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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jamal al-Din al-Afghani</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جمال الدين الأفغاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمال الدين الأفغاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99mal%C9%99ddin_%C6%8Ffqani" title="Cəmaləddin Əfqani – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cəmaləddin Əfqani" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جمال‌الدین افغانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جمال‌الدین افغانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জামালুদ্দিন আফগানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জামালুদ্দিন আফগানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal-ad-Din_al-Afghan%C3%AD" title="Jamal-ad-Din al-Afghaní – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jamal-ad-Din al-Afghaní" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEam%C3%A1ludd%C3%ADn_Afgh%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Džamáluddín Afghání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džamáluddín Afghání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" title="Dschamal ad-Din al-Afghani – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dschamal ad-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BB_%CE%B1%CE%BB-%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CE%BB-%CE%91%CF%86%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Τζαμάλ αλ-Ντιν αλ-Αφγάνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζαμάλ αλ-Ντιν αλ-Αφγάνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Camal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Ĝamal al-Din al-Afghani – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝamal al-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سید جمال‌الدین اسدآبادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سید جمال‌الدین اسدآبادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djem%C3%A2l_ad-D%C3%AEn_al-Afgh%C3%A2ni" title="Djemâl ad-Dîn al-Afghâni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Djemâl ad-Dîn al-Afghâni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A7%90_%EC%95%95%EB%94%98_%EC%95%8C%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%88" title="자말 압딘 알아프가니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자말 압딘 알아프가니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%A1%D5%A4-%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D4%B1%D6%86%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Ջամալ ադ-Դին ալ-Աֆղանի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջամալ ադ-Դին ալ-Աֆղանի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaluddin_Al-Afghani" title="Jamaluddin Al-Afghani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jamaluddin Al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ג'מאל א-דין אל-אפגאני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'מאל א-דין אל-אפגאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜಮಾಲ್ ಅಲ್-ದಿನ್ ಅಲ್-ಆಫ್ಘಾನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಮಾಲ್ ಅಲ್-ದಿನ್ ಅಲ್-ಆಫ್ಘಾನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEam%C4%81ls_al_D%C4%ABns_al_Afg%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Džamāls al Dīns al Afgānī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džamāls al Dīns al Afgānī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEamalas_al_Dinas_al_Afganis" title="Džamalas al Dinas al Afganis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džamalas al Dinas al Afganis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ജമാലുദ്ദീൻ അഫ്ഗാനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജമാലുദ്ദീൻ അഫ്ഗാനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="جمال الدين الافغانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جمال الدين الافغانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaluddin_al-Afghani" title="Jamaluddin al-Afghani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jamaluddin al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaluddin_Al-Afghani" title="Jamaluddin Al-Afghani – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jamaluddin Al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="ジャマールッディーン・アフガーニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャマールッディーン・アフガーニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayed_Jamaluddin_Afghani" title="Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamoliddin_al-Afg%CA%BBoniy" title="Jamoliddin al-Afgʻoniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jamoliddin al-Afgʻoniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جمال الدین افغانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جمال الدین افغانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سيد جمال الدين افغان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سيد جمال الدين افغان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" title="Dżamal ad-Din al-Afghani – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżamal ad-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Джамалуддин аль-Афгани – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джамалуддин аль-Афгани" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhemaledin_Afgani" title="Xhemaledin Afgani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhemaledin Afgani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جمال الدين افغاني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جمال الدين افغاني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جەمالەدینی ئەفغانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەمالەدینی ئەفغانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-din_Asadabadi" title="Jamal al-din Asadabadi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jamal al-din Asadabadi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D3%98%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Җамалетдин Әфгани – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җамалетдин Әфгани" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="จะมาลุดดีน อัลอัฟกานี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จะมาลุดดีน อัลอัฟกานี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemaleddin_Efgan%C3%AE" title="Cemaleddin Efganî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cemaleddin Efganî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Джамал аль-Дін аль-Афгані – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джамал аль-Дін аль-Афгані" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جمال الدین افغانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمال الدین افغانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal-al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Jamal al-Din al-Afghani <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سید جمال‌‌‌الدین افغانی</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_afghani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Al_afghani.jpg/220px-Al_afghani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Al_afghani.jpg/330px-Al_afghani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Al_afghani.jpg/440px-Al_afghani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1368" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Sayyid Jamaluddin ibn Safdar</div> 1839 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar</a>, Afghanistan or <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, Iran<a href="#cite_note-OEPSTI-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-death-3">[3]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 March 1897 (aged 58) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Cancer of the jaw<a href="#cite_note-OEIP-death-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-death-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Disputed<a href="#cite_note-OEPSTI-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-death-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creed</th><td class="infobox-data category">Disputed<a href="#cite_note-OEPSTI-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-death-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Religious_movement" title="Religious movement">Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a> <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufism#Neo-Sufism" title="Sufism">Neo-Sufism</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable idea(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> <a href="#endnote_Alpha">α</a>, Sunni-Shia unity, against the British<a href="#cite_note-EI2011-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Muslim leader</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced by</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Alpharabius" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpharabius">Alpharabius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Keddie-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Keddie-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Keddie-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mir_Damad" title="Mir Damad">Mir Damad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Keddie-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a><a href="#cite_note-Keddie-10">[10]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul" title="Saad Zaghloul">Saad Zaghloul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Reza_Kermani" title="Mirza Reza Kermani">Mirza Reza Kermani</a><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-JVL-14">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>/<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سید جمال‌‌‌الدین افغانی), also known as Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سید جمال‌‌‌الدین اسد‌آبادی) and commonly known as Al-Afghani (1838/1839 – 9 March 1897), was a political activist and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologist</a> who travelled throughout the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> during the late 19th century. He is one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Islamic Modernism</a><a href="#cite_note-JVL-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIS-18">[18]</a> as well as an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamic</a> unity in India against the British.<a href="#cite_note-EI2011-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> He has been described as having been less interested in minor differences in Islamic jurisprudence than he was in organizing a united response to Western pressure.<a href="#cite_note-TEI-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> He is also known for his involvement with his follower <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Reza_Kermani" title="Mirza Reza Kermani">Mirza Reza Kermani</a> in the successful plot to assassinate Shah <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser-al-Din</a>, whom Afghani considered to be making too many concessions to foreign powers, especially the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_origin">Early life and origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and origin">edit</a>]</div> As indicated by his <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">nisba</a>, al-Afghani claimed to be of Afghan origin. His true national and sectarian background has been a subject of controversy.<a href="#cite_note-OEPSTI-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2">[2]</a> According to one theory and his own account, he was born in <a href="/wiki/Asadabad,_Afghanistan" title="Asadabad, Afghanistan">Asadabad, Afghanistan</a>, near Kabul.<a href="#cite_note-OEPSTI-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keddie-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Another theory, championed by <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Keddie" title="Nikki Keddie">Nikki Keddie</a> and accepted by several modern scholars, holds that he was born and raised in a Shia family in <a href="/wiki/Asadabad,_Iran" title="Asadabad, Iran">Asadabad, Iran</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OEPSTI-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-death-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keddie-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-BEIP-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-PEIPT-27">[27]</a> Supporters of the latter theory view his claim to an Afghan origin as motivated by a desire to gain influence among <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-death-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-BEIP-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edward_Mortimer_1982_p.110-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kramer-29">[29]</a> or escape oppression by the Iranian emperor <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2">[2]</a> One of his main rivals, was Shaykh <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Nabhani" title="Yusuf al-Nabhani">Yusuf al-Nabhani</a> and another was Shaykh <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Huda_al-Sayyadi" title="Abu al-Huda al-Sayyadi">Abu al-Huda al-Sayyadi</a>, who called him Mutaʾafghin ("the one who claims to be Afghan") and tried to expose his <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'a</a> roots.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Keddie also asserts that al-Afghani practiced <a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">taqiyya</a>, which was more prevalent in the Twelver world.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> He was educated first at home and then taken by his father for further education to <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, and finally, while he was still a youth, to the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq#Locations" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Twelver shrine cities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keddie-10">[10]</a> It is thought that followers of the Twelver revivalist <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Ahmad" title="Shaykh Ahmad">Shaykh Ahmad</a> influenced him.<a href="#cite_note-Edward_Mortimer_1982_p.110-28">[28]</a> Other names adopted by al-Afghani were al-Kābulī ("[the one] from <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>") Asadābādī, Sadat-e Kunar ("<a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar</a>") and Hussain.<a href="#cite_note-Tanwir-31">[31]</a> Especially in writings published in Afghanistan, he also used the pseudonym al-Rūmī "the <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Keddie-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political activism">edit</a>]</div> At the age of 17 or 18 in 1856–57,<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> Al-Afghani traveled to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> and spent several years there studying religions. In 1859, a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> spy reported that Al-Afghani was possible <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_agent" title="Special agent">agent</a>. The British representatives reported that he wore the traditional clothes of the <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and spoke <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> fluently.<a href="#cite_note-Astane-32">[32]</a> After this first Indian tour, he decided to perform the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>. His first documents are dated from Fall 1865, where he mentions leaving the "revered place" (makān-i Musharraf) and arriving in Tehran around mid-December of the same year. In the spring of 1866, he left Iran for Afghanistan, passing through <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">After the Indian stay, all sources have Afghānī next take a leisurely trip to Mecca, stopping at several points along the way. Both the standard biography and Lutfallāh's account take Afghānī's word that he entered Afghan government service before 1863, but since documents from Afghanistan show that he arrived there only in 1866, we are left with several years unaccounted for. The most probable supposition seems to be that he may have spent longer in India than he later said and that after going to Mecca he traveled elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire. When he arrived in Afghanistan in 1866 he claimed to be from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and he might not have made this claim if he had never even seen the city, and could be caught in ignorance of it.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Keddie" title="Nikki Keddie">Nikki Keddie</a>, 1983</cite></div></blockquote> He was spotted in Afghanistan in 1866 and spent time in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, and Kabul.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-13">[13]</a> Reports from the colonial British Indian and <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_Treaty_(1857)" title="Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1857)">Afghan</a> government stated that he was a stranger in Afghanistan and spoke <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a>, following a European lifestyle and not observing Muslim practices, including <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Astane-32">[32]</a> He became counselor to <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Afzal_Khan" title="Mohammad Afzal Khan">Mohammad Afzal Khan</a>, the eldest son of the former <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a>, during his <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1863%E2%80%931869)" title="Afghan Civil War (1863–1869)">war against his half-brother</a> <a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Sher Ali Khan</a>. He encouraged Muhammad Afzal to turn away from his father's British-aligned policy and turn to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> for support.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1868, Sher Ali Khan prevailed against Muhammad Afzal and expelled al-Afghani from the country.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> Al-Afghani traveled to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, passing through India<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> on his way there. He stayed in Cairo long enough to meet a young student who would become a devoted disciple of his, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Once in Istanbul, he met with Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha">Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha</a> and secured an appointment to the Council of Education. He spoke at the opening of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a>, giving a speech typifying the Modernist spirit animating the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Are we not going to take an example from the civilized nations? Let us cast a glance at the achievement of others. By effort, they have achieved the final degree of knowledge and the peak of elevation. For us too all the means are ready, and there remains no obstacle to our progress. Only laziness, stupidity, and ignorance are obstacles to [our] advance.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></blockquote> However, conservative clerics found his views too radical. The university was closed in 1871 and al-Afghani was expelled.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> He then moved to the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a> and began preaching his ideas of political reform. The Egyptian government originally gave him a stipend, but due to his public attacks on France and England, he was exiled to India in August 1879, where he stayed in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> He then traveled to Istanbul, London, Paris, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Munich. While in Egypt, Afghani sought the removal of the ruling regime of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Isma'il Pasha of Egypt">Isma'il Pasha of Egypt</a>, which he viewed as pro-British, and used <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> as an organizational base for his political activities. During this period, Afghani had also considered assassinating Khedive Isma'il. He perceived Freemasonry as a means of advancing his anti-colonial, <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamic</a> causes. Afghani's political activities would play a decisive role in overthrowing Isma'il from the throne and bringing <a href="/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Tewfik Pasha</a> as khedive.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> However, local Masons asserted that they were not interested in politics and sought reconciliation with the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> When Afghani was warned that the lodge was not a political platform, he replied, "I have seen a lot of odd things in this country [Egypt], but I would never have thought that cowardice would infiltrate the ranks of masonry to such an extent."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Around 1875 or 1876, an incident wherein Masons lavishly praised a British imperial visitor was a major reason for Afghani's quitting of Freemasonry. After realizing the indifference of the Masons and their political subservience to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, Afghani eventually left Freemasonry.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1884, he began publishing an Arabic newspaper in Paris entitled <a href="/wiki/Al-Urwah_al-Wuthqa" title="Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa">al-Urwah al-Wuthqa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: العرو الوثقى, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'The Indissoluble Link'<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-13">[13]</a>) with Muhammad Abduh; the title is taken from <a href="/wiki/Quran_2:256" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 2:256">Quran 2:256</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The newspaper called for a return to the original principles and ideals of Islam, and greater unity among Islamic peoples. He argued that this would allow the Islamic community to regain its former strength against European powers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When al-Afgani was visiting <a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a> in southern Iran in the spring of 1886, planning to pick up books he had shipped there and carry on to Russia, he fell ill. He was invited by <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a>'s Minister of Press and Publications to come to Tehran, but fell from favor quite quickly. The Emperor ordered him to be taken to Russia, where al-Afghani spent 1887 to 1889.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> From Russia, he traveled to Munich, returning to Iran in late 1889.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> Due to his political activities, the Shah planned to expel him from Iran, but al-Afghani found out and took sanctuary in the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdol-Azim_Shrine" title="Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine">Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine</a> near Tehran.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> After seven months of preaching to admirers from the shrine, he was arrested in 1891, transported to the border with Ottoman Iraq and expelled from Iran. Although Al-Afghani quarreled with most of his patrons, it is said he "reserved his strongest hatred for the Shah," whom he accused of weakening Islam by granting <a href="/wiki/Concession_(contract)" title="Concession (contract)">concessions</a> to Europeans and squandering the money earned thereby. His agitation against the Shah is thought to have been one of the "fountain-heads" of the successful 1891 <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Protest" title="Tobacco Protest">Tobacco Protest</a> against the grant of a tobacco monopoly to a British company, and the later 1905 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Constitutional Revolution">Constitutional Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> After Iraq, he went to England in 1891 and 1892.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> He was later invited by a member of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Sultan Abdul Hamid II</a>'s court in 1892 to Istanbul. He traveled there with diplomatic immunity from the British Embassy, which raised many eyebrows, but was granted a house and salary by the Sultan. Abdul Hamid II aimed to use al-Afghani for Pan-Islamist propagation. While in Istanbul in 1895, al-Afghani was visited by a Persian ex-prisoner, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Reza_Kermani" title="Mirza Reza Kermani">Mirza Reza Kermani</a>, who had been his servant and disciple,<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> and together they planned the assassination of Emperor Naser al-Din of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[22]</a> They both collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Malkam_Khan" title="Mirza Malkam Khan">Mirza Malkam Khan</a>, the former Qajar envoy to London, in his London-based paper <a href="/wiki/Qanun_(newspaper)" title="Qanun (newspaper)">Qanun</a> to attack Qajar rule.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Kermani later returned to Iran and shot and killed Emperor Naser al-Din on 1 May 1896 while the Emperor was visiting the same shrine al-Afghani had once taken refuge in. Kermani was executed by public hanging in August 1897, but the Iranian government was not successful in extraditing al-Afghani from Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> Al-Afghani himself died of cancer the same year a few months before Kermani's hanging.<a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_religious_views">Political and religious views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political and religious views">edit</a>]</div> Al-Afghani's ideology has been described as a welding of "traditional" religious antipathy toward non-Muslims "to a modern critique of Western <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and an appeal for the unity of Islam", urging the adoption of Western sciences and institutions that might strengthen Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Kramer-29">[29]</a> According to Muhammad Abduh, Al-Afghani's main struggle in life was to decrease British domination of eastern nations and to minimize its power over Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Al-Afghani's friend, the British poet, and Arabophile <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Scawen_Blunt" title="Wilfrid Scawen Blunt">Wilfrid Scawen Blunt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> considered him a liberal, and in some of his writings he equates the parliamentary system to the <a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">shura</a> (consultation) system mentioned in the Qur'an. However, his attitude to the constitutional government was ambiguous because he doubted that it was viable in the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> According to his biographer, he envisioned instead "the overthrow of individual rulers who were lax or subservient to foreigners and their replacement by strong and patriotic men."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Blunt, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Digby" title="Jane Digby">Jane Digby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a>, were close with <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a> (1808–1883), an Algerian Islamic scholar, Sufi, and military leader. In 1864, the Lodge "Henry IV" extended an invitation to him to join Freemasonry, which he accepted, being initiated at the Lodge of the Pyramids in Alexandria, Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Blunt had supposedly become a <a href="/wiki/Convert_to_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Convert to Islam">convert to Islam</a> under the influence of al-Afghani and shared his hopes of establishing an Arab Caliphate based in Mecca to replace the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul. When Blunt visited Abdelkader in 1881, he decided that he was the most promising candidate for caliph, an opinion shared by Afghani and his disciple, Muhammad Abduh.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> According to another source Al-Afghani was greatly disappointed by the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> and came to three principal conclusions from it: <ul><li>that European imperialism, having conquered India, now threatened the Middle East.</li> <li>that Asia, including the Middle East, could prevent the onslaught of Western powers only by immediately adopting modern technology like the West.</li> <li>that Islam, despite its traditionalism, was an effective creed for mobilizing the public against the imperialists.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li></ul> Al-Afghani held that <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Muslim_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Muslim unity">Hindus and Muslims should work together</a> to overthrow British rule in India, a view rehashed by <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Ahmed_Madani" title="Hussain Ahmed Madani">Hussain Ahmed Madani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Composite_Nationalism_and_Islam" title="Composite Nationalism and Islam">Composite Nationalism and Islam</a> five decades later.<a href="#cite_note-Aslam2011-55">[55]</a> He believed that Islam and its revealed law were compatible with rationality and, thus, Muslims could become politically unified while still maintaining their faith based on religious social morality. These beliefs had a profound effect on Muhammad Abduh, who went on to expand on the notion of <a href="/wiki/Mu%27amalat" title="Mu'amalat">Mu'amalat</a>, using rationality in the human relations aspect of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1881 he published a collection of polemics titled Al-Radd ʻalā al-dahrīyīn "Refutation of the Materialists", agitating for pan-Islamic unity against Western imperialism. It included one of the earliest pieces of Islamic thought arguing against <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s then-recent <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a>; however, his arguments allegedly incorrectly caricatured <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, provoking criticism that he had not read Darwin's writings.<a href="#cite_note-glick1-57">[57]</a> In his later work Khatirat Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani "The memoir of Al-Afghani", he accepted the validity of evolution, asserting that the Islamic world had already known and used it. Although he accepted <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a> and the evolution of animals, he rejected the theory that the human species is the product of evolution, arguing that humans have <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-glick1-57">[57]</a> Among the reasons why Al-Afghani was thought to have had a less than deep religious faith<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> was his lack of interest in finding theological common ground between the Shia and the Sunni despite his interest in political unity between the two groups.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> For example, when he moved to Istanbul he disguised his Twelver Shi'i background by labeling himself "the Afghan".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asadabadi_square,_Tehran2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asadabadi_square%2C_Tehran2.JPG/220px-Asadabadi_square%2C_Tehran2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asadabadi_square%2C_Tehran2.JPG/330px-Asadabadi_square%2C_Tehran2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asadabadi_square%2C_Tehran2.JPG/440px-Asadabadi_square%2C_Tehran2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Asad Abadi Square in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> Al-Afghani died of cancer of the jaw<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-11">[11]</a> on 9 March 1897 in Istanbul and was buried there. In late 1944, at the request of the Afghan government, his remains were taken to Afghanistan via British India. His funeral was offered in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_Bazaar" title="Qissa Khwani Bazaar">Qissa Khwani Bazaar</a> in front of the Afghan Consulate building. Thereafter, his remains were laid in Kabul inside the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a>; a mausoleum was also erected there in his memory. In October 2002, the American Ambassador to Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Finn_(diplomat)" title="Robert Finn (diplomat)">Robert Finn</a>, pledged a donation of $25,000 to restore the mausoleum from damage sustained during the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-Mishra-61">[61]</a> The repairs were completed in 2010. In Afghanistan, a university is named after him (<a href="/wiki/Syed_Jamaluddin_Afghan_University" title="Syed Jamaluddin Afghan University">Syed Jamaluddin Afghan University</a>) in Kabul. There is also a street in the center of Kabul which is called by the name Afghani. In other parts of Afghanistan, there are many places like hospitals, schools, Madrasas, Parks, and roads named after Jamaluddin Afghan. In <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> there is a road named after him as well. In Tehran, the capital of Iran, there is a square and a street named after him (Asad Abadi Square and "Asad Abadi Avenue" in <a href="/wiki/Yusef_Abad" title="Yusef Abad">Yusef Abad</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theosophy">Theosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theosophy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hajji-Sharif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Afghani as Haji Sharif, who inspired Saint-Yves d'Alveydre in legend of Agarttha and Synarchy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Hajji-Sharif.jpg/220px-Hajji-Sharif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Hajji-Sharif.jpg/330px-Hajji-Sharif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Hajji-Sharif.jpg/440px-Hajji-Sharif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Afghani as Haji Sharif, who inspired Saint-Yves d'Alveydre in legend of Agarttha and Synarchy.</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/K._Paul_Johnson" title="K. Paul Johnson">K. Paul Johnson</a>, in The Masters Revealed, <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">H.P. Blavatsky</a>'s masters were real people, and "Serapis Bey" was Jamal Afghani, as a purported leader of an order named the "<a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Brotherhood_of_Luxor" title="Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor">Brotherhood of Luxor</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_1995-62">[62]</a> Afghani was introduced to the Star of the East Lodge, of which he became the leader, by its founder Raphael Borg, the British consul in Cairo, who was in communication with Blavatsky. Afghani's friend, a Jewish-Italian actor from Cairo named <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Sanu" title="Yaqub Sanu">James Sanua</a>, who with his girlfriend Lydia Pashkov and their friend <a href="/wiki/Jane_Digby" title="Jane Digby">Lady Jane Digby</a> were travel companions of Blavatsky.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_1995-62">[62]</a> As concluded by <a href="/wiki/Joscelyn_Godwin" title="Joscelyn Godwin">Joscelyn Godwin</a> in The Theosophical Enlightenment, "If we interpret the 'Brotherhood of Luxor' to refer to the coterie of esotericists and magicians that Blavatsky knew and worked with in Egypt, then we should probably count Sanua and Jamal ad-Din as members."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In the early 1860s, he was in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] when Blavatsky was in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>. In the late 1860s, he was in Afghanistan until he was expelled and returned to India. He went to Istanbul and was again expelled in 1871 when he proceeded to Cairo, where his circle of disciples was similar to Blavatsky's Brotherhood of Luxor. Afghani was forced to leave Egypt and settled in Hyderabad, India, in 1879, the year the Theosophical Society's founders arrived in Bombay. He then left India and spent a short time in Egypt before arriving in Paris in 1884. The following year he proceeded to London, and then on to Russia where he collaborated with Blavatsky's publisher, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Katkov" title="Mikhail Katkov">Mikhail Katkov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A photo published by <a href="/wiki/Joscelyn_Godwin" title="Joscelyn Godwin">Joscelyn Godwin</a> in The Kingdom of Agarttha, shows Afghani posing in the persona of Haji Sharif, who inspired <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Saint-Yves_d%27Alveydre" title="Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre">Saint-Yves d'Alveydre</a> in the legend of <a href="/wiki/Agartha" title="Agartha">Agarttha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">synarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"Sayyid Jamāl-ad-Dīn al-Afghānī:", Continued the statement in the history of Afghans Egypt, original in Arabic: تتمة البيان في تاريخ الأفغان Tatimmat al-bayan fi tarikh al-Afghan, 1901 (Mesr, 1318 Islamic lunar year (calendar)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>Sayyid Jamāl-ad-Dīn al-Afghānī: Brochure about Naturalism or materialism, original in Dari language: رساله نیچریه (Ressalah e Natscheria) translator of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> in Arabic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Protest" title="Tobacco Protest">Tobacco Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhit_al-Muti%27i" title="Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i">Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Sabri" title="Mustafa Sabri">Mustafa Sabri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_Alpha">^α</a> . Some Western academics point out that the term "Pan-Islamism" never existed before al-Afghani. The Arabic term <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Ummah#Usage_of_Ummah_in_the_Qur'an" title="Ummah">found in the Quran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> however, was historically used to denote the Muslim nation altogether, surpassing race, ethnicity, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Watt-68">[68]</a> and this term has been used in a political sense by classical Islamic scholars e.g. such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">al-Mawardi</a> in Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, where he discusses the contract of Imamate of the Ummah, "prescribed to succeed Prophethood" in the protection of the religion and of managing the affairs of the world.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OEPSTI-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEPSTI_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEPSTI_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEPSTI_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEPSTI_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEPSTI_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEPSTI_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNikki_R._Keddie,_Ibrahim_Kalin2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nikki R. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812578" title="Special:BookSources/9780199812578"><bdi>9780199812578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB%2C+Jam%C4%81l+al-D%C4%ABn&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%2C+Science%2C+and+Technology+in+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199812578&rft.au=Nikki+R.+Keddie%2C+Ibrahim+Kalin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199812578.001.0001%2Facref-9780199812578-e-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-6">g</a> I. 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SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2555-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2555-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-2555-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Initiates+of+Theosophical+Masters&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2555-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=K.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DU1FTZKQ5wTsC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DGBS.PA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin2008" class="citation book cs1">Godwin, Joscelyn (2008). The Kingdom of Agarttha: A Journey into the Hollow Earth. Inner Traditions. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Agarttha%3A+A+Journey+into+the+Hollow+Earth&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Joscelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tatimmatalbayanf00afghuoft#page/193/mode/2up">"Tatimmat al-bayan fi tarikh al-Afghan"</a>. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tatimmat+al-bayan+fi+tarikh+al-Afghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftatimmatalbayanf00afghuoft%23page%2F193%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> e.g. Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=91">21:91</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Watt_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1972" class="citation book cs1">Watt, W. Montgomery (1972). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+at+Medina&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=W.+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah by al-Mawardi, Chapter 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Fauzan, Ahmad. "Leadership Character According To Imam Al-Mawardi And Its Relevance In Indonesia: The Study Of The Book Of Al-Ahkam As-Sulthaniyyah." JURNAL PENELITIAN (2018): 39-50. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Mansor, Wan Naim Wan. "Abu Hasan al-Mawardi: The First Islamic Political Scientist." (2015): 1-8. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Gökkir, Necmettin. "Muslim Community/Ummah in Changing Society: Re-Contextualization of the Qur'an in Political Context." Hemispheres 24 (2009): 29. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Bashiri" title="Iraj Bashiri">Bashiri, Iraj</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Afghani/Afghani.html">Bashiri Working Papers on Central Asia and Iran</a>, 2000.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2001" class="citation book cs1">Black, Antony (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic00anto">The History of Islamic Political Thought</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93243-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93243-2"><bdi>0-415-93243-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-93243-2&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofislamic00anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland,_William2004" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will">A History of the Modern Middle East</a>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4048-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-4048-9"><bdi>0-8133-4048-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8133-4048-9&rft.au=Cleveland%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernm00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeddie1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Ragozin_Keddie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikki Ragozin Keddie">Keddie, Nikki Ragozin</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sayyidjamaladdin0000kedd">Sayyid Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani: A Political biography</a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01986-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01986-7"><bdi>978-0-520-01986-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sayyid+Jamal+ad-Din+al-Afghani%3A+A+Political+biography&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01986-7&rft.aulast=Keddie&rft.aufirst=Nikki+Ragozin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsayyidjamaladdin0000kedd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKia1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kia, Mehrdad (1996). "Pan-Islamism in Late Nineteenth-Century Iran". Middle Eastern Studies. 32 (1): 30–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209608701090">10.1080/00263209608701090</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283774">4283774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Pan-Islamism+in+Late+Nineteenth-Century+Iran&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-52&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263209608701090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kia&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKudsi-Zadeh1970" class="citation book cs1">Kudsi-Zadeh, Abdallah Albert (1970). Sayyid Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghānī: An Annotated Bibliography. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, the Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/121322">121322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sayyid+Jam%C4%81l+Al-D%C4%ABn+Al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F121322&rft.aulast=Kudsi-Zadeh&rft.aufirst=Abdallah+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Mishra" title="Pankaj Mishra">Mishra, Pankaj</a> (2012). "The Strange Odyssey of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani". From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24959-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24959-5"><bdi>978-0-374-24959-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Odyssey+of+Jamal+al-Din+al-Afghani&rft.btitle=From+the+Ruins+of+Empire%3A+The+Intellectuals+Who+Remade+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-374-24959-5&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoazzam1984" class="citation book cs1">Moazzam, Anwar (1984). Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani, A Muslim Intellectual. New Delhi: Institute of Objective Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-150-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-150-0"><bdi>978-81-7022-150-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamal+Al-Din+Al-Afghani%2C+A+Muslim+Intellectual&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Institute+of+Objective+Studies&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-150-0&rft.aulast=Moazzam&rft.aufirst=Anwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Watt">Watt, William Montgomery</a> (1985). Islamic Philosophy and Theology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0749-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0749-8"><bdi>0-7486-0749-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Philosophy+and+Theology&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-7486-0749-8&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=William+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamal+al-Din+al-Afghani" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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