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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct Pama–Nyungan language of southeastern Australia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Pallanganmiddang</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Waywurru</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pallanganmiddang_people" title="Pallanganmiddang people">Pallanganmiddang people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">ca. 1800</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Gippsland_languages" title="Gippsland languages">Gippsland</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Pallanganmiddang</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pmd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pmd">pmd</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pall1243">pall1243</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/S89">S89</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Pallanganmiddang</b>, or <b>Waywurru</b>, is an extinct, poorly-attested Aboriginal language of the Upper Murray region of the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>, that was spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Pallanganmiddang_people" title="Pallanganmiddang people">Pallanganmiddang people</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many tribe and language names in the area end in a suffix variously spelt <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-matong</i></span>, <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-middang</i></span>, <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-mirttong</i></span>, <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-mathang</i></span>, and <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-mittung</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> this suffix may have an etymological association with "speech" or "tongue" (compare Western Australian language <a href="/wiki/Kalaamaya_language" title="Kalaamaya language">Kalaamaya's</a> <span title="Kalaamaya-language text"><i lang="lkm">midhany</i></span> "tongue", likely a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and, in Pallanganmiddang's case, seems to denote an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pallanganmiddang has been alternatively known as Balangamida, Pallangahmiddang, Pal-ler an mitter, Wavaroo, Wave Veroo, Waveroo, Wayyourong, Wayyouroo, Wayerroo, Waywurru, Weeerroo and Weeherroo.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although it was a <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama-Nyungan</a> language,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pallanganmiddang was likely quite distinct from its neighbouring languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Dhudhuroa_language" title="Dhudhuroa language">Dhudhuroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorta_Yorta_language" title="Yorta Yorta language">Yorta Yorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri_language" title="Wiradjuri language">Wiradjuri</a>; its percentage of shared vocabulary with its neighbours is very low. The only exception is a purported language mentioned in an 1899 list titled "Barwidgee, Upper Murray", with which Pallanganmiddang shares 39% of its vocabulary. This source may actually show a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Dhudhuroa_language" title="Dhudhuroa language">Dhudhuroa</a> spoken near the border of Pallanganmiddang territory, or it may be conflating two languages, although the list's use of words not native to the area suggests its lack of reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>Despite its seeming lack of closeness to neighbouring languages, Pallanganmiddang does contain many <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a> familiar in Aboriginal languages such as <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">nha-</i></span> "to see", and <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">yan-</i></span> "to go".<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentation">Documentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are only four <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a> documents on the language: a vocabulary of 46 words from 1878 and a vocabulary of 109 words from 1886, a vocabulary of 341 words of unclear date, and a vocabulary of 63 words from 1900, which, taken together, provide a list of more than 300 words.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonant inventory was probably the same as in neighbouring languages. The following table shows the <i>maximum</i> inventory, with sounds not directly attested being shown in brackets:<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 3–4">: 3–4 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Possible consonantal inventory </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td>p/b </td> <td>t/d </td> <td>ʈ/ɖ </td> <td>t̪/d̪ </td> <td>c/ɟ </td> <td>k/ɡ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td>(ɳ) </td> <td>(n̪) </td> <td>ɲ </td> <td>ŋ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td>(ɭ) </td> <td>(l̪) </td> <td>(ʎ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td>w </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>j </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The variation between <i>p</i>/<i>b</i>, <i>t</i>/<i>d</i>, and <i>k</i>/<i>g</i> in the sources suggest a lack of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> distinction between <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced and voiceless</a> consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup></li> <li>There was probably not a phonemic distinction between dentals and palatals, since some words are recorded with both <i>t</i>/<i>d,</i> suggesting a <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a>, <i>and j/g,</i> suggesting a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> plosive (e.g. "foot" is variously spelt <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">teerrer</i></span> or <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">gerra</i></span>, "man" is variously spelt <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">teerre</i></span>, <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">gerree</i></span> or <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">jere</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 3–4">: 3–4 </span></sup></li> <li>There is no definite evidence for <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflexes</a>, but the spelling of <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">carrda</i></span> "crayfish" suggests they existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup></li> <li>There probably was a distinction between a <a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">flapped</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trilled</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic</a>, and a glide-type rhotic (possibly a retroflex), but such distinctions were not made in older sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>The following table shows consonants in both initial and intervocalic form; note the differences between the voiced and voiceless plosives:<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Initial and intervocalic consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Initial </th> <th>Medial </th></tr> <tr> <td>p/b </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">pada</i></span> "big" </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">kabiga</i></span> "baby" </td></tr> <tr> <td>t/d </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">taka</i></span> "hit"<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_roundingA"><a href="#endnote_roundingA">[A]</a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">madega</i></span> "old man" </td></tr> <tr> <td>rt/rd </td> <td>? </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">karda</i></span> "crayfish" </td></tr> <tr> <td>th/dh </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">thirriwa</i></span> "nails" </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">bathawatha</i></span> "cold" </td></tr> <tr> <td>tj/dj </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">djuyu</i></span> "snake" </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">budju</i></span> "kangaroo" </td></tr> <tr> <td>k/g </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">kima</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_rat" title="Kangaroo rat">kangaroo rat</a>" </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">bugu</i></span> "bowels" </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">merri</i></span> "ground" </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">marrimuna</i></span> "lazy" </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">narra</i></span> "wild dog" </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">mani</i></span> "camp" </td></tr> <tr> <td>rn </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>nh </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">nhagadi</i></span> "see"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_energyB"><a href="#endnote_energyB">[B]</a></sup> </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>ny </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">nyuma</i></span> "rain" </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">noganya</i></span> "give" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">ngaa</i></span> "nose" </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">ngalawiya</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">wood duck</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>rr </td> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">karri</i></span> "wind" </td></tr> <tr> <td>y </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">yarra</i></span> "beard" </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">payorro</i></span> "magpie" </td></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">warra</i></span> "water" </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">wawa</i></span> "brother" </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_roundingA"><a href="#ref_roundingA"><b><sup>A</sup></b></a></span> The alveolar initial is assumed here based on a cognate. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_energyB"><a href="#ref_energyB"><b><sup>B</sup></b></a></span> The dental initial is assumed here based on various cognates. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Only 7 words ending with consonants have been recorded (the word <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">wugug</i></span> is suspicious, however, as <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">wowwer</i></span> is also recorded and <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">wugug</i></span> is documented for another language in Victoria). Three of these words occur in another form (or similar word) ending in a vowel; even <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">bab</i></span> "mother" may have had the alternate form <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">bab-ga</i></span>, based on <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">mam-ga</i></span> "father". It seems likely Pallanganmiddang did not allow final consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pallanganmiddang </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">wugug</i></span> </td> <td>elder brother </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">worungun</i></span> </td> <td>cord </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">karrin</i></span> </td> <td>laugh </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">bab</i></span> </td> <td>mother </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">tueyon</i></span> (also <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">ju-u</i></span>) </td> <td>snake </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">youllon</i></span> (also <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">ulo</i></span>) </td> <td>finger, toe </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">bunjun</i></span> (compare <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">punjoo</i></span> "road") </td> <td>track of a foot </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_clusters">Consonant clusters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonant clusters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pallanganmiddang contained <a href="/wiki/Homorganic_consonant" title="Homorganic consonant">homorganic</a> nasal-plosive <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonantal clusters</a>. There were also heterorganic clusters, some of which went across morpheme boundaries such as <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-mg-</i></span> in <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">mam-ga</i></span> "father".<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Homorganic clusters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cluster </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>mb </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">bamba</i></span> "a fly" </td></tr> <tr> <td>nd </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">purranda</i></span> "bad" </td></tr> <tr> <td>rnd </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>ndh </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">berrontha</i></span> "crow" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ndj </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">pandju</i></span> "road" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ngg </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">pungga</i></span> "stone" </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Heterorganic clusters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cluster </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>nb </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">winbinbi</i></span> "sun" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ngb </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">narrangba</i></span> "you're a bad boy" </td></tr> <tr> <td>md </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">wimda</i></span> "spear" </td></tr> <tr> <td>mg </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">mamga</i></span> "father" </td></tr> <tr> <td>lg </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">belgamba</i></span> "shield" </td></tr> <tr> <td>nrr </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">mobenrru</i></span> "bushman" </td></tr> <tr> <td>nm </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">tonmana</i></span> "gammon", "tell a lie" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pallanganmiddang may have had only three vowels /i/, /u/ and /a/, similar to many Aboriginal languages, although the exact amount is unclear. Nonetheless, according to different sources, <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>, and <i>u</i> are all used. There may have been a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long and short</a> vowels, as suggested by the spelling in the first syllable of <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">karmborro</i></span> "group", but this is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>There may have been no phonemic distinction between <i>u</i> and <i>o</i>, as suggested by variant spellings, such as <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">koro</i></span> and <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">kurru</i></span> "blood".<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>Monosyllabic words with no final consonant seemingly contained a long vowel (e.g. <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">mii</i></span> "eye", <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">ngaa</i></span> "nose"), a feature common in Aboriginal languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_correspondences">Sound correspondences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sound correspondences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon" title="Robert M. W. Dixon">Robert M.W Dixon</a>, in his notes, claimed that there seems to be evidence of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">sound correspondence</a> between Pallanganmiddang and its neighbouring languages. See this list:<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Pallanganmiddang </th> <th>Neighbouring languages </th></tr> <tr> <td>ear </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">marramba</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Dhudhuroa-language text"><i lang="ddr">marlamboa</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Dhudhuroa_language" title="Dhudhuroa language">Dhudhuroa</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>tongue </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">dharra</i></span> </td> <td><i>dhalayn</i> (widespread) </td></tr> <tr> <td>water </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">warra</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Yorta Yorta-language text"><i lang="xyy">wala</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Yorta_Yorta_language" title="Yorta Yorta language">Yorta Yorta</a>) <p><span title="Ngarigu-language text"><i lang="xni">wallung</i></span> "rain" (<a href="/wiki/Ngarigo_language" title="Ngarigo language">Ngarigo</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedge-tailed_eagle" title="Wedge-tailed eagle">wedge-tailed eagle</a> </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">warrimu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Dhudhuroa-language text"><i lang="ddr">wanumarru</i></span> (Dhudhuroa) </td></tr> <tr> <td>excrement </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">gurra</i></span> </td> <td><i>guna</i> (widespread) </td></tr> <tr> <td>foot </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">djirra</i></span> </td> <td><i>djina</i> (widespread) </td></tr> <tr> <td>head </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">buwa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Yorta Yorta-language text"><i lang="xyy">buka</i></span> (Yorta Yorta) </td></tr> <tr> <td>dogh </td> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">bowa</i></span>, <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">bawa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Yorta Yorta-language text"><i lang="xyy">baka</i></span> (Yorta Yorta) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a> data are available for Pallanganmiddang's grammar. However, there are short sentences included in the collected vocabulary lists, although it is difficult to glean much information from them.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forms <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">innar</i></span> and <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">neibee</i></span> are both recorded for "you". Another word, <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">ninna</i></span>, although given as "I", could possibly be a variant of <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">innar</i></span>. If spelled <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">ngina</i></span> (as the initial <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">velar nasal</a> may have been unheard), it matches a word meaning "you" in <a href="/wiki/Yorta_Yorta" title="Yorta Yorta">Yorta Yorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latji-Latji_language" title="Latji-Latji language">Latji-Latji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p><p><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">Itebe</i></span> is recorded for "I". This could have been pronounced something like <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">ngaytbi</i></span>, and so <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">neibee</i></span>, although given as "you", could perhaps be a <a href="/wiki/First_person_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="First person pronoun">first-person pronoun</a>. In fact, <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">neibee</i></span> seems to match the final two syllables in <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">bang(g)owonabi</i></span> (translated as "hungry"), <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">waurranmandjianabi</i></span> (translated as "thirsty") and <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">kanimanabi</i></span> (translated as "drink"), possibly meaning "I'm hungry", "I'm thirsty", and "I drink".<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> </p><p><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">Nyeende-nanga-durrah</i></span> is recorded for "me", and <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">nyeende</i></span> for "my". However, a velar nasal, rather than the implied <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">palatal nasal</a> from the spelling, is more typical for first person pronouns in languages in the area. This could suggest they are possibly misglossed and are actually second person pronouns; alternatively, a sound change could have occurred, or the text could be erroneous.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p><p>One wordlist records <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">wowandowan</i></span> for "hungry"; since <i>wan</i> means "I" in several other languages in Victoria, this possibly suggests a translation of <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">wowandowan</i></span> as "I'm hungry" and therefore <i>wan</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">bound</a> first-person pronoun (and the previously-mentioned <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">ngina</i></span>, etc as the free form).<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There probably was a suffix <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-ntha</i></span> (in neighbouring language <a href="/wiki/Dhudhuroa_language" title="Dhudhuroa language">Dhudhuroa</a>, <span title="Dhudhuroa-language text"><i lang="ddr">-ntha</i></span> occurred as a second person subject bound pronoun):<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pallanganmiddang </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">minyi-wayantha</span></span> </td> <td>answer </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">bobintha</span></span> </td> <td>burn </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">tagalitantha</span></span> </td> <td>eat </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">tang(g)rrintha</span></span> </td> <td>lame (in leg) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">puthanda</span></span> </td> <td>sulky </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The suffix <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-gu</i></span> can be found on verbs (in other languages of Victoria, this is a <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>-purposive marking a purposive or <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> verb):<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pallanganmiddang </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yayi yani-gu</span></span> </td> <td>come </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yayi yan-di-gu</span></span> </td> <td>fetch it </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">tuta-gu</span></span> </td> <td>catch </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">taka-gu</span></span> </td> <td>kill </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">maynde-gu?</span></span> </td> <td>take it </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many verbs end in either <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-ti</i></span> or <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-thi</i></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pallanganmiddang </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">taka-thi</span></span> </td> <td>eat </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">popa-ti</span></span> </td> <td>jump </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yaga-thi</span></span> </td> <td>swim </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yawa-ti</span></span> </td> <td>talk </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">kibi-thi</span></span> </td> <td>sing </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-dali</i></span> appears in some words:<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pallanganmiddang </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">kudji-dali</span></span> (also given as <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">kudjina</i></span>) </td> <td>cry </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">padadi-dali</span></span> </td> <td>dance </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">pewu-dali</span></span> </td> <td>ready to fight </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">tagurra wurrima-dali</span></span> </td> <td>wash </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-bi</i></span> appears in some words:<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pallanganmiddang </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">towadad-bi</span></span> </td> <td>fight </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">wurrarragurra-bi</span></span> </td> <td>lose the way </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yana-bi?</span></span> </td> <td>walk </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-na</i></span> appears to be a suffix, appearing on nouns, verbs, and forms of uncertain <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">word class</a>. This may actually represent two suffixes, the distinction unheard by the documenters.<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pallanganmiddang </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">taka-na</span></span> (compare <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">taka-ku</i></span> "kill") </td> <td>beat </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">ton-ma-na</span></span> </td> <td>gammon, tell a lie </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">kudji-na</span></span> (also given as <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">kudjidali</i></span>) </td> <td>cry </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yarra-na</span></span> (also given as <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">yarra</i></span>) </td> <td>beard </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some nouns referring to humans end in <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-ga</i></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pallanganmiddang </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yuwarriga</span></span> (compare <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">yuwarru</i></span> "young man") </td> <td>daughter </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">djerriga</span></span> (compare <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">djerri</i></span> "man", "woman") </td> <td>old woman </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">mamga</span></span> (also given as <span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">mama</i></span>) </td> <td>father </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><i lang="pmd">-di</i></span> was possibly a causative suffix; compare the translations of "come" and "fetch it":<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pallanganmiddang </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yayi yani-gu</span></span> </td> <td>come </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yayi yan-di-gu</span></span> </td> <td>fetch it </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table contains a list of selected vocabulary from Pallanganmiddang:<sup id="cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pallanganmiddang </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">(ng)ina</span></span> </td> <td>you </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">noga</span></span> </td> <td>that </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">pulithap, pulido</span></span> </td> <td>two </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">pada</span></span> </td> <td>big </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">djerri</span></span> </td> <td>man </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">karrewa</span></span> </td> <td>fish </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">marrega</span></span> </td> <td>bird </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">bawa</span></span> </td> <td>dog </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">wonda</span></span> </td> <td>tree </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">waarri</span></span> </td> <td>bark </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">wada</span></span> </td> <td>skin </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">kurru</span></span> </td> <td>blood </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">buwa, boya</span></span> </td> <td>egg </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">buwa</span></span> </td> <td>head </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">marramba</span></span> </td> <td>ear </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">mii</span></span> </td> <td>eye </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">tagadhi</span></span> </td> <td>eat </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">nhaga-</span></span> </td> <td>see </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">ngurrangurra</span></span> </td> <td>sleep </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">barridjarra</span></span> </td> <td>die </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">taga-</span></span> </td> <td>kill </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yakathi</span></span> </td> <td>swim </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yan-</span></span> </td> <td>walk </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">yayiyani-</span></span> </td> <td>come </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">tanade, tandathi</span></span> </td> <td>stand up </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">bathawatha, bawatha</span></span> </td> <td>cold </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">murnang-djitaming(g)a</span></span> </td> <td>full </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pallanganmiddang-language text"><span lang="pmd" style="font-style: normal;">kayangi (-dji?)</span></span> </td> <td>good </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallanganmiddang_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/S89">S89</a> Pallanganmiddang at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake_and_Reid-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_and_Reid_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlakeReid1999" class="citation journal cs1">Blake, Barry J.; Reid, Julie (1999). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scriptsource.org&rft.atitle=ScriptSource+-+Pallanganmiddang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2F%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3Dlanguage_detail%26key%3Dpmd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallanganmiddang+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEira2008" class="citation journal cs1">Eira, Christina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6647391/Not_tigers_sisters_Advances_in_the_interpretation_of_historical_source_spellings_for">"Not tigers – sisters! Advances in the interpretation of historical source spellings for"</a>. <i>Aboriginal History</i>. <b>32</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aboriginal+History&rft.atitle=Not+tigers+%E2%80%93+sisters%21+Advances+in+the+interpretation+of+historical+source+spellings+for&rft.volume=32&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Eira&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6647391%2FNot_tigers_sisters_Advances_in_the_interpretation_of_historical_source_spellings_for&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallanganmiddang+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pall1243">"Glottolog 5.1 - Pallanganmiddang"</a>. <i>glottolog.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+5.1+-+Pallanganmiddang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fpall1243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APallanganmiddang+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adithinngithigh_language" title="Adithinngithigh language">Adithinngithigh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andjingith_language" title="Andjingith language">Andjingith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguthimri_language" title="Anguthimri language">Anguthimri</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alngith_dialect" title="Alngith dialect">Alngith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linngithigh_dialect" title="Linngithigh dialect">Linnithigh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpakwithi_dialect" title="Mpakwithi dialect">Mpakwithi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ndra%27ngith_language" title="Ndra'ngith language">Ndra'ngith</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arritinngithigh_language" title="Arritinngithigh language">Arritinngithigh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awngthim_language" title="Awngthim language">Awngthim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luthigh_language" title="Luthigh language">Luthigh</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpalitjanh_dialect" title="Mpalitjanh dialect">Mpalitjanh</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbiywom_language" title="Mbiywom language">Mbiywom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ndrangith_language" title="Ndrangith language">Ndrangith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ndwa%27ngith_language" title="Ndwa'ngith language">Ndwa'ngith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngkoth_language" title="Ngkoth language">Ngkoth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unjadi#Language" title="Unjadi">Unjadi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uradhi_language" title="Uradhi language">Uradhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atampaya_dialect" title="Atampaya dialect">Atampaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yinwum_dialect" title="Yinwum dialect">Yinwum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudhadhi_dialect" title="Wudhadhi dialect">Wudhadhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yadhaykenu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadhaykenu language">Yadhaykenu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angkamuthi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkamuthi dialect">Angkamuthi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umpila_language" title="Umpila language">Umpila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wik_languages" title="Wik languages">Wik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayabadhu_language" title="Ayabadhu language">Ayabadhu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugu_Nganhcara_language" title="Kugu Nganhcara language">Kugu-Muminh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pakanha_language" title="Pakanha language">Pakanha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik-Me%27nh_language" title="Wik-Me'nh language">Wik-Me'nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik_Mungkan_language" title="Wik Mungkan language">Wik-Mungkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik-Ngathan_language" title="Wik-Ngathan language">Wik-Ngathan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wik_Ompom_language" title="Wik Ompom language">Wik-Ompom</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Lamalamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamalama_language" title="Lamalama language">Lamalama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morrobolam_language" title="Morrobolam language">Morrobolam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Yalanjic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrow_Point_language" title="Barrow Point language">Barrow Point</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yalandji_language" title="Guugu Yalandji language">Gugu Yalandyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuku_Nyungkal_dialect" title="Kuku Nyungkal dialect">Kuku Nyungkal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yimithirr_language" title="Guugu Yimithirr language">Guugu Yimidhirr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Paman_languages" title="Southwestern Paman languages">Southwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koko-Bera_language" title="Koko-Bera language">Koko-Bera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Dhaw_language" title="Gugu Dhaw language">Kok Thawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjen_language" title="Kunjen language">Kunjen</a> <ul><li>Ogh-Undjan</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuuk_Thaayorre_language" title="Kuuk Thaayorre language">Kuuk Thaayorre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuuk_Yak_language" title="Kuuk Yak language">Kuuk Yak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yir-Yoront_language" title="Yir-Yoront language">Yir-Yoront</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i>Norman</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gurdjar_language" title="Gurdjar language">Kurtjar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gkuthaarn_language" title="Gkuthaarn language">Kuthant</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i>Thaypan</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alungul_language" title="Alungul language">Alungul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angkula_language" title="Angkula language">Angkula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aghu_Tharrnggala_language" title="Aghu Tharrnggala language">Aghu Tharrnggala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ikarranggal_language" title="Ikarranggal language">Ikarranggal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tagalaka_language" title="Tagalaka language">Takalak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Thaypan_language" title="Gugu Thaypan language">Thaypan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i>Southern</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbara-Yanga_language" title="Mbara-Yanga language">Mbara-Yanga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbabaram_language" title="Mbabaram language">Mbabaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walangama_language" title="Walangama language">Walangama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wamin_language" title="Wamin language">Wamin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djabugay_language" title="Djabugay language">Djabugay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_language" title="Flinders Island language">Flinders Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kukatj_language" title="Kukatj language">Gugadj</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kok-Nar_language" title="Kok-Nar language">Kok Narr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbariman-Gudhinma_language" title="Mbariman-Gudhinma language">Mbariman-Gudhinma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpithamu_language" title="Umpithamu language">Umbindhamu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Eastern_Pama–Nyungan539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia" title="Eastern states of Australia">Eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Dyirbalic_languages" title="Dyirbalic languages">Dyirbalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyirbal_language" title="Dyirbal language">Dyirbal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyawaygi_language" title="Nyawaygi language">Nyawaygi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrgamay_language" title="Warrgamay language">Warrgamay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wulguru_language" title="Wulguru language">Wulguru</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Maric_languages" title="Maric languages">Maric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Badjiri_language" title="Badjiri language">Badjiri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidjara_language" title="Bidjara language">Bidjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biri_language" title="Biri language">Biri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingkel_languages" title="Kingkel languages">Kingkel</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayali_language" title="Bayali language">Bayali</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darumbal_language" title="Darumbal language">Darumbal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrongo_language" title="Warrongo language">Warrongo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Waka%E2%80%93Kabic_languages" title="Waka–Kabic languages">Waka–Kabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barunggam_language" title="Barunggam language">Barunggam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubbi_Gubbi_language" title="Gubbi Gubbi language">Gabi-Gabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taribelang_language" title="Taribelang language">Gureng Gureng</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tulua_language" title="Tulua language">Tulua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wakka_Wakka_language" title="Wakka Wakka language">Wakawaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wulli_Wulli_language" title="Wulli Wulli language">Wuliwuli</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Durubalic_languages" title="Durubalic languages">Durubalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guwar_language" title="Guwar language">Guwar</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Pimpama_language" title="Pimpama language">Pimpama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janday_language" title="Janday language">Janday</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunukul_language" title="Nunukul language">Nunukul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turrbal_language" title="Turrbal language">Turrbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Gumbaynggiric_languages" title="Gumbaynggiric languages">Gumbaynggiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumbaynggirr_language" title="Gumbaynggirr language">Kumbainggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaygir_language" title="Yaygir language">Yaygir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wiradhuric_languages" title="Wiradhuric languages">Wiradhuric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamilaraay_language" title="Gamilaraay language">Gamilaraay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngiyambaa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngiyambaa language">Ngiyambaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri_language" title="Wiradjuri language">Wiradjuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yuin%E2%80%93Kuric_languages" title="Yuin–Kuric languages">Yuin–Kuric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkinjung_language" title="Darkinjung language">Darkinjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharug_language" title="Dharug language">Dharug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanggati_language" title="Dhanggati language">Dhanggati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngarigo_language" title="Ngarigo language">Ngarigo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngunnawal%E2%80%93Gundungurra_language" title="Ngunnawal–Gundungurra language">Ngunnawal–Gundungurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharawal_languages" title="Tharawal languages">Tharawal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharawal_language" title="Dharawal language">Dharawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhurga_language" title="Dhurga language">Dhurga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyirringany_language" title="Dyirringany language">Dyirringany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawa_language" title="Thawa language">Thawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yugambal_language" title="Yugambal language">Yugambal</a></i>? <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbal_dialect" title="Marbal dialect">Marbal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worimi_languages" title="Worimi languages">Worimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awabakal_language" title="Awabakal language">Awabakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathang_language" title="Gathang language">Gathang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Gippsland_languages" title="Gippsland languages">Gippsland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhudhuroa_language" title="Dhudhuroa language">Dhudhuroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunaikurnai_language" title="Gunaikurnai language">Gunaikurnai</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidhawal_language" title="Bidhawal language">Bidhawal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pallanganmiddang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yugambeh%E2%80%93Bundjalung_languages" title="Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages">Yugambeh–Bandjalang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waalubal_dialect" title="Waalubal dialect">Waalubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugambeh_language" title="Yugambeh language">Yugambeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Githabul_language" title="Githabul language">Githabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundjalung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundjalung language">Bundjalung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anewan_language" title="Anewan language">Anewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidiny_language" title="Yidiny language">Yidiny</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Burdekin_languages" title="Lower Burdekin languages">Lower Burdekin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bindal_language" title="Bindal language">Bindal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Southern_Pama–Nyungan539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Australia" title="Southern Australia">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yotayotic_languages" title="Yotayotic languages">Yotayotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yabula-Yabula_language" title="Yabula-Yabula language">Yabula-Yabula</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorta_Yorta_language" title="Yorta Yorta language">Yorta Yorta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kulinic_languages" title="Kulinic languages">Kulinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulidjan_language" title="Gulidjan language">Kolakngat</a></i> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kulin_languages" title="Kulin languages">Kulin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boonwurrung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Boonwurrung language">Bunurong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Djadjawurrung_language" title="Djadjawurrung language">Dja Dja Wurrung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latji-Latji_language" title="Latji-Latji language">Ledji-Ledji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhi_Madhi_language" title="Madhi Madhi language">Madhi-Madhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Wadi_language" title="Wadi Wadi language">Wadi-Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadawurrung_language" title="Wadawurrung language">Wathaurong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wemba_Wemba_language" title="Wemba Wemba language">Wemba Wemba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woiwurrung%E2%80%93Taungurung_language" title="Woiwurrung–Taungurung language">Woiwurrung–Taungurung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaran_language" title="Yaran language">Yaran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drual_languages" title="Drual languages">Drual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungandidj_language" title="Bungandidj language">Bungandidj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauwurd_Wurrung_language" title="Dhauwurd Wurrung language">Dhauwurd Wurrung</a> <ul><li>Kuurn Kopan Noot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kureinji_language" title="Kureinji language">Keramin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngayawung_language" title="Ngayawung language">Ngayawung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Yaralde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitha_Yitha_language" title="Yitha Yitha language">Yitha-Yitha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuyu_language" title="Yuyu language">Yuyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Thura-Yura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Kuyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narungga_language" title="Narungga language">Narungga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauo_language" title="Nauo language">Nauo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri_language" title="Ngadjuri language">Ngadjuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukunu_language" title="Nukunu language">Nukunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mirning_languages" title="Mirning languages">Mirniny</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirning_language" title="Mirning language">Mirning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngadjunmaya_language" title="Ngadjunmaya language">Ngadjunmaya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Nyungic_languages" title="Nyungic languages">Nyungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galaagu_language" title="Galaagu language">Galaagu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaamaya_language" title="Kalaamaya language">Kalaamaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natingero_language" title="Natingero language">Natingero</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noongar_language" title="Noongar language">Nyungar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Western_Pama–Nyungan539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kartu_languages" title="Kartu languages">Kartu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badimaya_language" title="Badimaya language">Badimaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgana_language" title="Malgana language">Malgana</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaagurda_language" title="Thaagurda language">Thaagurda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhanda_language" title="Nhanda language">Nhanda</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nhanhagardi_language" title="Nhanhagardi language">Nhanhagardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajarri_language" title="Wajarri language">Wajarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinggarda_language" title="Yinggarda language">Yinggarda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kanyara%E2%80%93Mantharta_languages" title="Kanyara–Mantharta languages">Kanyara–Mantharta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanyara_languages" title="Kanyara languages">Kanyara</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Burduna_language" title="Burduna language">Burduna</a>–Baiyungu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalanyji_language" title="Thalanyji language">Thalanyji</a>–Pinikura</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantharta_language" title="Mantharta language">Mantharta</a> <ul><li>Tharrgari</li> <li>Warriyangka</li> <li>Thiin</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiwarli_dialect" title="Jiwarli dialect">Jiwarli</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngayarda_languages" title="Ngayarda languages">Ngayarta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jurruru_language" title="Jurruru language">Jurruru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrama_language" title="Kurrama language">Kurrama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martuthunira_language" title="Martuthunira language">Martuthunira</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarla_language" title="Ngarla language">Ngarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarluma_language" title="Ngarluma language">Ngarluma-Kariyarra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhuwala_language" title="Nhuwala language">Nhuwala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamal_language" title="Nyamal language">Nyamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiyaparli_language" title="Nyiyaparli language">Nyiyaparli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyjima_language" title="Panyjima language">Panyjima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinjibarndi_language" title="Yinjibarndi language">Yindjibarndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yinhawangka_language" title="Yinhawangka language">Yinhawangka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Marrngu_languages" title="Marrngu languages">Marrngu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garadjari_language" title="Garadjari language">Karajarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarla_language" title="Mangarla language">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangumarta_language" title="Nyangumarta language">Nyangumarta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Northern_Pama–Nyungan539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngumpin%E2%80%93Yapa_languages" title="Ngumpin–Yapa languages">Ngumpin–Yapa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrkic_languages" title="Ngarrkic languages">Ngarrga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_language" title="Warlmanpa language">Warlmanpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngumbin_languages" title="Ngumbin languages">Ngumpin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walmajarri_language" title="Walmajarri language">Walmajarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djaru_language" title="Djaru language">Djaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurindji_language" title="Gurindji language">Gurindji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilinarra_language" title="Bilinarra language">Bilinarra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudburra_language" title="Mudburra language">Mudburra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngarna_languages" title="Ngarna languages">Warluwaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wagaya_language" title="Wagaya language">Wagaya</a></i> <ul><li><i>Bularnu</i></li> <li><i>Yindjilandji</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warluwarra_language" title="Warluwarra language">Warluwarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkatungic_languages" title="Kalkatungic languages">Kalkatungic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkatungu_language" title="Kalkatungu language">Kalkatungu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yalarnnga_language" title="Yalarnnga language">Yalarnnga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Mayabic_languages" title="Mayabic languages">Mayi</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayi-Kulan_language" title="Mayi-Kulan language">Mayi-Kulan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayi-Kutuna_language" title="Mayi-Kutuna language">Mayi-Kutuna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngawun_language" title="Ngawun language">Ngawun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Dhaŋu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Djaŋu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djinba_language" title="Djinba language">Djinba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djinang_language" title="Djinang language">Djinaŋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritharrngu_language" title="Ritharrngu language">Ritharrŋu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhangu_language" title="Nhangu language">Nhaŋu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Central_Pama–Nyungan539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wati_languages" title="Wati languages">Wati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngardi_language" title="Ngardi language">Ngardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warnman_language" title="Warnman language">Wanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Arandic_languages" title="Arandic languages">Arandic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaytetye_language" title="Kaytetye language">Kaytetye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Arrernte_language" title="Lower Arrernte language">Lower Arrernte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertame_language" title="Pertame language">Pertame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Karnic_languages" title="Karnic languages">Karnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Diyari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithaka_language" title="Mithaka language">Mithaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngamini_language" title="Ngamini language">Ngamini</a></i> <ul><li><i>Yarluyandi</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngura_languages" title="Ngura languages">Ngura</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitta_Pitta_language" title="Pitta Pitta language">Pitta Pitta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanggamala_language" title="Wanggamala language">Wanggamala</a> <ul><li>Wangka-Yutjurru</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_River_language" title="Wilson River language">Wilson River</a></i> <ul><li><i>Bundhamara</i></li> <li><i>new Wangkumara/Garlali</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paakantyi_language" title="Paakantyi language">Baagandji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalali_language" title="Kalali language">Bulloo River</a> <ul><li>old Wangkumara/Garlali</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muruwari_language" title="Muruwari language">Muruwari</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barranbinja_language" title="Barranbinja language">Barranbinja</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yarli</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Macro-Pama–Nyungan?539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages">Macro-Pama–Nyungan?</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maningrida_languages" title="Maningrida languages">Maningrida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndj%C3%A9bbana_language" title="Ndjébbana language">Ndjébbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurr-Goni_language" title="Gurr-Goni language">Gurr-goni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkara_language" title="Nakkara language">Nakkara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mangarrayi-Marran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawa_language" title="Alawa language">Alawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarrayi_language" title="Mangarrayi language">Mangarrayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marra_language" title="Marra language">Marra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warndarrang_language" title="Warndarrang language">Warndarrang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yugul_language" title="Yugul language">Yugul</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gunwinyguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anindilyakwa_language" title="Anindilyakwa language">Anindilyakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalabon_language" title="Dalabon language">Dalabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunbarlang_language" title="Gunbarlang language">Gunbarlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawoyn_language" title="Jawoyn language">Jawoyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwinjku_dialect" title="Kunwinjku dialect">Kunwinjku</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngalakgan_language" title="Ngalakgan language">Ngalakgan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngandi_language" title="Ngandi language">Ngandi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunggubuyu_language" title="Nunggubuyu language">Nunggubuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembarrnga_language" title="Rembarrnga language">Rembarrnga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uwinymil_language" title="Uwinymil language">Uwinymil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warray_language" title="Warray language">Waray</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kungarakany_language" title="Kungarakany language">Kungarakany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayardild_language" title="Kayardild language">Kayardild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardil_language" title="Lardil language">Lardil</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingginda_language" title="Mingginda language">Mingginda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukulta_language" title="Yukulta language">Gangalidda (Yukulta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garrwa_language" title="Garrwa language">Garrwa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gunindiri_language" title="Gunindiri language">Gunindiri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waanyi_language" title="Waanyi language">Waanyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>   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data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>2 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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