_Reis_2024_%28cropped%29.png/88px-Jodie_Foster_talking_to_Kali_Reis_2024_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jodie_Foster_talking_to_Kali_Reis_2024_%28cropped%29.png/132px-Jodie_Foster_talking_to_Kali_Reis_2024_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jodie_Foster_talking_to_Kali_Reis_2024_%28cropped%29.png/176px-Jodie_Foster_talking_to_Kali_Reis_2024_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1295" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Actress and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a> (BA, 1985)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SXSW_2019_4_(47282558132)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Actress Lupita Nyong'o (MFA, 2012)"><img alt="Actress Lupita Nyong'o (MFA, 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SXSW_2019_4_%2847282558132%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/77px-SXSW_2019_4_%2847282558132%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SXSW_2019_4_%2847282558132%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/116px-SXSW_2019_4_%2847282558132%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SXSW_2019_4_%2847282558132%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/154px-SXSW_2019_4_%2847282558132%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Actress <a href="/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o" title="Lupita Nyong'o">Lupita Nyong'o</a> (MFA, 2012)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction_and_popular_culture">In fiction and popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: In fiction and popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Yale University is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8014-3479-3-394">[390]</a> and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Johnson_(writer)" title="Owen Johnson (writer)">Owen Johnson</a>'s novel Stover at Yale follows the college career of Dink Stover,<a href="#cite_note-395">[391]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Merriwell" title="Frank Merriwell">Frank Merriwell</a>, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs.<a href="#cite_note-396">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[393]</a> Yale University also is mentioned in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby" title="The Great Gatsby">The Great Gatsby</a>. The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was "one of the most powerful <a href="/wiki/Defensive_end" title="Defensive end">ends</a> that ever played football" for Yale. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NoteA-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NoteA_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NoteA_44-1">b</a> Sheffield was originally named Yale Scientific School; it was renamed in 1861 after a major donation from <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph E. Sheffield">Joseph E. Sheffield</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Other consists of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> & those who prefer to not say. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> The percentage of students who received an income-based federal <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grant</a> intended for low-income students. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> The percentage of students who are a part of the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a> at the bare minimum. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> This is established usage, although <a href="/wiki/John_Sandys_(classicist)" title="John Sandys (classicist)">John Sandys</a> argued that Universitas Yaleana would be the correct form, see: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Sandys1910" class="citation book cs1">John Sandys (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5rOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR8">Orationes et epistolae cantabrigienses (1876-1909)</a>. p. viii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orationes+et+epistolae+cantabrigienses+%281876-1909%29&rft.pages=viii&rft.date=1910&rft.au=John+Sandys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5rOAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert_Campbell_Scoggis1920" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert Campbell Scoggis (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LW_c9gDcuEcC&pg=PA505">"General Comment"</a>. The Classical Journal. 15: 505.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=General+Comment&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=505&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Gilbert+Campbell+Scoggis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLW_c9gDcuEcC%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University. <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Ireland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hodges_Figgis" title="Hodges Figgis">Hodges, Figgis & Co.</a> 1894. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781355361602" title="Special:BookSources/9781355361602"><bdi>9781355361602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+The+Tercentenary+Festival+of+Dublin+University&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=Hodges%2C+Figgis+%26+Co.&rft.date=1894&rft.isbn=9781355361602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Actes du Jubilé de 1909 (in Swiss French). <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: Georg Keck & Cie. 1910. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781360078335" title="Special:BookSources/9781360078335"><bdi>9781360078335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Actes+du+Jubil%C3%A9+de+1909&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Georg+Keck+%26+Cie&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=9781360078335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endowment-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endowment_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endowment_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2024/10/25/yale-reports-investment-return-fiscal-2024">"Yale reports investment return for fiscal 2024"</a>. news.yale.edu. October 25, 2024. Retrieved October 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Yale+reports+investment+return+for+fiscal+2024&rft.date=2024-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yale.edu%2F2024%2F10%2F25%2Fyale-reports-investment-return-fiscal-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale24thPres-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Yale24thPres_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/leadership-organization/maurie-mcinnis">"Maurie McInnis, B.A., '90 M.A., '96 Ph.D."</a> www.yale.edu. July 1, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701093031/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/leadership-organization/maurie-mcinnis">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Maurie+McInnis%2C+B.A.%2C+%2790+M.A.%2C+%2796+Ph.D.&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fabout-yale%2Fleadership-organization%2Fmaurie-mcinnis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-provost-6"><a href="#cite_ref-provost_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2019/11/06/scott-strobel-named-yale-provost">"Scott Strobel named Yale provost"</a>. YaleNews. Yale University. 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Yale Office of the Secretary and Vice President for University Life. Yale University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223035452/https://secretary.yale.edu/programs-services/honorary-degrees/since-1702?field_degrees_value=All&field_year_value=1803&keys=">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2021. 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Retrieved December 14, 2009. <q>"The YPMB is one of twelve scatter-style marching bands in the country....Between formations we run around wildly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yale+Precision+Marching+Band+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fyaleband%2Fypmb%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bands.yalecollege.yale.edu/yale-precision-marching-band/music/yale-fight-songs">"Yale Fight Songs"</a>. bands.yalecollege.yale.edu. 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Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3479-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3479-3"><bdi>0-8014-3479-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+swineherd+and+the+bow%3A+representations+of+class+in+the+Odyssey&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8014-3479-3&rft.aulast=Thalmann&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswineherdbowrepr00thal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaddeley" class="citation web cs1">Baddeley, Jenna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212234834/http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/xxv/2.20.98/ae/book.html">"Memoir demonstrates Yalies have always been crazy"</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/xxv/2.20.98/ae/book.html">the original</a> on February 12, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoir+demonstrates+Yalies+have+always+been+crazy&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+Herald&rft.aulast=Baddeley&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yaleherald.com%2Farchive%2Fxxv%2F2.20.98%2Fae%2Fbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> University of Georgia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uga.edu/honors/curo/juro/2001_10_13/Turano6.html">"The Rise of Intercollegiate Football and Its Portrayal in American Popular Literature."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051122054036/http://www.uga.edu/honors/curo/juro/2001_10_13/Turano6.html">Archived</a> November 22, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved April 9, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> The text of Frank Merriwell at Yale is published online by <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11115/11115-h/11115-h.htm">Gutenberg.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060223213829/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11115/11115-h/11115-h.htm">Archived</a> February 23, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley, William F. Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a>, 1951.</li> <li>Deming, Clarence. Yale Yesterdays, New Haven, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1915.</li> <li>Dexter, Franklin Bowditch. Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Yale: Yale College with Annals of the College History, 6 vols. New York, 1885–1912.</li> <li>Dexter, Franklin Bowditch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvAKAAAAIAAJ">Documentary History of Yale University: Under the Original Charter of the Collegiate School of Connecticut, 1701–1745.</a> New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1901.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillegan2004" class="citation book cs1">Millegan, Kris, ed. (2004). Fleshing Out Skull & Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society. Trine Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9752906-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9752906-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9752906-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fleshing+Out+Skull+%26+Bones%3A+Investigations+into+America%27s+Most+Powerful+Secret+Society&rft.pub=Trine+Day&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9752906-0-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li>French, Robert Dudley. The Memorial Quadrangle, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1929.</li> <li>Furniss, Edgar S. The Graduate School of Yale, New Haven, 1965.</li> <li>Holden, Reuben A. Yale: A Pictorial History, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967.</li> <li>Kelley, Brooks Mather. <a href="/wiki/Yale:_A_History" title="Yale: A History">Yale: A History</a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07843-5">978-0-300-07843-5</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/810552">810552</a>, the major scholarly history of the enture university, not just the undergraduate college.</li> <li>Kingsley, William L. Yale College. A Sketch of its History, 2 vols. New York, 1879.</li> <li>Mendenhall, Thomas C. The Harvard-Yale Boat Race, 1852–1924, and the Coming of Sport to the American College. (1993). 371 pp.</li> <li>Nissenbaum, Stephen, ed. The Great Awakening at Yale College (1972). 263 pp.</li> <li>Oren, Dan A. Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1985.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOviatt1916" class="citation book cs1">Oviatt, Edwin (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKJLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA298">The Beginnings of Yale (1701–1726)</a>. Yale UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Yale+%281701%E2%80%931726%29&rft.pub=Yale+UP&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Oviatt&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKJLAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wilson_Pierson" title="George Wilson Pierson">Pierson, George Wilson</a>. Yale : a short history (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yaleshorthistory00pierrich/page/n99/mode/2up">online</a> brief but comprehensive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wilson_Pierson" title="George Wilson Pierson">Pierson, George Wilson</a>. Yale College, An Educational History (1871–1921), (Yale University Press, 1952); Yale, The University College (1921–1937), (Yale University Press, 1955); on the undergraduate college.</li> <li>Pierson, George Wilson. The Founding of Yale: The Legend of the Forty Folios, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2017" class="citation book cs1">Richards, David Alan (2017). Skulls and Keys: The Hidden History of Yale's Secret Societies. Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-517-3"><bdi>978-1-68177-517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skulls+and+Keys%3A+The+Hidden+History+of+Yale%27s+Secret+Societies&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-68177-517-3&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=David+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Robbins" title="Alexandra Robbins">Robbins, Alexandra</a> (2002). Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power. <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Back Bay Books">Back Bay Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-73561-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-73561-2"><bdi>978-0-316-73561-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+Tomb%3A+Skull+and+Bones%2C+the+Ivy+League%2C+and+the+Hidden+Paths+of+Power&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-316-73561-2&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Stevenson, Louise L. Scholarly Means to Evangelical Ends: The New Haven Scholars and the Transformation of Higher Learning in America, 1830–1890 (1986). 221 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Scully" title="Vincent Scully">Scully, Vincent</a> et al., eds. Yale in New Haven: Architecture and Urbanism. New Haven: Yale University, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton, Antony C.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pdfy-2cmFoB22NG1pZnWL/mode/2up">America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones</a>. Trine Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9720207-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9720207-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9720207-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Secret+Establishment%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Order+of+Skull+%26+Bones&rft.pub=Trine+Day&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9720207-0-1&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Antony+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpdfy-2cmFoB22NG1pZnWL%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tucker, Louis Leonard. Connecticut's Seminary of Sedition: Yale College. Chester, Conn.: Pequot, 1973. 78 pp.</li> <li>Warch, Richard. School of the Prophets: Yale College, 1701–1740. (1973). 339 pp.</li> <li>Welch, Lewis Sheldon, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a>. Yale, her campus, class-rooms, and athletics (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qy44AAAAYAAJ">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Yale_University">"Yale University" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yale+University&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Yale_University">"Yale University" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yale+University&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+University" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Yale University at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" class="extiw" title="c:Yale University">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Yale_University" class="extiw" title="n:Yale University">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yale_University" class="extiw" title="q:Yale University">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49112" class="extiw" title="d:Q49112">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yale.edu">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49112#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebulldogs.com/">Yale athletics website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/tags/yale/">Yale University</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> at <a href="/wiki/Flickr#Licensing" title="Flickr">Flickr Commons</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yale_University1029" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yale" title="Template:Yale"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yale" title="Template talk:Yale"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yale" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yale"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yale_University1029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yale University</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:7em">Namesake</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Yale" title="Elihu Yale">Elihu Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:7em">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurie_McInnis" title="Maurie McInnis">Maurie McInnis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Yale_University" title="List of presidents of Yale University">predecessors</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:7em">Provost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Strobel" title="Scott Strobel">Scott Strobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Yale_Law_School" title="Dean of Yale Law School">Dean of Yale Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yale_University_faculty" title="Category:Yale University faculty">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Professor" title="Sterling Professor">Sterling Professors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yale_University_people" title="List of Yale University people">People list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Yale_Harkness_Tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yale_Harkness_Tower.JPG/90px-Yale_Harkness_Tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yale_Harkness_Tower.JPG/135px-Yale_Harkness_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yale_Harkness_Tower.JPG/180px-Yale_Harkness_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1201" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences_(Yale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Arts and Sciences (Yale)">Faculty of Arts and Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:7em">Undergraduate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:7em">Graduate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Graduate Arts and Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:7em">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Architecture" title="Yale School of Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Art" title="Yale School of Art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School" title="Yale Divinity School">Divinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andover_Newton_Seminary_at_Yale_Divinity_School" title="Andover Newton Seminary at Yale Divinity School">Andover Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Divinity_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley Divinity School">Berkeley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale School of Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Engineering_%26_Applied_Science" title="Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science">Engineering & Applied Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_the_Environment" title="Yale School of the Environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Jackson_School_of_Global_Affairs" title="Yale Jackson School of Global Affairs">Global Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Management" title="Yale School of Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine" title="Yale School of Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Music" title="Yale School of Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Nursing" title="Yale School of Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Public_Health" title="Yale School of Public Health">Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Institute_of_Sacred_Music" title="Yale Institute of Sacred Music">Sacred Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:7em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School" title="Sheffield Scientific School">Sheffield Scientific School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Hall" title="Connecticut Hall">Connecticut Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Evans_Hall" title="Edward P. Evans Hall">Evans Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkness_Tower" title="Harkness Tower">Harkness Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewitt_Quadrangle" title="Hewitt Quadrangle">Hewitt Quadrangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillhouse_Avenue" title="Hillhouse Avenue">Hillhouse Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horchow_Hall" title="Horchow Hall">Horchow Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Quadrangle" title="Memorial Quadrangle">Memorial Quadrangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Campus_(Yale_University)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Campus (Yale University)">Old Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Hall" title="Rudolph Hall">Rudolph Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Hill_(Yale_University)" title="Science Hill (Yale University)">Science Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinbach_Hall" title="Steinbach Hall">Steinbach Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Law_Building" title="Sterling Law Building">Sterling Law Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale-Myers_Forest" title="Yale-Myers Forest">Yale-Myers Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Residential_colleges_of_Yale_University" title="Residential colleges of Yale University">Residential</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_College" title="Benjamin Franklin College">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_College,_Yale_University" title="Berkeley College, Yale University">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branford_College" title="Branford College">Branford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport_College" title="Davenport College">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_College" title="Timothy Dwight College">Timothy Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_College" title="Jonathan Edwards College">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_College" title="Grace Hopper College">Grace Hopper</a> (formerly Calhoun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_College" title="Morse College">Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray_College" title="Pauli Murray College">Pauli Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierson_College" title="Pierson College">Pierson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_College" title="Saybrook College">Saybrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silliman_College" title="Silliman College">Silliman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles_College" title="Ezra Stiles College">Ezra Stiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumbull_College" title="Trumbull College">Trumbull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Library and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Library" title="Yale University Library">Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Library" title="Bass Library">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_%26_Manuscript_Library" title="Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library">Rare Book & Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Cushing/John_Hay_Whitney_Medical_Library" title="Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Goldman_Law_Library" title="Lillian Goldman Law Library">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Memorial_Library" title="Sterling Memorial Library">Sterling Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Walpole_Library" title="Lewis Walpole Library">Walpole Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Peabody Museum of Natural History">Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery" title="Yale University Art Gallery">Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Center for British Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Collection_of_Musical_Instruments" title="Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments">Collection of Musical Instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Child_Study_Center" title="Yale Child Study Center">Child Study Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowles_Foundation" title="Cowles Foundation">Cowles Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskins_Laboratories" title="Haskins Laboratories">Haskins Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Relations_Area_Files" title="Human Relations Area Files">Human Relations Area Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacMillan_Center_for_International_and_Area_Studies" title="MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies">MacMillan Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_Center_for_Food_Policy_and_Obesity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity">Rudd Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Cancer_Center" title="Yale Cancer Center">Yale Cancer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Program_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism" title="Yale Program for the Study of Antisemitism">Yale Program for the Study of Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Athletics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:7em">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_baseball" title="Yale Bulldogs baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball" title="Yale Bulldogs men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_women%27s_basketball" title="Yale Bulldogs women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football" title="Yale Bulldogs football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey">Men's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Yale Bulldogs women's ice hockey">Women's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Yale Bulldogs men's lacrosse">Men's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Rugby" title="Yale Rugby">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_sailing" title="Yale Bulldogs sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_soccer" title="Yale Bulldogs men's soccer">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_squash" title="Yale Bulldogs men's squash">Men's squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_swimming_and_diving" title="Yale Bulldogs swimming and diving">Swimming and diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:7em">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bowl" title="Yale Bowl">Yale Bowl (football)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Field_(Yale)" title="Bush Field (Yale)">Bush Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingalls_Rink" title="Ingalls Rink">Ingalls Rink (hockey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Golf_Course" title="Yale Golf Course">Golf Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne_Whitney_Gymnasium" title="Payne Whitney Gymnasium">Payne Whitney Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reese_Stadium" title="Reese Stadium">Reese Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:7em">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Dan" title="Handsome Dan">Handsome Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_football_rivalry" title="Harvard–Yale football rivalry">Harvard football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta" title="Harvard–Yale Regatta">Harvard rowing rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Artistic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>A cappella</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Alley_Cats" title="The Yale Alley Cats">The Alley Cats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Spizzwinks" title="The Spizzwinks">The Spizzwinks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Whiffenpoofs" title="The Whiffenpoofs">The Whiffenpoofs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_Orpheus_and_Bacchus" title="The Society of Orpheus and Bacchus">The Society of Orpheus and Bacchus</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Dramatic_Association" title="Yale Dramatic Association">Dramatic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Precision_Marching_Band" title="Yale Precision Marching Band">Precision Marching Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Yale_University" title="Coat of arms of Yale University">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Blue" title="Yale Blue">Yale Blue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Alumni_Magazine" title="Yale Alumni Magazine">Alumni Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladderball" title="Bladderball">Bladderball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Daily_News" title="Yale Daily News">Daily News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Herald" title="The Yale Herald">The Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Law Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Literary_Magazine" title="Yale Literary Magazine">Literary Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruber_Foundation" title="Gruber Foundation">Gruber Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_Society" title="Manuscript Society">Manuscript Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Yale_Courses" title="Open Yale Courses">Open Yale Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Record" title="The Yale Record">The Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumpus_Magazine" title="Rumpus Magazine">Rumpus Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Trust_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Trust Association">Russell Trust Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silliman_Memorial_Lectures" title="Silliman Memorial Lectures">Silliman Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Sustainable_Food_Program" title="Yale Sustainable Food Program">Sustainable Food Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_World_Fellows" title="Yale World Fellows">World Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale-NUS_College" title="Yale-NUS College">Yale-NUS College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_H._Terry_Lectureship" title="Dwight H. Terry Lectureship">Terry Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untitled_(Senior_Thesis)" title="Untitled (Senior Thesis)">Untitled [Senior Thesis], 2008</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Yale_University" title="Category:Yale University">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yale_University" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yale University">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Yale_University" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Yale University">Wikinews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#00356B; color:#FFFFFF;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ivy_League171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ivy_League" title="Template:Ivy League"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ivy_League" title="Template talk:Ivy League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy League"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ivy_League171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvannia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvannia">University of Pennsylvannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yale University</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_league_simple_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/50px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/75px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/100px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="319" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Brown Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lions" title="Columbia Lions">Columbia Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red" title="Cornell Big Red">Cornell Big Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green" title="Dartmouth Big Green">Dartmouth Big Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Harvard Crimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers" title="Penn Quakers">Penn Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Yale Bulldogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Baseball_Championship_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy League Baseball Championship Series">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_basketball" title="Ivy League men's basketball">Basketball (men's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_basketball_tournament" title="Ivy League women's basketball tournament">Basketball (women's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Fencing_Championships" title="Ivy League Fencing Championships">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference" title="Ivy Rugby Conference">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_soccer_tournament" title="Ivy League men's soccer tournament">Soccer (men's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_soccer_tournament" title="Ivy League women's soccer tournament">Soccer (women's)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_business_schools" title="List of Ivy League business schools">Business schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_law_schools" title="List of Ivy League law schools">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_medical_schools" title="List of Ivy League medical schools">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_public_policy_schools" title="List of Ivy League public policy schools">Public policy schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(colleges)" title="Big Three (colleges)">Big Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Council" title="Ivy Council">Ivy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_nude_posture_photos" title="Ivy League nude posture photos">Nude posture photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Ivy" title="Public Ivy">Public Ivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ivy" title="Southern Ivy">Southern Ivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_Ivy" title="Take Ivy">Take Ivy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Digital_Network" title="Ivy League Digital Network">Digital Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_colleges21" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonial_Colleges" title="Template:Colonial Colleges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">William & Mary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ECAC_Hockey110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ECAC_Hockey_League" title="Template:ECAC Hockey League"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ECAC_Hockey_League" title="Template talk:ECAC Hockey League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ECAC_Hockey_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ECAC Hockey League"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ECAC_Hockey110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey" title="ECAC Hockey">ECAC Hockey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;;width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Brown Bears</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Brown Bears men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Brown Bears women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights" title="Clarkson Golden Knights">Clarkson Golden Knights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Clarkson Golden Knights men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Clarkson Golden Knights women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Raiders" title="Colgate Raiders">Colgate Raiders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Raiders_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Colgate Raiders men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Raiders_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Colgate Raiders women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red" title="Cornell Big Red">Cornell Big Red</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Cornell Big Red women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green" title="Dartmouth Big Green">Dartmouth Big Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Dartmouth Big Green men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Dartmouth Big Green women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Harvard Crimson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Princeton Tigers women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats" title="Quinnipiac Bobcats">Quinnipiac Bobcats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Quinnipiac Bobcats men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Quinnipiac Bobcats women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rensselaer Engineers">Rensselaer Engineers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RPI_Engineers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="RPI Engineers men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPI_Engineers_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="RPI Engineers women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Saints" title="St. Lawrence Saints">St. Lawrence Saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Saints_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="St. Lawrence Saints men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Saints_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="St. Lawrence Saints women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Garnet_Chargers" title="Union Garnet Chargers">Union Garnet Chargers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Garnet_Chargers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Union Garnet Chargers men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Garnet_Chargers_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Union Garnet Chargers women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Yale Bulldogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Yale Bulldogs women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;;width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meehan_Auditorium" title="Meehan Auditorium">Meehan Auditorium</a> (Brown)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheel_Arena" title="Cheel Arena">Cheel Arena</a> (Clarkson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_of_1965_Arena" title="Class of 1965 Arena">Class of 1965 Arena</a> (Colgate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynah_Rink" title="Lynah Rink">Lynah Rink</a> (Cornell)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Arena" title="Thompson Arena">Thompson Arena</a> (Dartmouth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Hockey_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright Hockey Center">Bright Hockey Center</a> (Harvard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Memorial_Rink" title="Hobey Baker Memorial Rink">Hobey Baker Memorial Rink</a> (Princeton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26T_Bank_Arena" title="M&T Bank Arena">M&T Bank Arena</a> (Quinnipiac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Field_House" title="Houston Field House">Houston Field House</a> (Rensselaer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appleton_Arena" title="Appleton Arena">Appleton Arena</a> (St. Lawrence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_Rink" title="Achilles Rink">Achilles Rink</a> (Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingalls_Rink" title="Ingalls Rink">Ingalls Rink</a> (Yale)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Brooks_Arena" title="Herb Brooks Arena">Herb Brooks Arena</a> (Men's tournament)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;;width:1%">Men's awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_All-ECAC_Hockey_Teams" title="List of All-ECAC Hockey Teams">All-ECAC Hockey Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Player_of_the_Year" title="ECAC Hockey Player of the Year">Player of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Rookie_of_the_Year" title="ECAC Hockey Rookie of the Year">Rookie of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Taylor_Award_(ECAC_Hockey)" title="Tim Taylor Award (ECAC Hockey)">Tim Taylor Award (Coach of the Year)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Best_Defensive_Defenseman" title="ECAC Hockey Best Defensive Defenseman">Best Defensive Defenseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Best_Defensive_Forward" title="ECAC Hockey Best Defensive Forward">Best Defensive Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Dryden_Award" title="Ken Dryden Award">Ken Dryden Award (Best Goaltender)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Student-Athlete_of_the_Year" title="ECAC Hockey Student-Athlete of the Year">Student-Athlete of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Dean_Sportsmanship_Award" title="Wayne Dean Sportsmanship Award">Wayne Dean Sportsmanship Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Most_Outstanding_Player_in_Tournament" title="ECAC Hockey Most Outstanding Player in Tournament">Most Outstanding Player in Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ECAC_Hockey_All-Tournament_Teams" title="List of ECAC Hockey All-Tournament Teams">All-Tournament Team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;;width:1%">Women's awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey#Women's_ECAC_championship_games" title="ECAC Hockey">Women's champions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;;width:1%">Men's seasons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:1961%E2%80%9362_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1961–62 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1961–62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1962%E2%80%9363_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1962–63 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1962–63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1963%E2%80%9364_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1963–64 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1963–64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1964%E2%80%9365_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1964–65 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1964–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1965%E2%80%9366_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1965–66 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1966%E2%80%9367_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1966–67 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1966–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1967%E2%80%9368_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1967–68 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1967–68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1968%E2%80%9369_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1968–69 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1968–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1969%E2%80%9370_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1969–70 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1969–70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1970%E2%80%9371_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1970–71 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1970–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1971%E2%80%9372_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1971–72 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1971–72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1972%E2%80%9373_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1972–73 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1972–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1973%E2%80%9374_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1973–74 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1973–74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1974%E2%80%9375_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1974–75 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1974–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1975%E2%80%9376_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1975–76 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1975–76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1976%E2%80%9377_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1976–77 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1976–77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1977%E2%80%9378_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1977–78 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1977–78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1978%E2%80%9379_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1978–79 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1978–79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1979%E2%80%9380_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1979–80 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1979–80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1980%E2%80%9381_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1980–81 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1980–81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1981%E2%80%9382_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1981–82 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1981–82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1982%E2%80%9383_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1982–83 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1982–83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1983%E2%80%9384_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1983–84 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1983–84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1984%E2%80%9385_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1984–85 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1984–85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1985%E2%80%9386_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1985–86 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1985–86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1986%E2%80%9387_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1986–87 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1986–87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1987%E2%80%9388_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1987–88 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1987–88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1988%E2%80%9389_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1988–89 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1988–89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1989%E2%80%9390_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1989–90 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1989–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1990%E2%80%9391_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1990–91 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1990–91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1991%E2%80%9392_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1991–92 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1991–92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1992%E2%80%9393_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1992–93 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1992–93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1993%E2%80%9394_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1993–94 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1993–94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1994%E2%80%9395_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1994–95 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1994–95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1995%E2%80%9396_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1995–96 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1995–96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1996%E2%80%9397_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1996–97 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1996–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1997%E2%80%9398_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1997–98 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1997–98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1998%E2%80%9399_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1998–99 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1998–99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1999%E2%80%9300_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:1999–00 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1999–00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2000%E2%80%9301_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2000–01 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2000–01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2001%E2%80%9302_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2001–02 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2001–02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2002%E2%80%9303_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2002–03 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2002–03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2003%E2%80%9304_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2003–04 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2003–04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2004%E2%80%9305_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2004–05 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2004–05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2005%E2%80%9306_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2005–06 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2005–06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2006%E2%80%9307_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2006–07 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2006–07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2007%E2%80%9308_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2007–08 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2007–08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2008%E2%80%9309_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2008–09 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2008–09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2009%E2%80%9310_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2009–10 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2009–10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2010%E2%80%9311_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2010–11 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2010–11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2011%E2%80%9312_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2011–12 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2011–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2012%E2%80%9313_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2012–13 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2012–13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2013%E2%80%9314_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2013–14 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2013–14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2014%E2%80%9315_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2014–15 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2014–15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2015%E2%80%9316_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2015–16 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2015–16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2016%E2%80%9317_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2016–17 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2016–17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2017%E2%80%9318_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2017–18 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2017–18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2018%E2%80%9319_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2018–19 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2018–19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2019%E2%80%9320_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2019–20 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2019–20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_ice_hockey_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 ECAC Hockey men's ice hockey season">2020–21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_ice_hockey_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–22 ECAC Hockey men's ice hockey season">2021–22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_season" title="2022–23 ECAC Hockey men's season">2022–23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_season" title="2023–24 ECAC Hockey men's season">2023–24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_season" title="2024–25 ECAC Hockey men's season">2024–25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="QuestBridge_partner_institutions36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:QuestBridge" title="Template:QuestBridge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:QuestBridge" title="Template talk:QuestBridge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:QuestBridge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:QuestBridge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="QuestBridge_partner_institutions36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/QuestBridge" title="QuestBridge">QuestBridge</a> partner institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_College" title="Carleton College">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College" title="Claremont McKenna College">Claremont McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colby_College" title="Colby College">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_College" title="Colorado College">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinnell_College" title="Grinnell College">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macalester_College" title="Macalester College">Macalester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_College" title="Scripps College">Scripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidmore_College" title="Skidmore College">Skidmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colleges_and_universities_in_Connecticut246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Connecticut" title="Template:Colleges and universities in Connecticut"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_Connecticut" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in Connecticut"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Connecticut" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in Connecticut"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colleges_and_universities_in_Connecticut246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Connecticut" title="List of colleges and universities in Connecticut">Colleges and universities in Connecticut</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Connecticut_State_University" title="Central Connecticut State University">Central Connecticut State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oak_State_College" title="Charter Oak State College">Charter Oak State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Connecticut_State_University" title="Eastern Connecticut State University">Eastern Connecticut State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Connecticut_State_University" title="Southern Connecticut State University">Southern Connecticut State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut_School_of_Law" title="University of Connecticut School of Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Connecticut School of Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut_Health_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Connecticut Health Center">UConn Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Connecticut_State_University" title="Western Connecticut State University">Western Connecticut State University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus_College" title="Albertus Magnus College">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_College" title="Connecticut College">Connecticut College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_University" title="Fairfield University">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodwin_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodwin College">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Apostles_College_and_Seminary" title="Holy Apostles College and Seminary">Holy Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Lyme Academy of Fine Arts">Lyme Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_College" title="Mitchell College">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paier_College_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Paier College of Art">Paier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_University" title="Post University">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University" title="Quinnipiac University">Quinnipiac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University_School_of_Law" title="Quinnipiac University School of Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Netter_M.D._School_of_Medicine_at_Quinnipiac_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Netter M.D. School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_at_Hartford" class="mw-redirect" title="Rensselaer at Hartford">Rensselaer at Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_University" title="Sacred Heart University">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saint_Joseph_(Connecticut)" title="University of Saint Joseph (Connecticut)">Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Connecticut)" title="Trinity College (Connecticut)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bridgeport" title="University of Bridgeport">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hartford" title="University of Hartford">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Haven" title="University of New Haven">New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale School of Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine" title="Yale School of Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">United States Coast Guard Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asnuntuck_Community_College" title="Asnuntuck Community College">Asnuntuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Community_College" title="Capital Community College">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Community_College" title="Gateway Community College">Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housatonic_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Housatonic Community College">Housatonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Community_College_(Connecticut)" title="Manchester Community College (Connecticut)">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Community_College_(Connecticut)" title="Middlesex Community College (Connecticut)">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naugatuck_Valley_Community_College" title="Naugatuck Valley Community College">Naugatuck Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Connecticut_Community_College" title="Northwestern Connecticut Community College">Northwestern Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwalk_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwalk Community College">Norwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinebaug_Valley_Community_College" title="Quinebaug Valley Community College">Quinebaug Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Community_College_(Connecticut)" title="Three Rivers Community College (Connecticut)">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunxis_Community_College" title="Tunxis Community College">Tunxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Graduate, professional, and research institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Divinity_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley Divinity School">Berkeley Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford_International_University_for_Religion_and_Peace" title="Hartford International University for Religion and Peace">Hartford International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-institution system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Board_of_Regents_for_Higher_Education" title="Connecticut Board of Regents for Higher Education">Connecticut State Colleges & Universities</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_American_Universities237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template talk:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_American_Universities237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State</a></li> <li>California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">South Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">Singapore National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">UTokyo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Faith_and_Globalisation_Initiative38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Faith_and_Globalisation_Network" title="Template:Faith and Globalisation Network"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Faith_and_Globalisation_Network" title="Template talk:Faith and Globalisation Network"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourah_Bay_College" title="Fourah Bay College">Fourah Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Kyiv-Mohyla_Academy" title="National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy">Kyiv-Mohyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University" title="Mindanao State University">Mindanao State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education" title="Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education">Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pristina" title="University of Pristina">Pristina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">Singapore National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sports_teams_based_in_Connecticut343" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Connecticut_Sports" title="Template:Connecticut Sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Connecticut_Sports" title="Template talk:Connecticut Sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Connecticut_Sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Connecticut Sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sports_teams_based_in_Connecticut343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sports teams based in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_baseball_in_Connecticut" title="Professional baseball in Connecticut">Baseball</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%93present)" title="Eastern League (1938–present)">EL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hartford_Yard_Goats" title="Hartford Yard Goats">Hartford Yard Goats</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Futures_Collegiate_Baseball_League" title="Futures Collegiate Baseball League">FCBL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_Bees" title="New Britain Bees">New Britain Bees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Sea_Unicorns" title="Norwich Sea Unicorns">Norwich Sea Unicorns</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/New_England_Collegiate_Baseball_League" title="New England Collegiate Baseball League">NECBL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blues" title="Bristol Blues">Bristol Blues</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Danbury_Westerners" title="Danbury Westerners">Danbury Westerners</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Schooners" title="Mystic Schooners">Mystic Schooners</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Connecticut.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/80px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/120px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/160px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">WNBA</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Sun" title="Connecticut Sun">Connecticut Sun</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">Football</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Football_Alliance" title="Women's Football Alliance">WFA</a></dt> <dd>Connecticut Hawks</dd> <dd>Northern Connecticut Nightmare</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/New_England_Football_League" title="New England Football League">NEFL</a></dt> <dd>Connecticut Reapers</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Division_GAA_Board" title="Northeast Division GAA Board">USGAA: Northeast Division</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hartford_GAA" title="Hartford GAA">Hartford</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_ice_hockey_in_Connecticut" title="Professional ice hockey in Connecticut">Ice hockey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">AHL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport_Islanders" title="Bridgeport Islanders">Bridgeport Islanders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hartford_Wolf_Pack" title="Hartford Wolf Pack">Hartford Wolf Pack</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Premier_Hockey_Federation" title="Premier Hockey Federation">PHF</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Whale_(PHF)" title="Connecticut Whale (PHF)">Connecticut Whale</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Federal_Prospects_Hockey_League" title="Federal Prospects Hockey League">FPHL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Danbury_Hat_Tricks" title="Danbury Hat Tricks">Danbury Hat Tricks</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USLC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hartford_Athletic" title="Hartford Athletic">Hartford Athletic</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/MLS_Next_Pro" title="MLS Next Pro">MLSNP</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_United_FC" title="Connecticut United FC">Connecticut United FC</a> (2026)</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/USL_League_Two" title="USL League Two">USL2</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/AC_Connecticut" title="AC Connecticut">AC Connecticut</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League" title="National Premier Soccer League">NPSL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hartford_City_FC" title="Hartford City FC">Hartford City FC</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/United_States_Adult_Soccer_Association" title="United States Adult Soccer Association">USASA</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Newtown_Pride_FC" title="Newtown Pride FC">Newtown Pride FC</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association" title="Women's Flat Track Derby Association">WFTDA</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Roller_Derby" title="Connecticut Roller Derby">Connecticut Roller Derby</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hartford_Area_Roller_Derby" title="Hartford Area Roller Derby">Hartford Area Roller Derby</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_Roller_Derby_Association" title="Men's Roller Derby Association">MRDA</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Death_Quads" title="Connecticut Death Quads">Connecticut Death Quads</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_England_Rugby_Football_Union" title="New England Rugby Football Union">NERFU</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_Yankees_RFC" title="Fairfield Yankees RFC">Fairfield Yankees RFC</a></dd> <dd>Hartford Wanderers RFC</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Old_Black_RFC" title="New Haven Old Black RFC">New Haven Old Black RFC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_London_County_RFC" title="New London County RFC">New London County RFC</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Amateur_Softball_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur Softball Association">ASA</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Brakettes" title="Connecticut Brakettes">Connecticut Brakettes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_college_athletic_programs_in_Connecticut" title="List of college athletic programs in Connecticut">College athletics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bridgeport" title="University of Bridgeport">Bridgeport</a> <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport_Purple_Knights" title="Bridgeport Purple Knights">Purple Knights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">women's gymnastics</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Central_Connecticut_State_University" title="Central Connecticut State University">Central Connecticut</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Connecticut_Blue_Devils" title="Central Connecticut Blue Devils">Blue Devils</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_University" title="Fairfield University">Fairfield</a> <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_Stags" title="Fairfield Stags">Stags</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University" title="Quinnipiac University">Quinnipiac</a> <a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats" title="Quinnipiac Bobcats">Bobcats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post_University" title="Post University">Post</a> <a href="/wiki/Post_Eagles" title="Post Eagles">Eagles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">women's bowling</a> and <a href="/wiki/College_ice_hockey" title="College ice hockey">women's ice hockey</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_University" title="Sacred Heart University">Sacred Heart</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers" title="Sacred Heart Pioneers">Pioneers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Southern_Connecticut_State_University" title="Southern Connecticut State University">Southern Connecticut</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Connecticut_Owls" title="Southern Connecticut Owls">Owls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">women's gymnastics</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">UConn</a> <a href="/wiki/UConn_Huskies" title="UConn Huskies">Huskies</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yale</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Bulldogs</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_II" title="NCAA Division II">NCAA Division II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bridgeport" title="University of Bridgeport">Bridgeport</a> <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport_Purple_Knights" title="Bridgeport Purple Knights">Purple Knights</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Haven" title="University of New Haven">New Haven</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Chargers" title="New Haven Chargers">Chargers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post_University" title="Post University">Post</a> <a href="/wiki/Post_Eagles" title="Post Eagles">Eagles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Southern_Connecticut_State_University" title="Southern Connecticut State University">Southern Connecticut</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Connecticut_Owls" title="Southern Connecticut Owls">Owls</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III" title="NCAA Division III">NCAA Division III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus_College" title="Albertus Magnus College">Albertus Magnus</a> <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus_College#Athletics" title="Albertus Magnus College">Falcons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">Coast Guard</a> <a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Bears" title="Coast Guard Bears">Bears</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_College" title="Connecticut College">Connecticut College</a> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_College#Athletics" title="Connecticut College">Camels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Connecticut_State_University" title="Eastern Connecticut State University">Eastern Connecticut</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Connecticut_State_University#Athletics" title="Eastern Connecticut State University">Warriors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hartford" title="University of Hartford">Hartford</a> <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Hawks" title="Hartford Hawks">Hawks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_College" title="Mitchell College">Mitchell</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_College#Athletics" title="Mitchell College">Mariners</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saint_Joseph_(Connecticut)" title="University of Saint Joseph (Connecticut)">Saint Joseph</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saint_Joseph_(Connecticut)#Athletics" title="University of Saint Joseph (Connecticut)">Blue Jays</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Connecticut)" title="Trinity College (Connecticut)">Trinity</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Bantams" title="Trinity Bantams">Bantams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University#Athletics" title="Wesleyan University">Cardinals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Connecticut_State_University" title="Western Connecticut State University">Western Connecticut</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Connecticut_State_University#Athletics" title="Western Connecticut State University">Colonials</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Junior_College_Athletic_Association" title="National Junior College Athletic Association">NJCAA Division III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Community_College" title="Gateway Community College">Gateway</a> <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Community_College#Athletics" title="Gateway Community College">Lions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_College_of_New_England" title="Lincoln College of New England">Lincoln</a> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_College_of_New_England#Athletics" title="Lincoln College of New England">Wildcats</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut#Avery_Point_campus" title="University of Connecticut">UConn-Avery Point</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut#Avery_Point_campus" title="University of Connecticut">Pointers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3580" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49112#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000419368710">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123479948">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149131869">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/36828-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79043367">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118681918">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118681918">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628200">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35623135">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2007378581&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2007378580&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX147156">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/642539">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90230961">Norway</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/8556">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007270184205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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