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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watersheds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watersheds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Watersheds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watersheds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Elevation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Notable features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geologic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_and_meteorology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_and_meteorology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate and meteorology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_meteorology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_European-American_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_European-American_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Initial European-American exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_European-American_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold_rush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_rush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Gold rush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_rush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thorough_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thorough_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Thorough exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thorough_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Logging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sierra Nevada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Verenigde_State)" title="Sierra Nevada (Verenigde State) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Verenigde State)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="سييرا نيفادا (الولايات المتحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سييرا نيفادا (الولايات المتحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syerra-Nevada_(AB%C5%9E)" title="Syerra-Nevada (ABŞ) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Syerra-Nevada (ABŞ)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE" title="সিয়েরা নেভাদা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিয়েরা নেভাদা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D2%A0%D0%A8)" title="Сьерра-Невада (АҠШ) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сьерра-Невада (АҠШ)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Сьера-Невада (ЗША) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сьера-Невада (ЗША)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9)" title="Сиера Невада (САЩ) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сиера Невада (САЩ)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Stado%C3%B9-Unanet)" title="Sierra Nevada (Stadoù-Unanet) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Stadoù-Unanet)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Estats_Units)" title="Sierra Nevada (Estats Units) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Estats Units)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(kabukiran_sa_Tinipong_Bansa)" title="Sierra Nevada (kabukiran sa Tinipong Bansa) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sierra Nevada (kabukiran sa Tinipong Bansa)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(USA)" title="Sierra Nevada (USA) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sierra Nevada (USA)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Unol_Daleithiau)" title="Sierra Nevada (Unol Daleithiau) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Unol Daleithiau)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(USA)" title="Sierra Nevada (USA) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sierra Nevada (USA)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Vereinigte_Staaten)" title="Sierra Nevada (Vereinigte Staaten) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Vereinigte Staaten)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(USA)" title="Sierra Nevada (USA) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sierra Nevada (USA)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Σιέρρα Νεβάδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιέρρα Νεβάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Sierra Nevada (Estados Unidos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Usono)" title="Sierra Nevada (Usono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Usono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(AEB)" title="Sierra Nevada (AEB) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sierra Nevada (AEB)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="سیرا نوادا (ایالات متحده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیرا نوادا (ایالات متحده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Sierra Nevada (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sierra Nevada (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Feriene_Steaten)" title="Sierra Nevada (Feriene Steaten) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Feriene Steaten)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(S.A.M)" title="Sierra Nevada (S.A.M) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sierra Nevada (S.A.M)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanntan_Sierra_Nevada" title="Beanntan Sierra Nevada – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beanntan Sierra Nevada" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Nevada,_Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Serra Nevada, Estados Unidos de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Serra Nevada, Estados Unidos de América" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%97%90%EB%9D%BC%EB%84%A4%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A4%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5_(%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD)" title="시에라네바다산맥 (미국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시에라네바다산맥 (미국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1_%D5%86%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1_(%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80)" title="Սիեռա Նևադա (Կորդիլիերաներ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիեռա Նևադա (Կորդիլիերաներ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(planinski_lanac_u_SAD-u)" title="Sierra Nevada (planinski lanac u SAD-u) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sierra Nevada (planinski lanac u SAD-u)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(AS)" title="Sierra Nevada (AS) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sierra Nevada (AS)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Bandar%C3%ADkin)" title="Sierra Nevada (Bandaríkin) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Bandaríkin)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Sierra Nevada (Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Stati Uniti d'America)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%93%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="סיירה נבדה (ארצות הברית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיירה נבדה (ארצות הברית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90-%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8)" title="სიერა-ნევადა (აშშ) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიერა-ნევადა (აშშ)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sierra Nevada" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Nivata" title="Serra Nivata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Serra Nivata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjerranevada_(ASV)" title="Sjerranevada (ASV) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sjerranevada (ASV)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera_Nevada_(JAV)" title="Siera Nevada (JAV) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Siera Nevada (JAV)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(USA)" title="Sierra Nevada (USA) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sierra Nevada (USA)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1" title="സിയേറ നെവാഡ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിയേറ നെവാഡ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="सियेरा नेव्हाडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सियेरा नेव्हाडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="سييرا نيفادا (سلسله جبليه فى امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سييرا نيفادا (سلسله جبليه فى امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Amerika_Syarikat)" title="Sierra Nevada (Amerika Syarikat) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Amerika Syarikat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Verenigde_Staten)" title="Sierra Nevada (Verenigde Staten) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Verenigde Staten)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8D%E3%83%90%E3%83%80%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD)" title="シエラネバダ山脈 (アメリカ合衆国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シエラネバダ山脈 (アメリカ合衆国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(USA)" title="Sierra Nevada (USA) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sierra Nevada (USA)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(USA)" title="Sierra Nevada (USA) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sierra Nevada (USA)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_i_USA" title="Sierra Nevada i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sierra Nevada i USA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Estats_Units)" title="Sierra Nevada (Estats Units) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Estats Units)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(AQSh)" title="Sierra Nevada (AQSh) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sierra Nevada (AQSh)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%81)" title="سیرانیوادا (امریکہ) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیرانیوادا (امریکہ)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Stany_Zjednoczone)" title="Sierra Nevada (Stany Zjednoczone) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Stany Zjednoczone)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Nevada_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Serra Nevada (Estados Unidos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serra Nevada (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(SUA)" title="Sierra Nevada (SUA) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sierra Nevada (SUA)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Сьерра-Невада (США) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сьерра-Невада (США)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(SHBA)" title="Sierra Nevada (SHBA) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sierra Nevada (SHBA)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(US)" title="Sierra Nevada (US) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sierra Nevada (US)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(USA)" title="Sierra Nevada (USA) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sierra Nevada (USA)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94)" title="Сијера Невада (САД) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сијера Невада (САД)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(SAD)" title="Sierra Nevada (SAD) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sierra Nevada (SAD)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Yhdysvallat)" title="Sierra Nevada (Yhdysvallat) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Yhdysvallat)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(USA)" title="Sierra Nevada (USA) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sierra Nevada (USA)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE)" title="சியேரா நிவாடா (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியேரா நிவாடா (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri)" title="Sierra Nevada (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Сьєрра-Невада (США) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сьєрра-Невада (США)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3)" title="Sierra Nevada (Hoa Kỳ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sierra Nevada (Hoa Kỳ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada,_Estados_Unidos" title="Sierra Nevada, Estados Unidos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sierra Nevada, Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%8D%8E%E8%BE%BE%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89%EF%BC%88%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="内华达山脉（美国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="内华达山脉（美国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%8F%AF%E9%81%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="內華達山脈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="內華達山脈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%8F%AF%E9%81%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="內華達山脈 (美國) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="內華達山脈 (美國)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26777#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sierra_Nevada&params=38_00_N_119_30_W_region:US-CA_type:mountain_source:NGS_scale:3218680"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">119°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.000°N 119.500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.000; -119.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada (U.S.)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain range in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sierra Nevada (disambiguation)">Sierra Nevada (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Range of Light" redirects here. For the S. Carey album, see <a href="/wiki/Range_of_Light_(album)" title="Range of Light (album)"><i>Range of Light</i> (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Sierra Nevada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Nevada_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sierra_Nevada_aerial.jpg/224px-Sierra_Nevada_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sierra_Nevada_aerial.jpg/336px-Sierra_Nevada_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sierra_Nevada_aerial.jpg/448px-Sierra_Nevada_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="4212" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">The Sierra's Mills Creek cirque (center) is on the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Crest" title="Sierra Crest">Sierra Crest</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Mono_Lake" title="Mono Lake">Mono Lake</a> (top, blue).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney" title="Mount Whitney">Mount Whitney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,505 ft (4,421 m)<sup id="cite_ref-ngs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sierra_Nevada&params=36_34_42.9_N_118_17_31.2_W_region:US-CA_type:mountain_source:NGS"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°34′42.9″N</span> <span class="longitude">118°17′31.2″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.578583°N 118.292000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.578583; -118.292000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">400 mi (640 km) north-south from <a href="/wiki/Fredonyer_Pass" title="Fredonyer Pass">Fredonyer Pass</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Pass" title="Tehachapi Pass">Tehachapi Pass</a><sup id="cite_ref-sneco_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneco-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">80 mi (130 km)<sup id="cite_ref-width_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-width-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">24,370 sq mi (63,100 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-gap_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gap-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1777: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nevada" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:nevada">snowy</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sierra" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sierra">mountain range</a>"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>the Sierra</li><li>the High Sierra</li><li>Range of Light (1894, <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Muir_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muir-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SierraNevada-Range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/SierraNevada-Range.svg/200px-SierraNevada-Range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/SierraNevada-Range.svg/300px-SierraNevada-Range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/SierraNevada-Range.svg/400px-SierraNevada-Range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div>Position of Sierra Nevada inside California</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">States</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>California</li><li>Nevada</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Range coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sierra_Nevada&params=38_00_N_119_30_W_region:US-CA_type:mountain_source:NGS_scale:3218680"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">119°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.000°N 119.500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.000; -119.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mesozoic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">Rock types</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>batholith</li><li>igneous</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sierra Nevada</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">see-<span style="font-size:90%">ERR</span>-ə nih-<span style="font-size:90%">VA(H)D</span>-ə</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley of California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a>. The vast majority of the range lies in the state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/Carson_Range" title="Carson Range">Carson Range</a> spur lies primarily in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. The Sierra Nevada is part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Cordillera" title="American Cordillera">American Cordillera</a>, an almost continuous chain of mountain ranges that forms the western "backbone" of the Americas. </p><p>The Sierra runs 400 mi (640 km) north-south, and its width ranges from 50 mi (80 km) to 80 mi (130 km) across east–west.<sup id="cite_ref-width_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-width-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable features include <a href="/wiki/General_Sherman_(tree)" title="General Sherman (tree)">General Sherman</a>, the largest tree in the world by volume; <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Alpine_lake" title="Alpine lake">alpine lake</a> in North America; <a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney" title="Mount Whitney">Mount Whitney</a> at 14,505 ft (4,421 m),<sup id="cite_ref-ngs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the highest point in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a> sculpted by glaciers from one-hundred-million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, containing <a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Yosemite_National_Park" title="List of waterfalls in Yosemite National Park">high waterfalls</a>. The Sierra is home to three <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>, twenty-six wilderness areas, ten national forests, and two national monuments. These areas include <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park">Sequoia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park">Kings Canyon National Parks</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Devils_Postpile_National_Monument" title="Devils Postpile National Monument">Devils Postpile National Monument</a>. </p><p>More than one hundred million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Nevadan_orogeny" title="Nevadan orogeny">Nevadan orogeny</a>, granite formed deep underground. The range started to <a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">uplift</a> less than five million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the range. The uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada, which are reflected by the presence of five <a href="/wiki/Life_zone" title="Life zone">life zones</a> (areas with similar plant and animal communities). Uplift continues due to faulting caused by tectonic forces, creating spectacular <a href="/wiki/Fault_block" title="Fault block">fault block</a> <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a> along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra. </p><p>The Sierra Nevada has played an important role in the history of California and the United States. The <a href="/wiki/California_gold_rush" title="California gold rush">California gold rush</a> occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855. Due to its inaccessibility, the range was not fully explored until 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-roper_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Nevada-terabass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sierra_Nevada-terabass.jpg/220px-Sierra_Nevada-terabass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sierra_Nevada-terabass.jpg/330px-Sierra_Nevada-terabass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sierra_Nevada-terabass.jpg/440px-Sierra_Nevada-terabass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Kearsarge Lakes Basin is named after the <a href="/wiki/USS_Kearsarge_(1861)" title="USS Kearsarge (1861)">USS Kearsarge</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Used in 1542 by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a> to describe a <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Coast Range</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains" title="Santa Cruz Mountains">Santa Cruz Mountains</a>), the term "Sierra Nevada" was a general identification of less familiar ranges toward the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1776, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Font" title="Pedro Font">Pedro Font</a>'s map applied the name to the range currently known as the Sierra Nevada.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The literal translation is "snowy mountains", from <i>sierra</i> "a range of mountains", 1610s, from Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sierra</i></span> "jagged mountain range", lit. "saw", from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">serra</i></span> "a saw"; and from fem. of Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">nevado</i></span> "snowy".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many mountain ranges are unanimously referred to in the plural (<a href="/wiki/The_Smokies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Smokies">Smokies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockies">Rockies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascades</a>, etc.), since <i>Sierra</i> is already pluralized in its native language, some locals who live in "the Sierra" are not hesitant to admonish those who refer to the area as "the Sierras".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are historical and literary references that use the plural, such as the 1871 collection of <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Miller" title="Joaquin Miller">Joaquin Miller</a> poems, <i>Songs of the Sierras</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a>, in response to a publication of his photographs under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Parmelian_Prints_of_the_High_Sierras" title="Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras">Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras</a></i>, commented, "The name <i>Sierra</i> is already a plural. To add an <i>s</i> is a linguistic, Californian, and mountaineering sin."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sierra Nevada lies primarily in <a href="/wiki/Central_California" title="Central California">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_California" title="Eastern California">Eastern California</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Carson_Range" title="Carson Range">Carson Range</a>, a small but historically important spur, extending into Nevada. West-to-east, the Sierra Nevada's elevation increases gradually from 500 feet (150 m) in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a><sup id="cite_ref-ecosubregions_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecosubregions-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to more than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) atop the highest peaks of its crest 50 to 75 miles (80 to 121 km) to the east. The east slope forms the steep Sierra <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">Escarpment</a>. Unlike its surroundings, the range receives a substantial amount of snowfall and precipitation due to <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">orographic lift</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting">Setting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sierra Nevada's irregular northern boundary stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Susan_River_(California)" title="Susan River (California)">Susan River</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fredonyer_Pass" title="Fredonyer Pass">Fredonyer Pass</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/North_Fork_Feather_River" title="North Fork Feather River">North Fork Feather River</a>. It represents where the granitic bedrock of the Sierra Nevada dives below the southern extent of <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> surface rock from the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is bounded on the west by <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>, on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a>, and on the southeast by the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>. The southern boundary is at <a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Pass" title="Tehachapi Pass">Tehachapi Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sneco_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneco-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physiographically, the Sierra is a section of the Cascade–Sierra Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States_Pacific_Mountain_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the United States Pacific Mountain System">Pacific Mountain System</a> <a href="/wiki/Physiographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiographic">physiographic</a> division. The California Geological Survey states that "the northern Sierra boundary is marked where bedrock disappears under the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> volcanic cover of the Cascade Range."<sup id="cite_ref-CGPNote36_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGPNote36-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watersheds">Watersheds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Watersheds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DanaFork.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/DanaFork.JPG/220px-DanaFork.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/DanaFork.JPG/330px-DanaFork.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/DanaFork.JPG/440px-DanaFork.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Sierra hosts many waterways, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_River" title="Tuolumne River">Tuolumne River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The range is drained on its western slope by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a> watershed, which discharges into the Pacific Ocean at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. The northern third of the western Sierra is part of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a> watershed (including the <a href="/wiki/Feather_River" title="Feather River">Feather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuba_River" title="Yuba River">Yuba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_River" title="American River">American River</a> tributaries), and the middle third is drained by the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_River" title="San Joaquin River">San Joaquin River</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Mokelumne_River" title="Mokelumne River">Mokelumne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_River" title="Stanislaus River">Stanislaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_River" title="Tuolumne River">Tuolumne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Merced_River" title="Merced River">Merced River</a> tributaries). The southern third of the range is drained by the <a href="/wiki/Kings_River_(California)" title="Kings River (California)">Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaweah_River" title="Kaweah River">Kaweah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tule_River" title="Tule River">Tule</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kern_River" title="Kern River">Kern</a> rivers, which flow into the <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tulare_Lake" title="Tulare Lake">Tulare Lake</a>, which rarely overflows into the San Joaquin during wet years. </p><p>The eastern slope watershed of the Sierra is much narrower; its rivers flow out into the endorheic <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> of eastern California and western <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. From north to south, the <a href="/wiki/Susan_River_(California)" title="Susan River (California)">Susan River</a> flows into intermittent <a href="/wiki/Honey_Lake" title="Honey Lake">Honey Lake</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Truckee_River" title="Truckee River">Truckee River</a> flows from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a> into <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Lake_(Nevada)" title="Pyramid Lake (Nevada)">Pyramid Lake</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carson_River" title="Carson River">Carson River</a> runs into <a href="/wiki/Carson_Sink" title="Carson Sink">Carson Sink</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walker_River" title="Walker River">Walker River</a> into <a href="/wiki/Walker_Lake_(Nevada)" title="Walker Lake (Nevada)">Walker Lake</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rush_Creek_(Mono_County,_California)" title="Rush Creek (Mono County, California)">Rush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Vining_Creek" title="Lee Vining Creek">Lee Vining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_(Mono_Lake)" title="Mill Creek (Mono Lake)">Mill</a> Creeks flow into <a href="/wiki/Mono_Lake" title="Mono Lake">Mono Lake</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Owens_River" title="Owens River">Owens River</a> into dry <a href="/wiki/Owens_Lake" title="Owens Lake">Owens Lake</a>. Although none of the eastern rivers reach the sea, many of the streams from Mono Lake southwards are diverted into the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Aqueduct" title="Los Angeles Aqueduct">Los Angeles Aqueduct</a> which provides water to <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation">Elevation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elevation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Whitney_September_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mount_Whitney_September_2009.JPG/220px-Mount_Whitney_September_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mount_Whitney_September_2009.JPG/330px-Mount_Whitney_September_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mount_Whitney_September_2009.JPG/440px-Mount_Whitney_September_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney" title="Mount Whitney">Mount Whitney</a>, the highest peak in the range and the contiguous United States</figcaption></figure> <p>The height of the mountains in the Sierra Nevada increases gradually from north to south. Between Fredonyer Pass and Lake Tahoe, the peaks range from 5,000 feet (1,500 m) to more than 9,000 feet (2,700 m). The crest near Lake Tahoe is roughly 9,000 feet (2,700 m) high, with several peaks approaching the height of <a href="/wiki/Freel_Peak" title="Freel Peak">Freel Peak</a> (10,881 ft or 3,317 m). Farther south, the highest peak in Yosemite National Park is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lyell_(California)" title="Mount Lyell (California)">Mount Lyell</a> (13,120 ft or 3,999 m). The Sierra rises to almost 14,000 feet (4,300 m) with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Humphreys" title="Mount Humphreys">Mount Humphreys</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bishop,_California" title="Bishop, California">Bishop, California</a>. Finally, near <a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine,_California" title="Lone Pine, California">Lone Pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney" title="Mount Whitney">Mount Whitney</a> is at 14,505 feet (4,421 m), the highest point in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>. </p><p>South of Mount Whitney, the elevation of the range quickly dwindles. The crest elevation is almost 10,000 feet (3,000 m) near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Isabella" title="Lake Isabella">Lake Isabella</a>, but south of the lake, the peaks reach only a modest 8,000 feet (2,400 m).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_features">Notable features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt._Tallac,_Lake_Tahoe,_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mt._Tallac%2C_Lake_Tahoe%2C_California.jpg/260px-Mt._Tallac%2C_Lake_Tahoe%2C_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mt._Tallac%2C_Lake_Tahoe%2C_California.jpg/390px-Mt._Tallac%2C_Lake_Tahoe%2C_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mt._Tallac%2C_Lake_Tahoe%2C_California.jpg/520px-Mt._Tallac%2C_Lake_Tahoe%2C_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tallac" title="Mount Tallac">Mount Tallac</a> above <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are several notable geographical features in the Sierra Nevada: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a> is a large, clear freshwater lake in the northern Sierra Nevada, with an elevation of 6,225 ft (1,897 m) and an area of 191 sq mi (490 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-tahoefacts_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tahoefacts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lake Tahoe lies between the main Sierra and the <a href="/wiki/Carson_Range" title="Carson Range">Carson Range</a>, a spur of the Sierra.<sup id="cite_ref-tahoefacts_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tahoefacts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetch Hetchy Valley">Hetch Hetchy Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park">Kings Canyon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kern_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kern Canyon">Kern Canyon</a> are examples of many glacially-scoured canyons on the west side of the Sierra.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a> is filled with notable features such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Yosemite_National_Park" title="List of waterfalls in Yosemite National Park">waterfalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granite_dome" title="Granite dome">granite domes</a>, high mountains, lakes, and meadows.</li> <li>Groves of <a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum">giant sequoias</a> <i>Sequoiadendron giganteum</i> occur along a narrow band of altitude on the western side of the Sierra Nevada. Giant sequoias are the largest trees in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Two of the largest rivers in California, which form the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a> and drain into <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>, derive most of their flow from the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. The northern of the two is the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a> (which also drains the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klamath_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Klamath Range">Klamath Range</a>); the southern one is the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_River" title="San Joaquin River">San Joaquin River</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communities">Communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communities in the Sierra Nevada include <a href="/wiki/Paradise,_California" title="Paradise, California">Paradise</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Lake_Tahoe,_California" title="South Lake Tahoe, California">South Lake Tahoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truckee,_California" title="Truckee, California">Truckee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grass_Valley,_California" title="Grass Valley, California">Grass Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Vining,_California" title="Lee Vining, California">Lee Vining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Lakes,_California" title="Mammoth Lakes, California">Mammoth Lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora,_California" title="Sonora, California">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada_City,_California" title="Nevada City, California">Nevada City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placerville,_California" title="Placerville, California">Placerville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollock_Pines,_California" title="Pollock Pines, California">Pollock Pines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portola,_California" title="Portola, California">Portola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_California" title="Auburn, California">Auburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colfax,_California" title="Colfax, California">Colfax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Meadows,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Meadows, California">Kennedy Meadows</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Sierra_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of the Sierra Nevada">List of protected areas of the Sierra Nevada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Moro_Rock_01_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/View_from_Moro_Rock_01_2013.jpg/260px-View_from_Moro_Rock_01_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/View_from_Moro_Rock_01_2013.jpg/390px-View_from_Moro_Rock_01_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/View_from_Moro_Rock_01_2013.jpg/520px-View_from_Moro_Rock_01_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4473" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>View of Sequoia National Park from <a href="/wiki/Moro_Rock" title="Moro Rock">Moro Rock</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the Sierra Nevada consists of <a href="/wiki/Federal_lands" title="Federal lands">federal lands</a> and is either protected from development or strictly managed. The mountain range is home to three <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Park">National Parks</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park">Kings Canyon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park">Sequoia</a> – and two <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">national monuments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Devils_Postpile_National_Monument" title="Devils Postpile National Monument">Devils Postpile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giant_Sequoia_National_Monument" title="Giant Sequoia National Monument">Giant Sequoia</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Sierra_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of the Sierra Nevada">Ten national forests</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> span much of the mountain range's remaining area. Within these national parks, monuments, and forests lie <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Sierra_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of the Sierra Nevada">26 wilderness areas</a>, which together protect 15.4% of the Sierra's 63,118 km<sup>2</sup> (24,370 sq mi) from <a href="/wiki/Logging_in_the_Sierra_Nevada" title="Logging in the Sierra Nevada">logging</a> and grazing.<sup id="cite_ref-gap_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gap-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> currently control 52% of the land in the Sierra Nevada.<sup id="cite_ref-gap_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gap-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logging and grazing are generally allowed on land controlled by these agencies, under federal regulations that balance recreation and development on the land. </p><p>The California Bighorn Sheep Zoological Area near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Williamson" title="Mount Williamson">Mount Williamson</a> in the southern Sierra was established to protect the endangered <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_bighorn_sheep" title="Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep">Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep</a>. Starting in 1981, hikers were unable to enter the Area from May 15 through December 15, in order to protect the sheep. As of 2010, the restriction has been lifted and access to the Area is open for the whole year.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologic_history">Geologic history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geologic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sevehah_Cliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sevehah_Cliff.jpg/220px-Sevehah_Cliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sevehah_Cliff.jpg/330px-Sevehah_Cliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sevehah_Cliff.jpg/440px-Sevehah_Cliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Sevehah Cliff, near <a href="/wiki/Convict_Lake" title="Convict Lake">Convict Lake</a>, shows severely deformed <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> rock<sup id="cite_ref-StevensGreene_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StevensGreene-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YosemitePark2_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/YosemitePark2_amk.jpg/220px-YosemitePark2_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/YosemitePark2_amk.jpg/330px-YosemitePark2_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/YosemitePark2_amk.jpg/440px-YosemitePark2_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2549" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a> in Yosemite National Park was carved by glaciers</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Geology"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For central Sierra Nevada geology, see <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Yosemite_area" title="Geology of the Yosemite area">Geology of the Yosemite area</a>.</div> <p>The earliest rocks in the Sierra Nevada are <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roof_pendant" title="Roof pendant">roof pendants</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> age, the oldest being <a href="/wiki/Metasediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Metasediment">metasedimentary</a> rocks from the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Morrison_(California)" title="Mount Morrison (California)">Mount Morrison</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-StevensGreene_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StevensGreene-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dark-colored <a href="/wiki/Hornfel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornfel">hornfels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marbles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schists</a> are found in the western foothills (notably around <a href="/wiki/Coarsegold,_California" title="Coarsegold, California">Coarsegold</a>, west of the <a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Pass" title="Tehachapi Pass">Tehachapi Pass</a>) and east of the Sierra Crest.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest granite of the Sierra started to form in the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> period. This granite is mostly found east of the crest and north of 37.2°N.<sup id="cite_ref-mesopluto_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mesopluto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Triassic and into the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arc</a> collided with the west coast of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and raised a chain of volcanoes, in an event called the <a href="/wiki/Nevadan_orogeny" title="Nevadan orogeny">Nevadan orogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all <a href="/wiki/Subaerial" title="Subaerial">subaerial</a> Sierran Arc volcanoes have since disappeared; their remains were redeposited during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Valley_Sequence" title="Great Valley Sequence">Great Valley Sequence</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> filling of the Great Valley, which is the source of much of the sedimentary rock in California. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zone</a> formed at the edge of the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic plate">oceanic plate</a> started to dive beneath the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a>. Magma, formed through the subduction of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Farallon_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Farallon Plate">Farallon Plate</a>, rose in plumes (<a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">plutons</a>) deep underground, their combined mass forming what is called the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_batholith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada batholith">Sierra Nevada batholith</a>. These plutons formed at various times, from 115 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> to 87 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier plutons formed in the western half of the Sierra, while the later plutons formed in the eastern half of the Sierra.<sup id="cite_ref-mesopluto_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mesopluto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, the Sierra Nevada formed the western ramp of a high plateau to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Nevadaplano" title="Nevadaplano">Nevadaplano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, rivers cut deep canyons into the range, generating topographic relief similar to the modern Sierra Nevada. This period of incision was halted approximately 30 million years ago by vast outpourings of <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> from Nevada which filled the northern Sierran valleys with volcanic deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pyroclastic flows, which continued for about 10 million years, were followed by andesitic <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a> which nearly completely buried the northern Sierran landscape such that only the tallest peaks emerged above a volcanic plain.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This second period of volcanism appears to have been triggered by crustal extension associated with extension of the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this andesitic volcanism began waning about five million years ago, the rivers were able to begin eroding away the 100s of meters of volcanic deposits and resume the incision that had been halted by the first period of volcanism. </p><p>Some studies have argued that this recent incision is a sign of recent tectonic uplift.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other geologists claim that the elevations of many of the modern rivers flowing down the range are only 100–300 meters (300–1,000 ft) lower than their ancient counterparts from 30–40 million years ago and the overall elevation and bedrock topography of the northern Sierra Nevada has changed little since at least 30–40 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 2.5 Ma, the Earth's climate cooled, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a> started. <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glaciers</a> carved out characteristic U-shaped canyons throughout the Sierra. The combination of river and glacier erosion exposed the uppermost portions of the plutons emplaced millions of years before, leaving only a remnant of <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> on top of some Sierra peaks. </p><p>Extension of the Basin and Range continues today, leading to downdropping of crustal blocks just east of the Sierra Nevada during large earthquakes, such as the <a href="/wiki/1872_Lone_Pine_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1872 Lone Pine earthquake">Lone Pine earthquake</a> of 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SierraEscarpmentCA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sierra Escarpment viewed from the east. In the foreground is Tinemaha Reservoir in the Owens Valley."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SierraEscarpmentCA.jpg/700px-SierraEscarpmentCA.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SierraEscarpmentCA.jpg/1050px-SierraEscarpmentCA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SierraEscarpmentCA.jpg/1400px-SierraEscarpmentCA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SierraEscarpmentCA.jpg" title="File:SierraEscarpmentCA.jpg"> </a></div>Sierra Escarpment viewed from the east. In the foreground is <a href="/wiki/Tinemaha_Reservoir" title="Tinemaha Reservoir">Tinemaha Reservoir</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a>.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_and_meteorology">Climate and meteorology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate and meteorology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Slate_Mountain_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Red_Slate_Mountain_1.jpg/220px-Red_Slate_Mountain_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Red_Slate_Mountain_1.jpg/330px-Red_Slate_Mountain_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Red_Slate_Mountain_1.jpg/440px-Red_Slate_Mountain_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Slate_Mountain" title="Red Slate Mountain">Red Slate Mountain</a> (elevation 13,156 ft or 4,010 m) is still covered with snow in June</figcaption></figure> <p>The climate of the Sierra Nevada is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> of California. During the fall, winter and spring, precipitation in the Sierra ranges from 20 to 80 in (510 to 2,030 mm) where it occurs mostly as snow above 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Precipitation is highest on the central and northern portions of the western slope between 5,000 and 8,000 feet (1,500 and 2,400 m) elevation, due to <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">orographic lift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> Above 8,000 feet (2,400 m), precipitation diminishes on the western slope up to the crest, since most of the precipitation has been wrung out at lower elevations. Most parts of the range east of the crest are in a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a>, and receive less than 25 inches of precipitation per year.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most summer days are dry, afternoon thunderstorms are common, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Monsoon">North American Monsoon</a> in mid and late summer. Some of these summer thunderstorms drop over an inch of rain in a short period, and the lightning can start fires. Summer high temperatures average 42–90 °F (6–32 °C). Winters are comparatively mild, and the temperature is usually only just low enough to sustain a heavy snowpack. For example, <a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_Meadows" title="Tuolumne Meadows">Tuolumne Meadows</a>, at 8,600 feet (2,600 m) elevation, has winter daily highs about 40 °F (4 °C) with daily lows about 10 °F (−12 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing season lasts 20 to 230 days, strongly dependent on elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-ecosubregions_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecosubregions-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest elevations of the Sierra have an <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine climate</a>. </p><p>The Sierra Nevada snowpack is the major source of water and a significant source of electric power generation in California.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many reservoirs were constructed in the canyons of the Sierra throughout the 20th century, Several major aqueducts serving both agriculture and urban areas distribute Sierra water throughout the state. However, the Sierra casts a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a>, which greatly affects the climate and ecology of the central <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a>. This rain shadow is largely responsible for Nevada being the driest state in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precipitation varies substantially from year to year. It is not uncommon for some years to receive precipitation totals far above or below normal. </p><p>The height of the range and the steepness of the Sierra Escarpment, particularly at the southern end of the range, produces a wind phenomenon known as the "Sierra Rotor". This is a horizontal rotation of the atmosphere just east of the crest of the Sierra, set in motion as an effect of strong westerly winds.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Nevada_Triangle"></span> Because of the large number of airplanes that have crashed in the Sierra Nevada, primarily due to the complex weather and atmospheric conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Downdrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Downdrafts">downdrafts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microbursts" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbursts">microbursts</a> caused by geography there, a portion of the area, a triangle whose vertices are <a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, Nevada</a>, has been dubbed the "<b>Nevada Triangle</b>", in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a>. Some counts put the number of crashes in the triangle at 2,000,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including millionaire and record-breaking flyer <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fossett" title="Steve Fossett">Steve Fossett</a>. Hypotheses that the crashes are related in some way to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a>, or to the activities of <a href="/wiki/Extra-terrestrial_aliens" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-terrestrial aliens">extra-terrestrial aliens</a>, have no evidence to support them.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_Sierra_Nevada" title="Ecology of the Sierra Nevada">Ecology of the Sierra Nevada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuolumne_Meadows_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tuolumne_Meadows_Sunset.jpg/220px-Tuolumne_Meadows_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tuolumne_Meadows_Sunset.jpg/330px-Tuolumne_Meadows_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tuolumne_Meadows_Sunset.jpg/440px-Tuolumne_Meadows_Sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_Meadows" title="Tuolumne Meadows">Tuolumne Meadows</a> is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Subalpine_meadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine meadow">subalpine meadow</a> in the Sierra.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sierra Nevada is divided into a number of <a href="/wiki/Life_zone" title="Life zone">biotic zones</a>, each of which is defined by its climate and supports a number of interdependent species.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life in the higher elevation zones adapted to colder weather, and to most of the precipitation falling as snow. The <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the Sierra causes the eastern slope to be warmer and drier: each <a href="/wiki/Life_zone" title="Life zone">life zone</a> is higher in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A list of biotic zones, and corresponding elevations, is presented below: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_foothills" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada foothills">western foothill zone</a>, 1,000–2,500 ft (300–760 m),<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> with grassland, oak-grass savanna and chaparral-oak woodland.<sup id="cite_ref-ecosubregions_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecosubregions-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gray_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray pine">Gray pine</a> (also known as Foothill pine) is intermixed with the oak woodland.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 95">: 95 </span></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pinyon_pine" title="Pinyon pine">Pinyon pine</a>-<a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a> woodland, 5,000–7,000 ft (1,500–2,100 m) east side only.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_lower_montane_forest" title="Sierra Nevada lower montane forest">Sierra Nevada lower montane forest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indicator_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicator species">indicator species</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">Ponderosa pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey pine">Jeffrey pine</a>), 2,500–7,000 ft (760–2,130 m) west side, 7,000–9,000 ft (2,100–2,700 m) east side.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> This biotic zone is notable for containing <a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum">giant sequoia</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_upper_montane_forest" title="Sierra Nevada upper montane forest">Sierra Nevada upper montane forest</a> (indicator species: <a href="/wiki/Lodgepole_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodgepole pine">Lodgepole pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Red fir">Red fir</a>) 7,000–9,000 ft (2,100–2,700 m) west side, 9,000–10,500 ft (2,700–3,200 m) east side.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_subalpine_zone" title="Sierra Nevada subalpine zone">Sierra Nevada subalpine zone</a> (indicator species: <a href="/wiki/Whitebark_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitebark pine">Whitebark pine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 9,000–10,500 ft (2,700–3,200 m) west side, 10,500–11,500 ft (3,200–3,500 m) east side<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_35-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine</a> region at greater than 10,500 ft (3,200 m), and greater than 11,500 ft (3,500 m) east side.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr_35-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg/170px-John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg/255px-John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg/340px-John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John Frémont</a> was an early American explorer of the Sierra</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Basin tribes">Great Basin tribes</a></div> <p>Archaeological excavations placed <a href="/wiki/Martis_people" title="Martis people">Martis people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> in northcentral Sierra Nevada during the period of 3,000 BCE to 500 CE. The earliest identified sustaining <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous people</a> in the Sierra Nevada were the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a> tribes on the east side, with the <a href="/wiki/Mono_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mono tribe">Mono tribe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valley_and_Sierra_Miwok" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley and Sierra Miwok">Sierra Miwok</a> tribe on the western side, and the <a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu" title="Kawaiisu">Kawaiisu</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tübatulabal people">Tübatulabal</a> tribes in the southern Sierra. Today, some historic intertribal trade route trails over mountain passes are known artifact locations, such as Duck Pass with its <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowheads</a>. The California and Sierra Native American tribes were predominantly peaceful, with occasional territorial disputes between the Paiute and Sierra Miwok tribes in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maidu" title="Maidu">Maidu</a> were also in this area prior to the era of European exploration and displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_European-American_exploration">Initial European-American exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Initial European-American exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yosemite_area" title="History of the Yosemite area">History of the Yosemite area</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Bierstadt_-_Among_the_Sierra_Nevada,_California_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a lake with deer at the water's edge and the Sierra Nevada in the background. Light is shining between the clouds onto the mountains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Albert_Bierstadt_-_Among_the_Sierra_Nevada%2C_California_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Albert_Bierstadt_-_Among_the_Sierra_Nevada%2C_California_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Albert_Bierstadt_-_Among_the_Sierra_Nevada%2C_California_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Albert_Bierstadt_-_Among_the_Sierra_Nevada%2C_California_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Albert_Bierstadt_-_Among_the_Sierra_Nevada%2C_California_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Albert_Bierstadt_-_Among_the_Sierra_Nevada%2C_California_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3993" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Among_the_Sierra_Nevada,_California" title="Among the Sierra Nevada, California">Among the Sierra Nevada, California</a></i>, 1868</figcaption></figure> <p>American exploration of the mountain range started in 1827. Although prior to the 1820s there were <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">pueblos</a></i> (towns), <i><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidios</a></i> (forts), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ranchos_of_California" title="Ranchos of California">ranchos</a></i> along the coast of California, no Spanish explorers visited the Sierra Nevada.<sup id="cite_ref-Wuerthner_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wuerthner-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Americans to visit the mountains were amongst a group led by fur trapper <a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a>, crossing north of the Yosemite area in May 1827, at <a href="/wiki/Ebbetts_Pass" title="Ebbetts Pass">Ebbetts Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wuerthner_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wuerthner-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1833, a subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Expedition_of_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonneville Expedition of 1832">Bonneville Expedition</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reddeford_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Reddeford Walker">Joseph Reddeford Walker</a> was sent westward to find an overland route to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Eventually the party discovered a route along the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_River" title="Humboldt River">Humboldt River</a> across present-day <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, ascending the Sierra Nevada, starting near present-day Bridgeport and descending between the Tuolumne and Merced River drainage. The group may have been the first non-indigenous people to see <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaffer_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaffer-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Walker_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker Party">Walker Party</a> probably visited either the <a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_Grove" title="Tuolumne Grove">Tuolumne</a> or <a href="/wiki/Merced_Grove" title="Merced Grove">Merced Groves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum">giant sequoia</a>, becoming the first non-indigenous people to see the giant trees,<sup id="cite_ref-Wuerthner_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wuerthner-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but journals relating to the Walker party were destroyed in 1839, in a print shop fire in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiver_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiver-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1841, emigrants from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> started to move to California via <a href="/wiki/Sonora_Pass" title="Sonora Pass">Sonora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walker_Pass" title="Walker Pass">Walker Passes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the winter of 1844, Lt. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a>, was the first European American to see <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a>. The Frémont party camped at 8,050 ft (2,450 m).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_rush">Gold rush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gold rush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Gold_Rush_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sierra_Gold_Rush_map.jpg/220px-Sierra_Gold_Rush_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sierra_Gold_Rush_map.jpg/330px-Sierra_Gold_Rush_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sierra_Gold_Rush_map.jpg/440px-Sierra_Gold_Rush_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Map of gold fields in the Sierra</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></div> <p>The California Gold Rush began at <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Mill" title="Sutter's Mill">Sutter's Mill</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Coloma,_California" title="Coloma, California">Coloma</a>, in the western foothills of the Sierra.<sup id="cite_ref-CAMap_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMap-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 24, 1848, James W. Marshall, a foreman working for <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/John_Sutter" title="John Sutter">John Sutter</a>, found shiny metal in the <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">tailrace</a> of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the <a href="/wiki/American_River" title="American River">American River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BancroftDiscovery_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BancroftDiscovery-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumors soon started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a> newspaper publisher and merchant <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brannan" title="Samuel Brannan">Samuel Brannan</a>. Brannan strode through the streets of San Francisco, holding aloft a vial of gold, shouting "Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River!"<sup id="cite_ref-BancroftDiscovery_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BancroftDiscovery-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 19, 1848, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i> was the first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of gold. On December 5, 1848, President <a href="/wiki/James_Polk" class="mw-redirect" title="James Polk">James Polk</a> confirmed the discovery of gold in an address to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80">: 80 </span></sup> Soon, waves of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrants</a> from around the world, later called the "forty-niners", invaded the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Country_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Country of California">Gold Country of California</a> or "Mother Lode". Miners lived in tents, wood shanties, or deck cabins removed from abandoned ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Holliday_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holliday-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wherever gold was discovered, hundreds of miners would collaborate to put up a camp and stake their claims. </p><p>Because the <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> in the <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> gravel beds was so richly concentrated, the early forty-niners simply <a href="/wiki/Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">panned for gold</a> in California's rivers and streams.<sup id="cite_ref-Brands_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brands-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 198–200">: 198–200 </span></sup> However, panning cannot take place on a large scale, and miners and groups of miners graduated to more complex placer mining. Groups of prospectors would divert the water from an entire river into a <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluice</a> alongside the river, and then dig for gold in the newly exposed river bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawls_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawls-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup> </p><p>By 1853, most of the easily accessible gold had been collected, and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations. <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_mining" title="Hydraulic mining">Hydraulic mining</a> was used on ancient gold-bearing gravel beds on hillsides and bluffs in the gold fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup> In hydraulic mining, a high-pressure hose directed a powerful stream or jet of water at gold-bearing gravel beds. It is estimated that by the mid-1880s, 11 million <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounces</a> (340 metric tons) of gold (worth approximately US$16 billion in 2020 prices) had been recovered by "hydraulicking".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A consequence of these extraction methods was that large amounts of gravel, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, and other pollutants were washed into streams and rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawls_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawls-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–36">: 32–36 </span></sup> As of 1999<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, many areas still bear the scars of hydraulic mining, since the resulting exposed earth and downstream gravel deposits do not support plant life.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawls_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawls-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116–121">: 116–121 </span></sup> </p><p>It is estimated that by 1855, at least 300,000 gold-seekers, merchants, and other immigrants had arrived in California from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> The huge numbers of newcomers brought by the Gold Rush drove <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> out of their traditional hunting, fishing and food-gathering areas. To protect their homes and livelihood, some Native Americans responded by attacking the miners, provoking counter-attacks on native villages. The Native Americans, out-gunned, were often slaughtered.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawls_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawls-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Geological_Survey_Field_Party_of_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/California_Geological_Survey_Field_Party_of_1864.jpg/170px-California_Geological_Survey_Field_Party_of_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/California_Geological_Survey_Field_Party_of_1864.jpg/255px-California_Geological_Survey_Field_Party_of_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/California_Geological_Survey_Field_Party_of_1864.jpg/340px-California_Geological_Survey_Field_Party_of_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>The exploration team for the California Geological Survey, 1864</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thorough_exploration">Thorough exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Thorough exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gold Rush populated the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, but even by 1860, most of the Sierra was unexplored.<sup id="cite_ref-roper_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state legislature authorized the <a href="/wiki/California_Geological_Survey" title="California Geological Survey">California Geological Survey</a> to officially explore the Sierra (and survey the rest of the state). <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Whitney" title="Josiah Whitney">Josiah Whitney</a> was appointed to head the survey. Men of the survey, including <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Brewer" title="William Henry Brewer">William H. Brewer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Hoffmann" title="Charles F. Hoffmann">Charles F. Hoffmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_King" title="Clarence King">Clarence King</a>, explored the backcountry of what would become <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a> in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-roper_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1864, they explored the area around <a href="/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park">Kings Canyon</a>. In 1869, <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> started his wanderings in the Sierra Nevada range,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1871, King was the first to climb <a href="/wiki/Mount_Langley" title="Mount Langley">Mount Langley</a>, mistakenly believing he had summited <a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney" title="Mount Whitney">Mount Whitney</a>, the highest peak in the range.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873, Mount Whitney was climbed for the first time by 3 men from Lone Pine, California, on a fishing trip.<sup id="cite_ref-roper_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1892 to 1897 <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Solomons" title="Theodore Solomons">Theodore Solomons</a> made the first attempt to map a route along the crest of the Sierra.<sup id="cite_ref-roper_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other people finished exploring and mapping the Sierra. <a href="/wiki/Bolton_Coit_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolton Coit Brown">Bolton Coit Brown</a> explored the <a href="/wiki/Kings_River_(California)" title="Kings River (California)">Kings River</a> watershed in 1895–1899. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_N._LeConte" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph N. LeConte">Joseph N. LeConte</a> mapped the area around <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a> and what would become <a href="/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park">Kings Canyon National Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_S._Hutchinson" title="James S. Hutchinson">James S. Hutchinson</a>, a noted mountaineer, climbed the <a href="/wiki/Palisades_(California_Sierra)" title="Palisades (California Sierra)">Palisades</a> (1904) and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Humphreys" title="Mount Humphreys">Mount Humphreys</a> (1905). By 1912, the <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> published a set of maps of the Sierra Nevada, and the era of exploration was over.<sup id="cite_ref-roper_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logging">Logging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Logging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Logging_in_the_Sierra_Nevada" title="Logging in the Sierra Nevada">Logging in the Sierra Nevada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeQuille_137_Timbering_the_Mines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/DeQuille_137_Timbering_the_Mines.jpg/220px-DeQuille_137_Timbering_the_Mines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/DeQuille_137_Timbering_the_Mines.jpg/330px-DeQuille_137_Timbering_the_Mines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/DeQuille_137_Timbering_the_Mines.jpg/440px-DeQuille_137_Timbering_the_Mines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_Deidesheimer" title="Philip Deidesheimer">Square-set timbering</a> as used in the <a href="/wiki/Comstock_Lode" title="Comstock Lode">Comstock mines</a>, 1877.</figcaption></figure> <p>Logging in the Sierra Nevada has significantly impacted the landscape. The logging industry in the Sierra Nevada started in the early 1800s, when settlers relied on hand tools and ox-teams.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_1997_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston_1997-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 103, 127">: 103, 127 </span></sup> Before the California Gold Rush, the industry was relatively small, and most of the lumber used in the state was imported. However, as the demand for lumber to support the mining industry increased, logging became a major industry in the region. </p><p>Initially, most of the lumber produced in California was used in mining. The <a href="/wiki/Comstock_Lode" title="Comstock Lode">Comstock Lode</a> was a major center for logging, with operations supplying lumber for the construction of mine structures, such as tunnels, shafts, and buildings, as well as fuel for the mines. <a href="/wiki/Dan_DeQuille" title="Dan DeQuille">Dan DeQuille</a> observed in 1876, "the Comstock Lode may truthfully be said to be the tomb of the forests of the Sierra. Millions upon millions of feet of lumber are annually buried in the mines, nevermore to be resurrected.”<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1800s, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States#Twentieth_century" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">logging industry moved westward</a> due to the depletion of <a href="/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus">white pine</a> forests in the upper Midwest.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_2011_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston_2011-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–14">: 9–14 </span></sup> This shift was encouraged by the positive portrayal of the Sierra Nevada as a promising timber region. In 1859, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greely" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Greely">Horace Greely</a> marveled, "I never saw anything so much like good timber in the course of any seventy-five miles' travel as I saw in crossing the Sierra Nevada."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryERoberts-BaseofFallenSequoia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/HenryERoberts-BaseofFallenSequoia.jpg/220px-HenryERoberts-BaseofFallenSequoia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/HenryERoberts-BaseofFallenSequoia.jpg/330px-HenryERoberts-BaseofFallenSequoia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/HenryERoberts-BaseofFallenSequoia.jpg/440px-HenryERoberts-BaseofFallenSequoia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Converse_Basin_Grove" title="Converse Basin Grove">Converse Basin</a> resulted in a loss of 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum">giant sequoia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>The logging industry experienced significant growth in the late 1800s due to several factors. <a href="/wiki/Timber_and_Stone_Act" title="Timber and Stone Act">The Timber and Stone Act of 1878</a> allowed individuals to claim ownership of old-growth timber tracts, which were later consolidated under <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock companies</a>, such as those founded by Midwestern lumber magnates.<sup id="cite_ref-McDougall_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDougall-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142–144">: 142–144 </span></sup> These companies had the financial resources to transport timber from remote locations and build sawmills near the tracks of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Southern Pacific">Southern Pacific</a> railroad which connected the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> to the rest of the state in the 1870s. This facilitated the nationwide distribution of lumber. In addition, technological advancements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shay_locomotive" title="Shay locomotive">shay locomotive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Log_flume#V-Flumes" title="Log flume">v-shaped log flume</a>, made it easier to transport lumber across mountainous terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_1997_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston_1997-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Sierra_Nevada" title="Protected areas of the Sierra Nevada">Protected areas of the Sierra Nevada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Sherman_tree_looking_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/General_Sherman_tree_looking_up.jpg/170px-General_Sherman_tree_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/General_Sherman_tree_looking_up.jpg/255px-General_Sherman_tree_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/General_Sherman_tree_looking_up.jpg/340px-General_Sherman_tree_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/General_Sherman_(tree)" title="General Sherman (tree)">General Sherman Tree</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum">giant sequoia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park">Sequoia National Park</a>, is the world's largest tree by volume.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tourism potential of the Sierra Nevada was recognized early in the European history of the range. <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a> was first protected by the federal government in 1864. The Valley and <a href="/wiki/Mariposa_Grove" title="Mariposa Grove">Mariposa Grove</a> were ceded to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 1866 and turned into a state park.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaffer_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaffer-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Muir perceived <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">sheep</a> and logging of <a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum">giant sequoia</a> to be a problem in the Sierra. Muir successfully lobbied for the protection of the rest of Yosemite National Park: Congress created an Act to protect the park in 1890. The Valley and Mariposa Grove were added to the Park in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaffer_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaffer-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park">Sequoia National Park</a> was formed to protect the Giant Sequoia: all logging of the Sequoia ceased at that time. </p><p>In 1903, the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> proposed building a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric dam">hydroelectric dam</a> to flood <a href="/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetch Hetchy Valley">Hetch Hetchy Valley</a>. The city and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> argued over the dam for 10 years, until the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Raker_Act" title="Raker Act">Raker Act</a> in 1913 and allowed dam building to proceed. <a href="/wiki/O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(California)" title="O'Shaughnessy Dam (California)">O'Shaughnessy Dam</a> was completed in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1912 and 1918, Congress debated three times to protect Lake Tahoe in a national park. None of these efforts succeeded, and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, towns such as <a href="/wiki/South_Lake_Tahoe,_California" title="South Lake Tahoe, California">South Lake Tahoe</a> grew around the shores of the lake. By 1980, the permanent population of the Lake Tahoe area grew to 50,000, while the summer population grew to 90,000.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development around Lake Tahoe affected the clarity of the lake water. In order to preserve the lake's clarity, construction in the Tahoe basin is currently regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Tahoe_Regional_Planning_Agency" title="Tahoe Regional Planning Agency">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the 20th century progressed, more of the Sierra became available for recreation; other forms of economic activity decreased. The <a href="/wiki/John_Muir_Trail" title="John Muir Trail">John Muir Trail</a>, a trail that followed the Sierra crest from Yosemite Valley to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney" title="Mount Whitney">Mount Whitney</a>, was funded in 1915 and finished in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park">Kings Canyon National Park</a> was formed in 1940 to protect the deep canyon of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_River_(California)" title="Kings River (California)">Kings River</a>. </p><p>In the 1920s, automobile clubs and nearby towns started to lobby for trans-Sierra highways over <a href="/wiki/Piute_Pass" title="Piute Pass">Piute Pass</a><sup id="cite_ref-usfsRoad_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usfsRoad-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which would have closed the gap in <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_168" title="California State Route 168">SR 168</a>) and other locations. However, by end of the 1920s, the Forest Service and the Sierra Club decided that roadless wilderness in the Sierra was valuable, and fought the proposal. The Piute Pass proposal faded out by the early 1930s, with the Forest Service proposing a route over <a href="/wiki/Minaret_Summit" title="Minaret Summit">Minaret Summit</a> in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-usfsRoad_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usfsRoad-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minaret Summit route was lobbied against by California's Governor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1972. The expansion of the <a href="/wiki/John_Muir_Wilderness" title="John Muir Wilderness">John Muir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams_Wilderness" title="Ansel Adams Wilderness">Ansel Adams Wildernesses</a> in the 1980s sealed off the Minaret Summit route.<sup id="cite_ref-usfsRoad_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usfsRoad-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A trans-Sierra route between <a href="/wiki/Porterville,_California" title="Porterville, California">Porterville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine,_California" title="Lone Pine, California">Lone Pine</a> was proposed by local businessmen in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, a circuitous route across the Sierra was built across <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Pass_(California)" title="Sherman Pass (California)">Sherman Pass</a> by 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Act" title="Wilderness Act">Wilderness Act</a> protected portions of the Sierra as primitive areas where humans are simply temporary visitors. Gradually, 20 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Wilderness_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Wilderness Areas">wilderness areas</a> were established to protect scenic <a href="/wiki/Backcountry" title="Backcountry">backcountry</a> of the Sierra. These wilderness areas include the <a href="/wiki/John_Muir_Wilderness" title="John Muir Wilderness">John Muir Wilderness</a> (protecting the eastern slope of the Sierra and the area between Yosemite and Kings Canyon Parks), and wilderness within each of the National Parks. </p><p>The Sierra Nevada still faces a number of issues that threaten its conservation. Logging occurs on both private and public lands, including controversial clearcut methods and thinning logging on private and public lands.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grazing occurs on private lands as well as on National Forest lands, which include Wilderness areas. Overgrazing can alter hydrologic processes and vegetation composition, remove vegetation that serves as food and habitat for native species, and contribute to sedimentation and pollution in waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent increase in large wildfires like the Rim Fire in Yosemite National Park and the Stanislaus National Forest and the King Fire on the Eldorado National Forest, has prompted concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2015 study indicated that the increase in fire risk in California may be attributable to <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic global warming">human-induced climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study looking back over 8,000 years found that warmer climate periods experienced severe droughts and more stand-replacing fires and concluded that as climate is such a powerful influence on wildfires, trying to recreate presettlement forest structure may be difficult in a warmer future.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/28px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/42px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/56px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/48px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/64px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nevada" title="Portal:Nevada">Nevada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Sierra_Nevada" title="Bibliography of the Sierra Nevada">Bibliography of the Sierra Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sierra_Nevada_road_passes" title="List of Sierra Nevada road passes">List of Sierra Nevada road passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sierra_Nevada_topics" title="List of Sierra Nevada topics">List of Sierra Nevada topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)" title="Sierra Nevada (Spain)">Sierra Nevada (Spain)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanish pronunciation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈsjera<span class="wrap"> </span>neˈβaða]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">snowy range</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ship was named after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kearsarge_(Merrimack_County,_New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Kearsarge (Merrimack County, New Hampshire)">Mount Kearsarge</a> in New Hampshire, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.mil/navydata/ships/battleships/kearsarge/bb5-kear.html">"<i>Kearsarge</i> (BB-5)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval History & Heritage Command">Naval History & Heritage Command</a> (NHHC). February 23, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=Kearsarge+%28BB-5%29&rft.date=2005-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2Fnavydata%2Fships%2Fbattleships%2Fkearsarge%2Fbb5-kear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ngs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ngs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ngs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=GT1811">"Mount Whitney"</a>. <i>NGS Data Sheet</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">National Geodetic Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NGS+Data+Sheet&rft.atitle=Mount+Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fds_mark.prl%3FPidBox%3DGT1811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sneco-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sneco_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sneco_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205212313/http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/projects/ecoregions/m261e.htm">"Sierra Nevada"</a>. <i>Ecological Subregions of California</i>. United States Forest Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/projects/ecoregions/m261e.htm">the original</a> on December 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Subregions+of+California&rft.atitle=Sierra+Nevada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fr5%2Fprojects%2Fecoregions%2Fm261e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-width-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-width_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-width_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summitpost.org/sierra-nevada/176773">"Sierra Nevada"</a>. SummitPost.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917232452/https://www.summitpost.org/sierra-nevada/176773">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sierra+Nevada&rft.pub=SummitPost.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summitpost.org%2Fsierra-nevada%2F176773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gap-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gap_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gap_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gap_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720074547/http://www.biogeog.ucsb.edu/projects/gap/report/sn_rep.html">"The Sierra Nevada Region"</a>. <i>USCB Biogeography lab</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biogeog.ucsb.edu/projects/gap/report/sn_rep.html">the original</a> on July 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USCB+Biogeography+lab&rft.atitle=The+Sierra+Nevada+Region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biogeog.ucsb.edu%2Fprojects%2Fgap%2Freport%2Fsn_rep.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muir-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muir_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">Muir, John</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410231841/http://www.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/writings/the_mountains_of_california/">"Chapter 1: The Sierra Nevada"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/writings/the_mountains_of_california"><i>The Mountains of California</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/writings/the_mountains_of_california/chapter_1.html">the original</a> on April 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+The+Sierra+Nevada&rft.btitle=The+Mountains+of+California&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierraclub.org%2Fjohn_muir_exhibit%2Fwritings%2Fthe_mountains_of_california%2Fchapter_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson,_Helen_S.1976" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Helen S. (1976). <i>Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada_Press" title="University of Nevada Press">University of Nevada Press</a>. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-094-8"><bdi>978-0-87417-094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nevada+Place+Names%3A+A+Geographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87417-094-8&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Helen+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/cascadesierra.htm">"Cascade-Sierra Mountains Province (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212224300/https://www.nps.gov/articles/cascadesierra.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Mountaineers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-506-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-506-6"><bdi>978-0-89886-506-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sierra+High+Route%3A+Traversing+Timberline+Country&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-506-6&rft.aulast=Roper&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar1926" class="citation book cs1">Farquhar, Francis P. 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(March 1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430102951/http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/exploration_of_the_sierra_nevada/">"Exploration of the Sierra Nevada"</a>. <i>California Historical Society Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 3–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25177743">10.2307/25177743</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015049981668">2027/mdp.39015049981668</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25177743">25177743</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/exploration_of_the_sierra_nevada/">the original</a> on April 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Historical+Society+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Exploration+of+the+Sierra+Nevada&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-58&rft.date=1925-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015049981668&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25177743%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25177743&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=Francis+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yosemite.ca.us%2Flibrary%2Fexploration_of_the_sierra_nevada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar1926" class="citation book cs1">Farquhar, Francis P. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240525083103/https://www.webcitation.org/5yfLF5e68?url=http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/place_names_of_the_high_sierra/s.html">"S"</a>. <i>Place Names of the Sierra Nevada</i>. San Francisco: Sierra Club. 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Stackpole Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yosemitevisitors00wuer/page/13">13–14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2598-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2598-9"><bdi>978-0-8117-2598-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yosemite%3A+A+Visitors+Companion&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-2598-9&rft.aulast=Wuerthner&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyosemitevisitors00wuer%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaffer-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffer_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffer_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaffer_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffer1999" class="citation book cs1">Schaffer, Jeffrey P. 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(March 1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/exploration_of_the_sierra_nevada/">"Exploration of the Sierra Nevada"</a>. <i>California Historical Society Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 3–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25177743">10.2307/25177743</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015049981668">2027/mdp.39015049981668</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25177743">25177743</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019035212/http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/exploration_of_the_sierra_nevada/">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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San Francisco: The History Company. pp. 32–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+California%2C+Volume+23%3A+1843%E2%80%931850&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=32-34&rft.pub=The+History+Company&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbancrohistofcali23huberich%2Fbancrohistofcali23huberich_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starr-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starr_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2005" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Kevin (2005). <i>California: a history</i>. 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Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883011-24-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883011-24-6"><bdi>978-1-883011-24-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+First+Summer+in+the+Sierra&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=978-1-883011-24-6&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturewritings0000muir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardn.d." class="citation web cs1">Leonard, Brendan (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rei.com/blog/hike/famous-u-s-summits-mount-whitney-california">"Famous U.S. Summits: Mount Whitney, California"</a>. <i>REI Co-op Journal</i>. www.rei.com/blog: REI Co-op. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716200535/https://www.rei.com/blog/hike/famous-u-s-summits-mount-whitney-california">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=REI+Co-op+Journal&rft.atitle=Famous+U.S.+Summits%3A+Mount+Whitney%2C+California&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rei.com%2Fblog%2Fhike%2Ffamous-u-s-summits-mount-whitney-california&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston_1997-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_1997_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_1997_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1997" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Hank (1997). <i>The Whistles Blow No More</i>. Stauffer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87046-067-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87046-067-6"><bdi>0-87046-067-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whistles+Blow+No+More&rft.pub=Stauffer+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87046-067-6&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Hank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrakaWynn2018" class="citation web cs1">Straka, Tom; Wynn, Bob (January 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/square-set-timbering-v-flume-kept-comstock-lode-running-strong/">"Square-Set Timbering and the V-Flume Kept the Comstock Lode Running Strong"</a>. <i>History.net</i>. HistoryNet LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227204458/https://www.historynet.com/square-set-timbering-v-flume-kept-comstock-lode-running-strong/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Comstock Lode may truthfully be said to be the tomb of the Sierras. Millions upon millions of feet of lumber are annually buried in the mines, nevermore to be resurrected. When once it is planted in the lower levels, it never again sees the light of day. …For a distance of 50 or 60 miles, all the hills of the eastern slope of the Sierras have been to a great extent denuded of trees of every kind; those suitable only for wood as well those fit for the manufacture of lumber for use in the mines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.net&rft.atitle=Square-Set+Timbering+and+the+V-Flume+Kept+the+Comstock+Lode+Running+Strong&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft.aulast=Straka&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Wynn%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fsquare-set-timbering-v-flume-kept-comstock-lode-running-strong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston_2011-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_2011_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2011" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Hank (2011). <i>Rails to the Minarets: The Story of the Sugar Pine Lumber Company</i> (Fourth Edition (Revised) ed.). Fish Camp, California: Stauffer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9846848-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9846848-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9846848-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rails+to+the+Minarets%3A+The+Story+of+the+Sugar+Pine+Lumber+Company&rft.place=Fish+Camp%2C+California&rft.edition=Fourth+Edition+%28Revised%29&rft.pub=Stauffer+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9846848-0-9&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Hank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorace1859" class="citation book cs1">Horace, Greely (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AFK4378.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext"><i>Overland Journey: New York to San Francisco the Summer of 1859</i></a>. New York: C.M. Saxton, Barker & Company. p. 280. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307170906/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AFK4378.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overland+Journey%3A+New+York+to+San+Francisco+the+Summer+of+1859&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=C.M.+Saxton%2C+Barker+%26+Company&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Horace&rft.aufirst=Greely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fm%2Fmoa%2FAFK4378.0001.001%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1998" class="citation web cs1">Zimmerman, Robert (Fall 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inventionandtech.com/content/log-flume-1">"Log Flume"</a>. <i>American Heritage's Invention and Technology</i>. American Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120055024/https://www.inventionandtech.com/content/log-flume-1">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage%27s+Invention+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Log+Flume&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inventionandtech.com%2Fcontent%2Flog-flume-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDougall-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McDougall_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall_Weiner2009" class="citation book cs1">McDougall Weiner, Jackie (2009). <i>Timely Exposures: The Life and Images of C.C. Curtis, Pioneer California Photographer</i>. Tulare, California: Tulare County Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timely+Exposures%3A+The+Life+and+Images+of+C.C.+Curtis%2C+Pioneer+California+Photographer&rft.place=Tulare%2C+California&rft.pub=Tulare+County+Historical+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=McDougall+Weiner&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2005" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, John W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/damwaterpowerpol00simp"><i>Dam!: Water, Power, Politics, and Preservation in Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite National Park</i></a>. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42231-7"><bdi>978-0-375-42231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dam%21%3A+Water%2C+Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Preservation+in+Hetch+Hetchy+and+Yosemite+National+Park&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42231-7&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdamwaterpowerpol00simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRighter2005" class="citation book cs1">Righter, Robert W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleoverhetchh00righ"><i>The Battle over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531309-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531309-3"><bdi>978-0-19-531309-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+over+Hetch+Hetchy%3A+America%27s+Most+Controversial+Dam+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Environmentalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531309-3&rft.aulast=Righter&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleoverhetchh00righ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-100-97/">"Stream and Ground-Water Monitoring Program, Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada and California"</a>. USGS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530064146/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-100-97/">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stream+and+Ground-Water+Monitoring+Program%2C+Lake+Tahoe+Basin%2C+Nevada+and+California&rft.pub=USGS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffs%2FFS-100-97%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716131956/http://www.trpa.org/default.aspx?tabindex=1&tabid=40">"Construction Monitoring"</a>. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trpa.org/default.aspx?tabindex=1&tabid=40">the original</a> on July 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Construction+Monitoring&rft.pub=Tahoe+Regional+Planning+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trpa.org%2Fdefault.aspx%3Ftabindex%3D1%26tabid%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr1947" class="citation journal cs1">Starr, Walter A. (November 1947). "Trails". <i>Sierra Club Bulletin</i>. <b>32</b> (10).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sierra+Club+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Trails&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1947-11&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usfsRoad-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usfsRoad_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usfsRoad_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usfsRoad_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2015" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, Steve (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd499744.pdf">"The High Sierra Piute Highway"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Forest Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815210623/https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd499744.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+High+Sierra+Piute+Highway&rft.pub=US+Forest+Service&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2FInternet%2FFSE_DOCUMENTS%2Ffseprd499744.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Trail Over Mountains Supported". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSERC&rft.atitle=Forest+Issues+-+CSERC&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cserc.org%2Flocal-issues%2Fforests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202145658/http://www.cserc.org/news/2014-grazing-report-released-cserc/">"2014 Grazing Report Released by CSERC - CSERC"</a>. <i>CSERC</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cserc.org/news/2014-grazing-report-released-cserc/">the original</a> on February 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSERC&rft.atitle=2014+Grazing+Report+Released+by+CSERC+-+CSERC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cserc.org%2Fnews%2F2014-grazing-report-released-cserc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoonWangGilliesHipps2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yoon, Jin-Ho; Wang, S.-Y. Simon; Gillies, Robert R.; Hipps, Lawrence; Kravitz, Ben; Rasch, Philip J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283425168">"Extreme Fire Season in California: A Glimpse Into the Future?"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</i>. <b>96</b> (11): S5–S9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BAMS...96S...5Y">2015BAMS...96S...5Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FBAMS-D-15-00114.1">10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00114.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-0477">1520-0477</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1240234">1240234</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201194439/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283425168_EXTREME_FIRE_SEASON_IN_CALIFORNIA_A_GLIMPSE_INTO_THE_FUTURE">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=Extreme+Fire+Season+in+California%3A+A+Glimpse+Into+the+Future%3F&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=S5-S9&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2FBAMS-D-15-00114.1&rft.issn=1520-0477&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1240234%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015BAMS...96S...5Y&rft.aulast=Yoon&rft.aufirst=Jin-Ho&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.-Y.+Simon&rft.au=Gillies%2C+Robert+R.&rft.au=Hipps%2C+Lawrence&rft.au=Kravitz%2C+Ben&rft.au=Rasch%2C+Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283425168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierceMeyerTimothy_Jull2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pierce, Jennifer L.; Meyer, Grant A.; Timothy Jull, A. J. (November 4, 2004). "Fire-induced erosion and millennial-scale climate change in northern ponderosa pine forests". <i>Nature</i>. <b>432</b> (7013): 87–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.432...87P">2004Natur.432...87P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03058">10.1038/nature03058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15525985">15525985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1452537">1452537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Fire-induced+erosion+and+millennial-scale+climate+change+in+northern+ponderosa+pine+forests&rft.volume=432&rft.issue=7013&rft.pages=87-90&rft.date=2004-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1452537%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.432...87P&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03058&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15525985&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Grant+A.&rft.au=Timothy+Jull%2C+A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASierra+Nevada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climber.org/data/SierraPeaks/map.html">Clickable map of Sierra Nevada peaks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summitpost.org/sierra-nevada/176773">Sierra Nevada info at SummitPost</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Sierra Nevada</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada,_USA" class="extiw" title="c:Sierra Nevada, USA">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Sierra_Nevada_(California)" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Sierra Nevada (California)">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" class="extiw" title="voy:Sierra Nevada">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sierra_Nevada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sierra_Nevada" title="Template:Sierra Nevada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sierra_Nevada" title="Template talk:Sierra Nevada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sierra_Nevada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sierra Nevada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sierra_Nevada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sierra Nevada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Peaks >14,000 ft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney" title="Mount Whitney">Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Williamson" title="Mount Williamson">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Palisade" title="North Palisade">North Palisade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sill" title="Mount Sill">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Russell_(California)" title="Mount Russell (California)">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Mountain_(California)" title="Split Mountain (California)">Split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Langley" title="Mount Langley">Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tyndall" title="Mount Tyndall">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Muir" title="Mount Muir">Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Palisade" title="Middle Palisade">Middle Palisade</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Half_Dome_from_Glacier_Point,_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Half_Dome_from_Glacier_Point%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg/104px-Half_Dome_from_Glacier_Point%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Half_Dome_from_Glacier_Point%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg/156px-Half_Dome_from_Glacier_Point%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Half_Dome_from_Glacier_Point%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg/208px-Half_Dome_from_Glacier_Point%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="2988" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern peaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lola" title="Mount Lola">Lola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Peak_(California)" title="Castle Peak (California)">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite_Chief" title="Granite Chief">Granite Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rose_(Nevada)" title="Mount Rose (Nevada)">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tallac" title="Mount Tallac">Tallac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Peak_(California)" title="Pyramid Peak (California)">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freel_Peak" title="Freel Peak">Freel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central peaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_Peak" title="Red Lake Peak">Red Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Top_(Alpine_County,_California)" title="Round Top (Alpine County, California)">Round Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokelumne_Peak" title="Mokelumne Peak">Mokelumne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora_Peak" title="Sonora Peak">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavitt_Peak" title="Leavitt Peak">Leavitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Dana" title="Mount Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lyell_(California)" title="Mount Lyell (California)">Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banner_Peak" title="Banner Peak">Banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ritter" title="Mount Ritter">Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Mountain" title="Mammoth Mountain">Mammoth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern peaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Humphreys" title="Mount Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(California)" title="Mount Tom (California)">Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Creek_Spire" title="Bear Creek Spire">Bear Creek Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Darwin_(California)" title="Mount Darwin (California)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Agassiz_(California)" title="Mount Agassiz (California)">Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kaweah" title="Mount Kaweah">Kaweah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Brewer" title="Mount Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olancha_Peak" title="Olancha Peak">Olancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_Peak" title="Kern Peak">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Mountain_(California)" title="Double Mountain (California)">Double</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Climbing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Peaks_Section" title="Sierra Peaks Section">Peak list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ascents_in_the_Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" title="List of first ascents in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">First ascents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredonyer_Pass" title="Fredonyer Pass">Fredonyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beckwourth_Pass" title="Beckwourth Pass">Beckwourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuba_Pass_(Sierra_County)" title="Yuba Pass (Sierra County)">Yuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donner_Pass" title="Donner Pass">Donner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rose_Summit" title="Mount Rose Summit">Mt. Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spooner_Summit" title="Spooner Summit">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_Summit" title="Echo Summit">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Pass" title="Carson Pass">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_Pass" title="Monitor Pass">Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebbetts_Pass" title="Ebbetts Pass">Ebbetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora_Pass" title="Sonora Pass">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioga_Pass" title="Tioga Pass">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret_Summit" title="Minaret Summit">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweah_Gap" title="Kaweah Gap">Kaweah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Pass_(California)" title="Sherman Pass (California)">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Pass" title="Tehachapi Pass">Tehachapi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feather_River" title="Feather River">Feather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuba_River" title="Yuba River">Yuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_River_(Feather_River_tributary)" title="Bear River (Feather River tributary)">Bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_River" title="American River">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokelumne_River" title="Mokelumne River">Mokelumne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosumnes_River" title="Cosumnes River">Cosumnes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calaveras_River" title="Calaveras River">Calaveras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_River" title="Stanislaus River">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_River" title="Tuolumne River">Tuolumne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merced_River" title="Merced River">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowchilla_River" title="Chowchilla River">Chowchilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_River" title="Fresno River">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_River" title="San Joaquin River">San Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_(California)" title="Kings River (California)">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweah_River" title="Kaweah River">Kaweah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_River" title="Tule River">Tule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_River" title="Kern River">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truckee_River" title="Truckee River">Truckee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_River" title="Carson River">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_River" title="Walker River">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_River" title="Owens River">Owens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Tahoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Aloha" title="Lake Aloha">Aloha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_Lake_(California)" title="Echo Lake (California)">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Leaf_Lake" title="Fallen Leaf Lake">Fallen Leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spooner_Lake" title="Spooner Lake">Spooner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_Lake" title="Mono Lake">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Almanor" title="Lake Almanor">Almanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Oroville" title="Lake Oroville">Oroville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Isabella" title="Lake Isabella">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donner_Lake" title="Donner Lake">Donner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Lake_(California)" title="Independence Lake (California)">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaver_Lake" title="Shaver Lake">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Lake" title="Huntington Lake">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Lake_Dam" title="Florence Lake Dam">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Thomas_A_Edison" title="Lake Thomas A Edison">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishon_Dam" title="Wishon Dam">Wishon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtright_Reservoir" title="Courtright Reservoir">Courtright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenaya_Lake" title="Tenaya Lake">Tenaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Pool_Reservoir" title="Mammoth Pool Reservoir">Mammoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Lake_(Madera_County,_California)" title="Bass Lake (Madera County, California)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowley_Lake" title="Crowley Lake">Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_Lake" title="Convict Lake">Convict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_for_Sure_Lake" title="Hell for Sure Lake">Hell for Sure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Sierra_Nevada" title="Protected areas of the Sierra Nevada">Protected<br /> areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">National parks<br />and monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park">Kings Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park">Sequoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Postpile_National_Monument" title="Devils Postpile National Monument">Devils Postpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Sequoia_National_Monument" title="Giant Sequoia National Monument">Giant Sequoia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">National forests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eldorado_National_Forest" title="Eldorado National Forest">Eldorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%E2%80%93Toiyabe_National_Forest" title="Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest">Humboldt–Toiyabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyo_National_Forest" title="Inyo National Forest">Inyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe_Basin_Management_Unit" title="Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit">Lake Tahoe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassen_National_Forest" title="Lassen National Forest">Lassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumas_National_Forest" title="Plumas National Forest">Plumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Forest" title="Sequoia National Forest">Sequoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_National_Forest" title="Sierra National Forest">Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_National_Forest" title="Stanislaus National Forest">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahoe_National_Forest" title="Tahoe National Forest">Tahoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Wilderness areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams_Wilderness" title="Ansel Adams Wilderness">Ansel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Star_Wilderness" title="Bright Star Wilderness">Bright Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucks_Lake_Wilderness" title="Bucks Lake Wilderness">Bucks Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson%E2%80%93Iceberg_Wilderness" title="Carson–Iceberg Wilderness">Carson–Iceberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_Peak_Wilderness" title="Chimney Peak Wilderness">Chimney Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinkey_Lakes_Wilderness" title="Dinkey Lakes Wilderness">Dinkey Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domeland_Wilderness" title="Domeland Wilderness">Domeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigrant_Wilderness" title="Emigrant Wilderness">Emigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Trout_Wilderness" title="Golden Trout Wilderness">Golden Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Wilderness" title="Hoover Wilderness">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishi_Wilderness" title="Ishi Wilderness">Ishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Lakes_Wilderness" title="Jennie Lakes Wilderness">Jennie Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Krebs_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="John Krebs Wilderness">John Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir_Wilderness" title="John Muir Wilderness">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilderness" title="Kaiser Wilderness">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiavah_Wilderness" title="Kiavah Wilderness">Kiavah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokelumne_Wilderness" title="Mokelumne Wilderness">Mokelumne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_Wilderness" title="Monarch Wilderness">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rose_Wilderness" title="Mount Rose Wilderness">Mount Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Peak_Wilderness" title="Owens Peak Wilderness">Owens Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_River_Headwaters_Wilderness" title="Owens River Headwaters Wilderness">Owens River Headwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatar_Trail_Wilderness" title="Sacatar Trail Wilderness">Sacatar Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoia-Kings_Canyon_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequoia-Kings Canyon Wilderness">Sequoia-Kings Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite Wilderness">Yosemite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">State parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Creek_State_Park" title="Burton Creek State Park">Burton Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calaveras_Big_Trees_State_Park" title="Calaveras Big Trees State Park">Calaveras Big Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._L._Bliss_State_Park" title="D. L. Bliss State Park">D. L. Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donner_Memorial_State_Park" title="Donner Memorial State Park">Donner Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Z%27berg_Sugar_Pine_Point_State_Park" title="Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point State Park">Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Bay_State_Park" title="Emerald Bay State Park">Emerald Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Hot_Springs_State_Park" title="Grover Hot Springs State Park">Grover Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe_%E2%80%93_Nevada_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park">Lake Tahoe Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumas-Eureka_State_Park" title="Plumas-Eureka State Park">Plumas-Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yuba_River_State_Park" title="South Yuba River State Park">South Yuba River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Sickle_Bi-State_Park" title="Van Sickle Bi-State Park">Van Sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_Camp,_California" title="Angels Camp, California">Angels Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_California" title="Auburn, California">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_California" title="Bridgeport, California">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_California" title="Chester, California">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax,_California" title="Colfax, California">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Valley,_California" title="Grass Valley, California">Grass Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incline_Village,_Nevada" title="Incline Village, Nevada">Incline Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_California" title="Jackson, California">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernville,_California" title="Kernville, California">Kernville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalton,_California" title="Loyalton, California">Loyalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Lakes,_California" title="Mammoth Lakes, California">Mammoth Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariposa,_California" title="Mariposa, California">Mariposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markleeville,_California" title="Markleeville, California">Markleeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_City,_California" title="Nevada City, California">Nevada City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakhurst,_California" title="Oakhurst, California">Oakhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise,_California" title="Paradise, California">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placerville,_California" title="Placerville, California">Placerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portola,_California" title="Portola, California">Portola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_California" title="Quincy, California">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andreas,_California" title="San Andreas, California">San Andreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora,_California" title="Sonora, California">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lake_Tahoe,_California" title="South Lake Tahoe, California">South Lake Tahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanville,_California" title="Susanville, California">Susanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutter_Creek,_California" title="Sutter Creek, California">Sutter Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahoe_City,_California" title="Tahoe City, California">Tahoe City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehachapi,_California" title="Tehachapi, California">Tehachapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truckee,_California" title="Truckee, California">Truckee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ski areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Meadows_(ski_resort)" title="Alpine Meadows (ski resort)">Alpine Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_Pass_Ski_Area" title="Badger Pass Ski Area">Badger Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Valley_(resort)" title="Bear Valley (resort)">Bear Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreal_Mountain_Resort" title="Boreal Mountain Resort">Boreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Peak" title="China Peak">China Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_Ridge_Ski_Area" title="Dodge Ridge Ski Area">Dodge Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donner_Ski_Ranch" title="Donner Ski Ranch">Donner Ski Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mountain_Resort" title="Heavenly Mountain Resort">Heavenly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood_Mountain_Resort" title="Homewood Mountain Resort">Homewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Mountain_ski_area" title="June Mountain ski area">June Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_Mountain_Resort" title="Kirkwood Mountain Resort">Kirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Mountain_Ski_Area" title="Mammoth Mountain Ski Area">Mammoth Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northstar_California" title="Northstar California">Northstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra-at-Tahoe" title="Sierra-at-Tahoe">Sierra at Tahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisades_Tahoe" title="Palisades Tahoe">Palisades Tahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Bowl_Ski_Resort" title="Sugar Bowl Ski Resort">Sugar Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahoe_Donner_Downhill" title="Tahoe Donner Downhill">Tahoe Donner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_Trail" title="High Sierra Trail">High Sierra Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir_Trail" title="John Muir Trail">John Muir Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Crest_Trail" title="Pacific Crest Trail">Pacific Crest Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_High_Route" title="Sierra High Route">Sierra High Route</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:California" title="Template:California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:California" title="Template talk:California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_California" title="Outline of California">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_California" title="Culture of California">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_California" title="Music of California">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_sound" title="California sound">California sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_California" title="Sports in California">sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Dream" title="California Dream">California Dream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_California" title="Crime in California">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_California" title="Demographics of California">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_California" title="List of earthquakes in California">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_California" title="Economy of California">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_California" title="Agriculture in California">agriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_California" title="Education in California">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_California" title="Environment of California">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_California" title="Geography of California">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_California" title="Climate of California">climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_California" title="Ecology of California">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Floristic_Province" title="California Floristic Province">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_California" title="Fauna of California">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_California" title="Government of California">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Capitol" title="California State Capitol">Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_in_California" title="Districts in California">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_California" title="Healthcare in California">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_California" title="Abortion in California">Abortion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_California" title="Law of California">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in California">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_California" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in California">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_California" title="List of National Natural Landmarks in California">National Natural Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">NRHP listings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_California" title="Politics of California">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_California" title="United States congressional delegations from California">congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_California" title="List of people from California">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="California protected areas">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_parks" title="List of California state parks">state parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_Historical_Landmarks" title="List of California Historical Landmarks">state historic landmarks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_symbols" title="List of California state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_California" title="Transportation in California">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_in_California" title="Water in California">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_California-related_articles" title="Index of California-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_California" title="List of regions of California">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_Valley" title="Antelope Valley">Antelope Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges" title="California Coast Ranges">California Coast Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_California" title="Central California">Central California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(California)" title="Central Coast (California)">Central Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley" title="Coachella Valley">Coachella Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_California" title="Coastal California">Coastal California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conejo_Valley" title="Conejo Valley">Conejo Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucamonga_Valley" title="Cucamonga Valley">Cucamonga Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">East Bay (SF Bay Area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_County,_San_Diego" title="East County, San Diego">East County (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_California" title="Eastern California">Eastern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Triangle" title="Emerald Triangle">Emerald Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Country" title="Gold Country">Gold Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley" title="San Bernardino Valley">Greater San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Inland Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klamath_Basin" title="Klamath Basin">Klamath Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles Area">Greater Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Basin" title="Los Angeles Basin">Los Angeles Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Coast" title="Lost Coast">Lost Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Empire,_San_Diego" title="Mountain Empire, San Diego">Mountain Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" title="North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">North Bay (SF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_(California)" title="North Coast (California)">North Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_County_(San_Diego_area)" title="North County (San Diego area)">North County (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Coast" title="Orange Coast">Orange Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxnard_Plain" title="Oxnard Plain">Oxnard Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_Valley" title="Pomona Valley">Pomona Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddleback_Valley" title="Saddleback Valley">Saddleback Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinas_Valley" title="Salinas Valley">Salinas Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula" title="San Francisco Peninsula">San Francisco Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley" title="San Gabriel Valley">San Gabriel Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley" title="Santa Clara Valley">Santa Clara Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_River_Valley" title="Santa Clara River Valley">Santa Clara River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clarita_Valley" title="Santa Clarita Valley">Santa Clarita Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Valley" title="Santa Ynez Valley">Santa Ynez Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_Cascade" title="Shasta Cascade">Shasta Cascade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sierra Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bay_(Los_Angeles_County)" title="South Bay (Los Angeles County)">South Bay (LA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bay,_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bay, San Diego">South Bay (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley#San_Francisco_South_Bay" title="Santa Clara Valley">South Bay (SF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(California)" title="South Coast (California)">South Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Border_Region_(California)" title="Southern Border Region (California)">Southern Border Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Valley" title="Tri-Valley">Tri-Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Valley" title="Victor Valley">Victor Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_Country_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine Country (California)">Wine Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metro regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Fresno" title="Metropolitan Fresno">Fresno–Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_metropolitan_area" title="Sacramento metropolitan area">Sacramento–Roseville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose%E2%80%93San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland,_CA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area">San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California" title="List of counties in California">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_County,_California" title="Alpine County, California">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amador_County,_California" title="Amador County, California">Amador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte_County,_California" title="Butte County, California">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California" title="Calaveras County, California">Calaveras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colusa_County,_California" title="Colusa County, California">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California" title="Del Norte County, California">Del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_County,_California" title="El Dorado County, California">El Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_County,_California" title="Glenn County, California">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California" title="Humboldt County, California">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County,_California" title="Inyo County, California">Inyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_California" title="Kings County, California">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_California" title="Lake County, California">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassen_County,_California" title="Lassen County, California">Lassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariposa_County,_California" title="Mariposa County, California">Mariposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California" title="Mendocino County, California">Mendocino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merced_County,_California" title="Merced County, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_County,_California" title="Modoc County, California">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_County,_California" title="Mono County, California">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_County,_California" title="Monterey County, California">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa_County,_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_County,_California" title="Nevada County, California">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placer_County,_California" title="Placer County, California">Placer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumas_County,_California" title="Plumas County, California">Plumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California" title="Sacramento County, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Benito_County,_California" title="San Benito County, California">San Benito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California" title="San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California" title="Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_County,_California" title="Shasta County, California">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_County,_California" title="Sierra County, California">Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_County,_California" title="Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_County,_California" title="Solano County, California">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California" title="Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutter_County,_California" title="Sutter County, California">Sutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehama_County,_California" title="Tehama County, California">Tehama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_County,_California" title="Trinity County, California">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_County,_California" title="Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura_County,_California" title="Ventura County, California">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolo_County,_California" title="Yolo County, California">Yolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuba_County,_California" title="Yuba County, California">Yuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in California">Most populous<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/16px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/24px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Nevada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nevada" title="Template:Nevada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nevada" title="Template talk:Nevada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nevada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nevada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Nevada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nevada" title="Outline of Nevada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nevada-related_articles" title="Index of Nevada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nevada" title="Geography of Nevada">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nevada" title="Government of Nevada">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Nevada" title="United States congressional delegations from Nevada">Delegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Nevada" title="List of people from Nevada">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nevada_state_symbols" title="List of Nevada state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Nevada" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Nevada">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada#Transportation" title="Nevada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Nevada" title="Fauna of Nevada">Fauna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nevada" title="Abortion in Nevada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nevada_culture" title="Category:Nevada culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Nevada" title="Crime in Nevada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Nevada">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Nevada" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Nevada">Hispanics and Latinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Nevada">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Nevada">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Nevada">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nevada" title="Elections in Nevada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Nevada" title="Gun laws in Nevada">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nevada">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Nevada">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Nevada" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Desert" title="Black Rock Desert">Black Rock Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Valley_(Nevada)" title="Eagle Valley (Nevada)">Eagle Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead" title="Lake Mead">Lake Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahranagat_Valley" title="Pahranagat Valley">Pahranagat Valley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sierra Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout_Creek_Mountains" title="Trout Creek Mountains">Trout Creek Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truckee_Meadows" title="Truckee Meadows">Truckee Meadows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_NV_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Reno, NV Metropolitan Statistical Area">Reno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Nevada" title="List of counties in Nevada">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_County,_Nevada" title="Churchill County, Nevada">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada" title="Clark County, Nevada">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Nevada" title="Douglas County, Nevada">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elko_County,_Nevada" title="Elko County, Nevada">Elko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_County,_Nevada" title="Esmeralda County, Nevada">Esmeralda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_County,_Nevada" title="Eureka County, Nevada">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_Nevada" title="Humboldt County, Nevada">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_County,_Nevada" title="Lander County, Nevada">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Nevada" title="Lincoln County, Nevada">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon_County,_Nevada" title="Lyon County, Nevada">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_County,_Nevada" title="Mineral County, Nevada">Mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nye_County,_Nevada" title="Nye County, Nevada">Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_County,_Nevada" title="Pershing County, Nevada">Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storey_County,_Nevada" title="Storey County, Nevada">Storey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_County,_Nevada" title="Washoe County, Nevada">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Pine_County,_Nevada" title="White Pine County, Nevada">White Pine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nevada" title="List of cities in Nevada">Cities and<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamo,_Nevada" title="Alamo, Nevada">Alamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amargosa_Valley,_Nevada" title="Amargosa Valley, Nevada">Amargosa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Nevada" title="Austin, Nevada">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker,_Nevada" title="Baker, Nevada">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Mountain,_Nevada" title="Battle Mountain, Nevada">Battle Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatty,_Nevada" title="Beatty, Nevada">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_City,_Nevada" title="Boulder City, Nevada">Boulder City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliente,_Nevada" title="Caliente, Nevada">Caliente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlin,_Nevada" title="Carlin, Nevada">Carlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elko,_Nevada" title="Elko, Nevada">Elko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Nevada" title="Ely, Nevada">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise,_Nevada" title="Enterprise, Nevada">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka,_Nevada" title="Eureka, Nevada">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallon,_Nevada" title="Fallon, Nevada">Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernley,_Nevada" title="Fernley, Nevada">Fernley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardnerville_Ranchos,_Nevada" title="Gardnerville Ranchos, Nevada">Gardnerville Ranchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerlach,_Nevada" title="Gerlach, Nevada">Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfield,_Nevada" title="Goldfield, Nevada">Goldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_Nevada" title="Hawthorne, Nevada">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incline_Village,_Nevada" title="Incline Village, Nevada">Incline Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughlin,_Nevada" title="Laughlin, Nevada">Laughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovelock,_Nevada" title="Lovelock, Nevada">Lovelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesquite,_Nevada" title="Mesquite, Nevada">Mesquite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden,_Nevada" title="Minden, Nevada">Minden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Las_Vegas" class="mw-redirect" title="North Las Vegas">North Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaca,_Nevada" title="Panaca, Nevada">Panaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahrump,_Nevada" title="Pahrump, Nevada">Pahrump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada" title="Paradise, Nevada">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioche,_Nevada" title="Pioche, Nevada">Pioche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primm,_Nevada" title="Primm, Nevada">Primm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel,_Nevada" title="Rachel, Nevada">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Springs,_Nevada" title="Spanish Springs, Nevada">Spanish Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparks,_Nevada" title="Sparks, Nevada">Sparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Creek,_Nevada" title="Spring Creek, Nevada">Spring Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Valley,_Nevada" title="Spring Valley, Nevada">Spring Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateline,_Nevada" title="Stateline, Nevada">Stateline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerlin_South,_Nevada" title="Summerlin South, Nevada">Summerlin South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Valley,_Nevada" title="Sun Valley, Nevada">Sun Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Manor,_Nevada" title="Sunrise Manor, Nevada">Sunrise Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonopah,_Nevada" title="Tonopah, Nevada">Tonopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada" title="Virginia City, Nevada">Virginia City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Wendover,_Nevada" title="West Wendover, Nevada">West Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnemucca,_Nevada" title="Winnemucca, Nevada">Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney,_Nevada" title="Whitney, Nevada">Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Nevada" title="Winchester, Nevada">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerington,_Nevada" title="Yerington, Nevada">Yerington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullfrog_County,_Nevada" title="Bullfrog County, Nevada">Bullfrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormsby_County,_Nevada" title="Ormsby County, Nevada">Ormsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roop_County,_Nevada" title="Roop County, Nevada">Roop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nevada" title="Portal:Nevada">Nevada portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal domestic dependent nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty#Maritime_territory_of_the_United_States" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Maritime territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone" title="Chamorro Time Zone">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Time_Zone" title="Samoa Time Zone">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">Hawaii–Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Time_Zone" title="Alaska Time Zone">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific states">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">E N Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">W N Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Middle Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">S Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">E S Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">W S Central</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of<br />appeals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">Physiographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_Plateaus" title="Intermontane Plateaus">Intermontane Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands" title="U.S. Interior Highlands">Interior Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Highlands" title="Appalachian Highlands">Appalachian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">Coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Acquisitions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Cession of Tutuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Cession of Manu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of the Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">The Californias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermountain states">Intermountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_border_states_of_the_United_States" title="International border states of the United States">International border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" 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