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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Islamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Islamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pre-Islamic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Islamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_rise_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_rise_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle Ages and rise of Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_rise_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Hejaz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Hejaz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ottoman Hejaz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Hejaz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saud_dynasty_and_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saud_dynasty_and_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Saud dynasty and unification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saud_dynasty_and_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monarchy_and_royal_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchy_and_royal_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Monarchy and royal family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchy_and_royal_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al_ash-Sheikh_and_role_of_the_ulema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al_ash-Sheikh_and_role_of_the_ulema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Al ash-Sheikh and role of the ulema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al_ash-Sheikh_and_role_of_the_ulema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Legal system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_sponsoring_global_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_sponsoring_global_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Allegations of sponsoring global terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_sponsoring_global_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreigners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreigners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Foreigners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreigners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Religion in society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Women in society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Heritage sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Dress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Arts and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TV_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 TV and media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Saudi Arabia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 267 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-267" aria-hidden="true" > 267 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Сауд Хьэрыпей – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Сауд Хьэрыпей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сауд Арабие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Сауд Арабие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Arabië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saoedi-Arabië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Saudi-Arabien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%91%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ሳዑዲ አረቢያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳዑዲ አረቢያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सऊदी अरब – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सऊदी अरब" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudisc_Arabea" title="Saudisc Arabea – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Saudisc Arabea" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السعودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السعودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܣܥܘܕܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܥܘܕܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սէուտական Արաբիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սէուտական Արաբիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudesc%C3%A3" title="Arabia Saudescã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arabia Saudescã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_saoudita" title="Arabia saoudita – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Arabia saoudita" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B1" title="চৌদি আৰৱ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চৌদি আৰৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सउदी अरब – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1via_Saud%C3%ADta" title="Arávia Saudíta – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arávia Saudíta" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="СагӀудиязул ГӀарабия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="СагӀудиязул ГӀарабия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99udiyy%C9%99_%C6%8Fr%C9%99bistan%C4%B1" title="Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سعودی عربیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سعودی عربیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia_Arabu_ka_Faamamara" title="Saudia Arabu ka Faamamara – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Saudia Arabu ka Faamamara" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC" title="সৌদি আরব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৌদি আরব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_A-la-pek" title="Saudi A-la-pek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Saudi A-la-pek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D2%93%D2%AF%D0%B4_%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сәғүд Ғәрәбстаны – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәғүд Ғәрәбстаны" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Саудаўская Аравія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саудаўская Аравія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Саудаўская Арабія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саудаўская Арабія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सउदी अरब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabya" title="Saudi Arabya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Saudi Arabya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arebia" title="Saudi Arebia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Saudi Arebia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудитска Арабия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саудитска Арабия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabien" title="Saudi Arabien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Saudi Arabien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="སའུ་དི་ཨ་ར་པི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སའུ་དི་ཨ་ར་པི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudijska_Arabija" title="Saudijska Arabija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saudijska Arabija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saoudat" title="Arabia Saoudat – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arabia Saoudat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Саудай Арави – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Саудай Арави" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A0bia_Saudita" title="Aràbia Saudita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aràbia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Сауд Аравийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сауд Аравийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudinhong_Arabiya" title="Saudinhong Arabiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Saudinhong Arabiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BAdsk%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1bie" title="Saúdská Arábie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saúdská Arábie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudhi_Arabhia" title="Saudhi Arabhia – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Saudhi Arabhia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawdi_Arabia" title="Sawdi Arabia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sawdi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Saudi-Arabien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السعودية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="السعودية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Saudi-Arabien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%AB%DE%8B%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ސައޫދީ އަރަބިއްޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސައޫދީ އަރަބިއްޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah_Ntsaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabska" title="Saudi-Arabska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Saudi-Arabska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="साउदी अरब – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="साउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B" title="སའུ་དི་ཨེ་ར་སྦི་ཡ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སའུ་དི་ཨེ་ར་སྦི་ཡ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Araabia" title="Saudi Araabia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saudi Araabia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σαουδική Αραβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαουδική Αραβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудовонь Аравия – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Саудовонь Аравия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauda_Arabio" title="Sauda Arabio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sauda Arabio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="عربستان سعودی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عربستان سعودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiarabia" title="Saudiarabia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Saudiarabia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_saoudite" title="Arabie saoudite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabie saoudite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BBdy-Araabje" title="Saûdy-Araabje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Saûdy-Araabje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarabe_Sawdiyanke" title="Aarabe Sawdiyanke – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Aarabe Sawdiyanke" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Araib_Sh%C3%A1dach" title="An Araib Shádach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Araib Shádach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Araab_Saudi" title="Yn Araab Saudi – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Araab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiya" title="Saudi Arabiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Saudi Arabiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A0ibia_nan_Sabhd" title="Aràibia nan Sabhd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aràibia nan Sabhd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="СаӀудий Ӏарбий мохк – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="СаӀудий Ӏарбий мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="沙特阿拉伯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="સાઉદી અરેબિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સાઉદી અરેબિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सौदी अरेबिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सौदी अरेबिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_%C3%82-l%C3%A2-pak" title="Saudi Â-lâ-pak – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Saudi Â-lâ-pak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="사우디아라비아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우디아라비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arebiya" title="Saudi Arebiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saudi Arebiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_%CA%BBAlapia" title="Saudi ʻAlapia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Saudi ʻAlapia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սաուդյան Արաբիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաուդյան Արաբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सउदी अरब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawdi-Arabska" title="Sawdi-Arabska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sawdi-Arabska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudijska_Arabija" title="Saudijska Arabija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saudijska Arabija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC" title="সৌদি আরব – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সৌদি আরব" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1" title="Сауды Арабб – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сауды Арабб" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1di-Arab%C3%ADa" title="Sádi-Arabía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sádi-Arabía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ערב הסעודית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערב הסעודית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabii-Sah%CA%8Aditi" title="Arabii-Sahʊditi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Arabii-Sahʊditi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಸೌದಿ ಅರೇಬಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೌದಿ ಅರೇಬಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudita_Arabia" title="Saudita Arabia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Saudita Arabia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сауд Арабия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сауд Арабия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საუდის არაბეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საუდის არაბეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%97%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سوٗدی عرب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سوٗدی عرب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud%C3%ABjsk%C3%B4_Arabij%C3%B4" title="Saudëjskô Arabijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Saudëjskô Arabijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сауд Арабиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сауд Арабиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_Saoudek" title="Arabi Saoudek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arabi Saoudek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiya_Sawudite" title="Arabiya Sawudite – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Arabiya Sawudite" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia" title="Saudia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saudia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудса Аравия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Саудса Аравия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_Sawoudit" title="Arabi Sawoudit – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Arabi Sawoudit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_Saoudit" title="Arabi Saoudit – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Arabi Saoudit" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebistana_Si%C3%BBd%C3%AE" title="Erebistana Siûdî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erebistana Siûdî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сауд Арабиясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сауд Арабиясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_di_Saudi" title="Arabia di Saudi – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Arabia di Saudi" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саоьдуллал Аьрабусттан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Саоьдуллал Аьрабусттан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%ABda_Ar%C4%81bija" title="Saūda Arābija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saūda Arābija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Saudi-Arabien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сауди Арабистан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сауди Арабистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudo_Arabija" title="Saudo Arabija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saudo Arabija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saud%C3%AFa" title="Arabia Saudïa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Arabia Saudïa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Arabië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Saoedi-Arabië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudi" title="Arabia Saudi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arabia Saudi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabii" title="Saudi Arabii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Saudi Arabii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/djogu%27e" title="djogu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="djogu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sza%C3%BAd-Ar%C3%A1bia" title="Szaúd-Arábia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szaúd-Arábia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="साउदी अरब – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="साउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Саудиска Арабија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Саудиска Арабија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saodita" title="Arabia Saodita – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arabia Saodita" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="സൗദി അറേബ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൗദി അറേബ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabja_Sawdija" title="Arabja Sawdija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arabja Sawdija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauti_Ar%C4%81pia" title="Hauti Arāpia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hauti Arāpia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सौदी अरेबिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सौदी अरेबिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საუდიშ არაბეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საუდიშ არაბეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المملكه العربيه السعوديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المملكه العربيه السعوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="سعودی عربستون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سعودی عربستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯁꯥꯎꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯥꯎꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_%C4%80-l%C3%A1-b%C3%A1ik" title="Saudi Ā-lá-báik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Saudi Ā-lá-báik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita" title="Arábia Saudita – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Arábia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудонь Арабия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Саудонь Арабия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Саудын Араб – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Саудын Араб" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆော်ဒီအာရေးဘီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆော်ဒီအာရေးဘီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Arabië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saoedi-Arabië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="साउदी अरब – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="साउदी अरबिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="साउदी अरबिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="サウジアラビア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サウジアラビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8E%DF%B0%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߛߎ߰ߘߎ߬ߟߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߎ߰ߘߎ߬ߟߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="СаӀудийн Ӏаьрбийчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="СаӀудийн Ӏаьрбийчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Araabien" title="Saudi-Araabien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Saudi-Araabien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Erabia" title="Saudi Erabia – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Saudi Erabia" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_Saudi" title="Arabie Saudi – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Arabie Saudi" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сауд Аравий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сауд Аравий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC" title="ସାଉଦି ଆରବ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାଉଦି ଆରବ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ud_Arabiyaa" title="Sa'ud Arabiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sa'ud Arabiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiya_Arabistoni" title="Saudiya Arabistoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saudiya Arabistoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC" title="ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सऊदी अरब – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="सऊदी अरब" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_arabia" title="Saudi arabia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Saudi arabia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سعودی عرب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سعودی عرب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="သော်ဒီအာရေးဗီးယားခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သော်ဒီအာရေးဗီးယားခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سعودي عربستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سعودي عربستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Ariebia" title="Saadi Ariebia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Saadi Ariebia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F" title="អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_saoudite" title="Arabie saoudite – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arabie saoudite" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saodita" title="Arabia Saodita – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Arabia Saodita" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Saudi-Arabien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudyjska" title="Arabia Saudyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arabia Saudyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita" title="Arábia Saudita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arábia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiya_Arabstan%C4%B1" title="Saudiya Arabstanı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Saudiya Arabstanı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiy_Arabistan" title="Saudiy Arabistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Saudiy Arabistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudit%C4%83" title="Arabia Saudită – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arabia Saudită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawutya_Arapya" title="Sawutya Arapya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sawutya Arapya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Саудьска Арабія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Саудьска Арабія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудовская Аравия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саудовская Аравия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сауд Арабията – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сауд Арабията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सऊदी अरब – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सऊदी अरब" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱥᱳᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱳᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سعودی عرب – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سعودی عرب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A0bia_Saudita" title="Aràbia Saudita – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aràbia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabie" title="Saudi Arabie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saudi Arabie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Saudi-Arabien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudite" title="Arabia Saudite – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arabia Saudite" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabbia_Saudita" title="Arabbia Saudita – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arabbia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සෞදි අරාබිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෞදි අරාබිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سعودي عرب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سعودي عرب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Arabhiya" title="I-Arabhiya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Arabhiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudsk%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1bia" title="Saudská Arábia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saudská Arábia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudova_Arabija" title="Saudova Arabija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saudova Arabija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudyjsk%C5%8F_Arabij%C5%8F" title="Saudyjskŏ Arabijŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Saudyjskŏ Arabijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacuudi_Carabiya" title="Sacuudi Carabiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sacuudi Carabiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="عەرەبستانی سعوودی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەرەبستانی سعوودی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Саудијска Арабија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саудијска Арабија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudijska_Arabija" title="Saudijska Arabija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saudijska Arabija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiarabien" title="Saudiarabien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saudiarabien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="சவூதி அரேபியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சவூதி அரேபியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagldit_Tasa%C9%9Budit" title="Tagldit Tasaɛudit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tagldit Tasaɛudit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C9%9Budiya" title="Suɛudiya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Suɛudiya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_Saudite" title="Arabie Saudite – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Arabie Saudite" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Согуд Гарәбстаны – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Согуд Гарәбстаны" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းသေႃႇတီႇဢႃႇရေးပီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသေႃႇတီႇဢႃႇရေးပီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_arabia" title="Saudi arabia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Saudi arabia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="సౌదీ అరేబియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సౌదీ అరేబియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita" title="Arábia Saudita – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Arábia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศซาอุดีอาระเบีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศซาอุดีอาระเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%91%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5" title="ስዑዲ ዓረብ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ስዑዲ ዓረብ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Арабистони Саудӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арабистони Саудӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauti_%CA%BBAlepea" title="Sauti ʻAlepea – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Sauti ʻAlepea" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8C%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%97_%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%A0" title="ᏌᎤᏗ ᎡᎴᏈᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏌᎤᏗ ᎡᎴᏈᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suudi_Arabistan" title="Suudi Arabistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suudi Arabistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_Arabystan" title="Saud Arabystan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Saud Arabystan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CC%B1udi_A%CC%B1rabya" title="Sa̱udi A̱rabya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Sa̱udi A̱rabya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сауд Аравия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сауд Аравия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%85_%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%97" title="ᨕᨑᨅ ᨔᨕᨘᨉᨗ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨑᨅ ᨔᨕᨘᨉᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Саудівська Аравія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саудівська Аравія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سعودی عرب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سعودی عرب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سەئۇدى ئەرەبىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سەئۇدى ئەرەبىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Ahlazbwz" title="Saudi Ahlazbwz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saudi Ahlazbwz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saud%C3%ACa" title="Arabia Saudìa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Arabia Saudìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudan_Arabii" title="Saudan Arabii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saudan Arabii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_X%C3%AA_%C3%9At" title="Ả Rập Xê Út – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ả Rập Xê Út" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauda-Larab%C3%A4n" title="Sauda-Larabän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sauda-Larabän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Araabia" title="Saudi Araabia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Saudi Araabia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="沙特阿拉伯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabi_Sawdit" title="Araabi Sawdit – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Araabi Sawdit" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="沙特阿拉伯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"KSA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/KSA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="KSA (disambiguation)">KSA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</div><div class="ib-country-names">المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya as-Suʿūdiyya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Flag of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Emblem of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="662" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله Lā ilāha illallāh, Muḥammadun rasūlullāh "There is no god but <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> is the Messenger of God"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: النشيد الوطني السعودي "<a href="/wiki/Chant_of_the_Saudi_Nation" title="Chant of the Saudi Nation">an-Našīd al-Waṭanīy as-Saʿūdī</a>" "Chant of the Saudi Nation" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Saudi_Arabian_national_anthem,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Saudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga/Saudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Saudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=arz&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="arz" label="مصرى ‪(arz)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ta&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_SAU_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Saudi_Arabia_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_SAU_-_UNOCHA.svg/250px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_SAU_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Saudi_Arabia_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_SAU_-_UNOCHA.svg/375px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_SAU_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Saudi_Arabia_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_SAU_-_UNOCHA.svg/500px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_SAU_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a>Show map of Saudi Arabia</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saudi_Arabia&params=24_39_N_46_46_E_type:city_region:SA">24°39′N 46°46′E / 24.650°N 46.767°E / 24.650; 46.767</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-BLG-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2014)<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">90% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> 10% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Afro-Arab</a> (for Saudi citizens only)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2010)<a href="#cite_note-pewl-9">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>93.0% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Islam</a> <ul><li>85–90% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Sunni</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></li> <li>10–15% <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>4.4% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Christianity</a></li><li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hinduism in Saudi Arabia">Hinduism</a></li><li>0.7% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Irreligion in Saudi Arabia">unaffiliated</a></li><li>0.3% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudis" title="Saudis">Saudi</a></li><li>Saudi Arabian</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary Islamic <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">none<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1727</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1824</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Riyadh" title="Emirate of Riyadh">Emirate of Riyadh</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 January 1902</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Unification</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1932</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Admitted</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">to the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,149,690<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-14">[11]</a> km2 (830,000 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 32,175,224<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">46th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15/km2 (38.8/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">174th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2.112 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SA-16">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $63,117<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SA-16">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">15th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.100 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SA-16">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $32,881<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SA-16">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">34th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2013)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 45.9<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.875<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-18">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">40th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Saudi riyal</a> (SR)<a href="#cite_note-20">[d]</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SAR</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00#Arabia_Standard_Time" title="UTC+03:00">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telephone numbers in Saudi Arabia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telephone numbers in Saudi Arabia">+966</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SA" title="ISO 3166-2:SA">SA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.sa" title=".sa">.sa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/AlSaudiah" title="AlSaudiah">السعودية.</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Saudi Arabia,<a href="#cite_note-21">[e]</a> officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA),<a href="#cite_note-22">[f]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. Located in the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, it is one of the countries situated in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Gulf region</a>. It covers the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and has a land area of about 2,150,000 km2 (830,000 sq mi), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_area" title="List of Asian countries by area">fifth-largest country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">12th-largest</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-BritannicaAreaRanking-23">[17]</a> It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to the west; <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> to the north; the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> to the east; <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> to the southeast; and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">its terrain</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">arid desert</a>, lowland, steppe, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mountains in Saudi Arabia">mountains</a>. The capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">largest city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>; other major cities include <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> and the two <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">holiest cities in Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">a population of almost 32.2 million</a>, Saudi Arabia is the fourth most populous country in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a>, the territory that constitutes modern-day Saudi Arabia, was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations; the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia#Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">prehistory of Saudi Arabia</a> shows some of the earliest traces of human activity outside Africa.<a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the world's second-largest religion,<a href="#cite_note-landscape-26">[20]</a> emerged in what is now Saudi Arabia in the early seventh century. Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> united the population of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers expanded Muslim rule beyond Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">conquering</a> territories in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> within decades.<a href="#cite_note-Abbas-27">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reichl-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barber-29">[23]</a> Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> (632–661), <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> (661–750), <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> (750–1517), and <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> (909–1171) caliphates, as well as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">numerous other dynasties</a> in Asia, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa#History" title="Islam in Africa">Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe#Western_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean_Region" title="Islam in Europe">Europe</a>. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by King Abdulaziz (also known as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a>), who united the regions of <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a> (Al-Ahsa) and <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> (<a href="/wiki/%27Asir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Province">'Asir</a>) into a single state through <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">a series of conquests</a>, beginning in 1902 with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Riyadh_(1902)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Riyadh (1902)">the capture of Riyadh</a>, the ancestral home of his family, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a>. Saudi Arabia has since been an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> governed by an authoritarian regime without public input.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> In its <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law</a>, Saudi Arabia defines itself as a sovereign Arab <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> with <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Islam as its official religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as its official language. The ultraconservative <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> religious movement within <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> was the prevailing political and cultural force in the country until the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-HT2003:_14-31">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-32">[26]</a> The Saudi government has attracted criticism for various policies such as its <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">intervention in the Yemeni Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism#Saudi_Arabia" title="State-sponsored terrorism">alleged sponsorship of terrorism</a>, and widespread human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a> Saudi Arabia is considered both a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle</a> power.<a href="#cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> was <a href="/wiki/Dammam_No._7" title="Dammam No. 7">discovered in the country in 1938</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> the kingdom has become the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">third-largest oil producer</a> and leading oil exporter, controlling the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves#Countries" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">second-largest oil reserves</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">sixth-largest gas reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[33]</a> Saudi Arabia is categorized as a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">World Bank high-income economy</a> and is the only Arab country among the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> major economies.<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi economy</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">largest in the Middle East</a> and the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">nineteenth largest by nominal GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">seventeenth largest by PPP</a>. Ranking very high in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UNDR2014-42">[36]</a> Saudi Arabia offers <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Higher education in Saudi Arabia">tuition-free university education</a>, no personal income tax,<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Health care in Saudi Arabia">free universal health care</a>. With its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">dependency on foreign labour</a>, Saudi Arabia has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">third-largest immigrant population</a>. Saudi Arabians are among <a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Youth in Saudi Arabia">the world's youngest people</a>, with approximately half being under 25 years old.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> Saudi Arabia is an active and founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, as well as a dialogue partner of the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_(etymology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (etymology)">Arab (etymology)</a></div> Following the amalgamation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Nejd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Abdulaziz bin Saud</a> issued a royal decree on 23 September 1932 naming the new state al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya as-Suʿūdiyya (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> المملكة العربية السعودية ), which is normally translated as "the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" in English,<a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia-46">[40]</a> but literally means "the Saudi Arab Kingdom",<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> or "the Saudi Kingdom of Arabia" (compare <a href="/wiki/The_Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan">the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan</a>). The word "Saudi" is derived from the element as-Suʿūdīyya in the Arabic name of the country, which is a type of adjective known as a <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">nisba</a>, formed from the dynastic name of the Saudi royal family, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: آل سعود). Its inclusion expresses the view that the country is the personal possession of the royal family.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kamrava-49">[43]</a> Al Saud is an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic name</a> formed by adding the word Al, meaning "family of" or "House of",<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> to the personal name of an ancestor. In the case of Al Saud, this is <a href="/wiki/Saud_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Muqrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin">Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin</a>, the father of the dynasty's 18th-century founder, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Saud">Muhammad bin Saud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">History of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg/170px-Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg/255px-Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg/340px-Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Anthropomorphic stela (4th millennium BC), sandstone, 57x27 cm, from El-Maakir-Qaryat al-Kaafa (<a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="National Museum of Saudi Arabia">National Museum of Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>)</figcaption></figure> There is evidence that human habitation in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> dates back to about 125000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> A 2011 study found that the first modern humans to spread east across Asia left <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> about 75000 years ago across the <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a> connecting the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> The Arabian Peninsula is regarded as central to the understanding of evolution and dispersals of Man. Arabia underwent an extreme environmental fluctuation in the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> that led to profound evolutionary and demographic changes. Arabia has a rich <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> record, and the quantity of <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a>-like sites in the region indicate a significant role that Arabia had played in the early hominin colonization of Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, prominent cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Magar" title="Al-Magar">Al-Magar</a>, whose centre lay in modern-day southwestern Najd, flourished. Al-Magar could be considered a "Neolithic Revolution" in human knowledge and handicraft skills.<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> The culture is characterized as being one of the world's first to involve the widespread domestication of animals, particularly the horse, during the Neolithic period.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> Al-Magar statues were made from local stone, and it seems that the statues were fixed in a central building that might have had a significant role in the social and religious life of the inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> In November 2017, hunting scenes showing images of most likely domesticated dogs (resembling the <a href="/wiki/Canaan_Dog" title="Canaan Dog">Canaan Dog</a>) and wearing leashes were discovered in Shuwaymis, a hilly region of northwestern Saudi Arabia. These rock engravings date back more than 8000 years, making them the earliest depictions of dogs in the world.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> At the end of the 4th millennium BC, Arabia entered the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>; metals were widely used, and the period was characterized by its 2 m high burials which were simultaneously followed by the existence of numerous temples that included many free-standing sculptures originally painted with red colours.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> In May 2021, archaeologists announced that a 350000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> site named An Nasim in the <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%CA%BCil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥaʼil Province">Hail region</a> could be the oldest human habitation site in northern Saudi Arabia. 354 artefacts, including hand axes and stone tools, provided information about the tool-making traditions of the earliest living man who inhabited southwest Asia. <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> artefacts are similar to material remains uncovered at the Acheulean sites in the <a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">Nefud Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic">Pre-Islamic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_at_National_Museum_of_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Statue_at_National_Museum_of_Korea.jpg/170px-Statue_at_National_Museum_of_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Statue_at_National_Museum_of_Korea.jpg/255px-Statue_at_National_Museum_of_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Statue_at_National_Museum_of_Korea.jpg/340px-Statue_at_National_Museum_of_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The "Worshipping Servant" statue (2500 BC), above one metre (3 ft 3 in) in height, is much taller than any possible Mesopotamian or Harappan models. Photo courtesy of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea" title="National Museum of Korea">National Museum of Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180-65">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest sedentary culture in Saudi Arabia dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dosariyah" title="Dosariyah">Dosariyah</a>. Climatic change and the onset of aridity may have brought about the end of this phase of settlement, as little archaeological evidence exists from the succeeding millennium.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> The settlement of the region picks up again in the period of <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a> in the early 3rd millennium. Known records from <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> refer to a place called Dilmun, associated on several occasions with copper, and in later periods it was a source of imported woods in southern Mesopotamia. Scholars have suggested that Dilmun originally designated the eastern province of Saudi Arabia, notably linked with the major Dilmunite settlements of Umm an-Nussi and Umm ar-Ramadh in the interior and Tarout on the coast. It is likely that <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarout Island</a> was the main port and the capital of Dilmun.<a href="#cite_note-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180-65">[59]</a> Mesopotamian inscribed clay tablets suggest that, in the early period of Dilmun, a form of hierarchical organized political structure existed. In 1966, an earthwork in Tarout exposed an ancient burial field that yielded a large statue dating to the Dilmunite period (mid 3rd millennium BC). The statue was locally made under the strong Mesopotamian influence on the artistic principle of Dilmun.<a href="#cite_note-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180-65">[59]</a> By 2200 BC, the centre of Dilmun shifted for unknown reasons from Tarout and the Saudi Arabian mainland to the island of Bahrain, and a highly developed settlement emerged there, where a laborious temple complex and thousands of burial mounds dating to this period were discovered.<a href="#cite_note-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180-65">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qasr_al_Farid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qasr_al_Farid.JPG/220px-Qasr_al_Farid.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qasr_al_Farid.JPG/330px-Qasr_al_Farid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qasr_al_Farid.JPG/440px-Qasr_al_Farid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Qaṣr Al-Farīd, the largest of the 131 <a href="/wiki/Rock_cut_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock cut architecture">rock-cut</a> monumental tombs built from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD, with their elaborately ornamented façades, at the extensive ancient <a href="/wiki/Nabatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatean">Nabatean</a> archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Hegra</a> located in the area of <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Ula">Al-'Ula</a> within <a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Madinah Region">Al Madinah Region</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>. A UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 2008.</figcaption></figure> By the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, a historically recorded people and land (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a> and the Midianites) in the north-western portion of Saudi Arabia are well-documented in the Bible. Centred in <a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabouk</a>, it stretched from <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Arabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Arabah">Wadi Arabah</a> in the north to the area of al-Wejh in the south.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> The capital of Midian was Qurayyah,<a href="#cite_note-ArnoldStrawn2016-68">[62]</a> it consists of a large, fortified citadel encompassing 35 hectares and below it lies a walled settlement of 15 hectares. The city hosted as many as 12,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Coogan2001-69">[63]</a> The Bible recounts <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Midian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Midian war">two wars</a> with Midian, somewhere in the early 11th century BC. Politically, the Midianites were described as having a decentralized structure headed by five kings (Evi, Rekem, Tsur, Hur, and Reba); the names appear to be toponyms of important Midianite settlements.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> It is common to view that Midian designated a confederation of tribes, the sedentary element settled in the Hijaz while its nomadic affiliates pastured and sometimes pillaged as far away as <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Midian_p._163-71">[65]</a> The nomadic <a href="/wiki/Midianites" class="mw-redirect" title="Midianites">Midianites</a> were one of the earliest exploiters of the domestication of camels that enabled them to navigate through the harsh terrains of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Midian_p._163-71">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_a_man_at_National_Museum_of_Korea_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_a_man_at_National_Museum_of_Korea_01.jpg/170px-Statue_of_a_man_at_National_Museum_of_Korea_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_a_man_at_National_Museum_of_Korea_01.jpg/255px-Statue_of_a_man_at_National_Museum_of_Korea_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_a_man_at_National_Museum_of_Korea_01.jpg/340px-Statue_of_a_man_at_National_Museum_of_Korea_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Colossal statue from <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Ula">Al-'Ula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> (6th–4th century BC), it followed the standardized artistic sculpting of the <a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Lihyanite</a> kingdom. The original statue was painted with white. (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>)<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a></figcaption></figure> At the end of the 7th century BC, an emerging kingdom appeared in north-western Arabia. It started as a sheikdom of Dedan, which developed into the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Lihyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lihyan_p._192-73">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> During this period, Dedan transformed into a kingdom that encompassed a much wider domain.<a href="#cite_note-Lihyan_p._192-73">[67]</a> In the early 3rd century BC, with bustling economic activity between the south and north, Lihyan acquired large influence suitable to its strategic position on the caravan road.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> The Lihyanites ruled over a large domain from <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Yathrib</a> in the south and parts of the Levant in the north.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> In antiquity, Gulf of Aqaba used to be called Gulf of Lihyan, a testimony to the extensive influence that Lihyan acquired.<a href="#cite_note-HiltonHilton1996-77">[71]</a> The Lihyanites fell into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a> around 65 BC upon their seizure of Hegra then marching to <a href="/wiki/Tayma" title="Tayma">Tayma</a>, and to their capital Dedan in 9 BC. The Nabataeans ruled large portions of north Arabia until their domain was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, which renamed it <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>, and remained under the rule of the Romans until 630.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_rise_of_Islam">Middle Ages and rise of Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad750ADloc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Umayyad750ADloc.png/220px-Umayyad750ADloc.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Umayyad750ADloc.png/330px-Umayyad750ADloc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Umayyad750ADloc.png/440px-Umayyad750ADloc.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>At its greatest extent, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750) covered 11100000 km2 (4300000 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> and 62 million people (29 per cent of the world's population),<a href="#cite_note-Blankinship-80">[74]</a> making it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest empires in history</a> in both area and proportion of the world's population. It was also larger than any previous empire in history.</figcaption></figure> Shortly before the advent of Islam, apart from urban trading settlements (such as Mecca and Medina), much of what was to become Saudi Arabia was populated by nomadic pastoral tribal societies.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in about 570 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>. In the early 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> united the <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">various tribes of the peninsula</a> and created a single Islamic religious polity.<a href="#cite_note-James_E._Lindsay_2005_33-82">[76]</a> Following his death in 632, his followers expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering territory in the Iberian Peninsula in the west to parts of Central and South Asia in the east[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] in a matter of decades.<a href="#cite_note-Abbas-27">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reichl-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barber-29">[23]</a> Arabia became a more politically peripheral region of the Muslim world as the focus shifted to the newly conquered lands.<a href="#cite_note-James_E._Lindsay_2005_33-82">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia, the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> in particular, founded the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> (632–661), <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> (661–750), <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> (750–1517), and the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> (909–1171) caliphates. From the 10th century to the early 20th century, Mecca and Medina were under the control of a local Arab ruler known as the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Sharif of Mecca</a>, but at most times the sharif owed allegiance to the ruler of one of the major Islamic empires based in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia reverted to traditional tribal rule.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siyer-i_Nebi_-_Imam_Ali_und_Hamza_bei_dem_vorgezogenen_Einzelkampf_in_Badr_gegen_die_G%C3%B6tzendiener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Siyer-i_Nebi_-_Imam_Ali_und_Hamza_bei_dem_vorgezogenen_Einzelkampf_in_Badr_gegen_die_G%C3%B6tzendiener.jpg/170px-Siyer-i_Nebi_-_Imam_Ali_und_Hamza_bei_dem_vorgezogenen_Einzelkampf_in_Badr_gegen_die_G%C3%B6tzendiener.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Siyer-i_Nebi_-_Imam_Ali_und_Hamza_bei_dem_vorgezogenen_Einzelkampf_in_Badr_gegen_die_G%C3%B6tzendiener.jpg/255px-Siyer-i_Nebi_-_Imam_Ali_und_Hamza_bei_dem_vorgezogenen_Einzelkampf_in_Badr_gegen_die_G%C3%B6tzendiener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Siyer-i_Nebi_-_Imam_Ali_und_Hamza_bei_dem_vorgezogenen_Einzelkampf_in_Badr_gegen_die_G%C3%B6tzendiener.jpg/340px-Siyer-i_Nebi_-_Imam_Ali_und_Hamza_bei_dem_vorgezogenen_Einzelkampf_in_Badr_gegen_die_G%C3%B6tzendiener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a>, 13 March 624 CE</figcaption></figure> For much of the 10th century, the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a>-Shi'ite <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf. In 930, the Qarmatians pillaged Mecca, outraging the Muslim world, particularly with their theft of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> In 1077–1078, an Arab sheikh named <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Ali_Al_Uyuni" title="Abdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni">Abdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni</a> defeated the Qarmatians in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">al-Hasa</a> with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuq Empire</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Uyunid_dynasty" title="Uyunid dynasty">Uyunid dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Uyunid_Emirate" title="Uyunid Emirate">Uyunid Emirate</a> later underwent expansion with its territory stretching from Najd to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Safa_Khulusi-88">[82]</a> They were overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Usfurids" title="Usfurids">Usfurids</a> in 1253.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> Usfurid rule was weakened after Persian rulers of <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz</a> captured Bahrain and <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a> in 1320.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> The vassals of Ormuz, the Shia <a href="/wiki/Jarwanid_dynasty" title="Jarwanid dynasty">Jarwanid dynasty</a> came to rule eastern Arabia in the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-JuanCole-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jabrids" title="Jabrids">Jabrids</a> took control of the region after overthrowing the Jarwanids in the 15th century and clashed with Hormuz for more than two decades over the region for its economic revenues, until finally agreeing to pay <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> in 1507.<a href="#cite_note-JuanCole-91">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Muntafiq" title="Al-Muntafiq">Al-Muntafiq</a> tribe later took over the region and came under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bani_Khalid_(tribe)" title="Bani Khalid (tribe)">Bani Khalid tribe</a> later revolted against them in the 17th century and took control.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> Their rule extended from Iraq to Oman at its height, and they too came under Ottoman suzerainty.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Hejaz">Ottoman Hejaz</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_era_in_the_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman era in the history of Saudi Arabia">Ottoman era in the history of Saudi Arabia</a></div> In the 16th century, the Ottomans added the Red Sea and Persian Gulf coast (the Hejaz, <a href="/wiki/%27Asir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Province">Asir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Al-Ahsa</a>) to the empire and claimed suzerainty over the interior. One reason was to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)">thwart Portuguese attempts</a> to attack the Red Sea (hence the Hejaz) and the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-96">[90]</a> The Ottoman degree of control over these lands varied over the next four centuries with the fluctuating strength or weakness of the empire's central authority.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200768-98">[92]</a> These changes contributed to later uncertainties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Ma%27an" title="Occupation of Ma'an">dispute with Transjordan over the inclusion of the sanjak of Ma'an</a>, including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27an" title="Ma'an">Ma'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saud_dynasty_and_unification">Saud dynasty and unification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Saudi_State.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/First_Saudi_State.svg/220px-First_Saudi_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/First_Saudi_State.svg/330px-First_Saudi_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/First_Saudi_State.svg/440px-First_Saudi_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">first Saudi State</a> from 1744 to 1814</figcaption></figure> The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began at the town of <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Nejd</a> in central Arabia with the accession as <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Saud">Muhammad bin Saud</a> on 22 February 1727.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> In 1744 he joined forces with the religious leader <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200769–70-101">[95]</a> founder of the Wahhabi movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> This alliance provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today.<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a> established in the area around Riyadh rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala">sacking Karbala</a> in 1802, and <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">capturing Mecca</a> in 1803. In 1818, it was destroyed by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Mohammed Ali Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> The much smaller <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a> was established in 1824. Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Al Rashid</a>, who ruled the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Emirate of Jabal Shammar</a>. By 1891, the Al Rashid were victorious and the Al Saud were driven into exile in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_and_King_Abd_al-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Churchill_and_King_Abd_al-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/220px-Churchill_and_King_Abd_al-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Churchill_and_King_Abd_al-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/330px-Churchill_and_King_Abd_al-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Churchill_and_King_Abd_al-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/440px-Churchill_and_King_Abd_al-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Abdulaziz Ibn Saud</a>, the founding father and first king of Saudi Arabia, in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1945</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire continued to control or have a suzerainty over most of the peninsula. Subject to this suzerainty, Arabia was ruled by a patchwork of tribal rulers,<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Sharif of Mecca</a> having pre-eminence and ruling the Hejaz.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> In 1902, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman bin Faisal">Abdul Rahman</a>'s son, Abdul Aziz—later known as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a>—recaptured control of Riyadh bringing the Al Saud back to Nejd, creating the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd_and_Hasa" title="Emirate of Nejd and Hasa">third "Saudi state"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> Ibn Saud gained the support of the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a>, a tribal army inspired by Wahhabism and led by <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Al-Dawish" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal Al-Dawish">Faisal Al-Dawish</a>, and which had grown quickly after its foundation in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> With the aid of the Ikhwan, Ibn Saud captured Al-Ahsa from the Ottomans in 1913. In 1916, with the encouragement and support of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> (which was fighting the Ottomans in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>), the Sharif of Mecca, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Hussein bin Ali</a>, led a pan-<a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> against the Ottoman Empire to create a united Arab state.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> Although the revolt failed in its objective, <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">the Allied</a> victory in World War I resulted in the end of Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia, and Hussein bin Ali became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">King of Hejaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> Ibn Saud avoided involvement in the Arab Revolt and instead continued his struggle with the Al Rashid. Following the latter's final defeat, he took the title <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd" title="Sultanate of Nejd">Sultan of Nejd</a> in 1921. With the help of the Ikhwan, the Kingdom of Hejaz was conquered in 1924–25, and on 10 January 1926, Ibn Saud declared himself king of Hejaz.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> For the next five years, he administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> After the conquest of the Hejaz, the Ikhwan leadership's objective switched to expansion of the Wahhabist realm into the British protectorates of Transjordan, Iraq and Kuwait, and began raiding those territories. This met with Ibn Saud's opposition, as he recognized the danger of a direct conflict with the British. At the same time, the Ikhwan became disenchanted with Ibn Saud's domestic policies which appeared to favour modernization and the increase in the number of non-Muslim foreigners in the country. As a result, they turned against Ibn Saud and, after a two-year struggle, were defeated in 1929 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabilla" title="Battle of Sabilla">Battle of Sabilla</a>, where their leaders were massacred.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> On Ibn Saud's behalf, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Abdulaziz_al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal bin Abdulaziz al Saud">Prince Faisal</a> declared the unification on 23 September 1932, and the two kingdoms of Hejaz and Nejd were unified as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> That date is now a national holiday called <a href="/wiki/Saudi_National_Day" title="Saudi National Day">Saudi National Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Modern history of Saudi Arabia">Modern history of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dammam_No._7_on_March_4,_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg/220px-Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg/330px-Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>The oil well <a href="/wiki/Dammam_No._7" title="Dammam No. 7">Dammam No. 7</a> on March 4, 1938, the day it struck oil in commercial quantities, becoming the first in Saudi Arabia to do so</figcaption></figure> The new kingdom was reliant on limited agriculture and pilgrimage revenues.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dammam_No._7" title="Dammam No. 7">In 1938, vast reserves of oil were discovered</a> in the Al-Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf, and full-scale development of the oil fields began in 1941 under the US-controlled <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company)</a>. Oil provided Saudi Arabia with economic prosperity and substantial political leverage internationally.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> Cultural life rapidly developed, primarily in the Hejaz, which was the centre for newspapers and radio. However, the large influx of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">foreign workers in Saudi Arabia</a> in the oil industry increased the pre-existing propensity for <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>. At the same time, the government became increasingly wasteful and extravagant. By the 1950s this had led to large governmental deficits and excessive foreign borrowing.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> In 1953, <a href="/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Saud of Saudi Arabia">Saud of Saudi Arabia</a> succeeded as the king of Saudi Arabia. In 1964 he was deposed in favour of his half brother <a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">Faisal of Saudi Arabia</a>, after an intense rivalry, fuelled by doubts in the royal family over Saud's competence. In 1972, Saudi Arabia gained a 20% control in Aramco, thereby decreasing US control over Saudi oil.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_timeline-115">[109]</a> In 1973, Saudi Arabia led an <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil boycott</a> against the Western countries that supported Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> against Egypt and Syria, leading to the quadrupling of oil prices.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> In 1975, Faisal was assassinated by his nephew, Prince <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Musaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal bin Musaid">Faisal bin Musaid</a> and was succeeded by his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Khalid of Saudi Arabia">King Khalid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Rasheed_136-137-116">[110]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser_and_Faisal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nasser and Faisal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nasser_and_Faisal.jpg/230px-Nasser_and_Faisal.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nasser_and_Faisal.jpg/345px-Nasser_and_Faisal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nasser_and_Faisal.jpg/460px-Nasser_and_Faisal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Faisal (left) with Egypt's President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> in Cairo, 1969</figcaption></figure> By 1976, Saudi Arabia had become the largest oil producer in the world.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> Khalid's reign saw economic and social development progress at an extremely rapid rate, transforming the infrastructure and educational system of the country;<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> in foreign policy, close ties with the US were developed.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Rasheed_136-137-116">[110]</a> In 1979, two events occurred which greatly concerned the government<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> and had a long-term influence on Saudi foreign and domestic policy. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Islamic Revolution</a>. It was feared that the country's <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shi'ite minority</a> in the Eastern Province (which is also the location of the oil fields) might rebel under the influence of their Iranian co-religionists. There were several anti-government uprisings in the region such as the <a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toby_Craig_Jones_2010_218–219-119">[113]</a> The second event was the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_Seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mosque Seizure">Grand Mosque Seizure</a> in Mecca by Islamist extremists. The militants involved were in part angered by what they considered to be the corruption and un-Islamic nature of the Saudi government.<a href="#cite_note-Toby_Craig_Jones_2010_218–219-119">[113]</a> The government regained control of the mosque after 10 days, and those captured were executed. Part of the response of the royal family was to enforce the much stricter observance of traditional religious and social norms in the country (for example, the closure of cinemas) and to give the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> a greater role in government.<a href="#cite_note-Hegghammer24-120">[114]</a> Neither entirely succeeded as Islamism continued to grow in strength.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg/220px-Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg/330px-Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg/440px-Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Map of Saudi Arabian administrative regions and roadways</figcaption></figure> In 1980, Saudi Arabia bought out the American interests in Aramco.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> King Khalid died of a heart attack in June 1982. He was succeeded by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">King Fahd</a>, who added the title "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" to his name in 1986 in response to considerable fundamentalist pressure to avoid the use of "majesty" in association with anything except God. Fahd continued to develop close relations with the United States and increased the purchase of American and British military equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> The vast wealth generated by oil revenues was beginning to have an even greater impact on Saudi society. It led to rapid technological (but not cultural) modernization, urbanization, mass public education, and the creation of new media. This and the presence of increasingly large numbers of foreign workers greatly affected traditional Saudi norms and values. Although there was a dramatic change in the social and economic life of the country, political power continued to be monopolized by the royal family<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> leading to discontent among many Saudis who began to look for wider participation in government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbir1993114-123">[117]</a> In the 1980s, Saudi Arabia and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> spent $25 billion in support of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (1980–1988);<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> however, Saudi Arabia condemned the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invasion of Kuwait</a> in 1990 and asked the United States to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> King Fahd allowed American and coalition troops to be stationed in Saudi Arabia. He invited the Kuwaiti government and many of its citizens to stay in Saudi Arabia, but expelled citizens of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> because of their governments' support of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a>. In 1991, Saudi Arabian forces were involved both in bombing raids on Iraq and in the land invasion that helped to liberate Kuwait, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> (1990–1991).<a href="#cite_note-BBC_timeline-115">[109]</a> Saudi Arabia's relations with the West was one of the issues that led to <a href="/wiki/List_of_militant_incidents_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of militant incidents in Saudi Arabia">an increase in Islamist terrorism</a> in Saudi Arabia, as well as Islamist terrorist attacks in Western countries by Saudi nationals. <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> was a Saudi citizen (until stripped of his citizenship in 1994) and was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 U.S. embassy bombings</a> in East Africa and the 2000 <a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">USS Cole bombing</a> near the port of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, Yemen. 15 of <a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">the hijackers</a> involved in the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> were Saudi nationals.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> Many Saudis who did not support the Islamist terrorists were nevertheless deeply unhappy with the government's policies.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> Islamism was not the only source of hostility to the government. Although extremely wealthy by the 21st century, Saudi Arabia's economy was near stagnant. High taxes and a growth in unemployment have contributed to discontent and have been reflected in a rise in civil unrest, and discontent with the royal family. In response, a number of limited reforms were initiated by King Fahd. In March 1992, he introduced the "<a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law</a>", which emphasized the duties and responsibilities of a ruler. In December 1993, the Consultative Council was inaugurated. It is composed of a chairman and 60 members—all chosen by the King. Fahd made it clear that he did not have democracy in mind, saying: "A system based on elections is not consistent with our Islamic creed, which [approves of] government by consultation [shūrā]."<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> In 1995, Fahd suffered a debilitating stroke, and the Crown Prince, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah</a>, assumed the role of de facto regent; however, his authority was hindered by conflict with Fahd's full brothers (known, with Fahd, as the "<a href="/wiki/Sudairi_Seven" title="Sudairi Seven">Sudairi Seven</a>").<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> Signs of discontent included, in 2003 and 2004, a series of bombings and armed violence in Riyadh, Jeddah, Yanbu and Khobar.<a href="#cite_note-Cordesman_2009-128">[122]</a> In February–April 2005, <a href="/wiki/2005_Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections" title="2005 Saudi Arabian municipal elections">the first-ever nationwide municipal elections</a> were held in Saudi Arabia. Women were not allowed to take part.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> In 2005, King Fahd died and was succeeded by Abdullah, who continued the policy of minimum reform and clamping down on protests. The king introduced economic reforms aimed at reducing the country's reliance on oil revenue: limited <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, encouragement of foreign investment, and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>. In February 2009, Abdullah announced a series of governmental changes to the judiciary, armed forces, and various ministries to modernize these institutions including the replacement of senior appointees in the judiciary and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Mutaween</a> (religious police) with more moderate individuals and the appointment of the country's first female deputy minister.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_history-83">[77]</a> On 29 January 2011, hundreds of protesters gathered in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> in a rare display of criticism against the city's poor infrastructure after flooding killed 11 people.<a href="#cite_note-Montreal-129">[123]</a> Police stopped the demonstration after about 15 minutes and arrested 30 to 50 people.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_Dozens_detained-130">[124]</a> Since 2011, Saudi Arabia has been affected by its own <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9313_Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests">Arab Spring protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fisk_troops-131">[125]</a> In response, King Abdullah announced on 22 February 2011 a series of benefits for citizens amounting to $36 billion, of which $10.7 billion was earmarked for housing.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> No political reforms were included, though some prisoners indicted for financial crimes were pardoned.<a href="#cite_note-AlJazeeraEnglishBenefits-135">[129]</a> Abdullah also announced a package of $93 billion, which included 500000 new homes to a cost of $67 billion, in addition to creating 60000 new security jobs.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian1-136">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> Although male-only <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian municipal elections, 2011">municipal elections were held on 29 September 2011</a>,<a href="#cite_note-alawsat_details-138">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom_women-139">[133]</a> Abdullah allowed women to vote and be elected in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections,_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian municipal elections, 2015">2015 municipal elections</a>, and also to be nominated to the <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Shura Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oman_observer_electionday-140">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Geography of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png/290px-Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png/435px-Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png/580px-Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>Saudi Arabia topography</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrat_Khaybar_Space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Harrat_Khaybar_Space.jpg/220px-Harrat_Khaybar_Space.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Harrat_Khaybar_Space.jpg/330px-Harrat_Khaybar_Space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Harrat_Khaybar_Space.jpg/440px-Harrat_Khaybar_Space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2005" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harrat_Khaybar" title="Harrat Khaybar">Harrat Khaybar</a> seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. Saudi Arabia is home to more than 2000 dormant volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-141">[135]</a> Lava fields in Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of harrat (the singular is harrah), form one of Earth's largest <a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">alkali basalt</a> regions, covering some 180,000 square kilometres (69,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-auto-142">[136]</a></figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabia occupies about 80% of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> (the world's largest peninsula),<a href="#cite_note-Stokes605-143">[137]</a> lying between latitudes <a href="/wiki/16th_parallel_north" title="16th parallel north">16°</a> and <a href="/wiki/33rd_parallel_north" title="33rd parallel north">33° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/34th_meridian_east" title="34th meridian east">34°</a> and <a href="/wiki/56th_meridian_east" title="56th meridian east">56° E</a>. Because the country's southeastern and southern borders with the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> are not precisely marked, the exact size of the country is undefined.<a href="#cite_note-Stokes605-143">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a> estimates 2149690 km2 (830000 sq mi) and lists Saudi Arabia as the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">12th</a> largest state. It is geographically the largest country in the Middle East and on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> Saudi Arabia's geography is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>, associated semi-desert, shrubland, steppes, several mountain ranges, volcanic lava fields and highlands. The 647500 km2 (250001 sq mi) <a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a> ("Empty Quarter") in the southeastern part of the country is the world's largest contiguous sand desert.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> Though there are lakes in the country, Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the world by area with no permanent rivers. <a href="/wiki/Wadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadis">Wadis</a>, non-permanent rivers, however, <a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of wadis of Saudi Arabia">are very numerous throughout the kingdom</a>. The fertile areas are to be found in the alluvial deposits in wadis, basins, and oases.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of islands of Saudi Arabia">approximately 1,300 islands</a> in the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> The main topographical feature is the central plateau which rises abruptly from the Red Sea and gradually descends into the <a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Nejd</a> and toward the Arabian Gulf. On the Red Sea coast, there is a narrow coastal plain, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a>, parallel to which runs along an imposing escarpment. The southwest province of <a href="/wiki/%27Asir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Province">Asir</a> is mountainous and contains the 3002 m (9849 ft) <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Ferwa_(%27Asir)" title="Jabal Ferwa ('Asir)">Jabal Ferwa</a>, which is the highest point in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a> Saudi Arabia is home to more than 2,000 dormant volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-141">[135]</a> Lava fields in Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of harrat (the singular is harrah), form one of Earth's largest <a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">alkali basalt</a> regions, covering some 180,000 square kilometres (69,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-auto-142">[136]</a> Except for the southwestern regions such as Asir, Saudi Arabia has a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a> with very high day-time temperatures during the summer and a sharp temperature drop at night. Average summer temperatures are around 45 °C (113 °F) but can be as high as 54 °C (129 °F). In the winter the temperature rarely drops below 0 °C (32 °F) with the exception of mostly the northern regions of the country where annual snowfall, in particular in the mountainous regions of <a href="/wiki/Tabuk_Province" title="Tabuk Province">Tabuk Province</a>, is not uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> The lowest recorded temperature, −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), was measured in <a href="/wiki/Turaif" title="Turaif">Turaif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SaudiCC-149">[143]</a> Of the Gulf states, Saudi Arabia is likely to experience snowfalls most frequently.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> In the spring and autumn the heat is temperate, temperatures average around 29 °C (84 °F). Annual rainfall is very low. The southern regions differ in that they are influenced by the Indian Ocean <a href="/wiki/Monsoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoons">monsoons</a>, usually occurring between October and March. An average of 300 mm (12 in) of rainfall occurs during this period, which is about 60% of the annual precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-weather-151">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Wildlife of Saudi Arabia">Wildlife of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabian_Leopard_Nimr_(8454247265).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arabian_Leopard_Nimr_%288454247265%29.jpg/200px-Arabian_Leopard_Nimr_%288454247265%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arabian_Leopard_Nimr_%288454247265%29.jpg/300px-Arabian_Leopard_Nimr_%288454247265%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Arabian_Leopard_Nimr_%288454247265%29.jpg/400px-Arabian_Leopard_Nimr_%288454247265%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Arabian_leopard" title="Arabian leopard">Arabian leopard</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg/200px-Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg/300px-Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg/400px-Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a> is native to Arabia, and an important element of traditional Arabian folklore.</div></div></div></div></div> Saudi Arabia is home to five terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_coastal_fog_desert" title="Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert">Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Arabian_foothills_savanna" title="Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna">Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Arabian_montane_woodlands" title="Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands">Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Nubo-Sindian_tropical_desert_and_semi-desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert">Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-152">[146]</a> Wildlife includes the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_leopard" title="Arabian leopard">Arabian leopard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Judas_et_al.,_2006-153">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spalton_et_al.,_2006-154">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_wolf" title="Arabian wolf">Arabian wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongoose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">baboon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_hare" title="Cape hare">Cape hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">sand cat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerboa" title="Jerboa">jerboa</a>. Animals such as gazelles, <a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">oryx</a>, leopards and <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_cheetah" title="Asiatic cheetah">cheetahs</a><a href="#cite_note-Nowell1996-155">[149]</a> were relatively numerous until the 19th century, when extensive hunting reduced these animals almost to extinction. The culturally important <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a> occurred in Saudi Arabia until the late 19th century before it was hunted to extinction in the wild.<a href="#cite_note-Nader_al1989-156">[150]</a> Birds include falcons (which are caught and trained for hunting), eagles, hawks, vultures, <a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">sandgrouse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulbul" title="Bulbul">bulbuls</a>. There are several species of snakes, many of which are venomous. Domesticated animals include the legendary <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_camel" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian camel">Arabian camel</a>, sheep, goats, cattle, donkeys, chickens, etc. The Red Sea is a rich and diverse <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> with more than <a href="/wiki/List_of_fishes_in_the_Red_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishes in the Red Sea">1,200 species of fish</a><a href="#cite_note-fishbase-157">[151]</a> around 10% of which are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> This also includes 42 species of <a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_water_fish_of_the_Red_Sea" title="List of deep water fish of the Red Sea">deep water fish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fishbase-157">[151]</a> The rich diversity is partly owed to the 2000 km (1240 mi) of coral reef extending along the coastline; these <a href="/wiki/Fringing_reef" title="Fringing reef">fringing reefs</a> are largely formed of stony <a href="/wiki/Acropora" title="Acropora">acropora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porites" title="Porites">porites</a> corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Hole_(Red_Sea)" title="Blue Hole (Red Sea)">Blue Hole</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a>). These coastal reefs are also visited by <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic</a> species, including some of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sharks_in_the_Red_Sea" title="List of sharks in the Red Sea">44 species of shark</a>. There are many offshore reefs including several <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a>. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. Reflecting the country's dominant desert conditions, plant life mostly consists of herbs, plants, and shrubs that require little water. The date palm (<a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">Phoenix dactylifera</a>) is widespread.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Politics of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg/154px-Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg/231px-Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg/308px-Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1386" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 2015–present)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_Saudi_Crowne_Prince_Salman_Al_Saud_(48119406442)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_Saudi_Crowne_Prince_Salman_Al_Saud_%2848119406442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_Saudi_Crowne_Prince_Salman_Al_Saud_%2848119406442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_Saudi_Crowne_Prince_Salman_Al_Saud_%2848119406442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_Saudi_Crowne_Prince_Salman_Al_Saud_%2848119406442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_Saudi_Crowne_Prince_Salman_Al_Saud_%2848119406442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_Saudi_Crowne_Prince_Salman_Al_Saud_%2848119406442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="2214" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Prime Minister</a></div></div></div></div></div> Saudi Arabia is an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Cavendish78-159">[153]</a> however, according to the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law of Saudi Arabia</a> adopted by royal decree in 1992, the king must comply with <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> (Islamic law) and the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, while the Quran and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (the traditions of Muhammad) are declared to be the country's constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Gerhard-160">[154]</a> No political parties or national elections are permitted.<a href="#cite_note-Cavendish78-159">[153]</a> While some critics consider it to be a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> state,<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> others regard it as lacking aspects of totalitarianism but nevertheless classify it as an authoritarian regime.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> ranked the Saudi government 150th out of 167 in its 2022 <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> gave it its lowest "Not Free" rating, giving it a score of 8 out of 100 for 2023.<a href="#cite_note-FH2019-167">[161]</a> According to the 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices" title="V-Dem Democracy Indices">V-Dem Democracy Indices</a>, Saudi Arabia is the least <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">democratic country in the Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-168">[162]</a> In the absence of national elections and political parties,<a href="#cite_note-Cavendish78-159">[153]</a> politics in Saudi Arabia takes place in two distinct arenas: within the royal family, the Al Saud, and between the royal family and the rest of Saudi society.<a href="#cite_note-Noreng97-169">[163]</a> Outside of the Al Saud, participation in the political process is limited to a relatively small segment of the population and takes the form of the royal family consulting with the ulema, tribal sheikhs, and members of important commercial families on major decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a> This process is not reported by the Saudi media.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadat_and_Khalid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sadat and Khalid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sadat_and_Khalid.jpg/220px-Sadat_and_Khalid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sadat_and_Khalid.jpg/330px-Sadat_and_Khalid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sadat_and_Khalid.jpg/440px-Sadat_and_Khalid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Khalid of Saudi Arabia">King Khalid</a> (right) meeting Egypt's president <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> with crown prince <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd</a> in the background at <a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Airport" title="Cairo International Airport">Cairo Airport</a> in 1975</figcaption></figure> By custom, all males of full age have a right to petition the king directly through the traditional tribal meeting known as the <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">majlis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cavendish92-171">[165]</a> In many ways the approach to government differs little from the traditional system of tribal rule. Tribal identity remains strong, and outside of the royal family, political influence is frequently determined by tribal affiliation, with tribal sheikhs maintaining a considerable degree of influence over local and national events.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a> In recent years there have been limited steps to widen political participation such as the establishment of the Consultative Council in the early 1990s and the National Dialogue Forum in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Rasheed242-172">[166]</a> In 2005, the first municipal elections were held. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Allegiance_Council" title="Allegiance Council">Allegiance Council</a> was created to regulate the succession.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Rasheed242-172">[166]</a> In 2009, the king made significant personnel changes to the government by appointing reformers to key positions and the first woman to a ministerial post;<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> however, these changes have been criticized as being too slow or merely cosmetic.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> The rule of the Al Saud faces political opposition from four sources: Sunni Islamist activism; liberal critics; the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shi'ite minority</a>—particularly in the Eastern Province; and long-standing tribal and <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalist</a> particularistic opponents (for example in the Hejaz).<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> Of these, the minority activists have been the most prominent threat to the government and have in recent years been involved in <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of terrorist incidents in Saudi Arabia">violent incidents in the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cordesman_2009-128">[122]</a> However, open protest against the government, even if peaceful, is not tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchy_and_royal_family">Monarchy and royal family</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivana_Trump_shakes_hands_with_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ivana_Trump_shakes_hands_with_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/220px-Ivana_Trump_shakes_hands_with_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ivana_Trump_shakes_hands_with_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/330px-Ivana_Trump_shakes_hands_with_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ivana_Trump_shakes_hands_with_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/440px-Ivana_Trump_shakes_hands_with_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd</a> with US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and future US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in 1985. The US and Saudi Arabia <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">supplied money and arms</a> to the anti-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> fighters in Afghanistan.</figcaption></figure> The king combines legislative, executive, and judicial functions<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a> and royal decrees form the basis of the country's legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-178">[172]</a> The prime minister presides over the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia">Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia</a>. The king has usually been also the prime minister, with two exceptions: Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">Faisal</a>, who was prime minister during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Saud of Saudi Arabia">King Saud</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> and Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Bin_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Bin Salman">Mohammed Bin Salman</a>, the current prime minister since 2022.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> The royal family dominates the political system. The family's vast numbers allows it to control most of the kingdom's important posts and to have an involvement and presence at all levels of government.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> The number of princes is estimated to be at least 7000, with most power and influence being wielded by the 200 or so male descendants of Ibn Saud.<a href="#cite_note-FT_Saud-182">[176]</a> The key ministries are generally reserved for the royal family,<a href="#cite_note-Cavendish78-159">[153]</a> as are the 13 regional governorships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200715-183">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel_walks_with_Saudi_Deputy_Minister_of_Defense_Prince_Fahd_bin_Abdullah_before_departing_Riyadh,_Saudi_Arabia,_on_April_24,_2013_130424-D-BW835-179.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel_walks_with_Saudi_Deputy_Minister_of_Defense_Prince_Fahd_bin_Abdullah_before_departing_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_on_April_24%2C_2013_130424-D-BW835-179.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel_walks_with_Saudi_Deputy_Minister_of_Defense_Prince_Fahd_bin_Abdullah_before_departing_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_on_April_24%2C_2013_130424-D-BW835-179.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel_walks_with_Saudi_Deputy_Minister_of_Defense_Prince_Fahd_bin_Abdullah_before_departing_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_on_April_24%2C_2013_130424-D-BW835-179.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3891" data-file-height="2590" /></a><figcaption>As many as 500 princes, government ministers, and business people, including Prince <a href="/wiki/Fahd_bin_Abdullah_bin_Mohammed_Al_Saud" title="Fahd bin Abdullah bin Mohammed Al Saud">Fahd bin Abdullah</a>, were arrested by Saudi Arabian authorities as part of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Saudi_Arabian_purge" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Saudi Arabian purge">2017 Saudi Arabian purge</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Saudi government<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> and the royal family<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> have often been accused of corruption over many years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbir199373Bowen2007108-190">[184]</a> and this continues into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> In a country that is said to "belong" to the royal family and is named for them,<a href="#cite_note-Kamrava-49">[43]</a> the lines between state assets and the personal wealth of senior princes are blurred.<a href="#cite_note-FT_Saud-182">[176]</a> The extent of corruption has been described as systemic<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> and endemic,<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> and its existence was acknowledged<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> and defended<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bandar_bin_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandar bin Sultan">Prince Bandar bin Sultan</a> (a senior member of the royal family)<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> in an interview in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-197">[191]</a> In its <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> for 2010, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> gave Saudi Arabia a score of 4.7 (on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 is "highly corrupt" and 10 is "highly clean").<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> Saudi Arabia has undergone a process of political and social reform, such as to increase public transparency and good governance, but nepotism and patronage are widespread when doing business in the country; the enforcement of the anti-corruption laws is selective and public officials engage in corruption with impunity. As many as 500 people, including prominent Saudi Arabian princes, government ministers, and businesspeople, were <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_Saudi_Arabian_purge" title="2017–2019 Saudi Arabian purge">arrested in an anti-corruption campaign</a> in November 2017.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al_ash-Sheikh_and_role_of_the_ulema">Al ash-Sheikh and role of the ulema</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Al_ash-Sheikh_Senate_of_Poland_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Al_ash-Sheikh_Senate_of_Poland_02.JPG/220px-Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Al_ash-Sheikh_Senate_of_Poland_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Al_ash-Sheikh_Senate_of_Poland_02.JPG/330px-Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Al_ash-Sheikh_Senate_of_Poland_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Al_ash-Sheikh_Senate_of_Poland_02.JPG/440px-Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Al_ash-Sheikh_Senate_of_Poland_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5124" data-file-height="3212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh">Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Borusewicz" title="Bogdan Borusewicz">Bogdan Borusewicz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Senate">Polish Senate</a>, 26 May 2014</figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabia is unique in giving the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a> (the body of Islamic religious leaders and jurists) a direct role in government.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein118-200">[194]</a> The preferred ulema are of the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a>. The ulema have been a key influence in major government decisions, for example the imposition of the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil embargo in 1973</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">invitation to foreign troops to Saudi Arabia in 1990</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meforum.org-201">[195]</a> In addition, they have had a major role in the judicial and education systems<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> and a monopoly of authority in religious and social morals.<a href="#cite_note-Hassner-203">[197]</a> By the 1970s, as a result of oil wealth and the modernization initiated by King Faisal, important changes to Saudi society were underway, and the power of the ulema was in decline.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> However, this changed following the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">seizure of the Grand Mosque</a> in Mecca in 1979 by Islamist radicals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbir199321-205">[199]</a> The government's response to the crisis included strengthening the ulema's powers and increasing their financial support:<a href="#cite_note-Hegghammer24-120">[114]</a> in particular, they were given greater control over the education system<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbir199321-205">[199]</a> and allowed to enforce the stricter observance of Wahhabi rules of moral and social behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-Hegghammer24-120">[114]</a> After his accession to the throne in 2005, King Abdullah took steps to reduce the powers of the ulema, for instance transferring control over girls' education to the Ministry of Education.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Abdullah-206">[200]</a> The ulema have historically been led by the <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Al ash-Sheikh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> the country's leading religious family.<a href="#cite_note-Hassner-203">[197]</a> The Al ash-Sheikh are the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>, the 18th-century founder of the Wahhabi form of Sunni Islam which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> The family is second in prestige only to the Al Saud (the royal family)<a href="#cite_note-Long11-209">[203]</a> with whom they formed a "mutual support pact"<a href="#cite_note-IBP-210">[204]</a> and power-sharing arrangement nearly 300 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-meforum.org-201">[195]</a> The pact, which persists to this day,<a href="#cite_note-IBP-210">[204]</a> is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating Wahhabi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> thereby using its religious-<a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> to legitimize the royal family's rule.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> Although the Al ash-Sheikh's domination of the ulema has diminished in recent decades,<a href="#cite_note-Mattar-213">[207]</a> they still hold the most important religious posts and are closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage.<a href="#cite_note-Hassner-203">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">Legal system of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crime in Saudi Arabia">Crime in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Iqra.jpg/220px-Iqra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Iqra.jpg/330px-Iqra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Iqra.jpg/440px-Iqra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Verses from the Quran. The Quran is the official constitution of the country and a primary source of law. Saudi Arabia is unique in enshrining a religious text as a political document.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200713-214">[208]</a></figcaption></figure> The primary source of law is the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> derived from the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (the traditions of the Prophet).<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-178">[172]</a> Saudi Arabia is unique among modern Muslim states in that Sharia is not codified and there is no system of judicial precedent, allowing judges to use independent legal reasoning to make a decision. Thus, divergent judgments arise even in apparently identical cases,<a href="#cite_note-Sharia_Inc_Courts-215">[209]</a> making predictability of legal interpretation difficult.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> Saudi judges tend to follow the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> school of jurisprudence (<a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>) found in pre-modern texts<a href="#cite_note-Haffner58-217">[211]</a> and noted for its literalist interpretation of the Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> However, in 2021, Saudi Arabia announced judicial reforms which will lead to an entirely codified law that eliminates discrepancies.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> Royal decrees are the other main source of law but are referred to as regulations rather than laws because they are subordinate to the Sharia.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-178">[172]</a> Royal decrees supplement Sharia in areas such as labour, commercial and corporate law. Additionally, traditional tribal law and custom remain significant.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> Extra-Sharia government tribunals usually handle disputes relating to specific royal decrees.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> Final appeal from both Sharia courts and government tribunals is to the king, and all courts and tribunals follow Sharia rules of evidence and procedure.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell268-222">[216]</a> Retaliatory punishments, or <a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas">Qisas</a>, are practised: for instance, an eye can be surgically removed at the insistence of a victim who lost his own eye.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_Cruel-223">[217]</a> Families of someone unlawfully killed can choose between demanding the death penalty or granting clemency in return for a payment of <a href="/wiki/Diyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyya">diyya</a> (blood money), by the perpetrator.<a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Saudi Arabia">Regions of Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Saudi Arabia">Governorates of Saudi Arabia</a></div> Saudi Arabia is divided into 13 <a href="/wiki/Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions">regions</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مناطق إدارية; manatiq idāriyya, sing. منطقة إدارية; <a href="/wiki/Mintaqah" title="Mintaqah">mintaqah</a> idariyya). The regions are further divided into 118 <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Saudi Arabia">governorates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: محافظات; muhafazat, sing. محافظة; <a href="/wiki/Muhafazah" title="Muhafazah">muhafazah</a>). This number includes the 13 regional capitals, which have a different status as municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: أمانة; amanah) headed by mayors (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: أمين; amin). The governorates are further subdivided into sub-governorates (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مراكز; <a href="/wiki/Markaz_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Markaz (country subdivision)">marakiz</a>, sing. مركز; markaz). <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/400px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/600px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/800px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="1501" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:30px; top:84px"><a href="/wiki/Tabuk_Province" title="Tabuk Province">Tabuk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:74px; top:248px"><a href="/wiki/Al-Bahah_Province" title="Al-Bahah Province">Bahah</a> —–</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:70px; top:52px"><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawf_Province" title="Al-Jawf Province">Jawf</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:74px; top:156px"><a href="/wiki/Medina_Province_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)">Madinah</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Makkah</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:130px; top:300px"><a href="/wiki/Jazan_Province" title="Jazan Province">Jizan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:118px; top:96px"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%CA%BCil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥaʼil Province">Ha'il</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134px; top:52px"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Borders_Province" title="Northern Borders Province">Northern Borders</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:150px; top:264px"><a href="/wiki/%27Asir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Province">Asir</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:146px; top:128px"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qassim_Province" title="Al-Qassim Province">Qasim</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186px; top:196px"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Province" title="Riyadh Province">Riyadh</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:190px; top:280px"><a href="/wiki/Najran_Province" title="Najran Province">Najran</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:274px; top:224px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province</a></div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia</a></div> Saudi Arabia joined the UN in 1945<a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia-46">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> and is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_World_League" title="Muslim World League">Muslim World League</a>, and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Saudi_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs-227">[221]</a> It plays a prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">the World Bank</a>, and in 2005 joined the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia-46">[40]</a> Since 1960, as a founding member of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, its oil pricing policy has been generally to stabilize the world oil market and try to moderate sharp price movements so as not to jeopardize the Western economies.<a href="#cite_note-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia-46">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> In 1973, Saudi Arabia and other Arab nations imposed an <a href="/wiki/Oil_embargo" title="Oil embargo">oil embargo</a> against the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and other Western nations which supported Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> of October 1973.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> The embargo caused an <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crisis</a> with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia and the United States</a> are strategic allies, and Saudi Arabia is considered to be pro-Western.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-231">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> On 20 May 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and King Salman signed a series of letters of intent for Saudi Arabia to <a href="/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal" title="2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal">purchase arms from the United States</a> totaling $350 billion over 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-20170520-235">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> Saudi Arabia's role in the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, particularly the stationing of US troops on Saudi soil from 1991, prompted the development of a hostile Islamist response internally.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> As a result, Saudi Arabia has, to some extent, distanced itself from the US and, for example, refused to support or to participate in the US-led <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">invasion of Iraq</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="China–Saudi Arabia relations">China and Saudi Arabia</a>'s relationship has grown significantly in recent decades. A significant number of Saudi Arabians have also expressed a positive view of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> In February 2019, Crown Prince Mohammad defended China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> for <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>, Saudi Arabia's human rights record has "come under frequent attack abroad and so defending China becomes a roundabout way of defending themselves."<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> The consequences of the 2003 invasion and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> led to increasing alarm within the Saudi monarchy over the rise of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s influence in the region.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> These fears were reflected in comments of King Abdullah,<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Abdullah-206">[200]</a> who privately urged the United States to attack Iran and "cut off the head of the snake".<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png/220px-Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png/330px-Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png/440px-Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>Major <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a> locations</figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabia has been seen as a moderating influence in the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, periodically putting forward a peace plan between Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinians</a> and condemning <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> Saudi Arabia halted new trade and investment dealings with Canada and <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Canada–Saudi Arabia relations">suspended diplomatic ties</a> in a dramatic escalation of a dispute over the kingdom's arrest of women's rights activist <a href="/wiki/Samar_Badawi" title="Samar Badawi">Samar Badawi</a> on 6 August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> In 2017, as part of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nuclear power in Saudi Arabia">its nuclear power</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia">programme</a>, Saudi Arabia planned to extract uranium domestically, taking a step towards self-sufficiency in producing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allegations_of_sponsoring_global_terrorism">Allegations of sponsoring global terrorism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism">Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism</a></div> Saudi Arabia has been accused of sponsoring Islamic terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> According to Iraq Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> in March 2014, Saudi Arabia along with Qatar provided political, financial, and media support to terrorists against the Iraqi government.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> Similarly, President of Syria <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> noted in 2015 that the sources of the extreme ideology of the terrorist organization <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a> and other such <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">salafist extremist</a> groups are the Wahabbism that has been supported by the royal family of Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> Relations with the U.S. became strained following <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 terror attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> American politicians and media accused the Saudi government of supporting terrorism and tolerating a <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadist</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> According to former U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> in December 2010, "Saudi Arabia remains a critical financial support base for al-Qaida, the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/LeT" class="mw-redirect" title="LeT">LeT</a> and other terrorist groups... Donors in Saudi Arabia constitute the most significant source of funding to Sunni terrorist groups worldwide."<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_05122010-256">[250]</a> The Saudi government denies these claims or that it exports religious or cultural extremism.<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a> In September 2016, the U.S. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Against_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_Act" title="Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act">Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act</a> that would allow relatives of victims of the 11 September attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for <a href="/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_role_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks">its government's alleged role in the attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Al_Sheikh" title="Abdulaziz Al Sheikh">Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al-Sheikh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia">Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia</a> and Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Senior_Scholars_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Senior Scholars (Saudi Arabia)">Council of Senior Scholars</a>, issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> explicitly prohibiting joining or supporting terrorist organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>, "Saudi Arabia plays an important role in working toward a peaceful and prosperous future for the region and is a strong partner in security and counterterrorism efforts and in military, diplomatic, and financial cooperation."<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> A significant Saudi counterterrorism success was the foiling of a 2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_transatlantic_aircraft_bomb_plot" title="2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot">cargo plane bomb plot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> In December 2015, Saudi Arabia announced the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a>, an alliance of Muslim-majority countries aimed at combating terrorism and extremism.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> However, since 2016 the kingdom began backing away from Islamist ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> Several reforms took place including curbing the powers of <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">religious police</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[258]</a> and stopping funding mosques in foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Military_Forces" title="Saudi Arabian Military Forces">Saudi Arabian Military Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of wars involving Saudi Arabia">List of wars involving Saudi Arabia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Partner_Nations_Conduct_Training_during_Eager_Lion_2022_220914-A-XQ828-461.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Partner_Nations_Conduct_Training_during_Eager_Lion_2022_220914-A-XQ828-461.jpg/200px-Partner_Nations_Conduct_Training_during_Eager_Lion_2022_220914-A-XQ828-461.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Partner_Nations_Conduct_Training_during_Eager_Lion_2022_220914-A-XQ828-461.jpg/300px-Partner_Nations_Conduct_Training_during_Eager_Lion_2022_220914-A-XQ828-461.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Partner_Nations_Conduct_Training_during_Eager_Lion_2022_220914-A-XQ828-461.jpg/400px-Partner_Nations_Conduct_Training_during_Eager_Lion_2022_220914-A-XQ828-461.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> tank of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Land_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Saudi Land Forces">Royal Saudi Land Forces</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Saudi_Navy_frigate_Al_Dammam_(816)_in_May_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Royal_Saudi_Navy_frigate_Al_Dammam_%28816%29_in_May_2014.JPG/200px-Royal_Saudi_Navy_frigate_Al_Dammam_%28816%29_in_May_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Royal_Saudi_Navy_frigate_Al_Dammam_%28816%29_in_May_2014.JPG/300px-Royal_Saudi_Navy_frigate_Al_Dammam_%28816%29_in_May_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Royal_Saudi_Navy_frigate_Al_Dammam_%28816%29_in_May_2014.JPG/400px-Royal_Saudi_Navy_frigate_Al_Dammam_%28816%29_in_May_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2856" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Al_Riyadh-class_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Riyadh-class frigate">Al-Riyadh-class frigate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Navy" title="Royal Saudi Navy">Royal Saudi Navy</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RSAF_Typhoon_at_Malta_-_Gordon_Zammit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RSAF_Typhoon_at_Malta_-_Gordon_Zammit.jpg/200px-RSAF_Typhoon_at_Malta_-_Gordon_Zammit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RSAF_Typhoon_at_Malta_-_Gordon_Zammit.jpg/300px-RSAF_Typhoon_at_Malta_-_Gordon_Zammit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RSAF_Typhoon_at_Malta_-_Gordon_Zammit.jpg/400px-RSAF_Typhoon_at_Malta_-_Gordon_Zammit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Royal Saudi Air Force</a></div></div></div></div></div> Saudi Arabia's military forces include the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia">Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Saudi_Arabia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence (Saudi Arabia)">Ministry of Defence</a>, which consist of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Army" title="Saudi Arabian Army">Royal Saudi Land Forces</a> (which include the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Royal_Guard_Regiment" title="Saudi Royal Guard Regiment">Royal Guard</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Navy" title="Royal Saudi Navy">Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Defense_Forces" title="Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces">Air Defence</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Strategic_Missile_Force" title="Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force">Strategic Missile Force</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard" title="Saudi Arabian National Guard">Saudi Arabian National Guard</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Guard" title="Ministry of National Guard">Ministry of National Guard</a>; paramilitary forces under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)">Minister of Interior</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Border_Guard" title="General Directorate of Border Guard">Saudi Arabian Border Guard</a> and the Facilities Security Force; and the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_State_Security" title="Presidency of State Security">Presidency of State Security</a>, including the Special Security Force and the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Emergency_Force" title="Saudi Emergency Force">Emergency Force</a>. As of 2023 there are 127,000 active personnel in the Armed Forces, 130,000 in the National Guard, and 24,500 in the paramilitary security forces. The National Guard is made up of tribal forces that are loyal to the Saudi royal family and have a role in both domestic security and foreign defence.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-266">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-267">[261]</a> Saudi Arabia has security relationships with the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, which provide it with training and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-defensenews2015-268">[262]</a> Saudi Arabia has one of the highest percentages of military expenditure in the world, spending around 8% of its GDP in its military, according to the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a> estimate,<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> which places it as the world's third largest military spender behind the United States and China,<a href="#cite_note-:23-270">[264]</a> and the world's largest arms importer from 2015 to 2019, receiving half of all the U.S. arms exports to the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> Spending on defence and security has increased significantly since the mid-1990s and was about US$78.4 billion as of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:23-270">[264]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bonn_International_Centre_for_Conflict_Studies" title="Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies">BICC</a>, Saudi Arabia is the 28th most militarized country in the world and possesses the second-best military equipment qualitatively in the region, after Israel.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> Its modern high-technology arsenal makes Saudi Arabia among the world's most densely armed nations.<a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_2006-274">[268]</a> The kingdom has a <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations#Security_relations" title="Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations">long-standing military relationship with Pakistan</a>; it has long been speculated that Saudi Arabia secretly funded Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">atomic bomb program</a> and seeks to purchase atomic weapons from Pakistan in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-QV-275">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPO-276">[270]</a> In March 2015, Saudi Arabia mobilized 150,000 troops and 100 fighter jets to support its <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">intervention in the civil war</a> in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW_2015-11-26_WMT-278">[272]</a> By early 2016, Saudi ground forces and their coalition allies captured <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and parts of southwest Yemen, though the Houthis continued to control northern Yemen and the capital city <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>. From there the Houthis launched successful attacks across the border into Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> The Saudi military has also carried out an aerial bombing campaign and a naval blockade aimed at stopping weapons shipments to the Houthis.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a> that contextualizes different points of view. (June 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Human rights in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_executions_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Public executions in Saudi Arabia">Public executions in Saudi Arabia</a></div> The Saudi government, which mandates Muslim and non-Muslim observance of Sharia law under the absolute rule of the House of Saud, has been denounced by various international organizations and governments for violating human rights within the country.<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> The authoritarian regime is consistently ranked among the "worst of the worst" in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">annual survey of political and civil rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, security forces continue to torture and ill-treat detainees to extract confessions to be used as evidence against them at trial.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> Saudi Arabia abstained from the United Nations vote adopting the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, saying it contradicted Sharia.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> Mass executions, such as those carried out <a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">in 2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">in 2019</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2022_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2022 Saudi Arabia mass execution">in 2022</a>, have been condemned by international rights groups.<a href="#cite_note-Anishchenkova2020-286">[280]</a> Since 2001, Saudi Arabia has engaged in <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia#The_Internet" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">widespread internet censorship</a>. Most online censorship generally falls into two categories: one based on censoring "immoral" (mostly pornographic and LGBT-supportive websites along with websites promoting any religious ideology other than Sunni Islam) and one based on a blacklist run by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Media_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Media (Saudi Arabia)">Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Media</a>, which primarily censors websites critical of the Saudi regime or associated with parties that are opposed to or opposed by Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dira_Square.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dira_Square.JPG/220px-Dira_Square.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dira_Square.JPG/330px-Dira_Square.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dira_Square.JPG/440px-Dira_Square.JPG 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deera_Square" title="Deera Square">Deera Square</a>, central Riyadh. It is a former site of public beheadings.<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a></figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabian law does not recognize <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">sexual orientations</a> or religious freedom, and the public practice of non-Muslim religions is actively prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> The justice system regularly engages in <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, which has included public executions by <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheading</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> In line with Sharia in the <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">Saudi justice system</a>, the death penalty can theoretically be imposed for a wide range of offenses,<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> including murder, rape, armed robbery, repeated drug use, <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBCexecutioner-295">[289]</a> adultery,<a href="#cite_note-FRD306-296">[290]</a> witchcraft and sorcery,<a href="#cite_note-Miethe-297">[291]</a> and can be carried out by beheading with a sword,<a href="#cite_note-BBCexecutioner-295">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a> or firing squad,<a href="#cite_note-FRD306-296">[290]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion#Legal_execution_in_Islamic_states" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> (exposure of the body after execution).<a href="#cite_note-Miethe-297">[291]</a> In 2022, the Saudi Crown Prince stated that capital punishments will be removed "except for one category mentioned in the Quran", namely <a href="/wiki/Qisas#Traditional_jurisprudence" title="Qisas">homicide</a>, under which certain conditions must be applied.<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> In April 2020, Saudi Supreme Court issued a directive to eliminate the punishment of flogging from the Saudi court system, replaced by imprisonment or fines.<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> Historically, Saudi women faced <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> in many aspects of their lives and under the <a href="/wiki/Wali_(Islamic_legal_guardian)" title="Wali (Islamic legal guardian)">male guardianship system</a> were effectively treated as <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">legal minors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2016-301">[295]</a> The treatment of women had been referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sex segregation</a>"<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a> and "gender <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Handrahan-304">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a> As of June 2023, the kingdom has reportedly reversed its ban on women "becoming lawyers, engineers, or geologists" and established "aggressive <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> programs", doubling the female labour force participation rate. It has added "its first female newspaper editors, diplomats, TV anchors and public prosecutors", with a female head of the Saudi stock exchange and member on the board of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GFOELLER_5_June_2023-306">[300]</a> In addition, on June 24, 2018, the Saudi government issued a law officially allowing women to drive.<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a> Saudi Arabia is a notable destination country for men and women trafficked for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave labour</a> and commercial sexual exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-308">[302]</a> Migrants from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East are employed in the country's construction, hospitality, and domestic work sectors under the <a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">kafala system</a> which human rights groups say is linked to abuses including modern <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Economy of Saudi Arabia</a></div> As of October 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&action=edit">[update]</a>, Saudi Arabia is the largest <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">economy in the Middle East</a> and the 18th largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-imf2-311">[305]</a> It has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">second-largest proven petroleum reserves</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">third-largest producer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">largest exporter of petroleum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1995-312">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[307]</a> The country also has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">sixth-largest proven natural gas reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[33]</a> Saudi Arabia is considered an "<a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">energy superpower</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-undp-314">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a> having the second highest total estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$34.4 trillion in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> is petroleum-based; roughly 63%<a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a> of budget revenues and 67%<a href="#cite_note-318">[312]</a> of export earnings come from the oil industry. The oil industry constitutes about 45% of Saudi Arabia's nominal gross domestic product, compared with 40% from the private sector. It is strongly dependent on foreign workers with about 80% of those employed in the private sector being non-Saudi.<a href="#cite_note-coy-employ-319">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDowall-320">[314]</a> Challenges to the economy include halting or reversing the decline in per-capita income, improving education to prepare youth for the workforce and providing them with employment, diversifying the economy, stimulating the private sector and housing construction, and diminishing corruption and inequality.<a href="#cite_note-HT2009:_150-321">[315]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AramcoCoreArea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AramcoCoreArea.jpg/220px-AramcoCoreArea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AramcoCoreArea.jpg/330px-AramcoCoreArea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AramcoCoreArea.jpg/440px-AramcoCoreArea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Office of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a>, the world's most valuable company and the main source of revenue for the state</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) limits its members' oil production based on their "proven reserves." Saudi Arabia's published reserves have shown little change since 1980, with the main exception being an increase of about 100 billion barrels (1.6×1010 m3) between 1987 and 1988.<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Simmons" title="Matthew Simmons">Matthew Simmons</a> has suggested that Saudi Arabia is greatly exaggerating its reserves and may soon show production declines (see <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>).<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg/220px-KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg/330px-KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg/440px-KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Financial_District" title="King Abdullah Financial District">King Abdullah Financial District</a> is one of the largest investment centres in the Middle East, located in Riyadh.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_(large).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif/220px-Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif/330px-Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif/440px-Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_%28large%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> pipelines in the Middle-East</figcaption></figure> From 2003 to 2013, "several key services" were privatized—municipal water supply, electricity, telecommunications—and parts of education and health care, traffic control and car accident reporting were also privatized. According to Arab News columnist Abdel Aziz Aluwaisheg, "in almost every one of these areas, consumers have raised serious concerns about the performance of these privatized entities."<a href="#cite_note-Aluwaisheg-324">[318]</a> In November 2005, Saudi Arabia was approved as a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. Negotiations to join had focused on the degree to which Saudi Arabia is willing to increase market access to foreign goods and in 2000, the government established the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_General_Investment_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority">Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority</a> to encourage foreign direct investment in the kingdom. Saudi Arabia maintains a list of sectors in which foreign investment is prohibited, but the government plans to open some closed sectors such as telecommunications, insurance, and power transmission/distribution over time. The government has also made an attempt at "<a href="/wiki/Saudization" title="Saudization">Saudizing</a>" the economy, replacing foreign workers with Saudi nationals with limited success.<a href="#cite_note-house-161-325">[319]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:As_pilgrims_prepare_to_return_to_their_homes,_Saudi_authorities_begin_to_prep_for_next_year%27s_Hajj_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/As_pilgrims_prepare_to_return_to_their_homes%2C_Saudi_authorities_begin_to_prep_for_next_year%27s_Hajj_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-As_pilgrims_prepare_to_return_to_their_homes%2C_Saudi_authorities_begin_to_prep_for_next_year%27s_Hajj_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/As_pilgrims_prepare_to_return_to_their_homes%2C_Saudi_authorities_begin_to_prep_for_next_year%27s_Hajj_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-As_pilgrims_prepare_to_return_to_their_homes%2C_Saudi_authorities_begin_to_prep_for_next_year%27s_Hajj_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/As_pilgrims_prepare_to_return_to_their_homes%2C_Saudi_authorities_begin_to_prep_for_next_year%27s_Hajj_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-As_pilgrims_prepare_to_return_to_their_homes%2C_Saudi_authorities_begin_to_prep_for_next_year%27s_Hajj_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> is an annual <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">holiest city</a> for Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Modarresi-326">[320]</a> </figcaption></figure> In addition to petroleum and gas, Saudi has a significant gold mining sector in the <a href="/wiki/Mahd_adh_Dhahab" title="Mahd adh Dhahab">Mahd adh Dhahab</a> region and significant other mineral industries, an agricultural sector (especially in the southwest) based on vegetables, fruits, dates etc. and livestock, and large number of temporary jobs created by the roughly two million annual <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-HT2009:_150-321">[315]</a> Saudi Arabia has had five-year "Development Plans" since 1970. Among its plans were to launch "economic cities" (e.g. <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Economic_City" title="King Abdullah Economic City">King Abdullah Economic City</a>) in an effort to diversify the economy and provide jobs. The cities will be spread around Saudi Arabia to promote diversification for each region and their economy, and the cities are projected to contribute $150 billion to the GDP. Saudi Arabia is increasingly activating its ports in order to participate in trade between Europe and China in addition to oil transport. To this end, ports such as Jeddah Islamic Port or King Abdullah Economic City are being rapidly expanded, and investments are being made in logistics. The country is historically and currently part of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a> Statistics on poverty in the kingdom are not available through the UN resources because the Saudi government does not issue any.<a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a> The Saudi state discourages calling attention to or complaining about poverty. In December 2011, the Saudi interior ministry arrested three reporters and held them for almost two weeks for questioning after they uploaded a video on the topic to YouTube.<a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a> Authors of the video claim that 22% of Saudis may be considered poor.<a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a> Observers researching the issue prefer to stay anonymous<a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a> because of the risk of being arrested. The unexpected impact of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia">COVID-19 pandemic</a> on the economy, along with Saudi Arabia's poor human rights records, laid unforeseen challenges before the development plans of the kingdom, where some of the programmes under '<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Vision_2030" title="Saudi Vision 2030">Vision 2030</a>' were also expected to be affected.<a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a> In May 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia)">Finance Minister of Saudi Arabia</a> admitted that the country's economy was facing a severe economical crisis for the first time in decades, because of the pandemic as well as declining global oil markets. <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Jadaan" title="Mohammed Al-Jadaan">Mohammed Al-Jadaan</a> said that the country will take "painful" measures and keep all options open to deal with the impact.<a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a> In July 2024 Saudi Arabia's Renewable Energy Localisation Company (RELC) has formed three joint ventures with Chinese companies to advance the kingdom's clean energy infrastructure. As part of Saudi Arabia's 2030 targets, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund" title="Public Investment Fund">Public Investment Fund</a> is actively promoting the localization of renewable energy components. RELC, a division of the sovereign fund, facilitates partnerships between global manufacturers and Saudi private sector firms to strengthen local supply chains. The joint ventures include partnerships with <a href="/wiki/Envision_Energy" title="Envision Energy">Envision Energy</a> for wind turbine components, Jinko Solar for photovoltaic cells, and Lumetech for solar photovoltaic ingots and wafers. These initiatives aim to localize up to 75% of the components used in Saudi Arabia's renewable projects by 2030, positioning the country as a major global exporter of renewable technologies.<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a> Saudi Minister of Economy and Planning, Faisal Al Ibrahim, emphasized Saudi Arabia's progress in global climate goals at the 2024 High-Level Political Forum for Sustainable Development in New York, citing over 80 initiatives and investments exceeding $180 billion for the country's green economy, as reported by Saudi Gazette. He highlighted the alignment of these efforts with Vision 2030 objectives, focusing on local sustainability, sector integration, and societal advancement.<a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">Agriculture in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg/220px-Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg/330px-Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg/440px-Al-Ahsa_Palm_Oasis_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Hasa</a> is known for its palm trees and dates. Al-Hasa has over 30 million palm trees which produce over 100 thousand tons of dates every year.</figcaption></figure> Initial attempts to develop dairy farming on a commercial scale occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Al_Kharj" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Kharj">Al Kharj</a> District (just south of Riyadh) during the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a> Serious large-scale agricultural development began in the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-342">[336]</a> particularly with wheat.<a href="#cite_note-343">[337]</a> The government launched an extensive programme to promote modern farming technology; to establish rural roads, irrigation networks and storage and export facilities; and to encourage agricultural research and training institutions. As a result, there has been a phenomenal growth in the production of all basic foods. Saudi Arabia is self-sufficient in numerous foodstuffs, including meat, milk, and eggs. The country exports dates, dairy products, eggs, fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Dates, once a staple of the Saudi diet, are now mainly grown for global humanitarian aid. In addition, Saudi farmers grow substantial amounts of other grains such as barley, sorghum, and millet. As of 2016, in the interest of preserving precious water resources, domestic production of wheat, which it used to export, ended.<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a> Consuming non-renewable groundwater resulted in the loss of an estimated four-fifths of the total groundwater reserves by 2012.<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a> The kingdom has some of the most modern and largest dairy farms in the Middle East. Milk production boasts a remarkably productive annual rate of 6,800 litres (1,800 US gallons) per cow, one of the highest in the world. The local dairy manufacturing company <a href="/wiki/Almarai" title="Almarai">Almarai</a> is the largest vertically integrated dairy company in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a> The olive tree is indigenous to Saudi Arabia. The <a href="/wiki/Al-Jawf_Province" title="Al-Jawf Province">Al Jouf region</a> has millions of olive trees, and the number is expected to increase to 20 million trees.<a href="#cite_note-347">[341]</a> As part of the country's ongoing plan to plant 100 <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a> seedlings along its coastlines, the National Centre for Vegetation Cover Development and Combating Desertification has announced that it has planted 13M seedlings.<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia">Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Irrigation in Saudi Arabia">Irrigation in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musk_Lake_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Musk_Lake_1.jpg/220px-Musk_Lake_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Musk_Lake_1.jpg/330px-Musk_Lake_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Musk_Lake_1.jpg/440px-Musk_Lake_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Musk_Lake" title="Al-Musk Lake">Al-Musk Lake</a> close to Jeddah</figcaption></figure> One of the main challenges for Saudi Arabia is <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>. Substantial investments have been undertaken in seawater <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a>, water distribution, sewerage and <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a>. Today about 50% of drinking water comes from desalination, 40% from the mining of non-renewable groundwater, and 10% from surface water in the mountainous southwest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> Saudi Arabia is suffering from a major depletion of the water in its underground aquifers and a resultant break down and disintegration of its agriculture as a consequence.<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> As a result of the catastrophe, Saudi Arabia has bought agricultural land in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[347]</a> Argentina,<a href="#cite_note-354">[348]</a> and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> Saudi Arabia ranked as a major buyer of agricultural land in foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[354]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Saudi Arabia is the third most water stressed country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Programme</a> (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation of the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, the latest reliable source on access to water and sanitation in Saudi Arabia is the 2004 census. It indicates that 97% of the population had access to an improved source of drinking water and 99% had access to <a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved sanitation</a>. For 2015, the JMP estimates that access to sanitation increased to 100%. Sanitation was primarily through on-site solutions, and about 40% of the population was connected to sewers.<a href="#cite_note-JMP-362">[356]</a> In 2015, 886,000 people lacked access to "improved" water.<a href="#cite_note-363">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tourism in Saudi Arabia">Tourism in Saudi Arabia</a></div> In 2019, Saudi Arabia adopted a general tourism <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">travel visa</a> to allow non-Muslims to visit.<a href="#cite_note-365">[359]</a> Although most tourism largely involves religious pilgrimages, there is growth in the leisure tourism sector. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, approximately 14.3 million people visited Saudi Arabia in 2012, making it the world's 19th-most-visited country.<a href="#cite_note-366">[360]</a> Tourism is an important component of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Vision_2030" title="Saudi Vision 2030">Saudi Vision 2030</a>, and according to a report conducted by <a href="/wiki/BMI_Research" title="BMI Research">BMI Research</a> in 2018 both religious and non-religious tourism have significant potential for expansion.<a href="#cite_note-367">[361]</a> The kingdom offers an electronic visa for foreign visitors to attend sports events and concerts.<a href="#cite_note-368">[362]</a> In 2019, the kingdom announced its plans to open visa applications for visitors, where people from about 50 countries would be able to get tourist visas to Saudi.<a href="#cite_note-369">[363]</a> In 2020 it was announced that holders of a US, UK or <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a> visa are eligible for a Saudi electronic visa upon arrival.<a href="#cite_note-370">[364]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thee Ain village located in Al Bahah Province"><img alt="Thee Ain village located in Al Bahah Province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/270px-1%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/405px-1%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/540px-1%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thee_Ain" title="Thee Ain">Thee Ain</a> village located in <a href="/wiki/Al-Bahah_Province" title="Al-Bahah Province">Al Bahah Province</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rub_al_khali_sunset_Nov_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The desert of Al-Rub' Al-Khali (The Empty Quarter)"><img alt="The desert of Al-Rub' Al-Khali (The Empty Quarter)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rub_al_khali_sunset_Nov_2007.jpg/240px-Rub_al_khali_sunset_Nov_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rub_al_khali_sunset_Nov_2007.jpg/360px-Rub_al_khali_sunset_Nov_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rub_al_khali_sunset_Nov_2007.jpg/480px-Rub_al_khali_sunset_Nov_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The desert of <a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Al-Rub' Al-Khali (The Empty Quarter)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_Rock_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elephant Rock in Al-'Ula"><img alt="Elephant Rock in Al-'Ula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Elephant_Rock_2020.jpg/270px-Elephant_Rock_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Elephant_Rock_2020.jpg/405px-Elephant_Rock_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Elephant_Rock_2020.jpg/540px-Elephant_Rock_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elephant Rock in <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Ula">Al-'Ula</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Red_Sea_seen_from_the_Ummahat_Islands,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ummahat islands, The Red Sea Project"><img alt="Ummahat islands, The Red Sea Project" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Red_Sea_seen_from_the_Ummahat_Islands%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/147px-The_Red_Sea_seen_from_the_Ummahat_Islands%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Red_Sea_seen_from_the_Ummahat_Islands%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/220px-The_Red_Sea_seen_from_the_Ummahat_Islands%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Red_Sea_seen_from_the_Ummahat_Islands%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/293px-The_Red_Sea_seen_from_the_Ummahat_Islands%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1325" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ummahat islands, <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Sea_Project" title="The Red Sea Project">The Red Sea Project</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Soudah_Mountain.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jabal Soudah (3,000 m or 9,800 ft) located in the 'Asir subrange of the Sarat Mountains"><img alt="Jabal Soudah (3,000 m or 9,800 ft) located in the 'Asir subrange of the Sarat Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Soudah_Mountain.png/215px-Soudah_Mountain.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Soudah_Mountain.png/322px-Soudah_Mountain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Soudah_Mountain.png/430px-Soudah_Mountain.png 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="1344" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Soudah" title="Jabal Soudah">Jabal Soudah</a> (3,000 m or 9,800 ft) located in the <a href="/wiki/Asir_Mountains" title="Asir Mountains">'Asir subrange</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sarawat_Mountains" title="Sarawat Mountains">Sarat Mountains</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Naseef_House_(6573572949).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naseef House in Historic Jeddah District"><img alt="Naseef House in Historic Jeddah District" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Al-Naseef_House_%286573572949%29.jpg/271px-Al-Naseef_House_%286573572949%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Al-Naseef_House_%286573572949%29.jpg/407px-Al-Naseef_House_%286573572949%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Al-Naseef_House_%286573572949%29.jpg/542px-Al-Naseef_House_%286573572949%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4475" data-file-height="2974" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nasseef_House" title="Nasseef House">Naseef House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Balad,_Jeddah" title="Al-Balad, Jeddah">Historic Jeddah District</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salwa Palace in At-Turaif District, Diriyah"><img alt="Salwa Palace in At-Turaif District, Diriyah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/271px-At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/406px-At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/541px-At-Turaif_District_of_Diriyah%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2555" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Salwa Palace in <a href="/wiki/At-Turaif_District" title="At-Turaif District">At-Turaif District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Masmak_Fort_(12753717253).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Masmak Fort in the al-Dirah neighbourhood of Riyadh"><img alt="Masmak Fort in the al-Dirah neighbourhood of Riyadh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg/271px-Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg/406px-Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg/542px-Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Masmak_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Masmak Fort">Masmak Fort</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Al_Dirah_(Riyadh)" title="Al Dirah (Riyadh)">al-Dirah</a> neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rijal_Almaa_During_the_Day_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rijal Almaa historic village"><img alt="Rijal Almaa historic village" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rijal_Almaa_During_the_Day_2020.jpg/270px-Rijal_Almaa_During_the_Day_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rijal_Almaa_During_the_Day_2020.jpg/405px-Rijal_Almaa_During_the_Day_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rijal_Almaa_During_the_Day_2020.jpg/540px-Rijal_Almaa_During_the_Day_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rijal_Almaa" title="Rijal Almaa">Rijal Almaa</a> historic village</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hegra,_Al-Ula,_Saudi_Arabia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qasr al-Farid Tomb in Mada'in Salih"><img alt="Qasr al-Farid Tomb in Mada'in Salih" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png/330px-Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png/495px-Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png/660px-Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1344" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Qasr al-Farid Tomb in <a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Mada'in Salih</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Rifai_House_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Rifai House gate in Farasan Islands"><img alt="Al-Rifai House gate in Farasan Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Al-Rifai_House_2021.jpg/270px-Al-Rifai_House_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Al-Rifai_House_2021.jpg/405px-Al-Rifai_House_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Al-Rifai_House_2021.jpg/540px-Al-Rifai_House_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Al-Rifai House gate in <a href="/wiki/Farasan_Islands" title="Farasan Islands">Farasan Islands</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian people">Saudi Arabian people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Demographics of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png/220px-Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png/330px-Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png/440px-Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Saudi Arabia population density (people per km2)</figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabia's reported population is 32,175,224 as of 2022,<a href="#cite_note-371">[365]</a> making it the fourth most populous country in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[366]</a> Close to 42% of its inhabitants are immigrants,<a href="#cite_note-CIA2-373">[367]</a> mostly from the Middle East, Asia, and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-374">[368]</a> The Saudi population has grown rapidly since 1950, when it was estimated at 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-375">[369]</a> For much of the 20th century, the country had one of the highest population growth rates in the world, at around 3% annually;<a href="#cite_note-long-27-376">[370]</a> it continues to grow at a rate of 1.62% per year,<a href="#cite_note-CIA2-373">[367]</a> slightly higher than the rest of the Middle East and North Africa. Consequently, the Saudi <a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Youth in Saudi Arabia">people are quite young</a> by global standards, with over half the population under 25 years old.<a href="#cite_note-377">[371]</a> The ethnic composition of Saudi citizens is 90% <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and 10% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Afro-Arab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[372]</a> Most Saudis are concentrated in the southwest; Hejaz, which is the most populated region,<a href="#cite_note-379">[373]</a> is home to one-third of the population, followed by neighbouring Najd (28%) and the Eastern Province (15%).<a href="#cite_note-380">[374]</a> As late as 1970, most Saudis lived a subsistence life in the rural provinces, but in the last half of the 20th century, the kingdom has urbanized rapidly: as of 2023, about 85% of Saudis live in urban metropolitan areas—specifically Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam.<a href="#cite_note-381">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[376]</a> As recently as the early 1960s, Saudi Arabia's slave population was estimated at 300000.<a href="#cite_note-383">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Slavery</a> was officially abolished in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-384">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-385">[379]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Saudi Arabia <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Data.gov.sa (2013/2014/2016)</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Saudi Arabia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Saudi Arabia">Regions</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Saudi Arabia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Saudi Arabia">Regions</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Riyadh_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riyadh"><img alt="Riyadh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/120px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/180px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/240px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4109" data-file-height="2311" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jeddah_Corniche_36.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jeddah"><img alt="Jeddah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jeddah_Corniche_36.jpg/120px-Jeddah_Corniche_36.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jeddah_Corniche_36.jpg/180px-Jeddah_Corniche_36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jeddah_Corniche_36.jpg/240px-Jeddah_Corniche_36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Riyadh Region">Riyadh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-386">[380]</a> 6,506,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Region-387">[381]</a> 559,300 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Mecca,_July_2021_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mecca"><img alt="Mecca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mecca%2C_July_2021_09.jpg/120px-Mecca%2C_July_2021_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mecca%2C_July_2021_09.jpg/180px-Mecca%2C_July_2021_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mecca%2C_July_2021_09.jpg/240px-Mecca%2C_July_2021_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3840" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <a href="/wiki/File:MEDINA_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medina"><img alt="Medina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MEDINA_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-MEDINA_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MEDINA_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-MEDINA_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MEDINA_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-MEDINA_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="457" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Makkah_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah Region">Mecca</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah-388">[382]</a> 3,976,400</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Mushait" title="Khamis Mushait">Khamis Mushait</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%27Asir_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Region">Asir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Aseer-389">[383]</a> 549,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah-388">[382]</a> 1,919,900</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ha%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'il">Ha'il</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ha%27il_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'il Region">Ha'il</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Hail-390">[384]</a> 441,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Medina_Province_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)">Medina</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Madinah_Al-Monawarah-391">[385]</a> 1,271,800</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hafar_al-Batin" title="Hafar al-Batin">Hafar al-Batin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Region-387">[381]</a> 416,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hofuf" title="Hofuf">Hofuf</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Region-387">[381]</a> 1,136,900</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jubail" title="Jubail">Jubail</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Region-387">[381]</a> 411,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah-388">[382]</a> 1,109,800</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kharj" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharj">Kharj</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Riyadh Region">Riyadh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Riyad-392">[386]</a> 404,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Region-387">[381]</a> 975,800</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abha" title="Abha">Abha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%27Asir_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Region">Asir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Aseer-389">[383]</a> 392,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Buraidah" title="Buraidah">Buraidah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qassim_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qassim Region">Al-Qassim</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Qaseem-393">[387]</a> 658,600</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Najran_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Najran Region">Najran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Najran-394">[388]</a> 352,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khobar" title="Khobar">Khobar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Region-387">[381]</a> 626,200</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Madinah Region">Al Madinah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Madinah_Al-Monawarah-391">[385]</a> 320,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tabuk_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabuk Region">Tabuk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Tabouk-395">[389]</a> 609,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Qunfudhah" title="Al Qunfudhah">Al Qunfudhah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#cite_note-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah-388">[382]</a> 304,400 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> The official language is <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-BLG-6">[5]</a> There are four main regional dialect groups spoken by Saudis: <a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a> (about 14.6 million speakers<a href="#cite_note-396">[390]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a> (about 10.3 million speakers<a href="#cite_note-397">[391]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> (about 0.96 million speakers<a href="#cite_note-398">[392]</a>) including <a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Baharna dialects</a>, and Southern Hejaz and Tihama<a href="#cite_note-399">[393]</a> dialects. <a href="/wiki/Faifi_language" title="Faifi language">Faifi</a> is spoken by about 50000. The <a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri language</a> is also spoken by around 20000 <a href="/wiki/Mehri_people" title="Mehri people">Mehri</a> citizens.<a href="#cite_note-400">[394]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi Sign Language</a> is the principal language of the deaf community, amounting to around 100000 speakers. The large expatriate communities also speak their own languages, the most numerous of which, according to 2018 data, are <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (~1 500000), <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> (~900000), <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (~800000), <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (~740000), <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> (~600000), <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North Levantine Arabic</a> (both ~500000)<a href="#cite_note-401">[395]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-402">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Religion in Saudi Arabia</a></div> Virtually all Saudi citizens<a href="#cite_note-403">[397]</a> and residents <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">are Muslim</a>;<a href="#cite_note-PewForump.17-404">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[399]</a> by law, all citizens of the country are Muslim. Estimates of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> population range between 85% and 90%, with the remaining 10 to 15% being <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Muslim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PF2009-406">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-shia-407">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfr-shiite-408">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nasr2006_p._236-409">[403]</a> practicing either <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Ismailism</a>. The official and dominant form of Sunni Islam is <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-410">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Star-411">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[g]</a> which was founded in the Arabian Peninsula by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> in the 18th century. Other denominations, such as the minority <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, are systematically suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-413">[406]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Muslims in Saudi Arabia</a> are largely found in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Governorate" title="Al-Ahsa Governorate">Al–Ahsa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ibnghannam-414">[407]</a> There are an estimated 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Christians in Saudi Arabia</a>, almost all foreign workers.<a href="#cite_note-415">[408]</a> Saudi Arabia allows Christians to enter the country as temporary foreign workers but does not allow them to practice their faith openly. There are officially no Saudi citizens who are Christians,<a href="#cite_note-416">[409]</a> as Saudi Arabia forbids religious conversion from Islam (<a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostasy in Saudi Arabia">apostasy</a>) and punishes it by death.<a href="#cite_note-417">[410]</a> According to the Pew Research Center, there are 390000 <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hinduism in Saudi Arabia">Hindus in Saudi Arabia</a>, almost all foreign workers.<a href="#cite_note-418">[411]</a> There may be a significant fraction of <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gallup-419">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[413]</a> although they are officially called "terrorists".<a href="#cite_note-421">[414]</a> In its 2017 religious freedom report, the U.S. State Department named Saudi Arabia a <a href="/wiki/Country_of_Particular_Concern" title="Country of Particular Concern">Country of Particular Concern</a>, denoting systematic, ongoing, and egregious violations of religious freedom.<a href="#cite_note-422">[415]</a> <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a> was home to local <a href="/wiki/Christian_community_of_Najran" title="Christian community of Najran">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Jewish communities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-423">[416]</a> Prior to establishment of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, Najran was home to 260 Jews and had friendly relations with <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-423">[416]</a> They had a <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jewish</a> background.<a href="#cite_note-:2-423">[416]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Establishment of Israel">establishment of Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli war</a>, all the Jews fled for <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and from there headed to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-:2-423">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Education in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KAUST_laboratory_buildings_and_town_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/KAUST_laboratory_buildings_and_town_mosque.jpg/220px-KAUST_laboratory_buildings_and_town_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/KAUST_laboratory_buildings_and_town_mosque.jpg/330px-KAUST_laboratory_buildings_and_town_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/KAUST_laboratory_buildings_and_town_mosque.jpg/440px-KAUST_laboratory_buildings_and_town_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Laboratory buildings at <a href="/wiki/KAUST" class="mw-redirect" title="KAUST">KAUST</a></figcaption></figure> Education is free at all levels, although <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Higher education in Saudi Arabia">higher education</a> is restricted to citizens only.<a href="#cite_note-424">[417]</a> The school system is composed of <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of schools in Saudi Arabia">elementary, intermediate, and secondary schools</a>. Classes are segregated by sex. At the secondary level, students are able to choose from three types of schools: general education, vocational and <a href="/wiki/List_of_technical_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of technical colleges in Saudi Arabia">technical</a>, or religious.<a href="#cite_note-425">[418]</a> The rate of literacy is 99% among males and 96% among females in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-426">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[420]</a> Youth literacy rose to approximately 99.5% for both sexes.<a href="#cite_note-428">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[422]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Saud_University_Entrance_Gate,_Riyadh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/King_Saud_University_Entrance_Gate%2C_Riyadh.jpg/220px-King_Saud_University_Entrance_Gate%2C_Riyadh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/King_Saud_University_Entrance_Gate%2C_Riyadh.jpg/330px-King_Saud_University_Entrance_Gate%2C_Riyadh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/King_Saud_University_Entrance_Gate%2C_Riyadh.jpg/440px-King_Saud_University_Entrance_Gate%2C_Riyadh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6850" data-file-height="6378" /></a><figcaption>The entrance gate of <a href="/wiki/King_Saud_University" title="King Saud University">King Saud University</a>, the kingdom's oldest university, founded in 1957</figcaption></figure> Higher education has expanded rapidly, with large numbers of <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia">universities and colleges being founded particularly since 2000</a>. Institutions of higher education include <a href="/wiki/King_Saud_University" title="King Saud University">King Saud University</a> at Riyadh, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University</a> at Medina, and the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_University" title="King Abdulaziz University">King Abdulaziz University</a> in Jeddah. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Nora_bint_Abdul_Rahman_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University">Princess Norah University</a> is the largest women's university in the world. <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdullah University of Science and Technology">King Abdullah University of Science and Technology</a>, known as KAUST, is the first mixed-gender university campus in Saudi Arabia and was founded in 2009. Other colleges and universities emphasize curricula in sciences and <a href="/wiki/Educational_technology_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Educational technology in Saudi Arabia">technology</a>, military studies, religion, and medicine. Institutes devoted to Islamic studies, in particular, abound. Women typically receive college instruction in segregated institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UIS_literacy_rate_Saudi_Arabia_population_plus15_1990-2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UIS_literacy_rate_Saudi_Arabia_population_plus15_1990-2015.png/220px-UIS_literacy_rate_Saudi_Arabia_population_plus15_1990-2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UIS_literacy_rate_Saudi_Arabia_population_plus15_1990-2015.png/330px-UIS_literacy_rate_Saudi_Arabia_population_plus15_1990-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/UIS_literacy_rate_Saudi_Arabia_population_plus15_1990-2015.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" title="UNESCO Institute for Statistics">UIS</a> literacy rate Saudi Arabia population, 15 plus, 1990–2015</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, known as Shanghai Ranking, ranked five Saudi institutions among its 2022 list of the 500 top universities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-430">[423]</a> The <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a> lists 14 Saudi universities among the 2022 world's top universities and 23 universities among the top 100 in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-431">[424]</a> The 2022 list of <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking</a> ranked King Abdulaziz University among the top 50 universities in the world and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology among the top 100 universities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-432">[425]</a> In 2018, Saudi Arabia ranked 28th worldwide in terms of high-quality research output according to the scientific journal <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-433">[426]</a> This makes Saudi Arabia the best performing Middle Eastern, Arab, and Muslim country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Saudi Arabia spends 8.8% of its gross domestic product on education, compared with the global average of 4.6%.<a href="#cite_note-434">[427]</a> Saudi Arabia was ranked 44th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024, up from 68th in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-435">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[430]</a> The Saudi education system has been accused of encouraging <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a>, leading to reform efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Reforming_Saudi_Education-438">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[432]</a> Following the 9/11 attacks, the government aimed to tackle the twin problems of encouraging extremism and the inadequacy of the country's university education for a modern economy, by slowly modernizing the education system through the "Tatweer" reform programme.<a href="#cite_note-Reforming_Saudi_Education-438">[431]</a> The Tatweer programme is reported to have a budget of approximately US$2 billion and focuses on moving teaching away from the traditional Saudi methods of memorization and rote learning towards encouraging students to analyse and problem-solve. It also aims to create an education system which will provide a more secular and vocationally based training.<a href="#cite_note-chronicle.com-440">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[434]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> reported on the measures taken by Saudi Arabia to clean textbooks from paragraphs considered <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexist</a>. The paragraphs dealing with the punishment of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> or same-sex relations have been deleted, as well as the expressions of admiration for the extremist martyrdom. Antisemitic expressions and calls to fight the Jews became fewer. David Weinberg, director of international affairs for the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, said that references to demonizing Jews, Christians, and Shiites have been removed from some places or have toned down. The U.S. State Department expressed in an e-mail that it welcomed the changes. The Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs supports a training programme for Saudi teachers.<a href="#cite_note-442">[435]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Health in Saudi Arabia">Health in Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Health care in Saudi Arabia">Health care in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauditwins_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sauditwins_17.jpg/220px-Sauditwins_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sauditwins_17.jpg/330px-Sauditwins_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sauditwins_17.jpg/440px-Sauditwins_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Saudi twins receiving care from doctors at <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_Medical_City" title="King Abdulaziz Medical City">King Abdulaziz Medical City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabia has a national health care system in which the government provides free health care services through government agencies. Saudi Arabia has been ranked among the 26 best countries in providing high quality healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-443">[436]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia)">Ministry of Health</a> is the major government agency entrusted with the provision of preventive, curative, and rehabilitative health care. The ministry's origins can be traced to 1925, when several regional health departments were established, with the first in Makkah. The various healthcare institutions were merged to become a ministerial body in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-444">[437]</a> The Health Ministry created a friendly competition between each of the districts and between different medical services and hospitals. This idea resulted in the creation of the "Ada'a" project launched in 2016. The new system is a nationwide performance indicator, for services and hospitals. Waiting times and other major measurements improved dramatically across the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-445">[438]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Life_expectancy_in_Saudi_Arabia.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Life_expectancy_in_Saudi_Arabia.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Life_expectancy_in_Saudi_Arabia.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical development of life expectancy in Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure> A new strategy has been developed by the ministry, known as Diet and Physical Activity Strategy or DPAS for short,<a href="#cite_note-446">[439]</a> to address bad lifestyle choices. The ministry advised that there should be a tax increase on unhealthy food, drink, and cigarettes. This additional tax could be used to improve healthcare offerings. The tax was implemented in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-447">[440]</a> As part of the same strategy, calorie labels were added in 2019 to some food and drink products. Ingredients were also listed as an aim to reduce obesity and inform citizens with health issues to manage their diet.<a href="#cite_note-448">[441]</a> As part of the ongoing focus on tackling obesity, women-only gyms were allowed to open in 2017. Sports offered in each of these gyms include bodybuilding, running and swimming to maintain higher standards of health.<a href="#cite_note-449">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[443]</a> <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Smoking in Saudi Arabia">Smoking in all age groups</a> is widespread. In 2009 the lowest median percentage of smokers was university students (~13.5%) while the highest was elderly people (~25%). The study also found the median percentage of male smokers to be much higher than that of females (~26.5% for males, ~9% for females). Before 2010, Saudi Arabia had no policies banning or restricting smoking. The MOH has been awarded "Healthy City" certificates by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) for the cities of <a href="/wiki/Unayzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Unayzah">Unayzah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Al_Khabra" title="Riyadh Al Khabra">Riyadh Al Khabra</a> as 4th and 5th Healthy Cities in Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-451">[444]</a> The WHO had earlier classified three Saudi Arabian cities, <a href="/wiki/Ad_Diriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Diriyah">Ad Diriyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalajil" title="Jalajil">Jalajil</a>, and Al-Jamoom as "Healthy city", as part of the WHO Healthy Cities Programme. Recently <a href="/wiki/Al-Baha" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baha">Al-Baha</a> has also been classified as a healthy city to join the list of global healthy cities approved by the World Health Organization.<a href="#cite_note-452">[445]</a> In May 2019, the then Saudi Minister of Health <a href="/wiki/Tawfig_AlRabiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawfig AlRabiah">Tawfiq bin Fawzan AlRabiah</a> received a global award on behalf of the Kingdom for combatting smoking through social awareness, treatment, and application of regulations.<a href="#cite_note-smokingaward-453">[446]</a> The award was presented as part of the 72nd session of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Assembly" title="World Health Assembly">World Health Assembly</a>, held in Geneva in May 2019. After becoming one of the first nations to ratify the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2005, it plans to reduce tobacco use from 12.7% in 2017, to 5% in 2030.<a href="#cite_note-smokingaward-453">[446]</a> Saudi Arabia has a life expectancy of 74.99 years (73.79 for males and 76.61 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2018 from the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-:1-454">[447]</a> Infant mortality in 2019 was 5.7 per 1000.<a href="#cite_note-:1-454">[447]</a> In 2016, 69.7% of the adult population was overweight and 35.5% was obese.<a href="#cite_note-455">[448]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreigners">Foreigners</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant workers in the Gulf region">Migrant workers in the Gulf region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a></div> The Central Department of Statistics & Information estimated the foreign population at the end of 2014 at 33% (10.1 million).<a href="#cite_note-CDSI-456">[449]</a> The CIA Factbook estimated that as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&action=edit">[update]</a> foreign nationals living in Saudi Arabia made up about 21% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-14">[11]</a> Other sources report differing estimates.<a href="#cite_note-alriyadh.com-457">[450]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in Saudi Arabia">Indian</a>: 1.5 million, <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia">Pakistani</a>: 1.3 million,<a href="#cite_note-458">[451]</a> Egyptian: 900000, Yemeni: 800000, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Bangladeshis in Saudi Arabia">Bangladeshi</a>: 400000, <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Filipinos in Saudi Arabia">Filipino</a>: 500000, Jordanian/Palestinian: 260000, <a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Indonesians in Saudi Arabia">Indonesian</a>: 250000, Sri Lankan: 350000, Sudanese: 250000, <a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Syrians in Saudi Arabia">Syrian</a>: 100000 and <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Turks in Saudi Arabia">Turkish</a>: 80000.<a href="#cite_note-459">[452]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&action=edit">[update]</a> there were more than half a million <a href="/wiki/Migrant_domestic_workers" title="Migrant domestic workers">foreign-born domestic workers</a>. Most have backgrounds in poverty and come from Africa, the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-the_guardian1-460">[453]</a> To go to work in Saudi Arabia, they must often pay large sums to recruitment agencies in their home countries. The agencies then handle the necessary legal paperwork.<a href="#cite_note-humanrightswatch1-461">[454]</a> As the Saudi population grows and oil export revenues stagnate, pressure for "Saudization" (the replacement of foreign workers with Saudis) has grown, and the Saudi government hopes to decrease the number of foreign nationals in the country.<a href="#cite_note-462">[455]</a> Saudi Arabia expelled 800000 Yemenis in 1990 and 1991<a href="#cite_note-463">[456]</a> and has built a <a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemen_barrier" title="Saudi–Yemen barrier">Saudi–Yemen barrier</a> against an influx of illegal immigrants and against the smuggling of drugs and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-464">[457]</a> In November 2013, Saudi Arabia expelled thousands of illegal Ethiopian residents from the kingdom. Various Human Rights entities have criticized Saudi Arabia's handling of the issue.<a href="#cite_note-465">[458]</a> Over 500000 <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="Illegal immigration to Saudi Arabia">undocumented migrant workers</a>—mostly from Somalia, Ethiopia, and Yemen—have been detained and deported since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-466">[459]</a> An investigation led by <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a>, exposed the condition of African migrants who were detained in Saudi Arabia allegedly for containing <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a> in the kingdom. They were beaten, tortured, and electrocuted. Many of the migrants died due to heatstroke or by attempting suicide, after being severely beaten and tortured. The migrants lack proper living conditions, provision of food and water.<a href="#cite_note-467">[460]</a> Foreigners cannot apply for <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">permanent residency</a>, though a specialized <a href="/wiki/Premium_Residency" title="Premium Residency">Premium Residency</a> visa became available in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-468">[461]</a> Only Muslims can become Saudi citizens.<a href="#cite_note-469">[462]</a> Foreigners who have resided in the kingdom and hold degrees in various scientific fields may apply for Saudi citizenship,<a href="#cite_note-470">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[464]</a> and exception made for Palestinians who are excluded unless married to a male Saudi national, because of <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> instructions barring the Arab states from granting them citizenship. Saudi Arabia is not a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">1951 UN Refugee Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-472">[465]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Culture of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Nabawi_The_Prophet%27s_Mosque,_Madina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Masjid_Nabawi_The_Prophet%27s_Mosque%2C_Madina.jpg/220px-Masjid_Nabawi_The_Prophet%27s_Mosque%2C_Madina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Masjid_Nabawi_The_Prophet%27s_Mosque%2C_Madina.jpg/330px-Masjid_Nabawi_The_Prophet%27s_Mosque%2C_Madina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Masjid_Nabawi_The_Prophet%27s_Mosque%2C_Madina.jpg/440px-Masjid_Nabawi_The_Prophet%27s_Mosque%2C_Madina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="2593" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of the Prophet">Mosque of the Prophet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> containing the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabia has millennia-old attitudes and traditions, often derived from <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arab civilization</a>. Some of the major factors that influence the culture are Islamic heritage and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> traditions as well as its historical role as an ancient trade centre.<a href="#cite_note-473">[466]</a> The Kingdom also has a very family-oriented culture<a href="#cite_note-474">[467]</a> with an emphasis on preserving family traditions and kinship ties.<a href="#cite_note-475">[468]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_in_society">Religion in society</h3></div> Religion is a core aspect of everyday life in Saudi Arabia; it plays a dominant role in the country's governance and legal system, and deeply influences culture and daily life, although the power of the religious establishment has been significantly eroded in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-:3-476">[469]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region, where the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Islamic holy cities</a> of Mecca and Medina are located, is the destination of the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a> pilgrimage, and often deemed to be the cradle of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Arabia:_the_Cradle_of_Islam-477">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[h]</a> Islam is the state religion of Saudi Arabia. There is no law that requires all citizens to be Muslim, but non-Muslims and many foreign and Saudi Muslims whose beliefs are deemed not to conform with the government's interpretation of Islam must practice their religion in private and are vulnerable to discrimination, harassment, detention, and, for foreigners, deportation.<a href="#cite_note-489">[481]</a> Neither Saudi citizens nor guest workers have the right of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-depstate-490">[482]</a> The dominant form of Islam in the kingdom—Wahhabism—arose in the central region of Najd, in the 18th century. Proponents call the movement "<a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>",<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Star-411">[405]</a> and believe that its teachings purify the practice of Islam of innovations or practices that deviate from the seventh-century teachings of Muhammad and <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">his companions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-491">[483]</a> The Saudi government has often been viewed as an active oppressor of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslims</a> because of the funding of the Wahhabi ideology which denounces the Shia faith.<a href="#cite_note-492">[484]</a><a href="#cite_note-syedjaffar-493">[485]</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Bandar_bin_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandar bin Sultan">Bandar bin Sultan</a>, Saudi ambassador to the United States, stated: "The time is not far off in the Middle East when it will be literally 'God help the Shia'. More than a billion Sunnis have simply had enough of them."<a href="#cite_note-494">[486]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/220px-Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/330px-Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/440px-Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Supplicating <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage#Islam" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrim</a> at <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred Mosque) in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> (the holiest site of Islam) is the cubic building in front of the pilgrim.</figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabia is one of the few countries that have "<a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">religious police</a>" (known as Haia or Mutaween), who patrol the streets "<a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">enjoining good and forbidding wrong</a>" by enforcing <a href="/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country" title="Clothing laws by country">dress codes</a>, strict <a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">separation of men and women</a>, attendance at prayer (<a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a>) five times each day, the ban on alcohol, and other aspects of Sharia. However, since 2016 the power of religious police was curbed, which barred them from pursuing, questioning, requesting identification or arresting suspects.<a href="#cite_note-france24.com-495">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-264">[258]</a> In the privacy of homes, behaviour can be far looser, and reports from <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> indicate that low ranked members of the ruling Saudi Royal family indulge in parties with alcohol, drugs, and prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-496">[488]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_in_society">Women in society</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">Women's rights in Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's education in Saudi Arabia">Women's education in Saudi Arabia</a></div> Throughout history, women did not have equal rights to men in the kingdom; the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> considers Saudi Arabian government's discrimination against women a "significant problem" and notes that women have few political rights because of the government's discriminatory policies.<a href="#cite_note-State2010-497">[489]</a> However, since Mohammed bin Salman was appointed Crown Prince in 2017, a series of social reforms have been witnessed regarding women's rights. Under previous Saudi law, all females were required to have a male guardian (<a href="/wiki/Wali_(Islamic_legal_guardian)" title="Wali (Islamic legal guardian)">wali</a>), typically a father, brother, husband, or uncle (mahram). In 2019, this law was partially amended to exclude women over 21 years old from the requirement of a male guardian.<a href="#cite_note-:22-498">[490]</a> The amendment also granted women rights in relation to the guardianship of minor children.<a href="#cite_note-:22-498">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-499">[491]</a> Previously, girls and women were forbidden from travelling, conducting official business, or undergoing certain medical procedures without permission from their male guardians.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-permission-500">[492]</a> In 2019, Saudi Arabia allowed women to travel abroad, register for divorce or marriage, and apply for official documents without the permission of a male guardian. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Wajeha_al-Huwaider" title="Wajeha al-Huwaider">Wajeha al-Huwaider</a>, a leading Saudi feminist and journalist said "Saudi women are weak, no matter how high their status, even the 'pampered' ones among them, because they have no law to protect them from attack by anyone."<a href="#cite_note-501">[493]</a> Following this, Saudi Arabia implemented the anti-<a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Domestic violence in Saudi Arabia">domestic violence</a> law in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-502">[494]</a> Furthermore, between 2017 and 2020, the country addressed issues of mobility, sexual harassment, pensions, and employment-discrimination protections.<a href="#cite_note-503">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[497]</a> al-Huwaider and other female activists have applauded the general direction in which the country was headed.<a href="#cite_note-506">[498]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Reema_Remarks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Princess_Reema_Remarks.jpg/220px-Princess_Reema_Remarks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Princess_Reema_Remarks.jpg/330px-Princess_Reema_Remarks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Princess_Reema_Remarks.jpg/440px-Princess_Reema_Remarks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reema_bint_Bandar_Al_Saud" title="Reema bint Bandar Al Saud">Princess Reema bint Bandar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States">Saudi Ambassador to the United States of America</a>, delivering an address at an event honouring the 75th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi-US relations</a></figcaption></figure> Women face discrimination in the courts, where the testimony of one man equals that of two women <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia#Family_law" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">in family and inheritance law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-State2010-497">[489]</a> Polygamy is permitted for men,<a href="#cite_note-507">[499]</a> and men have a unilateral right to divorce their wives (<a href="/wiki/Divorce_(Islamic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce (Islamic)">talaq</a>) without needing any legal justification.<a href="#cite_note-Otto164-508">[500]</a> A woman can only obtain a divorce with the consent of her husband or judicially if her husband has harmed her.<a href="#cite_note-Otto163-509">[501]</a> However, in 2022, women were granted the right to divorce and without the approval of a legal guardian under the new Personal Status Law.<a href="#cite_note-510">[502]</a> With regard to the law of inheritance, the Quran specifies that fixed portions of the deceased's estate must be left to the Qur'anic heirs<a href="#cite_note-Otto165-511">[503]</a> and generally, female heirs receive half the portion of male heirs.<a href="#cite_note-Otto165-511">[503]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heritage_sites">Heritage sites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tourism in Saudi Arabia">Tourism in Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Heritage_Preservation_Society" title="Saudi Heritage Preservation Society">Saudi Heritage Preservation Society</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg/220px-The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg/330px-The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg/440px-The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The 3000-year-old ancient historical city of <a href="/wiki/Dumat_al-Jandal" title="Dumat al-Jandal">Dumat al-Jandal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al_Jawf_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jawf Province">Al Jawf Province</a></figcaption></figure> Saudi Wahhabism is hostile to any reverence given to historical or religious places of significance for fear that it may give rise to <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">'shirk'</a> (idolatry), and the most significant historic Muslim sites (in Mecca and Medina) are located in the western Saudi region of the Hejaz.<a href="#cite_note-Arabia:_the_Cradle_of_Islam-477">[470]</a> As a consequence, under Saudi rule an estimated 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">have been demolished</a> for religious reasons.<a href="#cite_note-512">[504]</a> Critics claim that over the last 50 years, 300 historic sites linked to Muhammad, his family or companions have been lost,<a href="#cite_note-513">[505]</a> leaving fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-514">[506]</a> Demolished structures include the mosque originally built by Muhammad's daughter <a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima bint Muhammad">Fatima</a>, and other mosques founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> (Muhammad's father-in-law and the first <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>), <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">Umar</a> (the second caliph), <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali</a> (Muhammad's son-in-law and the fourth caliph), and <a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salman al-Farsi">Salman al-Farsi</a> (another of Muhammad's companions).<a href="#cite_note-515">[507]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MasjidNabawi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MasjidNabawi.jpg/220px-MasjidNabawi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MasjidNabawi.jpg/330px-MasjidNabawi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MasjidNabawi.jpg/440px-MasjidNabawi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of the Prophet">Mosque of the Prophet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> containing the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></figcaption></figure>Seven cultural sites in Saudi Arabia are designated as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>: Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (<a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Madâin Sâlih</a>);<a href="#cite_note-516">[508]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Turaif_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Turaif district">Turaif district</a> in Diriyah;<a href="#cite_note-517">[509]</a> Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Mecca;<a href="#cite_note-518">[510]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Ahsa Oasis</a>;<a href="#cite_note-519">[511]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_Art_in_the_Ha%27il_Region" title="Rock Art in the Ha'il Region">Rock Art in the Hail Region</a>;<a href="#cite_note-520">[512]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bir_Hima_Rock_Petroglyphs_and_Inscriptions" title="Bir Hima Rock Petroglyphs and Inscriptions">Ḥimā Cultural Area</a>;<a href="#cite_note-521">[513]</a> and <a href="/wiki/%27Uruq_Bani_Ma%27arid" title="'Uruq Bani Ma'arid">'Uruq Bani Ma'arid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-522">[514]</a> Ten other sites submitted requests for recognition to UNESCO in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-523">[515]</a> There are six elements inscribed on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list</a>:<a href="#cite_note-524">[516]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qatt_Al-Asiri" title="Al-Qatt Al-Asiri">Al-Qatt Al-Asiri</a>, female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir; <a href="/wiki/Almezmar_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Almezmar in Saudi Arabia">Almezmar</a>, drumming and dancing with sticks; <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a>, a living human heritage; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a>, a symbol of generosity; <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">Majlis</a>, a cultural and social space; Alardah Alnajdiyah, dance, drumming and poetry in Saudi Arabia. In June 2014, the Council of Ministers approved a law that gives the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Commission_for_Tourism_and_National_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage">Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage</a> the means to protect Saudi Arabia's ancient relics and historic sites. Within the framework of the 2016 National Transformation Programme, also known as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Vision_2030" title="Saudi Vision 2030">Saudi Vision 2030</a>, the kingdom allocated 900 million euros to preserve its historical and cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-525">[517]</a> Saudi Arabia also participates in the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas, created in March 2017, with a contribution of 18.5 million euros.<a href="#cite_note-526">[518]</a> In 2017, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman promised to return Saudi Arabia to the "moderate Islam" of the era before the 1979 Iranian revolution.<a href="#cite_note-527">[519]</a> A new centre, the King Salman Complex for the Prophet's Hadith, was established that year to monitor interpretations of the Prophet Mohammed's hadiths to prevent them being used to justifying terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-528">[520]</a> In March 2018, the Crown Prince met the Archbishop of Canterbury during a visit to the UK, pledging to promote interfaith dialogue. In Riyadh the following month King Salman met the head of the Vatican's Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-529">[521]</a> In July 2019, UNESCO signed a letter with the Saudi Minister of Culture in which Saudi Arabia contributed US$25 million to UNESCO for the preservation of heritage.<a href="#cite_note-530">[522]</a> On November 5, 2024, archeologists published the news of an ancient city discovered within in the Saudi oasis of <a href="/wiki/Khaybar" title="Khaybar">Khaybar</a>. The city named al-Natah, that dates back some 4,000 years, was inhabited during the Bronze Age around 2,400 BC, and had about 500 houses. Not far, a cluster of graves was found, within them metal weapons.<a href="#cite_note-531">[523]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisht_Being_Sewn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bisht_Being_Sewn.jpg/220px-Bisht_Being_Sewn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bisht_Being_Sewn.jpg/330px-Bisht_Being_Sewn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bisht_Being_Sewn.jpg/440px-Bisht_Being_Sewn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bisht Being Sewn in <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Governorate" title="Al-Ahsa Governorate">Al-Ahsa</a></figcaption></figure> Saudi Arabian dress strictly follows the principles of <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> (the Islamic principle of modesty, especially in dress). The predominantly loose and flowing, but covering, garments are suited to Saudi Arabia's desert climate. Traditionally, men usually wear a white ankle-length garment woven from wool or cotton (known as a <a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">thawb</a>), with a <a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">keffiyeh</a> (a large checkered square of cotton held in place by an <a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">agal</a>) or a ghutra (a plain white square made of a finer cotton, also held in place by an <a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">agal</a>) worn on the head. For rare chilly days, Saudi men wear a camel-hair cloak (<a href="/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)" title="Bisht (clothing)">bisht</a>) over the top. In public women are required to wear a black <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abaya</a> or other black clothing that covers everything under the neck with the exception of their hands and feet, although most women cover their head in respect of their religion. This requirement applies to non-Muslim women too and failure to abide can result in police action, particularly in more conservative areas of the country. Women's clothes are often decorated with tribal motifs, coins, sequins, metallic thread, and appliques.<a href="#cite_note-532">[524]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_art" title="Saudi Arabian art">Saudi Arabian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Cinema of Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Music of Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Saudi Arabia">Theatre in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Abdullah_in_his_youth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/King_Abdullah_in_his_youth.jpg/180px-King_Abdullah_in_his_youth.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/King_Abdullah_in_his_youth.jpg/270px-King_Abdullah_in_his_youth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/King_Abdullah_in_his_youth.jpg/360px-King_Abdullah_in_his_youth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>King Abdullah practising <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconry</a>, a traditional pursuit in the country</figcaption></figure> During the 1970s, cinemas were numerous in the kingdom although they were seen as contrary to Wahhabi norms.<a href="#cite_note-Return_of_cinema_in_Saudi_Arabia_provokes_critics-533">[525]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> movement in the 1980s, and as a political response to an increase in Islamist activism including the 1979 seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the government closed all cinemas and theatres. However, with King Abdullah and King Salman's reforms, cinemas re-opened,<a href="#cite_note-534">[526]</a> including one in <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdullah University of Science and Technology">KAUST</a>. From the 18th century onward, Wahhabi fundamentalism discouraged artistic development inconsistent with its teaching. In addition, Sunni Islamic prohibition of creating representations of people have limited the visual arts, which tend to be dominated by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">floral</a>, and abstract designs and by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphy</a>. With the advent of the oil-wealth in the 20th century came exposure to outside influences, such as Western housing styles, furnishings, and clothes. Music and dance have always been part of Saudi life. Traditional music is generally associated with poetry and is sung collectively. Instruments include the <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rabābah</a>, an instrument not unlike a three-string fiddle, and various types of percussion instruments, such as the ṭabl (drum) and the ṭār (tambourine). The national dance is a native sword dance known as <a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">ardah</a>. Originating from Najd, it involves lines or circles of men and singing poetry.<a href="#cite_note-535">[527]</a> Bedouin poetry, known as nabaṭī, is popular.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a> Censorship has limited the development of Saudi literature, although several <a href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_writers" title="List of Saudi Arabian writers">Saudi novelists and poets</a> have achieved critical and popular acclaim in the Arab world—albeit generating official hostility in their home country. These include <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Algosaibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi Algosaibi">Ghazi Algosaibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansour_al-Nogaidan" title="Mansour al-Nogaidan">Mansour al-Nogaidan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdelrahman_Munif" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelrahman Munif">Abdelrahman Munif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turki_al-Hamad" title="Turki al-Hamad">Turki al-Hamad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajaa_al-Sanea" title="Rajaa al-Sanea">Rajaa al-Sanea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2410-536">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-537">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-538">[530]</a> In 2016, the General Entertainment Authority (GEA) was formed to oversee the expansion of the Saudi entertainment sector.<a href="#cite_note-539">[531]</a> The first concerts in Riyadh for 25 years took place the following year.<a href="#cite_note-540">[532]</a> Other events since the GEA's creation have included comedy shows, professional wrestling events, and monster truck rallies.<a href="#cite_note-541">[533]</a> In 2018 the first public cinema opened after a ban of 35 years, with plans to have more than 2000 screens running by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-542">[534]</a> Developments in the arts in 2018 included Saudi Arabia's debut appearances at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-543">[535]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_and_media">TV and media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mass media in Saudi Arabia">Mass media in Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Television in Saudi Arabia">Television in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saad_Khadr_from_left_and_right_Mohammad_Al-Ali_in_1979_in_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Saad_Khadr_from_left_and_right_Mohammad_Al-Ali_in_1979_in_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saad_Khader" title="Saad Khader">Saad Khader</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Al-Ali" title="Mohammad Al-Ali">Mohammad Al-Ali</a> (right) in 1979</figcaption></figure> Television was introduced in Saudi Arabia in 1954. Saudi Arabia is a major market for <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Arab States">pan-Arab</a> satellite and <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay-TV</a>. It controls the largest share of the pan-Arab broadcasting market; among the major Saudi-owned broadcasting companies are the <a href="/wiki/MBC_Group" title="MBC Group">Middle East Broadcasting Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotana_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotana Group">Rotana</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Saudi Broadcasting Authority">Saudi Broadcasting Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-obg-544">[536]</a> The Saudi government <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">closely monitors media and restricts it</a> under official state law. Changes have been made to lessen these restrictions; however, some government-led efforts to control information have also drawn international attention. As of 2022, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> rates the kingdom's press a "very serious" situation.<a href="#cite_note-545">[537]</a> Most of the early newspapers in the Persian Gulf region were established in Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-aarti-546">[538]</a> The first newspaper founded in the country and in the Persian Gulf area is <a href="/wiki/Al_Fallah" title="Al Fallah">Al Fallah</a>, which was launched in 1920,<a href="#cite_note-aarti-546">[538]</a> and the first English-language newspaper is <a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a>, which was launched in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-547">[539]</a> All of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of newspapers in Saudi Arabia">newspapers published in Saudi Arabia</a> are privately owned.<a href="#cite_note-548">[540]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, as of 2020, 98% of the population of Saudi Arabia are internet users which puts it in the 8th rank among countries with the highest percentage of internet users.<a href="#cite_note-549">[541]</a> Saudi Arabia has one of the fastest <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> internet speeds in the world.<a href="#cite_note-550">[542]</a><a href="#cite_note-551">[543]</a> The kingdom is the 27th largest market for <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> with a revenue of US$8 billion in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-552">[544]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArabicCoffee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ArabicCoffee.jpg/150px-ArabicCoffee.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ArabicCoffee.jpg/225px-ArabicCoffee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ArabicCoffee.jpg/300px-ArabicCoffee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a> is a traditional beverage in Arabian cuisine.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian cuisine</a> is similar to that of the surrounding countries in the Arabian Peninsula and the wider Arab world, and has influenced and been influenced by Turkish, Indian, Persian, and African food. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic dietary laws</a> are enforced: pork is not allowed, and other animals are slaughtered in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a> are popular, as is <a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">shawarma</a>, a marinated grilled meat dish of lamb, mutton, or chicken. <a href="/wiki/Kabsa" title="Kabsa">Kabsa</a>, a rice dish with lamb, chicken, fish, or shrimp, is among the national dishes as is <a href="/wiki/Mandi_(food)" title="Mandi (food)">mandi</a>. Flat, unleavened <a href="/wiki/Taboon_bread" title="Taboon bread">taboon bread</a> is a staple of virtually every meal, as are dates, fresh fruit, yoghurt, and hummus. Coffee, served in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic style</a>, is the traditional beverage, but tea and various fruit juices are popular as well.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a> The earliest substantiated evidence of either <a href="/wiki/History_of_coffee" title="History of coffee">coffee drinking</a> or knowledge of the coffee tree is from the 15th century, in the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> monasteries of Arabia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sport in Saudi Arabia">Sport in Saudi Arabia</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_at_the_Olympics" title="Saudi Arabia at the Olympics">Saudi Arabia at the Olympics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_A_march_URU-KSA_-_Anthems.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_A_march_URU-KSA_-_Anthems.jpg/220px-2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_A_march_URU-KSA_-_Anthems.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_A_march_URU-KSA_-_Anthems.jpg/330px-2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_A_march_URU-KSA_-_Anthems.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_A_march_URU-KSA_-_Anthems.jpg/440px-2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_A_march_URU-KSA_-_Anthems.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption>Uruguay – Saudi Arabia match at the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> in Russia</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Football in Saudi Arabia">Football</a> is the national sport in Saudi Arabia. The <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team" title="Saudi Arabia national football team">Saudi Arabia national football team</a> is considered one of Asia's most successful national teams, having reached a joint record six <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> finals, winning three of those finals (<a href="/wiki/1984_AFC_Asian_Cup_final" title="1984 AFC Asian Cup final">1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/1988_AFC_Asian_Cup_final" title="1988 AFC Asian Cup final">1988</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1996_AFC_Asian_Cup_final" title="1996 AFC Asian Cup final">1996</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup" title="Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup">having qualified for the World Cup</a> four consecutive times ever since debuting at the 1994 tournament. In the <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994 FIFA World Cup</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Solari" title="Jorge Solari">Jorge Solari</a>, Saudi Arabia beat both Belgium and Morocco in the group stage before failing to defeat Sweden in the round of 16. During the <a href="/wiki/1992_King_Fahd_Cup" title="1992 King Fahd Cup">1992 FIFA Confederations Cup</a>, which was played in Saudi Arabia, the country reached the <a href="/wiki/1992_King_Fahd_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 King Fahd Cup Final">final</a>, losing 1–3 to Argentina. Scuba diving, windsurfing, sailing, and basketball (which is played by both men and women) are also popular with the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia national basketball team">Saudi Arabian national basketball team</a> winning bronze at the <a href="/wiki/1999_ABC_Championship" title="1999 ABC Championship">1999 Asian Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-553">[545]</a><a href="#cite_note-554">[546]</a><a href="#cite_note-555">[547]</a> More traditional sports such as <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">camel racing</a> are also popular. The annual King's Camel Race, begun in 1974, is one of the sport's most important contests and attracts animals and riders from throughout the region. <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a> is another traditional pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-145">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarah_Attar_Rio2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sarah_Attar_Rio2016.jpg/100px-Sarah_Attar_Rio2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sarah_Attar_Rio2016.jpg/150px-Sarah_Attar_Rio2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sarah_Attar_Rio2016.jpg/200px-Sarah_Attar_Rio2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Attar" title="Sarah Attar">Sarah Attar</a> competing at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> as one of the first two females representing Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's sport in Saudi Arabia">Women's sport</a> is controversial because of the suppression of female participation in sport by conservative Islamic religious authorities,<a href="#cite_note-556">[548]</a> however the restrictions have eased.<a href="#cite_note-557">[549]</a><a href="#cite_note-558">[550]</a><a href="#cite_note-559">[551]</a> Until 2018 women were not permitted in sport stadiums. Segregated seating, allowing women to enter, has been developed in three stadiums across major cities.<a href="#cite_note-560">[552]</a> Since 2020, the progress of women's integration into the Saudi sport scene began to develop rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-561">[553]</a><a href="#cite_note-562">[554]</a> 25 Saudi sport federations established a national women's team,<a href="#cite_note-563">[555]</a> including a national <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Saudi Arabia women's national football team">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_women%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Saudi Arabia women's national basketball team">basketball team</a>. In November 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Football_Federation" title="Saudi Arabian Football Federation">Saudi Arabian Football Federation</a> announced the launch of the first nationwide <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Women%27s_Premier_League" title="Saudi Women's Premier League">Saudi women's premier league</a>.<a href="#cite_note-564">[556]</a> In its vision for modernization, the nation has introduced many international sporting events, bringing sports stars to the kingdom. However, in August 2019, the kingdom's strategy received criticism for appearing as a method of <a href="/wiki/Sportswashing" title="Sportswashing">sportswashing</a> soon after Saudi's US-based 2018 lobbying campaign foreign registration documentations got published online. The documents showed Saudi Arabia as allegedly implementing a sportswashing strategy, including meetings and official calls with authorities of associations like <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a>, <a href="/wiki/WWE_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="WWE in Saudi Arabia">World Wrestling Entertainment</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-565">[557]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Saudi has made a bid to host the 2034 World Cup and developments of stadiums to be used for the event are ongoing. There are reportedly 11 new stadiums being built and airports are scheduled to be expanded to accomodate the expected influx of passengers.<a href="#cite_note-566">[558]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/31px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/47px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/62px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Outline of Saudi Arabia">Outline of Saudi Arabia</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahādah</a> (Statement of faith) is sometimes translated into English as 'There is no god but Allah', using the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allāh</a> instead of its translation. The word Allāh (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: اللَّٰه) literally translates as God.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> For Saudi citizens only. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly</a>, or Shura Council, which has no legislative power.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> As its role is only consultative it is not considered to be a legislature.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pegged_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegged currency">Pegged</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> (USD) at 3.75 riyals per USD since 1986<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsɔːdi əˈreɪbiə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d7\/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-2.ogg\/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Saudi Arabia-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-2.ogg/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Saudi_Arabia-2.ogg" title="File:En-us-Saudi Arabia-2.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SAW-dee ə-RAY-bee-ə</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsaʊdi-/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b3\/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-3.ogg\/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-3.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Saudi Arabia-3.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-3.ogg/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-3.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Saudi_Arabia-3.ogg" title="File:En-us-Saudi Arabia-3.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SOW-dee-</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ٱلسُّعُودِيَّة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Suʿūdiyya </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ٱلْمَمْلَكَة ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة ٱلسُّعُودِيَّة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya as-Suʿūdiyya, <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/48\/Ar-Kingdom_Saudi_Arabia.oga\/Ar-Kingdom_Saudi_Arabia.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-Kingdom Saudi Arabia.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Ar-Kingdom_Saudi_Arabia.oga/Ar-Kingdom_Saudi_Arabia.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">pronunciation</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-Kingdom_Saudi_Arabia.oga" title="File:Ar-Kingdom Saudi Arabia.oga">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> Proponents prefer the name Salafist, considering Wahhabi derogatory. </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> A number of Muslims, using justifications from the Quran,<a href="#cite_note-478">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[473]</a> insist that Islam did not begin with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>, but that it represents even previous <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Esposito1998-481">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito2002b-482">[475]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peters2003-483">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alli2013-484">[477]</a> who is credited with having established the sanctuary of Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-Michigan_C_1986-485">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Sway_2011-486">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyrness2013-487">[480]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417231457/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/">"About Saudi Arabia: Facts and figures"</a>. The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/">the original</a> on 17 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Facts+and+figures&rft.pub=The+Royal+Embassy+of+Saudi+Arabia%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.net%2Fabout%2Fcountry-information%2Ffacts_and_figures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html">"God"</a>. Islam: Empire of Faith. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam%3A+Empire+of+Faith&rft.atitle=God&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fempires%2Fislam%2Ffaithgod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> 'Islam and Christianity', Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allah. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Gardet" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">L. Gardet. "Allah". 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Retrieved 1 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Education&rft.atitle=Basic+Law+of+Governance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sa%2Fen%2FTheMinistry%2FAboutKSA%2FPages%2FSystem-of-Governance.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702033527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html">"The World Factbook"</a>. 2 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fsa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewl-9"><a href="#cite_ref-pewl_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215031/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf">"Religious Composition by Country"</a> (PDF). 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CIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHefner2009" class="citation book cs1">Hefner, Robert W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MmmVMCBej8oC&q=Saudi%2520%2522consultative%2520assembly%2522%2520no%2520legislative%2520power&pg=PA202">Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2639-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-2639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remaking+Muslim+Politics%3A+Pluralism%2C+Contestation%2C+Democratization&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2639-1&rft.aulast=Hefner&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMmmVMCBej8oC%26q%3DSaudi%252520%252522consultative%252520assembly%252522%252520no%252520legislative%252520power%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/analysts-saudi-arabia-nervous-about-domestic-discontent">"Analysts: Saudi Arabia Nervous About Domestic Discontent"</a>. www.voanews.com. VoA News – English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606143218/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/analysts-saudi-arabia-nervous-about-domestic-discontent">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.voanews.com&rft.atitle=Analysts%3A+Saudi+Arabia+Nervous+About+Domestic+Discontent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Fanalysts-saudi-arabia-nervous-about-domestic-discontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_14-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/">Saudi Arabia</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal">"Saudi Census 2022"</a>. portal.saudicensus.sa. General Statistics Authority - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728002753/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portal.saudicensus.sa&rft.atitle=Saudi+Census+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.saudicensus.sa%2Fportal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.SA-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.SA_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.SA_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.SA_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.SA_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=456,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Saudi Arabia)"</a>. www.imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Saudi+Arabia%29&rft.date=2024-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D456%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/">"The World Factbook"</a>. CIA.gov. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-18"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. p. 288. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrohecker2016" class="citation web cs1">Strohecker, Karin (27 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/saudi-currency-peg-idUSL5N17U54R">"Saudi riyal peg pressure eases, but not gone"</a>. reuters.com. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003014257/https://www.reuters.com/article/saudi-currency-peg-idUSL5N17U54R">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+riyal+peg+pressure+eases%2C+but+not+gone&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft.aulast=Strohecker&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fsaudi-currency-peg-idUSL5N17U54R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaAreaRanking-23"><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaAreaRanking_23-0">^</a> Saudi Arabia has a total area of 829,995 square miles and ranks 13th in the world according to the list of the total areas of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories, but since Greenland is a territory, this makes is the 12th largest country (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-the-total-areas-of-the-worlds-countries-dependencies-and-territories-2130540">https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-the-total-areas-of-the-worlds-countries-dependencies-and-territories-2130540</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Through a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime border</a> marked by <a href="/wiki/Passport_Island" title="Passport Island">an artificial island</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/saudi-arabia-finger-human-migration-homo/">"88,000-Year-Old Finger Bone Pushes Back Human Migration Dates"</a>. National Geographic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=88%2C000-Year-Old+Finger+Bone+Pushes+Back+Human+Migration+Dates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2018%2F04%2Fsaudi-arabia-finger-human-migration-homo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-landscape-26"><a href="#cite_ref-landscape_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">"The Global Religious Landscape"</a>. Pew Forum. 18 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054851/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=Pew+Forum&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-exec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbas-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbas_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbas_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2011" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Tahir (March 2011). "Preface and Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FxrGBQAAQBAJ">Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136959592" title="Special:BookSources/9781136959592"><bdi>9781136959592</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328014315/https://books.google.com/books?id=FxrGBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024. <q>The unprecedented initial expansion of Islam led to half of the known world being conquered with huge swathes of territory…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+and+Introduction&rft.btitle=Islamic+Radicalism+and+Multicultural+Politics%3A+The+British+Experience&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011-03&rft.isbn=9781136959592&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Tahir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFxrGBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reichl-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reichl_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichl_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichl2012" class="citation book cs1">Reichl, Karl, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PhoMdAIfp-EC">Medieval Oral Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. p. 633. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110241129" title="Special:BookSources/9783110241129"><bdi>9783110241129</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143858/https://books.google.com/books?id=PhoMdAIfp-EC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024. <q>With the unprecedented victorious spread of Islam within only a few years over a huge territory…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Oral+Literature&rft.pages=633&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783110241129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhoMdAIfp-EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barber-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barber_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barber_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Barber" title="Malcolm Barber">Barber, Malcolm</a> (2 August 2012). "Chapter 2: Syria and Palestine". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz_O7-Lb_CsC">The Crusader States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300189315" title="Special:BookSources/9780300189315"><bdi>9780300189315</bdi></a>. <q>After his [Muhammad's] death in 632, his successors, driven by what had become a dynamic new religion, committed themselves to an unprecedented territorial expansion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Syria+and+Palestine&rft.btitle=The+Crusader+States&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft.isbn=9780300189315&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBz_O7-Lb_CsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlhussein2023" class="citation cs2">Alhussein, Eman (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/book/9781802205633/book-part-9781802205633-14.xml">"Saudi Arabias centralized political structure: prospects and challenges"</a>, Handbook of Middle East Politics, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 144–157, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80220-563-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80220-563-3"><bdi>978-1-80220-563-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Middle+East+Politics&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabias+centralized+political+structure%3A+prospects+and+challenges&rft.pages=144-157&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-80220-563-3&rft.aulast=Alhussein&rft.aufirst=Eman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elgaronline.com%2Fedcollchap%2Fbook%2F9781802205633%2Fbook-part-9781802205633-14.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HT2003:_14-31"><a href="#cite_ref-HT2003:_14_31-0">^</a> <a href="#HT2003">Tripp, Culture Shock, 2003</a>: p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-32"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_32-0">^</a> <a href="#Malbouisson">Malbouisson</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-executions-death-toll-human-rights-king-salman-a9466741.html">"Saudi Arabia has carried out 800 executions since 2015, says rights group"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a>. 15 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421171202/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-executions-death-toll-human-rights-king-salman-a9466741.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+has+carried+out+800+executions+since+2015%2C+says+rights+group&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsaudi-arabia-executions-death-toll-human-rights-king-salman-a9466741.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616025908/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?141-9chk=on&hideinfo=on">"Death Penalty Worldwide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?141-9chk=on&hideinfo=on">the original</a> on 16 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+Penalty+Worldwide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deathpenaltyworldwide.org%2Fcountry-search-post.cfm%3F141-9chk%3Don%26hideinfo%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-35"><a href="#cite_ref-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzan2004" class="citation book cs1">Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers. 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Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Ancient+site+in+Nefud+Desert+offers+glimpse+of+early+human+activity+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1858031%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180_65-3">d</a> Roads of Arabia p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Roads of Arabia p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Koenig 1971; Payne 1983: Briggs 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-ArnoldStrawn2016-68"><a href="#cite_ref-ArnoldStrawn2016_68-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9xrDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT462">The World around the Old Testament: The People and Places of the Ancient Near East</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143857/https://books.google.com/books?id=e9xrDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT462#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 28 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Baker Publishing Group; 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0574-9">978-1-4934-0574-9</a> p. 462. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coogan2001-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Coogan2001_69-0">^</a> Michael D. Coogan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gM-tZeEO4wgC&pg=PA110">The Oxford History of the Biblical World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143909/https://books.google.com/books?id=gM-tZeEO4wgC&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 28 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oxford University Press; 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988148-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988148-2">978-0-19-988148-2</a>. p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Knauf, 1988 </li> <li id="cite_note-Midian_p._163-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Midian_p._163_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Midian_p._163_71-1">b</a> Midian, Moab and Edom: The History and Archaeology of Late Bronze and Iron Age Jordan and North-West Arabia p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarag2022" class="citation web cs1">Farag, Mona (7 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf-news/2022/09/07/louvre-museum-in-paris-to-display-saudi-arabias-ancient-alula-statue/">"Louvre Museum in Paris to display Saudi Arabia's ancient AlUla statue"</a>. The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924152322/https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf-news/2022/09/07/louvre-museum-in-paris-to-display-saudi-arabias-ancient-alula-statue/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Louvre+Museum+in+Paris+to+display+Saudi+Arabia%27s+ancient+AlUla+statue&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft.aulast=Farag&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fgulf-news%2F2022%2F09%2F07%2Flouvre-museum-in-paris-to-display-saudi-arabias-ancient-alula-statue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lihyan_p._192-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lihyan_p._192_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lihyan_p._192_73-1">b</a> The State of Lihyan: A New Perspective – p. 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> J. 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Saudi Arabia Tourism Guide. 19 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120022655/http://www.saudiarabiatourismguide.com/lion-tombs-dedan/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2018. 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Greenwood Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofislam0000gord/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32522-9"><bdi>978-0-313-32522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32522-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofislam0000gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_E._Lindsay_2005_33-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_E._Lindsay_2005_33_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_E._Lindsay_2005_33_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2005" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, James E. 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Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press p. 369 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2012" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2012). The Gulf States: A Modern History. I.B. Tauris. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-278-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-278-5"><bdi>978-1-84885-278-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+States%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-278-5&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> C.E. 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Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 6: 91–102. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223173">41223173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Thirteenth+Century+Poet+from+Bahrain&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=91-102&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41223173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khulusi&rft.aufirst=Safa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Joseph Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization, Taylor and Francis, 2006, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Curtis E. 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Bloomsbury Academic. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-736-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-736-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-736-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328144403/https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+space+and+holy+war%3A+the+politics%2C+culture+and+history+of+Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-736-9&rft.au=Juan+Ricardo+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntarP5hrza0C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222053120/http://www.uv.es/EBRIT/macro/macro_5000_24_15.html">"Arabia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uv.es/EBRIT/macro/macro_5000_24_15.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uv.es%2FEBRIT%2Fmacro%2Fmacro_5000_24_15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Zāmil Muḥammad al-Rashīd. Suʻūdī relations with eastern Arabia and ʻUmān, 1800–1870 Luzac and Company, 1981 pp. 21–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Yitzhak Nakash (2011)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a43C-4RKGcgC&pg=PA21">Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World</a> p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45995">"Arabia, history of."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829110204/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45995">Archived</a> 29 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 November 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein_96-0">^</a> Bernstein, William J. (2008) A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Grove Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePiReZWp0NwC&pg=PA191">pp. 191 ff</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230807000647/https://books.google.com/books?id=ePiReZWp0NwC&pg=PA191">Archived</a> 7 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji,_Nikshoy_C.1973" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Nikshoy C. (1973). Muddle of the Middle East, Volume 2. Abhinav Publications. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00304-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00304-0"><bdi>978-0-391-00304-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muddle+of+the+Middle+East%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-391-00304-0&rft.au=Chatterji%2C+Nikshoy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200768-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen200768_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowen2007">Bowen 2007</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/01/27/Saudi-Arabia-to-commemorate-Founding-Day-on-Feb-22-annually-Royal-order">"Saudi Arabia to commemorate 'Founding Day' on Feb. 22 annually: Royal order"</a>. Al Arabiya English. 27 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001180301/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/01/27/Saudi-Arabia-to-commemorate-Founding-Day-on-Feb-22-annually-Royal-order">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+commemorate+%27Founding+Day%27+on+Feb.+22+annually%3A+Royal+order&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fgulf%2F2022%2F01%2F27%2FSaudi-Arabia-to-commemorate-Founding-Day-on-Feb-22-annually-Royal-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/aboutKingDom/Pages/CountryDevelopment36143.aspx">"History of the Kingdom | kingdom of Saudi Arabia – Ministry of Foreign Affairs"</a>. www.mofa.gov.sa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302002523/https://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/aboutKingDom/Pages/CountryDevelopment36143.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mofa.gov.sa&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Kingdom+%7C+kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia+%E2%80%93+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.gov.sa%2Fsites%2Fmofaen%2FaboutKingDom%2FPages%2FCountryDevelopment36143.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200769–70-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen200769–70_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowen2007">Bowen 2007</a>, p. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisMewsMorrisShepherd1992" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ian; Mews, Stuart; Morris, Paul; Shepherd, John (1992). Contemporary Religions: A World Guide. Longman. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08695-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08695-1"><bdi>978-0-582-08695-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Religions%3A+A+World+Guide&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-582-08695-1&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Mews%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Morris%2C+Paul&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaksh1997" class="citation book cs1">Faksh, Mahmud A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofislaminm0000faks/page/89">The Future of Islam in the Middle East</a>. Greenwood Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofislaminm0000faks/page/89">89–90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95128-3"><bdi>978-0-275-95128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Islam+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95128-3&rft.aulast=Faksh&rft.aufirst=Mahmud+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofislaminm0000faks%2Fpage%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm">The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316131703/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm">Archived</a> 16 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Library of Congress Country Studies. </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2008" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, David (2008). The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence Sets Arabia Ablaze. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 5–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-339-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-339-1"><bdi>978-1-84603-339-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Revolt+1916%E2%80%9318%3A+Lawrence+Sets+Arabia+Ablaze&rft.pages=5-8&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-339-1&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadawi_Al_Rasheed1997" class="citation book cs1">Madawi Al Rasheed (1997). Politics in an Arabian Oasis: The Rashidis of Saudi Arabia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-193-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-193-0"><bdi>978-1-86064-193-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+an+Arabian+Oasis%3A+The+Rashidis+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-193-0&rft.au=Madawi+Al+Rasheed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonWilliam_Bayne_Fisher2000" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Ewan W.; William Bayne Fisher (2000). The Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics. 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The Encyclopedia of World War I. p. 565. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=565&rft.date=205&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-420-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Priscilla+Mary+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourani2005" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, Albert (2005). A History of the Arab Peoples. 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Infobase. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofsa0000wynb/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7876-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7876-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-7876-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7876-9&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Gerges%2C+Fawaz+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofsa0000wynb%2Fpage%2F182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2009" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (2009). Inside the Kingdom. Arrow. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953905-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953905-6"><bdi>978-0-09-953905-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Kingdom&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Arrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-09-953905-6&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmu.edu.sa/News/News.aspx?ID=866">"History of Saudi Arabia. ( The Saudi National Day 23, Sep )"</a>. Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206142313/https://www.pmu.edu.sa/News/News.aspx?ID=866">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prince+Mohammad+Bin+Fahd+University&rft.atitle=History+of+Saudi+Arabia.+%28+The+Saudi+National+Day+23%2C+Sep+%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmu.edu.sa%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%3FID%3D866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamad_Riad_El-Ghonemy1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Riad_El-Ghonemy" title="Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy">Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy</a> (1998). Afluence and Poverty in the Middle East. Routledge. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10033-5"><bdi>978-0-415-10033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afluence+and+Poverty+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10033-5&rft.au=Mohamad+Riad+El-Ghonemy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_timeline-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_timeline_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_timeline_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703523.amp">"Saudi Arabia profile - Timeline"</a>. bbc.com. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 4 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929075327/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703523.amp">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+profile+-+Timeline&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-14703523.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Rasheed_136-137-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Rasheed_136-137_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Rasheed_136-137_116-1">b</a> <a href="#Al-Rasheed">Al-Rasheed</a>, pp. 136–137 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoy_Winkie_Viola1986" class="citation book cs1">Joy Winkie Viola (1986). Human Resources Development in Saudi Arabia: Multinationals and Saudization. International Human Resources Development Corporation. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88746-070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88746-070-8"><bdi>978-0-88746-070-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Resources+Development+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Multinationals+and+Saudization&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=International+Human+Resources+Development+Corporation&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88746-070-8&rft.au=Joy+Winkie+Viola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabasa,_AngelBenard,_CherylChalk,_Peter2005" class="citation book cs1">Rabasa, Angel; Benard, Cheryl; Chalk, Peter (2005). The Muslim world after 9/11. Rand Corporation. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3712-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3712-1"><bdi>978-0-8330-3712-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+world+after+9%2F11&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-3712-1&rft.au=Rabasa%2C+Angel&rft.au=Benard%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Chalk%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toby_Craig_Jones_2010_218–219-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toby_Craig_Jones_2010_218–219_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toby_Craig_Jones_2010_218–219_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToby_Craig_Jones2010" class="citation book cs1">Toby Craig Jones (2010). Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia. Harvard University Press. pp. 218–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04985-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04985-7"><bdi>978-0-674-04985-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Kingdom%3A+How+Oil+and+Water+Forged+Modern+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=218-219&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04985-7&rft.au=Toby+Craig+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hegghammer24-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hegghammer24_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegghammer24_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegghammer24_120-2">c</a> <a href="#Hegghammer">Hegghammer</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordesman2003" class="citation book cs1">Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaenter0000cord/page/174">Saudi Arabia Enters the 21st Century</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaenter0000cord/page/174">174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98091-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98091-7"><bdi>978-0-275-98091-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Enters+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=174&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98091-7&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaenter0000cord%2Fpage%2F174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-GamalAmy_Myers_Jaffe2010" class="citation book cs1">El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. & Amy Myers Jaffe (2010). Oil, Dollars, Debt, and Crises: The Global Curse of Black Gold. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72070-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72070-0"><bdi>978-0-521-72070-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil%2C+Dollars%2C+Debt%2C+and+Crises%3A+The+Global+Curse+of+Black+Gold&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-72070-0&rft.aulast=El-Gamal&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+A.&rft.au=Amy+Myers+Jaffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbir1993114-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbir1993114_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbir1993">Abir 1993</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Robert Fisk (2005) <a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_For_Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great War For Civilisation">The Great War For Civilisation</a>. Fourth Estate. p. 23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7517-1">978-1-4000-7517-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2009" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard, Christopher (2009). Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations. United States Congressional Research Service. pp. 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Background+and+U.S.+Relations&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=United+States+Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#Hegghammer">Hegghammer</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#Al-Rasheed">Al-Rasheed</a>, p. 212 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordesman_2009-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cordesman_2009_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cordesman_2009_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordesman2009" class="citation book cs1">Cordesman, Anthony H. (2009). Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region. Abc-Clio. pp. 50–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38076-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38076-1"><bdi>978-0-313-38076-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+National+Security+in+a+Troubled+Region&rft.pages=50-52&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38076-1&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montreal-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Montreal_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201053307/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Flood%2Bsparks%2Brare%2Baction/4189873/story.html">"Flood sparks rare action"</a>. Reuters via <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Montreal)" title="The Gazette (Montreal)">Montreal Gazette</a>. 29 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/Flood+sparks+rare+action/4189873/story.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+via+Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Flood+sparks+rare+action&rft.date=2011-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontrealgazette.com%2Fnews%2FFlood%2Bsparks%2Brare%2Baction%2F4189873%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters_Dozens_detained-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_Dozens_detained_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302150701/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/middle-east/140720-dozens-detained-in-saudi-over-flood-protests.html">"Dozens detained in Saudi over flood protests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Peninsula_(newspaper)" title="The Peninsula (newspaper)">The Peninsula</a> (Qatar)/<a href="/wiki/Thomson-Reuters" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson-Reuters">Thomson-Reuters</a>. 29 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/middle-east/140720-dozens-detained-in-saudi-over-flood-protests.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Peninsula+%28Qatar%29%2FThomson-Reuters&rft.atitle=Dozens+detained+in+Saudi+over+flood+protests&rft.date=2011-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepeninsulaqatar.com%2Fmiddle-east%2F140720-dozens-detained-in-saudi-over-flood-protests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisk_troops-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Fisk_troops_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk2011" class="citation news cs1">Fisk, Robert (5 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudis-mobilise-thousands-of-troops-to-quell-growing-revolt-2232928.html">"Saudis mobilise thousands of troops to quell growing revolt"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306080218/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudis-mobilise-thousands-of-troops-to-quell-growing-revolt-2232928.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Saudis+mobilise+thousands+of+troops+to+quell+growing+revolt&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsaudis-mobilise-thousands-of-troops-to-quell-growing-revolt-2232928.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/oilprices/8344421/Saudi-ruler-offers-36bn-to-stave-off-uprising-amid-warning-oil-price-could-double.html">"Saudi ruler offers $36bn to stave off uprising amid warning oil price could double"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. 24 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/oilprices/8344421/Saudi-ruler-offers-36bn-to-stave-off-uprising-amid-warning-oil-price-could-double.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Saudi+ruler+offers+%2436bn+to+stave+off+uprising+amid+warning+oil+price+could+double&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Foilprices%2F8344421%2FSaudi-ruler-offers-36bn-to-stave-off-uprising-amid-warning-oil-price-could-double.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianbusiness.com/saudi-king-gives-billion-dollar-cash-boost-housing-jobs--382623.html">"Saudi king gives billion-dollar cash boost to housing, jobs – Politics & Economics"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Saudi+king+gives+billion-dollar+cash+boost+to+housing%2C+jobs+%E2%80%93+Politics+%26+Economics&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fsaudi-king-gives-billion-dollar-cash-boost-housing-jobs--382623.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928024630/http://www.us-sabc.org/custom/news/details.cfm?id=957">"King Abdullah Returns to Kingdom, Enacts Measures to Boost the Economy"</a>. U.S.-Saudi Arabian Business Council. 23 February 2011. 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Weather Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235230/http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Saudi-Arabia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Weather+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.co.uk%2Freports%2Fclimate%2FSaudi-Arabia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-152"><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judas_et_al.,_2006-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Judas_et_al.,_2006_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudas,_J.Paillat,_P.Khoja,_A.Boug,_A.2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A.; Boug, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/leopard/Judas_et_al_2006_Status_of_the_Arabian_Leopard_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf">"Status of the Arabian leopard in Saudi Arabia"</a> (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 1: 11–19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003095616/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/leopard/Judas_et_al_2006_Status_of_the_Arabian_Leopard_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cat+News&rft.atitle=Status+of+the+Arabian+leopard+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.volume=Special+Issue+1&rft.pages=11-19&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Judas%2C+J.&rft.au=Paillat%2C+P.&rft.au=Khoja%2C+A.&rft.au=Boug%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catsg.org%2Ffileadmin%2Ffilesharing%2F3.Conservation_Center%2F3.2._Status_Reports%2Fleopard%2FJudas_et_al_2006_Status_of_the_Arabian_Leopard_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spalton_et_al.,_2006-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Spalton_et_al.,_2006_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalton,_J.A.Al-Hikmani,_H.M.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Spalton, J.A. & Al-Hikmani, H.M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216011835/http://www.yemenileopard.org/files/cms/reports/Cat_News_Special_Issue_1_-_Arabian_leopard.pdf">"The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Status"</a> (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 1): 4–8. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cat+News&rft.atitle=The+Leopard+in+the+Arabian+Peninsula+%E2%80%93+Distribution+and+Subspecies+Status&rft.issue=Special+Issue+1&rft.pages=4-8&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Spalton%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Al-Hikmani%2C+H.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yemenileopard.org%2Ffiles%2Fcms%2Freports%2FCat_News_Special_Issue_1_-_Arabian_leopard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Nowell1996-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Nowell1996_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowell,_K.Jackson,_P.1996" class="citation book cs1">Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf">"Asiatic cheetah"</a> (PDF). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 41–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0045-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0045-8"><bdi>978-2-8317-0045-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050529182212/http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asiatic+cheetah&rft.btitle=Wild+Cats%3A+Status+Survey+and+Conservation+Action+Plan&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=41-44&rft.pub=IUCN%2FSSC+Cat+Specialist+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0045-8&rft.au=Nowell%2C+K.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnivoractionplans1.free.fr%2Fwildcats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nader_al1989-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Nader_al1989_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNader1989" class="citation book cs1">Nader, I. A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/Nader_1989_Rare_and_endangered_mammals_of_Saudi_Arabia.pdf">"Rare and endangered mammals of Saudi Arabia"</a> (PDF). In Abu-Zinada, A. H.; Goriup, P. D.; Nader, L. A (eds.). Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia. <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>: National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development Publishing. pp. 220–228. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126113847/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/Nader_1989_Rare_and_endangered_mammals_of_Saudi_Arabia.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rare+and+endangered+mammals+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Wildlife+conservation+and+development+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pages=220-228&rft.pub=National+Commission+for+Wildlife+Conservation+and+Development+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Nader&rft.aufirst=I.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catsg.org%2Fcheetah%2F05_library%2F5_3_publications%2FN_and_O%2FNader_1989_Rare_and_endangered_mammals_of_Saudi_Arabia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fishbase-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fishbase_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fishbase_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly,_Daniel2009" class="citation web cs1">Froese, Ranier; Pauly, Daniel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5">"FishBase"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201217070339/http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FishBase&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Froese&rft.aufirst=Ranier&rft.au=Pauly%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2FTrophicEco%2FFishEcoList.php%3Fve_code%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiliotti2002" class="citation book cs1">Siliotti, A. (2002). Verona, Geodia (ed.). Fishes of the red sea. Geodia Edizioni Internazionali. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87177-42-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-87177-42-8"><bdi>978-88-87177-42-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+red+sea&rft.pub=Geodia+Edizioni+Internazionali&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-87177-42-8&rft.aulast=Siliotti&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish78-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish78_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish78_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish78_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish78_159-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78">World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula</a>. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlditspeoplesm0000unse%2Fpage%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerhard-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerhard_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbers2007" class="citation book cs1">Robbers, Gerhard (2007). Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 1. p. 791. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6078-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6078-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-6078-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+constitutions%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=791&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6078-8&rft.aulast=Robbers&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandow2020" class="citation web cs1">Bandow, Doug (19 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/commentary/time-cut-saudi-arabia">"Time to Cut Off Saudi Arabia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329043129/https://www.cato.org/commentary/time-cut-saudi-arabia">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=Time+to+Cut+Off+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft.aulast=Bandow&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fcommentary%2Ftime-cut-saudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlkhaled2021" class="citation journal cs1">Alkhaled, Sophia (27 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgwao.12626">"Women's entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia: Feminist solidarity and political activism in disguise?"</a>. Gender, Work & Organization. 28 (3): 950–972. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgwao.12626">10.1111/gwao.12626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender%2C+Work+%26+Organization&rft.atitle=Women%27s+entrepreneurship+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Feminist+solidarity+and+political+activism+in+disguise%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=950-972&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgwao.12626&rft.aulast=Alkhaled&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fgwao.12626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlager,_WeisblattA._Faksh,_Hendrickson2006" class="citation book cs1">Schlager, Weisblatt, Neil, Jayne; A. Faksh, Hendrickson, Mahmud, Mary (2006). "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties (4th ed.). New York City: Facts on File. p. 1171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5953-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5953-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5953-9</bdi></a>. <q>Saudi Arabia is not totalitarian. Travel outside the country is common, political crimes and violence are rare, people are not in constant fear of the police, and the state does not try to take over all existing organizations, such as philanthropic, religious, commercial, and industrial groups. Saudi rulers still see themselves in a parental role, much like a sheikh of a tribe who is in close touch with the concerns of his tribesmen and keeps those concerns in balance. For so long a time, a relatively benign monarchy has ruled over this populace that it has become used to being looked after in this manner. Therefore, until recently, calls for a more open, representative political system did not win wide support.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Systems+and+Parties&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=1171&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5953-9&rft.aulast=Schlager%2C+Weisblatt&rft.aufirst=Neil%2C+Jayne&rft.au=A.+Faksh%2C+Hendrickson%2C+Mahmud%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Collin,_L._Martin2013" class="citation book cs1">Oliver Collin, L. Martin, Richard, Pamela (2013). An Introduction to World Politics. United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1803-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1803-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-1803-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+World+Politics&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1803-1&rft.aulast=Oliver+Collin%2C+L.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard%2C+Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._DobratzK._WaldnerBuzzel2016" class="citation book cs1">A. Dobratz, Betty; K. Waldner, Lisa; Buzzel, Timothy (2016). "2: Role of the state". Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology. NY 10017, New York, USA: Routledge. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-48629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-48629-8"><bdi>978-0-205-48629-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Role+of+the+state&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society%3A+An+Introduction+to+Political+Sociology&rft.place=NY+10017%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-205-48629-8&rft.aulast=A.+Dobratz&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft.au=K.+Waldner%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Buzzel%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203184337/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf">"Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>. 2023. p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.atitle=Democracy+Index+2022%3A+Frontline+democracy+and+the+battle+for+Ukraine&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2FDI-final-version-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH2019-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FH2019_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/saudi-arabia/freedom-world/2023">"Freedom House. Saudi Arabia"</a>. Freedom House. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530191015/https://freedomhouse.org/country/saudi-arabia/freedom-world/2023">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Freedom+House.+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Ffreedom-world%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdem_dataset-168"><a href="#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023" class="citation web cs1">V-Dem Institute (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">"The V-Dem Dataset"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+V-Dem+Dataset&rft.date=2023&rft.au=V-Dem+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdata%2Fthe-v-dem-dataset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noreng97-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Noreng97_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoreng2005" class="citation book cs1">Noreng, Oystein (2005). Crude power: politics and the oil market. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-023-9"><bdi>978-1-84511-023-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crude+power%3A+politics+and+the+oil+market&rft.pages=97&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-023-9&rft.aulast=Noreng&rft.aufirst=Oystein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#Long">Long</a>, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish92-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish92_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/92">World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula</a>. 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Financial Times. 15 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/31b61bc4-fb3a-11dd-bcad-000077b07658.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+king+speeds+reforms&rft.date=2009-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F31b61bc4-fb3a-11dd-bcad-000077b07658.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2c0d7fcc-1b1b-11de-8aa3-0000779fd2ac.html">"Prince Naif appointed deputy Saudi PM"</a>. Financial Times. 27 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2c0d7fcc-1b1b-11de-8aa3-0000779fd2ac.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Prince+Naif+appointed+deputy+Saudi+PM&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F2c0d7fcc-1b1b-11de-8aa3-0000779fd2ac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/17149062?story_id=17149062&fsrc=rss">"Reform in Saudi Arabia: At a snail's pace"</a>. The Economist. 30 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014041446/http://www.economist.com/node/17149062?story_id=17149062&fsrc=rss">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017. 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Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Open+sectarianism+in+Saudi+Arabia+frightens+Shi%27ites&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fcnews-us-saudi-shiites-idCAKCN0SK2C520151026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_178-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2007" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Christian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20jmw1C3H5UC&pg=PA265">Legal Aspects of Doing Business in the Middle East</a>. 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Retrieved 12 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+House+of+Saud%3A+rulers+of+modern+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeakoil.com%2Fpublicpolicy%2Fthe-house-of-saud-rulers-of-modern-saudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200715-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen200715_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowen2007">Bowen 2007</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1986" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Michael (1986). The Middle East reader. Transaction Books. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-101-0"><bdi>978-0-88738-101-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+reader&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Transaction+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-101-0&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Jane_Davis1996" class="citation book cs1">M. Jane Davis (1996). Security issues in the post-cold war world. Edward Elgar. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85898-334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85898-334-9"><bdi>978-1-85898-334-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+issues+in+the+post-cold+war+world&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85898-334-9&rft.au=M.+Jane+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlianak2007" class="citation book cs1">Alianak, Sonia (2007). Middle Eastern leaders and Islam: a precarious equilibrium. Peter Lang. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6924-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6924-9"><bdi>978-0-8204-6924-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+leaders+and+Islam%3A+a+precarious+equilibrium&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-6924-9&rft.aulast=Alianak&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden1982" class="citation book cs1">Holden, William (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe/page/154">Saudi Arabia and its royal family</a>. Secaucus, N.J. : L. Stuart. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe/page/154">154–156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8184-0326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8184-0326-2"><bdi>978-0-8184-0326-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+its+royal+family&rft.pages=154-156&rft.pub=Secaucus%2C+N.J.+%3A+L.+Stuart&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8184-0326-2&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaitsro00powe%2Fpage%2F154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Bond_ReedLange2006" class="citation book cs1">Jennifer Bond Reed; Lange, Brenda (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiroyalfamily00reed_0/page/14">Saudi Royal Family</a>. Chelsea House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiroyalfamily00reed_0/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9218-7"><bdi>978-0-7910-9218-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Royal+Family&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-9218-7&rft.au=Jennifer+Bond+Reed&rft.au=Lange%2C+Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiroyalfamily00reed_0%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010181738/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-the-corrupt-feudal-world-of-the-house-of-saud-538468.html">"The corrupt, feudal world of the House of Saud"</a>. The Independent. London. 14 May 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-the-corrupt-feudal-world-of-the-house-of-saud-538468.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+corrupt%2C+feudal+world+of+the+House+of+Saud&rft.date=2003-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fcommentators%2Ffisk%2Frobert-fisk-the-corrupt-feudal-world-of-the-house-of-saud-538468.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbir199373Bowen2007108-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbir199373Bowen2007108_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbir1993">Abir 1993</a>, p. 73; <a href="#CITEREFBowen2007">Bowen 2007</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordesman2003" class="citation book cs1">Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaenter0000cord/page/47">Saudi Arabia Enters the 21st Century</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaenter0000cord/page/47">47, 142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98091-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98091-7"><bdi>978-0-275-98091-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Enters+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=47%2C+142&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98091-7&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaenter0000cord%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbachClarke2002" class="citation book cs1">Burbach, Roger; Clarke, Ben (2002). September 11 and the U.S. war: beyond the curtain of smoke. City Lights Publishers. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-404-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-404-7"><bdi>978-0-87286-404-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=September+11+and+the+U.S.+war%3A+beyond+the+curtain+of+smoke&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=City+Lights+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87286-404-7&rft.aulast=Burbach&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedom_House2005" class="citation book cs1">Freedom House (2005). 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3775-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3775-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-3775-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Freedom+in+the+World+Special+Edition&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3775-0&rft.au=Freedom+House&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2001" class="citation news cs1">Bergman, Lowell (9 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/09/world/nation-challenged-plots-saudi-arabia-also-target-attacks-us-officials-say.html">"A Nation Challenged: The Plots; Saudi Arabia Also a Target Of Attacks, U.S. Officials Say"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195125/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/09/world/nation-challenged-plots-saudi-arabia-also-target-attacks-us-officials-say.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018. 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Walker & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingsmessengerpr00otta_0/page/162">162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1690-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1690-3"><bdi>978-0-8027-1690-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Messenger.+Prince+Bandar+Bin+Sultan+and+America%27s+Tangled+Relationship+with+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1690-3&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingsmessengerpr00otta_0%2Fpage%2F162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2007" class="citation news cs1">Robertson, David (7 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117132440/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/">"Saudi bribe claims delay £20bn fighter deal"</a>. 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PBS. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331223114/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/terrorism/interviews/bandar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview%3A+Bandar+Bin+Sultan&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fterrorism%2Finterviews%2Fbandar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226144223/https://www.transparency.org/">"Corruption Perceptions Index 2010"</a>. Transparency International. 15 December 2010. 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Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+Arrests+11+Princes%2C+Including+Billionaire+Alwaleed+bin+Talal&rft.date=2017-11-04&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F04%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsaudi-arabia-waleed-bin-talal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein118-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein118_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2010" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Natalie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionstate0000gold">Religion and the State</a>. Facts On File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionstate0000gold/page/118">118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-8090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-8090-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-8090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+State&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-8090-8&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionstate0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meforum.org-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meforum.org_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meforum.org_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObaid1999" class="citation journal cs1">Obaid, Nawaf E. (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/482/the-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders">"The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders"</a>. Middle East Quarterly. VI (3): 51–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806023223/http://www.meforum.org/482/the-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Islamic+Leaders&rft.volume=VI&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=51-58&rft.date=1999-09&rft.aulast=Obaid&rft.aufirst=Nawaf+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F482%2Fthe-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarsy1992" class="citation book cs1">Farsy, Fouad (1992). Modernity and tradition: the Saudi equation. Knight Communications. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874132-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874132-03-5"><bdi>978-1-874132-03-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+tradition%3A+the+Saudi+equation&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Knight+Communications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-874132-03-5&rft.aulast=Farsy&rft.aufirst=Fouad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassner-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hassner_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassner_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassner_203-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_Eduard_Hassner2009" class="citation book cs1">Ron Eduard Hassner (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waronsacredgroun00hass/page/143">War on sacred grounds</a>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waronsacredgroun00hass/page/143">143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4806-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4806-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-4806-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+on+sacred+grounds&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4806-5&rft.au=Ron+Eduard+Hassner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaronsacredgroun00hass%2Fpage%2F143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#Abir1987">Abir (1987)</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbir199321-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbir199321_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbir199321_205-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbir1993">Abir 1993</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Abdullah-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Abdullah_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Abdullah_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakri2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nada_Bakri" title="Nada Bakri">Bakri, Nada</a> (29 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/a/abdullah_bin_abdul_aziz_alsaud/index.html">"Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727045836/http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/a/abdullah_bin_abdul_aziz_alsaud/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Abdullah%2C+King+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2010-11-29&rft.aulast=Bakri&rft.aufirst=Nada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftopics%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fpeople%2Fa%2Fabdullah_bin_abdul_aziz_alsaud%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#Abir1987">Abir (1987)</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Peter_W.Graham,_Douglas1994" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter W.; Graham, Douglas (1994). Saudi Arabia: the coming storm. M.E. Sharpe. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-394-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-394-3"><bdi>978-1-56324-394-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+the+coming+storm&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-394-3&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Peter+W.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long11-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Long11_209-0">^</a> <a href="#Long">Long</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-IBP-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBP_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBP_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Saudi Arabia King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud Handbook. International Business Publications. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-2740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-2740-9"><bdi>978-0-7397-2740-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+King+Fahd+Bin+Abdul+Aziz+Al-Saud+Handbook&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7397-2740-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyrop2008" class="citation book cs1">Nyrop, Richard F. (2008). Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States. Wildside Press LLC. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-6210-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-6210-7"><bdi>978-1-4344-6210-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+the+Persian+Gulf+States&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Wildside+Press+LLC&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4344-6210-7&rft.aulast=Nyrop&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBligh,_Alexander1985" class="citation journal cs1">Bligh, Alexander (1985). "The Saudi religious elite (Ulama) as participant in the political system of the kingdom". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 17: 37–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800028750">10.1017/S0020743800028750</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154565116">154565116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Saudi+religious+elite+%28Ulama%29+as+participant+in+the+political+system+of+the+kingdom&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=37-50&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800028750&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154565116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Bligh%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattar-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Mattar_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattar2004" class="citation book cs1">Mattar, Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo00phil_0">Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: Vol. 1 A–C</a>. Macmillan Reference USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo00phil_0/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865770-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865770-7"><bdi>978-0-02-865770-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+%26+North+Africa%3A+Vol.+1+A%E2%80%93C&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865770-7&rft.aulast=Mattar&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo00phil_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200713-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen200713_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowen2007">Bowen 2007</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharia_Inc_Courts-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharia_Inc_Courts_215-0">^</a> <a href="#Otto">Otto</a>, pp. 161–162 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gMPjxHzG1xQC&pg=PA202">The Report: Saudi Arabia</a>. Oxford Business Group. 2009. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-00-9"><bdi>978-1-902339-00-9</bdi></a>. <q>it is not always possible to reach a conclusion on how a Saudi court or judicial committee would view a particular case [because] decisions of a court or a judicial committee have no binding authority with respect to another case, [and] in general there is also no system of court reporting in the Kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-00-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMPjxHzG1xQC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haffner58-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Haffner58_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHefner2011" class="citation book cs1">Hefner, Robert W. (2011). Shari'a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World. Indiana University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22310-4"><bdi>978-0-253-22310-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shari%27a+Politics%3A+Islamic+Law+and+Society+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22310-4&rft.aulast=Hefner&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Eduardo_Campo2006" class="citation book cs1">Juan Eduardo Campo (2006). Encyclopedia of Islam. Facts On File. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-5454-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1&rft.au=Juan+Eduardo+Campo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurak2021" class="citation web cs1">Turak, Natasha (9 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/09/saudi-arabia-announces-legal-reforms-paving-the-way-for-codified-law.html">"Saudi Arabia announces major legal reforms, paving the way for codified law"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304041106/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/09/saudi-arabia-announces-legal-reforms-paving-the-way-for-codified-law.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+announces+major+legal+reforms%2C+paving+the+way+for+codified+law&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft.aulast=Turak&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F02%2F09%2Fsaudi-arabia-announces-legal-reforms-paving-the-way-for-codified-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="#Otto">Otto</a>, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1998" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (1998). Islam and politics. Syracuse University Press. pp. 110–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2774-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2774-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-2774-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+politics&rft.pages=110-112&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2774-6&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell268-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell268_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2007" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Christian (2007). Legal Aspects of Doing Business in the Middle East. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. pp. 268–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-1914-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-1914-6"><bdi>978-1-4303-1914-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Aspects+of+Doing+Business+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=268-269&rft.pub=Lulu+Enterprises+Incorporated&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4303-1914-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist_Cruel-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Economist_Cruel_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/656147">"Saudi Arabian justice: Cruel, or just unusual?"</a>. The Economist. 14 June 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408031800/https://www.economist.com/node/656147">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabian+justice%3A+Cruel%2C+or+just+unusual%3F&rft.date=2001-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F656147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/26/AR2008072601785.html">"Saudis Face Soaring Blood-Money Sums"</a>. The Washington Post. 27 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112180004/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/26/AR2008072601785.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Saudis+Face+Soaring+Blood-Money+Sums&rft.date=2008-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F07%2F26%2FAR2008072601785.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arab.net/saudi/sa_admindivisions.htm">"Saudi Arabia: Administrative divisions"</a>. arab.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109155349/http://www.arab.net/saudi/sa_admindivisions.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Administrative+divisions&rft.pub=arab.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arab.net%2Fsaudi%2Fsa_admindivisions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml">"United Nations Member States"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2013. 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Retrieved 31 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+foreign+policy+of+the+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2005-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.gov.sa%2FSITES%2FMOFAEN%2FABOUTKINGDOM%2FKINGDOMFOREIGNPOLICY%2FPages%2FKingdomPolicy34645.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.htm">"OPEC : Brief History"</a>. OPEC.org. 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The New York Times. 23 November 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722073135/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/23/archives/the-arab-oil-threat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Oil+Threat&rft.date=1973-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F11%2F23%2Farchives%2Fthe-arab-oil-threat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/oil/">"The price of oil – in context"</a>. CBC News. 18 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609145246/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/oil/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=The+price+of+oil+%E2%80%93+in+context&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbackground%2Foil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-231"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36083990">"How strained are US-Saudi relations?"</a>. BBC News. 20 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417112848/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36083990">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+strained+are+US-Saudi+relations%3F&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-36083990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/saudi-us-relations">"Saudi-US Relations | The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"</a>. www.saudiembassy.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203045622/https://saudiembassy.net/saudi-us-relations">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saudiembassy.net&rft.atitle=Saudi-US+Relations+%7C+The+Embassy+of+The+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.net%2Fsaudi-us-relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/united-states-saudi-arabia-relationship-eight-decades-of-partnership/">"United States-Saudi Arabia Relationship: Eight Decades of Partnership"</a>. United States Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223065251/https://www.state.gov/united-states-saudi-arabia-relationship-eight-decades-of-partnership/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=United+States-Saudi+Arabia+Relationship%3A+Eight+Decades+of+Partnership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Funited-states-saudi-arabia-relationship-eight-decades-of-partnership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMénoret2005" class="citation book cs1">Ménoret, Pascal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudienigmahisto0000meno/page/22">The Saudi enigma: a history</a>. 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(20 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/20/us-saudi-arabia-seal-weapons-deal-worth-nearly-110-billion-as-trump-begins-visit.html">"US-Saudi Arabia ink historic 10-year weapons deal worth $350 billion as Trump begins visit"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521165657/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/20/us-saudi-arabia-seal-weapons-deal-worth-nearly-110-billion-as-trump-begins-visit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=US-Saudi+Arabia+ink+historic+10-year+weapons+deal+worth+%24350+billion+as+Trump+begins+visit&rft.date=2017-05-20&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Javier+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F05%2F20%2Fus-saudi-arabia-seal-weapons-deal-worth-nearly-110-billion-as-trump-begins-visit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/truth-president-trumps-110-billion-saudi-arms-deal/story?id=47874726">"The truth about President Trump's $110 billion Saudi arms deal"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607005940/http://abcnews.go.com/International/truth-president-trumps-110-billion-saudi-arms-deal/story?id=47874726">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+truth+about+President+Trump%27s+%24110+billion+Saudi+arms+deal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Ftruth-president-trumps-110-billion-saudi-arms-deal%2Fstory%3Fid%3D47874726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiktorowicz2004" class="citation book cs1">Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2004). Islamic activism: a social movement theory approach. Indiana University Press. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34281-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34281-2"><bdi>978-0-253-34281-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+activism%3A+a+social+movement+theory+approach&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34281-2&rft.aulast=Wiktorowicz&rft.aufirst=Quintan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/kkh07ajgn8/Globalism2020%20TBI%20China%20Reputation%20Annual%20Comparison.pdf">"YouGov Cambridge Globalism 2019/20"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921092811/https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/kkh07ajgn8/Globalism2020%20TBI%20China%20Reputation%20Annual%20Comparison.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouGov&rft.atitle=YouGov+Cambridge+Globalism+2019%2F20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cdn.yougov.com%2Fkkh07ajgn8%2FGlobalism2020%2520TBI%2520China%2520Reputation%2520Annual%2520Comparison.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pro.morningconsult.com/instant-intel/china-alliance-with-russia-weakens-position-in-eastern-europe">"China's Alliance With Russia Weakens Its Position in Eastern Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morning_Consult" title="Morning Consult">Morning Consult</a>. 4 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214150028/https://pro.morningconsult.com/instant-intel/china-alliance-with-russia-weakens-position-in-eastern-europe">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2024. <q>Besides Russia, the five countries with the most favorable views of China are Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Peru and Colombia, just ahead of two of China's major fossil fuel sources, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morning+Consult&rft.atitle=China%27s+Alliance+With+Russia+Weakens+Its+Position+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2022-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpro.morningconsult.com%2Finstant-intel%2Fchina-alliance-with-russia-weakens-position-in-eastern-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002160222/https://www.ipsos.com/en-ch/fewer-global-citizens-believe-china-will-have-positive-influence-world-affairs-coming-decade">"Fewer global citizens believe China will have positive influence on world affairs in coming decade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a>. November 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipsos.com/en-ch/fewer-global-citizens-believe-china-will-have-positive-influence-world-affairs-coming-decade">the original</a> on 2 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ipsos&rft.atitle=Fewer+global+citizens+believe+China+will+have+positive+influence+on+world+affairs+in+coming+decade&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos.com%2Fen-ch%2Ffewer-global-citizens-believe-china-will-have-positive-influence-world-affairs-coming-decade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/saudi-arabia-mohammad-bin-salman-defends-china-concentration-camps-muslims-1340592">"Saudi Arabia's Mohammed bin Salman Defends China's Use of Concentration Camps for Muslims During Visit to Beijing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. 22 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010075307/https://www.newsweek.com/saudi-arabia-mohammad-bin-salman-defends-china-concentration-camps-muslims-1340592">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Mohammed+bin+Salman+Defends+China%27s+Use+of+Concentration+Camps+for+Muslims+During+Visit+to+Beijing&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fsaudi-arabia-mohammad-bin-salman-defends-china-concentration-camps-muslims-1340592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/saudi-crown-prince-defends-china-fight-terrorism-190223104647149.html">"Saudi crown prince defends China's right to fight 'terrorism'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al-Jazeera</a>. 23 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619044243/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/saudi-crown-prince-defends-china-fight-terrorism-190223104647149.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Saudi+crown+prince+defends+China%27s+right+to+fight+%27terrorism%27&rft.date=2019-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F02%2Fsaudi-crown-prince-defends-china-fight-terrorism-190223104647149.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/">"Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. 15 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011225715/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019. <q>For other states, such as Russia, Saudi Arabia, and North Korea, their own human rights records at home have come under frequent attack abroad and so defending China becomes a roundabout way of defending themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Which+Countries+Are+For+or+Against+China%27s+Xinjiang+Policies%3F&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2019%2F07%2Fwhich-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/17/world/middleeast/wikileaks-saudi-arabia-iran.html">WikiLeaks Shows a Saudi Obsession With Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125201955/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/17/world/middleeast/wikileaks-saudi-arabia-iran.html">Archived</a> 25 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The New York Times. 16 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackTisdall2010" class="citation news cs1">Black, Ian; Tisdall, Simon (28 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-saudis-iran">"Saudi Arabia urges US attack on Iran to stop nuclear programme"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216223407/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-saudis-iran">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. 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Retrieved 14 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maliki%3A+Saudi+and+Qatar+at+war+against+Iraq&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F03%2Fmaliki-saudi-qatar-at-war-against-iraq-20143823436553921.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiC4w7Erz8I">"Syria conflict: BBC exclusive interview with President Bashar al-Assad" with Jeremy Bowen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216150810/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiC4w7Erz8I">Archived</a> 16 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (9 February 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rasheed2010" class="citation book cs1">Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). 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Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Yemen+Crisis%3A+Saudi+Arabia+Masses+150%2C000+Troops+to+Support+Airstrikes&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fsaudi-arabia-masses-150-000-troops-support-airstrikes-yemen-n330416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW_2015-11-26_WMT-278"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW_2015-11-26_WMT_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/node/283702">"What Military Target Was in My Brother's House – Unlawful Coalition Airstrikes in Yemen"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Gulf+Coalition+Operations+in+Yemen+%28Part+1%29%3A+The+Ground+War&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft.au=Almeida%2C+Alex%3B+Knights%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fgulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-1-ground-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnights,_Michael2016" class="citation web cs1">Knights, Michael (25 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/gulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-2-air-war">"Gulf Coalition Operations in Yemen (Part 2): The Air War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" title="The Washington Institute for Near East Policy">The Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204200459/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/gulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-2-air-war">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024. 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The World's Most Repressive Societies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024180123/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/Worst%20of%20the%20Worst%202010.pdf">Archived</a> 24 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. freedomhouse.org </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/saudi-arabia/report-saudi-arabia/">"SAUDI ARABIA 2016/2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175129/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/saudi-arabia/report-saudi-arabia/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2017. 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Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+the+U.S.+Are+More+Than+Just+Oil+and+Water&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft.aulast=GFOELLER&rft.aufirst=MICHAEL&rft.au=RUNDELL%2C+DAVID+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fsaudi-arabia-us-are-more-just-oil-water-opinion-1804607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44576795.amp">"Saudi Arabia's ban on women driving officially ends"</a>. 23 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+ban+on+women+driving+officially+ends&rft.date=2018-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-44576795.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factbook-308"><a href="#cite_ref-factbook_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208041651/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2196.html">"Trafficking In Persons"</a>. cia.gov. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. 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Retrieved 4 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=Trafficking+In+Persons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2Fprint_2196.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/5826/2022/en/">"Saudi Arabia: "It's like we are not human": Forced returns, abhorrent detention conditions of Ethiopian migrants in Saudi Arabia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 16 December 2022. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314062320/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/5826/2022/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024. <q>Under Saudi Arabia's repressive sponsorship (kafala) system, migrant workers are only able to obtain a work permit or residency through an employer, and they are only able to terminate their contracts or change employers under certain conditions without the consent of their employer. Those who lose their residency status, either because they leave their jobs without the consent of the employer or overstay their work permits, and those who are unable to find employment in the formal sector are at risk of arbitrary detention, deportation to their home country by the authorities, as well as abuses such as forced labour and physical and sexual assault.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+%22It%27s+like+we+are+not+human%22%3A+Forced+returns%2C+abhorrent+detention+conditions+of+Ethiopian+migrants+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2022-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fmde23%2F5826%2F2022%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-arabia-prince-accused-modern-day-slavery-french-prosecutors">"French prosecutors probe slavery claims against Saudi prince"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Eye" title="Middle East Eye">Middle East Eye</a>. 6 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314062320/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-arabia-prince-accused-modern-day-slavery-french-prosecutors">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024. <q>Human rights groups have often criticised Saudi Arabia's kafala system, a policy they say is exploitative and a form of modern slavery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=French+prosecutors+probe+slavery+claims+against+Saudi+prince&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fsaudi-arabia-prince-accused-modern-day-slavery-french-prosecutors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-311"><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 August 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-undp-314"><a href="#cite_ref-undp_314-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528085109/http://arabstates.undp.org/subpage.php?spid=31&sscid=142">"Saudi Arabia's first step towards clean energy technologies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabstates.undp.org/subpage.php?spid=31&sscid=142">the original</a> on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+first+step+towards+clean+energy+technologies&rft.pub=UNDP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farabstates.undp.org%2Fsubpage.php%3Fspid%3D31%26sscid%3D142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalamir_Coşkun,_Bezen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Balamir Coşkun, Bezen (Winter 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401102351/http://www.uidergisi.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Global-Energy-Geopolitics-and-Iran.pdf">"Global Energy Geopolitics and Iran"</a> (PDF). Uluslararası İlişkiler. 5 (20): 179–201. 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Bloomberg.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+Sees+Higher+Oil+Revenue+as+OPEC+Cuts+Boost+Prices&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft.au=By+Nayla+Razzouk+and+Claudia+Carpenter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-12-19%2Fsaudi-arabia-sees-higher-oil-revenue-as-opec-cuts-boost-prices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oec.world/en/profile/country/sau/">"OEC – Saudi Arabia (SAU) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners"</a>. oec.world. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oec.world&rft.atitle=OEC+%E2%80%93+Saudi+Arabia+%28SAU%29+Exports%2C+Imports%2C+and+Trade+Partners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foec.world%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fcountry%2Fsau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coy-employ-319"><a href="#cite_ref-coy-employ_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoy,_Peter2014" class="citation journal cs1">Coy, Peter (16 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717192344/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-07-16/can-online-classes-fix-saudi-arabias-broken-labor-market">"Online Education Targets Saudi Arabia's Labor Problem, Starting With Women"</a>. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-07-16/can-online-classes-fix-saudi-arabias-broken-labor-market">the original</a> on 17 July 2014. <q>Saudi citizens account for two-thirds of employment in the high-paying, comfortable public sector, but only one-fifth of employment in the more dynamic private sector, according to the International Monetary Fund (PDF).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=Online+Education+Targets+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Labor+Problem%2C+Starting+With+Women&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.au=Coy%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Farticles%2F2014-07-16%2Fcan-online-classes-fix-saudi-arabias-broken-labor-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDowall-320"><a href="#cite_ref-McDowall_320-0">^</a> Economists "estimate only 30–40 percent of working-age Saudis hold jobs or actively seek work," the official employment rate of around 12 percent notwithstanding: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall2014" class="citation news cs1">McDowall, Angus (19 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/2014/01/20/Saudi-Arabiya-doubles-number-of-citizens-in-private-sector-jobs.html">"Saudi Arabia doubles private sector jobs in 30-month period"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+doubles+private+sector+jobs+in+30-month+period&rft.date=2014-01-19&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fbusiness%2F2014%2F01%2F20%2FSaudi-Arabiya-doubles-number-of-citizens-in-private-sector-jobs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HT2009:_150-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HT2009:_150_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HT2009:_150_321-1">b</a> <a href="#HT2009">Tripp, Culture Shock, 2009</a>: p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122123445/http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/crudeoilreserves.xls">"Crude Oil Reserves"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/crudeoilreserves.xls">the original</a> on 22 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crude+Oil+Reserves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Fpub%2Finternational%2Fiealf%2Fcrudeoilreserves.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Simmons" title="Matthew Simmons">Simmons, Matthew</a> (2005) [10 June 2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twilightindesert00simm_0">Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-73876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-73876-3"><bdi>978-0-471-73876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+in+the+Desert%3A+The+Coming+Saudi+Oil+Shock+and+the+World+Economy&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-471-73876-3&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwilightindesert00simm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aluwaisheg-324"><a href="#cite_ref-Aluwaisheg_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdel_Aziz_Aluwaisheg2014" class="citation journal cs1">Abdel Aziz Aluwaisheg (29 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/news/464657">"When privatization goes wrong"</a>. Arab News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=When+privatization+goes+wrong&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft.au=Abdel+Aziz+Aluwaisheg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnews%2F464657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-house-161-325"><a href="#cite_ref-house-161_325-0">^</a> <a href="#House">House</a>, p. 161: "Over the past decade, the government has announced one plan after another to 'Saudize' the economy, but to no avail. The foreign workforce grows, and so does unemployment among Saudis. .... The previous plan called for slashing unemployment to 2.8% only to see it rise to 10.5% in 2009, the end of that plan period. Government plans in Saudi are like those in the old Soviet Union, grandiose but unmet. (Also, as in the old Soviet Union, nearly all Saudi official statistics are unreliable, so economists believe the real Saudi unemployment rate is closer to 40%)" </li> <li id="cite_note-Modarresi-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Modarresi_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Modarresi" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_al-Modarresi" title="Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi">Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi</a> (26 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf">The Laws of Islam</a> (PDF). Enlight Press. p. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9942409-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9942409-8-9"><bdi>978-0-9942409-8-9</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudigazette&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+population+crosses+32+million%2C+census+results+show&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudigazette.com.sa%2Farticle%2F632956%2FSAUDI-ARABIA%2FSaudi-Arabias-population-crosses-32-million-census-results-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/stats_saudi/status/1663858269553668096?s=46&t=H4EEcLIw0913BHpEdhZ33w">"@stats_saudi"</a>. Twitter. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=%40stats_saudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fstats_saudi%2Fstatus%2F1663858269553668096%3Fs%3D46%26t%3DH4EEcLIw0913BHpEdhZ33w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA2-373">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2_373-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2_373-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/">"The World Factbook: Saudi Arabia"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 21 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiollet2021" class="citation journal cs1">Thiollet, Hélène (2 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03329591">"Migrants and monarchs: regime survival, state transformation and migration politics in Saudi Arabia"</a>. Third World Quarterly. 43 (7): 1645–1665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436597.2021.1948325">10.1080/01436597.2021.1948325</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238794883">238794883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Migrants+and+monarchs%3A+regime+survival%2C+state+transformation+and+migration+politics+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1645-1665&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436597.2021.1948325&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238794883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thiollet&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-03329591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507035406/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm">"World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm">the original</a> on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects%3A+The+2010+Revision&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwpp%2Funpp%2FPanel_profiles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-long-27-376"><a href="#cite_ref-long-27_376-0">^</a> <a href="#Long">Long</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> One journalist states that 51% of the Saudi population is under the age of 25: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryle_Murphy2012" class="citation web cs1">Caryle Murphy (7 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2012/02/saudi-arabias-youth-and-the-kingdoms-future/">"Saudi Arabia's Youth and the Kingdom's Future"</a>. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars' Environmental Change and Security Program.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Youth+and+the+Kingdom%27s+Future&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars%27+Environmental+Change+and+Security+Program&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.au=Caryle+Murphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsecuritybeat.org%2F2012%2F02%2Fsaudi-arabias-youth-and-the-kingdoms-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> Two other sources state that 60% is under the age of 21: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/21548973">"Out of the comfort zone"</a>. The Economist. 3 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+comfort+zone&rft.date=2012-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21548973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988">, <a href="#House">House</a>, p. 221 </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/">"Saudi Arabia"</a>. The World Factbook. Cia.gov. 8 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214002857/https://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mecca_3882.jsp">"Mecca: Islam's cosmopolitan heart"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mecca_3882.jsp">the original</a> on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2014. <q>The Hijaz is the largest, most populated, and most culturally and religiously diverse region of Saudi Arabia, in large part because it was the traditional host area of all the pilgrims to Mecca, many of whom settled and intermarried there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mecca%3A+Islam%27s+cosmopolitan+heart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Ffaith-europe_islam%2Fmecca_3882.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115051640/http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf">"Saudi Arabia Population Statistics 2011 (Arabic)"</a> (PDF). p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Population+Statistics+2011+%28Arabic%29&rft.pages=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.relooney.info%2FSI_Milken-Arabia%2F0-Important_14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <a href="#House">House</a>, p. 69: "Most Saudis only two generations ago eked out a subsistence living in rural provinces, but ... urbanization over the past 40 years [so now] .... fully 80% of Saudis now live in one of the country's three major urban centers – Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam." </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <a href="#HT2003">Tripp, Culture Shock, 2003</a>: p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> Willem Adriaan Veenhoven and Winifred Crum Ewing (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tIfYPppdbeYC&pg=PA452">Case studies on human rights and fundamental freedoms: a world survey</a>, Brill, p. 452. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1779-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1779-8">978-90-247-1779-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-384"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_384-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_8.shtml">"Religion & Ethics – Islam and slavery: Abolition"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+%26+Ethics+%E2%80%93+Islam+and+slavery%3A+Abolition&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fslavery_8.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-385"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_385-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201010846/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160">"Slavery"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160">the original</a> on 1 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblackhistory%2Farticle-24160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206134021/http://www.arriyadh.com/Eng/Ab-Arriyad/Content/getdocument.aspx?f=%2Fopenshare%2FEng%2FAb-Arriyad%2FContent%2FRiyadh-in-year-2013.doc_cvt.htm">"About ArRiyadh"</a>. High Commission for the Development of Ar-Riyadh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arriyadh.com/Eng/Ab-Arriyad/Content/getdocument.aspx?f=%2Fopenshare%2FEng%2FAb-Arriyad%2FContent%2FRiyadh-in-year-2013.doc_cvt.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=High+Commission+for+the+Development+of+Ar-Riyadh&rft.atitle=About+ArRiyadh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arriyadh.com%2FEng%2FAb-Arriyad%2FContent%2Fgetdocument.aspx%3Ff%3D%252Fopenshare%252FEng%252FAb-Arriyad%252FContent%252FRiyadh-in-year-2013.doc_cvt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastern_Region-387">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_387-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_387-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_387-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_387-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_387-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_387-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531183625/https://data.gov.sa/en/node/65/download">"Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Eastern Region, 2013 A.D."</a> Stats.gov.sa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data.gov.sa/en/node/65/download">the original</a> on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+%28Saudi+and+Non+Saudi%29+in+Governorates+of+Eastern+Region%2C+2013+A.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gov.sa%2Fen%2Fnode%2F65%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah-388">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah_388-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah_388-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah_388-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah_388-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302154408/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/cdsi_data/yb50/Tabels/Chapter2/Table2-3.htm">"Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Makkah Al-Mokarramah Region, 2014 A.D."</a> Stats.gov.sa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/cdsi_data/yb50/Tabels/Chapter2/Table2-3.htm">the original</a> on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+%28Saudi+and+Non+Saudi%29+in+Governorates+of+Makkah+Al-Mokarramah+Region%2C+2014+A.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.sa%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcdsi_data%2Fyb50%2FTabels%2FChapter2%2FTable2-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aseer-389">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aseer_389-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aseer_389-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531183622/https://data.gov.sa/en/node/61/download">"Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Aseer Region, 2013 A.D."</a> Stats.gov.sa. 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Countries with More Than 100,000 Shia Muslims"</a>. Pew Forum. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2015. <q>Saudi Arabia ... 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Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2015. <q>Small but potentially powerful Shiite are found throughout the Gulf States ... 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href="https://x.com/SaudiMOH/status/1312783064595079170">"سمو أمير منطقة #الباحة يتسلم شهادة #المندق الصحية من معالي وزير الصحة بعد تصنيفها كمدينة صحية لتنضم إلى قائمة المدن الصحية العالمية المعتمدة من منظمة الصحة العالمية. وكانت كل من #الدرعية و #جلاجل و #الجموم و #عنيزة و #رياض_الخبراء قد أعلن عنها سابقًا كمدن صحية"</a> [His Highness, the Emir of Al-Baha region, receives the Al-Mandaq health certificate from His Excellency the Minister of Health after classifying it as a healthy city to join the list of global healthy cities approved by the World Health Organization. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4992-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4992-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-4992-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Rights+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+Citizenship+and+Justice&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4992-0&rft.aulast=Doumato&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5spje12_is4C%26q%3DOnly%252520a%252520muslim%252520can%252520be%252520a%252520saudi%252520citizen%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.boe.gov.sa/BoeLaws/Laws/LawDetails/d9f183b6-3afc-4405-834f-a9a700f18571/1">"تفاصيل النظام"</a>. laws.boe.gov.sa. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws.boe.gov.sa&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws.boe.gov.sa%2FBoeLaws%2FLaws%2FLawDetails%2Fd9f183b6-3afc-4405-834f-a9a700f18571%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> 2004 law passed by Saudi Arabia's Council of Ministers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=58980&d=14&m=2&y=2005">"Expatriates Can Apply for Saudi Citizenship in Two-to-Three Months"</a>. 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Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-057-4"><bdi>978-90-8728-057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharia+Incorporated%3A+A+Comparative+Overview+of+the+Legal+Systems+of+Twelve+Muslim+Countries+in+Past+and+Present&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-8728-057-4&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Jan+Michiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauschHeshmatiKaroui2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Tausch, Arno</a>; Heshmati, Almas; Karoui, Hichem (2015). The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world (1st ed.). New York: Nova Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8"><bdi>978-1-62948-899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+algebra+of+global+value+change.+General+models+and+implications+for+the+Muslim+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Nova+Science&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62948-899-8&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft.au=Heshmati%2C+Almas&rft.au=Karoui%2C+Hichem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"> Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290349218_The_political_algebra_of_global_value_change_General_models_and_implications_for_the_Muslim_world">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Tausch, Arno</a> (2021). The Future of the Gulf Region: Value Change and Global Cycles. Gulf Studies, Volume 2, edited by Prof. Mizanur Rahman, Qatar University (1st ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-78298-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-78298-6"><bdi>978-3-030-78298-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Gulf+Region%3A+Value+Change+and+Global+Cycles.+Gulf+Studies%2C+Volume+2%2C+edited+by+Prof.+Mizanur+Rahman%2C+Qatar+University&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-030-78298-6&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988">, especially Chapter 8: Saudi Arabia—Religion, Gender, and the Desire for Democracy. In: The Future of the Gulf Region. Gulf Studies, vol 2. Springer, Cham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78299-3_8">The Future of the Gulf Region: Value Change and Global Cycles</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="HT2009" class="citation book cs1">Tripp, Harvey; North, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/CultureShockSaudiArabia/Culture%20Shock!%20Saudi%20Arabia_djvu.txt">CultureShock! A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Saudi Arabia</a> (3rd ed.). Marshall Cavendish.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CultureShock%21+A+Survival+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette.+Saudi+Arabia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=North%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FCultureShockSaudiArabia%2FCulture%2520Shock%21%2520Saudi%2520Arabia_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="HT2003" class="citation book cs1">Tripp, Harvey; North, Peter (2003). Culture Shock, Saudi Arabia. A Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Singapore; Portland, Oregon: Times Media Private Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Shock%2C+Saudi+Arabia.+A+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette&rft.place=Singapore%3B+Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Times+Media+Private+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=North%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Saudi Arabia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi_Arabia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Saudi Arabia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" class="extiw" title="q:Saudi Arabia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi_Arabia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Saudi Arabia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi_Arabia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Saudi Arabia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Comparative_law_and_justice/Saudi_Arabia" class="extiw" title="v:Comparative law and justice/Saudi Arabia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" class="extiw" title="voy:Saudi Arabia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851" class="extiw" title="d:Q851">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudi.gov.sa/">Saudi Arabia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930005408/https://www.saudi.gov.sa/">Archived</a> 30 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> official government website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/">Saudi Arabia</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14702705">Saudi Arabia profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Saudi Arabia">Wikimedia Atlas of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=saudiarabia">Saudi Arabia</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SA">Key Development Forecasts for Saudi Arabia</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template talk:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saudi_Arabia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Early Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Modern history of Saudi Arabia">Modern history</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="567" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:Borders of Saudi Arabia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Climate of Saudi Arabia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of earthquakes in Saudi Arabia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of governorates of Saudi Arabia">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mountains in Saudi Arabia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Provinces of Saudi Arabia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of wadis of Saudi Arabia">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Wildlife of Saudi Arabia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_Council" title="Allegiance Council">Allegiance Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith (secret police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="National Security Council (Saudi Arabia)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.95em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Elections in Saudi Arabia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Judiciary of Saudi Arabia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">Mutaween (religious police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_passport" title="Saudi passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visa policy of Saudi Arabia">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Saudi Arabia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Army" title="Saudi Arabian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Navy" title="Royal Saudi Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Saudi Air Defense">Air Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Strategic_Missile_Force" title="Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force">Strategic Missile Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard" title="Saudi Arabian National Guard">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_General_Staff" title="Chairman of the General Staff">Chairman of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Presidency" title="General Staff Presidency">General Staff Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">General Intelligence Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_military_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian military ranks">Military ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of companies of Saudi Arabia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Market_Authority_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Capital Market Authority (Saudi Arabia)">Capital Market Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_and_Development_Affairs_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Economic and Development Affairs (Saudi Arabia)">Council of Economic and Development Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">History of the oil industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">Foreign workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Irrigation in Saudi Arabia">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Riyal (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Central_Bank" title="Saudi Central Bank">Saudi Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Economic_Council_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Supreme Economic Council of Saudi Arabia">Supreme Economic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadawul" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadawul">Tadawul (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tourism in Saudi Arabia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Transport in Saudi Arabia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rail transport in Saudi Arabia">rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Society of Saudi Arabia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crime in Saudi Arabia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Youth in Saudi Arabia">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_racial_discrimination_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and racial discrimination in Saudi Arabia">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Libraries in Saudi Arabia">libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia">universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Health care in Saudi Arabia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Obesity in Saudi Arabia">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Polygamy in Saudi Arabia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prostitution in Saudi Arabia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Response of Saudi Arabia to ISIL">response to ISIL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_art" title="Saudi Arabian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visual arts in Saudi Arabia">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Saudi Arabia">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Television in Saudi Arabia">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Public holidays in Saudi Arabia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sport in Saudi Arabia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Football in Saudi Arabia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Saudi Arabia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Heritage in Saudi Arabia">Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="National symbols of Saudi Arabia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Saudi Arabia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Outline of Saudi Arabia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Saudi Arabia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Saudi_Arabia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Saudi_Arabia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Saudi Arabia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">North Syria Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template talk:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Denkalya_subregion" title="Southern Denkalya subregion">Southern Denkalya subregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai Governorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Template:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.3em 0; line-height:2.2em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indianocean.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Indian Ocean"><img alt="Map of the Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/100px-Indianocean.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/150px-Indianocean.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/200px-Indianocean.PNG 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gulf_Cooperation_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template talk:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulf_Cooperation_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf"><img alt="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="216" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Gas_Project" title="Dolphin Gas Project">Dolphin Gas Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Patent_Office" title="GCC Patent Office">GCC Patent Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Standardization_Organization" title="GCC Standardization Organization">GCC Standardization Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Arabian_Peninsula_Unity_Forum" title="Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum">Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Conformity_mark" title="Gulf Conformity mark">Gulf Conformity mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Organization_for_Industrial_Consulting" title="Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting">Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Railway" title="Gulf Railway">Gulf Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleeji_(currency)" title="Khaleeji (currency)">Khaleeji currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free-trade_agreements#Gulf_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilateral free-trade agreements">Bilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">Migrant workers in the GCC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_homosexuality_test" title="GCC homosexuality test">homosexuality test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workforce_nationalization" title="Workforce nationalization">Workforce nationalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geopolitical history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsula Shield Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_North_Thunder" title="Exercise North Thunder">Exercise North Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="Arabian Gulf Cup">Arabian Gulf Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Futsal_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup">Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_rugby_union_team" title="Arabian Gulf rugby union team">Arabian Gulf rugby team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Club_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="GCC Club Cup">GCC Club Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Games" title="GCC Games">GCC Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_GCC_Games" title="2011 GCC Games">2011 Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships">GCC Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Ice_Hockey_Championship" title="Gulf Ice Hockey Championship">Gulf Ice Hockey Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-17_Championship" title="GCC U-17 Championship">GCC U-17 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-19_Championship" title="GCC U-19 Championship">GCC U-19 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-23_Championship" title="GCC U-23 Championship">GCC U-23 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Volleyball_Club_Championship" title="GCC Volleyball Club Championship">GCC Volleyball Club Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Youth_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Youth Athletics Championships">GCC Youth Athletics Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Category:Gulf Cooperation Council">Category:Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000040402371X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/164965477">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210372/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxhjWXkTDX9PGTcmRhT73">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4051788-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80131611">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862266w">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930929p">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15284074c">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862266w">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930929p">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15284074c">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570240">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130753&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455680">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=10734">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm133bb70b96fmb">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2806">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559620505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/9705be0d-51fb-3990-8726-ec9f56c66ba0">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/69c4c9ac-6320-461f-9af9-383f776eeb09">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/sYMLeO4z">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027219631">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003425">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035778">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/suudi-arabistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saudi_Arabia&params=24_N_45_E_type:country_region:SA">24°N 45°E / 24°N 45°E / 24; 45</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&oldid=1259238618">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&oldid=1259238618</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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[\"CITEREFAlli2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmeida,_Alex;_Knights,_Michael2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonWilliam_Bayne_Fisher2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrea_Dworkin1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthony2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmitageJasimMarksParker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssegaf2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakri2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalamir_Coşkun,_Bezen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandow2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarenek2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasheer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeehner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackTisdall2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanchard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlankinship1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBligh,_Alexander1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorgerMcGrealFinn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownZelalem2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurbachClarke2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBy_Nayla_Razzouk_and_Claudia_Carpenter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallaway2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCaryl2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaryle_Murphy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlain2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterji,_Nikshoy_C.1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChulob2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChulov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommins2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordesman2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCordesman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoy,_Peter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDadouch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDankowitz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_E._Long2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemick2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoumato2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyrness,_W.A.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Clifford2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-GamalAmy_Myers_Jaffe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElKholy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllen_Wulfhorst2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaksh1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarag2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarsy1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederal_Research_Division2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedom_House2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFroesePauly,_Daniel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGFOELLERRUNDELL2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillett2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimm2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrinberg_and_Hallam2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandrahan_LM2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHariri-RifaiHariri-Rifai1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisMewsMorrisShepherd1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHefner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHefner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltner2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolden1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHourani2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse,_Karen_Elliott2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIISS2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Ghannam1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJambi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennifer_Bond_ReedLange2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoy_Winkie_Viola1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuan_Eduardo_Campo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuan_Ricardo_Cole2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudas,_J.Paillat,_P.Khoja,_A.Boug,_A.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaim2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamrava2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalilzad2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhetani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhulusi1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrick2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnights,_Michael2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrastev2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._Gardet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLake2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLearsy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress,_Federal_Research_Division2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsay2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Jane_Davis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadawi_Al_Rasheed1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazzettiHubbard2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowall2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehio2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichigan_Consortium_for_Medieval_and_Early_Modern_Studies1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMietheLu,_Hong2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirazon_Lahr,_M.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamad_Riad_El-Ghonemy1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMordechai2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMostyn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa_Abu_Sway\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMénoret2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNader1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadworny2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNick2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNisrine_Abiad2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoreng2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowell,_K.Jackson,_P.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyrop2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObaid1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_Collin,_L._Martin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttaway2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP.K._Abdul_Ghafour2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollak,_Nadav;_Knights,_Michael2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProchazka2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Hrair_Dekmejian1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRYOT2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabasa,_AngelBenard,_CherylChalk,_Peter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichl2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbers2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrigo_Basco,_Andrea_Calabrò,_Albert_E._James,_Jeremy_Cheng,_Luis_Díaz_Matajira,_Nupur_Pavan_Bang,_Georges_Samara2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRon_Eduard_Hassner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScerriFrouinBreezeArmitage2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlager,_WeisblattA._Faksh,_Hendrickson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShalhoub2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiliotti2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoldatkin,_VladimirAstrasheuskaya,_Nastassia2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpalton,_J.A.Al-Hikmani,_H.M.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrohecker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSylvia2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaagepera1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTauschHeshmatiKaroui2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiollet2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToby_Craig_Jones2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerPriscilla_Mary_Roberts205\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurak2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnattributed2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_Microfilms2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValerie_Anishchenkova2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent,_Peter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWatson,_Mark2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWezemanKuimova2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitaker2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiktorowicz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkerson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Gordon_East1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson,_Peter_W.Graham,_Douglas1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWippel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynbrandt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynbrandtGerges2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFal-Kibsi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-OmarHubbard2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Qudaihi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Suhaimy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFsyedjaffar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFالحيدري2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFجريدة_الرياض\"] = 1,\n [\"HT2003\"] = 1,\n [\"HT2009\"] = 1,\n [\"Hegghammer\"] = 1,\n [\"House\"] = 1,\n [\"Long\"] = 1,\n [\"Malbouisson\"] = 1,\n [\"Modarresi\"] = 1,\n [\"Otto\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 33,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 119,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 89,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 235,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 6,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories of the Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries bordering the Persian Gulf\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries bordering the Red Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 11,\n [\"Dead YouTube link\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"Gaps\"] = 32,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Gulf Cooperation Council\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 9,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 26,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 3,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Registration required\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Saudi Arabia Prv\"] = 1,\n [\"Saudi Arabia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Shanghai Cooperation Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 5,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 3,\n [\"Undue weight\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 18,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","540","16.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","6.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","200","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","200","6.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","4.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","2.5"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","60","1.9"],["[others]","1120","35.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5676f668c8-rnbcc","timestamp":"20241126203424","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saudi_Arabia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q851","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q851","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-27T18:41:54Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T03:21:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0d\/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg","headline":"A kingdom in West Asia"}</script> </body> </html>