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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timarli_Sipahis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timarli_Sipahis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Timarli Sipahis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timarli_Sipahis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timarli Sipahis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timarli_Sipahis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kapikulu_Sipahis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kapikulu_Sipahis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kapikulu Sipahis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kapikulu_Sipahis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivalry_with_the_Janissary_corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalry_with_the_Janissary_corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rivalry with the Janissary corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalry_with_the_Janissary_corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سباهية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سباهية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahil%C9%99r" title="Sipahilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sipahilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="سیپاهی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیپاهی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сипаһтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сипаһтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Спахия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спахия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahija" title="Spahija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spahija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espah%C3%AD" title="Espahí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espahí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sip%C3%A1h%C3%AD" title="Sipáhí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sipáhí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spahi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sipahi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Σπαχής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπαχής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sipahi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="سپاهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سپاهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sipahi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%8C%8C%ED%9E%88" title="시파히 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시파히" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahije" title="Spahije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spahije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sipahi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spahi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סיפאהים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיפאהים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Сыпай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сыпай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahiai" title="Sipahiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sipahiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szp%C3%A1hi" title="Szpáhi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szpáhi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Спахија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Спахија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sipahi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sipahi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC" title="スィパーヒー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スィパーヒー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sipahi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipohiy" title="Sipohiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sipohiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahisi_(Turcja)" title="Spahisi (Turcja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spahisi (Turcja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sipahi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahiu" title="Spahiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spahiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Сипахи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сипахи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahiu" title="Spahiu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Spahiu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahije" title="Spahije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spahije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Спахија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спахија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahija" title="Spahija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Spahija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sipahi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spahi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4" title="กองทหารม้าซิพาฮิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองทหารม้าซิพาฮิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sipahi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Сипахи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сипахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipayisse" title="Sipayisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sipayisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%95%E5%B8%8C" title="西帕希 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西帕希" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193875#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sipahi&id=1254538383&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSipahi"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSipahi"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sipahi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sipahi (disambiguation)">Sipahi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 19th- and 20th century African cavalry regiments of the French army and Libyan mounted police serving the Italian colonial army, see <a href="/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi">Spahi</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sipahi" title="Special:EditPage/Sipahi">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sipahi" title="Talk:Sipahi">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sipahi" title="Special:EditPage/Sipahi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sipahi%22">"Sipahi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sipahi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sipahi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sipahi%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sipahi%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sipahi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sipahi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><i>Spahiç</i> (<a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Sipahi,_Melchior_Lorch_(1646).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ottoman_Sipahi%2C_Melchior_Lorch_%281646%29.jpg/250px-Ottoman_Sipahi%2C_Melchior_Lorch_%281646%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Ottoman_Sipahi%2C_Melchior_Lorch_%281646%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A sipahi, by <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Lorck" title="Melchior Lorck">Melchior Lorck</a>, 1646</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (original)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data">Cavalry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kilij" title="Kilij">Kilij</a>, shield, lance, and bow</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Identification<br />symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sipahi-karogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sipahi-karogs.svg/300px-Sipahi-karogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sipahi-karogs.svg/450px-Sipahi-karogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sipahi-karogs.svg/600px-Sipahi-karogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="309" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Identification<br />symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sipahi-vienibas-karogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sipahi-vienibas-karogs.svg/120px-Sipahi-vienibas-karogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sipahi-vienibas-karogs.svg/180px-Sipahi-vienibas-karogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sipahi-vienibas-karogs.svg/240px-Sipahi-vienibas-karogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <i><b>sipahi</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سپاهی</span> <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">sipâhi</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Turkish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[sipaːhi]</a></span>) were professional cavalrymen deployed by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> and later by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sipahi</i> units included the <a href="/wiki/Land_grant" title="Land grant">land grant</a>–holding (<i><a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a></i>) provincial <a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots"><i>timarli sipahi</i></a>, which constituted most of the army, and the salaried regular <a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1kulu" title="Kapıkulu"><i>kapikulu sipahi</i></a>, or palace troops. However, the irregular light cavalry <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Akinji" title="Akinji"> akıncı</a></i></span> ("raiders") were not considered to be <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">sipahi</i></span>. The <i>sipahi</i> formed their own distinctive social classes and were rivals to the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">janissaries</a>, the elite infantry corps of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a>. </p><p>A variant of the term "<i>sipahi</i>" was also applied by colonial authorities to several cavalry units serving in the <a href="/wiki/Troupes_coloniales" title="Troupes coloniales">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a> colonial armies during the 19th and 20th centuries (see <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi">Spahi</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word is derived from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and means "soldier" and is also <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> as <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">spahi</i></span> and <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">spahee</i></span>; rendered in other languages as: <span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">spahiu</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <i>sepuh</i> (սեպուհ) in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">spahis</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Σπαχής</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">spahija</i></span> or <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">spahiya</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>: <span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr-Cyrl">спахија</span></span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr-Cyrl">спахия</span></span>): in Bengali [sipāhī] "<a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoy</a>" (সিপাহী). The Portuguese version is also <i>sipaio</i> (with variants like <i>sipai</i>, <i>cipaio</i> and <i>cipai</i>), but in Spanish it was adapted as <i>cipayo</i>. The word <i>sepoy</i> is derived from the same Persian word <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">sepāhī</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a>, the army's soldiers are referred to as <i>{ސިފައިން} "sifain".</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manesson-Travaux-de-Mars_9941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Manesson-Travaux-de-Mars_9941.jpg/200px-Manesson-Travaux-de-Mars_9941.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Manesson-Travaux-de-Mars_9941.jpg/300px-Manesson-Travaux-de-Mars_9941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Manesson-Travaux-de-Mars_9941.jpg/400px-Manesson-Travaux-de-Mars_9941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3396" data-file-height="5272" /></a><figcaption>Sipahi. <a href="/wiki/Manesson_Mallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manesson Mallet">Manesson Mallet</a>: <i>Art de la Guerre</i>, 1696</figcaption></figure> <p>The term refers to all freeborn Ottoman Turkish mounted troops other than <i><a href="/wiki/Akinji" title="Akinji">akıncı</a></i> and tribal horsemen in the Ottoman army. The word was used almost synonymously with cavalry. The sipahis formed two distinct types of cavalry: feudal-like, provincial <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">timarlı sipahi</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots">timariots</a>) which consisted most of the Ottoman army, and salaried, regular <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">kapıkulu sipahi</i></span> (sipahi of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Porte</a>), which constituted the cavalry part of the Ottoman household troops. </p><p>The provincial governors, or <a href="/wiki/Beys" class="mw-redirect" title="Beys">beys</a>, were rotated every few years, preventing land inheritance. The provinces, or <a href="/wiki/Sanjaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjaks">sanjaks</a>, were not all equal since <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> were mostly ruled by Turks, while other areas of the empire were more flexible, adhering, somewhat, to local traditions. </p><p>The entwinement of land, military, politics, economics and religion was a way of life. The <a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a> system, where the sultan owned all land but individual plots of land, came with residential rights. The Ottoman people had rights to the land but the <i>sipahi</i>, a unique kind of military aristocracy and cavalry portion of the military, also lived on the land with the farmers (90% of the population) and collected tax revenues, usually in-kind, to subsidize the costs of training and equipping the small army, dedicated to serving the sultan. The <i>sipahi</i> did not inherit anything, preventing power centres from growing and threatening the supreme power structure. The locals on the timar used the land and all it produced.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timarli_Sipahis">Timarli Sipahis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timarli Sipahis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Timariot">Timariot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralamb_Sipahi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ralamb_Sipahi.jpg/220px-Ralamb_Sipahi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ralamb_Sipahi.jpg/330px-Ralamb_Sipahi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ralamb_Sipahi.jpg/440px-Ralamb_Sipahi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="4624" /></a><figcaption>Miniature depicting an Anatolian Timariot, dating to before 1657.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status">Status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sipahi" title="Special:EditPage/Sipahi">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The "Timarli Sipahi" or "timariot" (<i>tımarlı</i>) was the holder of a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> of land (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تيمار</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">tîmâr</i></span>) granted directly by the Ottoman sultan or with his official permission by <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbeys</a>. He was entitled to all of the income from that land, in return for military service. The peasants on the land were subsequently attached thereto. Timarli Sipahis' status resembled that of the <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a>. Unlike medieval knights, they were not legally owners of their fiefs. The right to govern and collect taxes in a timar fief was merely given to a Timarli Sipahi by the Ottoman State. And in return, tımarli sipahis were responsible for security of the people in their timar, enlisting and training <i>cebelu</i> soldiers for the army. </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a></i> was the smallest unit of land held by a Sipahi, providing a yearly revenue of no more than 20,000 <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">akçe</a></i></span>, which was between two and four times what a teacher earned. A <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ziamet" title="Ziamet">ziamet</a></i></span> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">زعامت</span></span>) was a larger unit of land, yielding up to 100,000 akçe, and was owned by Sipahis of officer rank. A <i>has</i> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">خاص</span></span>) was the largest unit of land, giving revenues of more than 100,000 akçe, and was only held by the highest-ranking members of the military. A <i>tîmâr</i> Sipahi was obliged to provide the army with up to five armed retainers (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">cebelu</i></span>), a <i>ziamet</i> Sipahi with up to twenty, and a <i>has</i> Sipahi with far more than twenty. The <i>cebelu</i> (meaning "armed, armored") were expected to be mounted and fully equipped as the <i>sipahi</i> themselves; they were usually sons, brothers or nephews and their position was probably more similar to <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squires</a> than men-at-arms. </p><p>Although <i>timars</i> were not originally granted to their holders until perpetuity (the state inheriting the land at the death of the landholder), by the end of the 17th century estates were passed on from father to son.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sipahi" title="Special:EditPage/Sipahi">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In wartime, Timarli sipahis and their retainers were gathered under their <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">alay</i></span> (regiment) <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beys</a>. Alay-beys were gathered with their troops under <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> (province) beys, and <a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">sanjak-beys</a> gathered under <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbeys</a>. If a battle was to be fought in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Rumeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumeli">Rumeli</a> (Balkan) Sipahis took the honorary right flank under the Rumeli beylerbey, while the Anatolian beylerbey and his Sipahis took the left flank; when a battle was in Asia, positions were switched. This way, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_classical_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman classical army">Ottoman classical army</a>'s flanks wholly consisted of Timariot cavalry, while the center consisted of Janissary infantry and artillery divisions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_armour_1480-1500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ottoman_armour_1480-1500.jpg/220px-Ottoman_armour_1480-1500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ottoman_armour_1480-1500.jpg/330px-Ottoman_armour_1480-1500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ottoman_armour_1480-1500.jpg/440px-Ottoman_armour_1480-1500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption>Timariot armour dating to 1480–1500</figcaption></figure> <p>The equipment and tactics differed between the Anatolian and Balkan Timarli Sipahi. The Anatolian Sipahi were equipped and fought as classic horse archers, shooting while galloping, yet they were not nomadic cavalry and their status was similar to medium cavalry class. Balkan Timarli Sipahis wore chainmail, rode barded horses and carried lances and javelins, and fought as medium cavalry. </p><p>Timarli Sipahis of the classical Ottoman period usually comprised the bulk of the army and did the majority of the fighting on the battlefield. While infantry troops at the army's center maintained a static battle line, the cavalry flanks constituted its mobile striking arm. During battle, Timarli Sipahi tactics were used, opening the conflict with skirmishes and localized skirmishes with enemy cavalry. Regiments of Timarli Sipahis made charges against weaker or isolated units and retreated back to the main body of troops whenever confronted with heavy cavalry. During one regiment's retreat, other regiments of sipahis may have charged the chasing enemy's flanks. Such tactics served to draw enemy cavalry away from infantry support, break their cohesion, and isolate and overwhelm them with numerical superiority. Anatolian Sipahis had the ability to harass and provoke opposing troops with arrow shots. More heavily equipped Balkan Sipahis carried javelins for protection against enemy horsemen during their tactical retreats. All cavalry flanks of the Ottoman army fought a fluid, mounted type of warfare around the center of the army, which served as a stable pivot. </p><p>The standard equipment of Rumeli Sipahis of the classical Ottoman period consisted of a round shield, lance, sword, javelins, and plated armour. Their horses were barded. Standard equipment of Anatolian Sipahis in the same era was a round shield, composite <a href="/wiki/Turkish_archery#Turkish_bow" title="Turkish archery">Turkish bow</a>, arrows, <a href="/wiki/Kilij" title="Kilij">kilij</a> (Turkish sword), and leather or felt armor. Besides these, Sipahis of both provinces were equipped with <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">bozdogan</i></span> and <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">şeşper</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">maces</a>, and <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">aydogan</i></span>, <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">teber</i></span> and <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">sagir</i></span> axes. Anatolian Sipahis sometimes also carried lances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kapikulu_Sipahis"><a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Kapikulu Sipahis</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kapikulu Sipahis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sipahi" title="Special:EditPage/Sipahi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kapikulu Sipahis (Sipahis of the Porte), also known as the Six Divisions of Cavalry, were household cavalry troops of the Ottoman Palace. They were the cavalry equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> household infantry force. There were six divisions of Kapikulu Sipahis: Sipahis, Silahtars, Right Ulufecis, Left Ulufecis, Right Garips, and Left Garips. All of them were paid quarterly salaries,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Sipahis and Silahtars were elite units. </p><p><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Silahtars</i></span> ("weapon masters") were chosen from the best warriors in the Ottoman Empire. Any Ottoman soldier who committed a significant deed on the battlefield could be promoted to the Silahtar division, although normally members of other mounted units, like Timarli Sipahis or one of the other less prestigious of the four divisions of Kapikulu Sipahis, were promoted this way. Infantry soldiers had to enlist as <i>serdengecti</i> (literally means giver of his head) and survive suicide missions to join Silahtar division. If a janissary ever became a silahtar, other members of the division with cavalry backgrounds despised him and former comrade janissaries considered him a traitor, but because the position and wealth of a silahtar was so attractive, Janissaries and other soldiers still enlisted for suicide missions. </p><p>The commander of the Silahtar division was the Silahtar <a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">Agha</a>. He was the official weaponsmaster of the palace and a close personal aide of the sultan, helping him to don his armor. He was also a liaison officer who supervised the communication between the sultan and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a>. </p><p>The Sipahi division was the most prestigious of the six divisions. Traditionally, sons of Ottoman élite (sons of Vezirs, Pashas and Beys) served in this unit. The Sipahis and Silahtars were granted timar fiefs near Istanbul, alongside their salaries. Ulufeci means "salaried ones", and the members of two Ulufeci divisions weren't granted timar fiefs. Garip means "poor ones" (because their equipment was lighter compared to the other four divisions) and were paid salaries. </p><p>The six divisions of Sipahis represented the Kapikulu cavalry in the same way that the Janissaries represented the Kapikulu infantry. Kapikulu means servant of the Porte. Servants of the Porte (Kapikullari) were legally servants of the Ottoman throne. They weren't literally slaves, though their legal status was different from other Ottoman people. The Sultan had the power to directly command execution of his servants without any court verdict. Theoretically, the Sultan didn't have this kind of power over other people, even simple peasants. If a freeman was promoted to one of Kapikulu Sipahi divisions, he considered automatically switched to <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">kul</i></span> (servant) status. </p><p>Equipment of Silahtar, Sipahi and Ulufeci divisions was <a href="/wiki/Mail_and_plate_armour" title="Mail and plate armour">plated mail</a>, chainmail, round shield, <a href="/wiki/Kilij" title="Kilij">sword</a>, composite bow, arrows, lance, bozdogan mace and axe. Their equipment was similar to Rumeli (Balkan) provincial Timarli Sipahis, though they wore brilliant fabrics, prominent hats and bore ornamented polearms. The two Garip divisions were more lightly equipped. </p><p>In the classical period Ottoman battle formation, Kapikulu Sipahis were positioned back of the army as rearguards. They acted as reserve cavalry and bodyguards of Ottoman sultan and <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">viziers</a>. Their job included to join and reinforce Ottoman army's flanks which otherwise consisted entirely provincial timariot sipahis. </p><p>The Sipahis of the Porte (Kapikulu Sipahis) were founded during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a>. The Sipahi eventually became the largest of the six divisions of the Ottoman cavalry. Their duties included mounted body-guarding for the sultan and his family, as well as parade-riding with the sultan, having replaced the earlier Silahtar division for this duty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rivalry_with_the_Janissary_corps">Rivalry with the Janissary corps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rivalry with the Janissary corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Vienna.Sipahis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battle_of_Vienna.Sipahis.jpg/200px-Battle_of_Vienna.Sipahis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battle_of_Vienna.Sipahis.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Vienna.Sipahis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battle_of_Vienna.Sipahis.jpg/400px-Battle_of_Vienna.Sipahis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of Sipahis during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sipahi" title="Special:EditPage/Sipahi">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since Kapikulu Sipahis were a cavalry regiment, it was well known within the Ottoman military circles that they considered themselves a superior stock of soldiers than <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a>, who were sons of Christian peasants from the Balkans (Rumelia), and were officially slaves bounded by various laws of the devşirme. </p><p>They made great strides of efforts to gain respect within the Ottoman Empire and their political reputation depended on the mistakes of the Janissary. That minor quarrels erupted between the two units is made evident with a Turkmen adage, still used today within Turkey, <i>"<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Atlı er başkaldırmaz</i></span>"</i>, which, referring to the unruly Janissaries, translates into <i>"Horsemen don't mutiny"</i>. </p><p>Towards the middle of the 16th century, the Janissaries had started to gain more importance in the army, though the Sipahis remained an important factor in the empire's bureaucracy, economy and politics, and a crucial aspect of disciplined leadership within the army. As late as the 17th century, the Sipahis were, together with their rivals the Janissaries, the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> rulers in the early years of sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a>'s reign. In 1826, after an evident Janissary revolt the Sipahis played an important part in the <a href="/wiki/Auspicious_Incident" title="Auspicious Incident">disbandment of the Janissary corps</a>. The Sultan received critical assistance from the loyalist Sipahi cavalry in order to forcefully dismiss the infuriated Janissaries. </p><p>Two years later, however, they shared a similar fate when Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> revoked their privileges and dismissed them in favor of a more modern military structure. Unlike the Janissaries before them they retired honorably, peacefully, and without bloodshed into new Ottoman cavalry divisions who followed modern <a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">military tradition</a> doctrines. Older sipahis were allowed to retire and keep their tımar lands until they died, and younger sipahis joined the Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye army as cavalry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_individuals">Notable individuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulubatl%C4%B1_Hasan" title="Ulubatlı Hasan">Ulubatlı Hasan</a> (1428–1453), timariot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakup_A%C4%9Fa" title="Yakup Ağa">Yakup Ağa</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:History of the Ottoman Empire">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military of the</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army_in_the_15th%E2%80%9319th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries">Classical army</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1451–1826)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1kulu" title="Kapıkulu">Kapıkulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Six Divisions of Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voynuks" title="Voynuks">Voynuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaks" title="Yamaks">Yamaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervendjis" title="Dervendjis">Dervendjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban" title="Sekban">Sekban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymen" title="Seymen">Seymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimeni" title="Seimeni">Seimeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinji" title="Akinji">Akinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azap" class="mw-redirect" title="Azap">Azap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levend" title="Levend">Levend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots">Timariots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaya_(military)" title="Yaya (military)">Yaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbarac%C4%B1" title="Humbaracı">Humbaracı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">Bashi-bazouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_(Ottoman_troops)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli (Ottoman troops)">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martolos" title="Martolos">Martolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut" title="Arnaut">Arnaut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reforms" title="Ottoman military reforms">Reform period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid_Army" title="Nizam-i Djedid Army">Nizam-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban-i_Djedid_Army" title="Sekban-i Djedid Army">Sekban-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_Incident" title="Auspicious Incident">Auspicious Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asakir-i_Mansure-i_Muhammediye" title="Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye">Mansure Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidieh">Hamidieh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modern army</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861–1922)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modern Army</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Navy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Arsenal" title="Imperial Arsenal">Imperial Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_ships_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapudan_Pashas" title="List of Kapudan Pashas">Kapudan Pashas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Aviation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vecihi_H%C3%BCrku%C5%9F" title="Vecihi Hürkuş">Vecihi Hürkuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Ali_%C3%87elikten" title="Ahmet Ali Çelikten">Ahmet Ali Çelikten</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Conflicts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Ottoman Wars">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Bulgarian–Ottoman wars">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Serbian–Turkish conflicts">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Moldavian–Ottoman Wars">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Hungarian–Ottoman Wars">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_wars" title="Ottoman–Venetian wars">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Croatian–Ottoman wars">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Polish–Ottoman Wars">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Asia" title="Ottoman wars in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Ottoman–Persian Wars">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Africa" title="Ottoman wars in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_sieges_and_landings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman sieges and landings">Sieges and landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of rebellions in the Ottoman Empire">Rebellions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Conscription</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template:Military of the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template talk:Military of the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Video games</dt></dl> <ul><li>Sipahis appear in <a href="/wiki/Creative_Assembly" title="Creative Assembly">Creative Assembly</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Empire:_Total_War" title="Empire: Total War">Empire: Total War</a></i> as a heavy cavalry unit employed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and other Muslim factions. They also are employed by the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Empire</a>. Also in <a href="/wiki/Napoleon:_Total_War" title="Napoleon: Total War">Napoleon: Total War</a> to the Ottomans as the second greatest lancer unit, second to another Ottoman unit, the <a href="/wiki/Silahdar_Agha" title="Silahdar Agha">Silahtar</a> Guard.</li> <li>Sipahis appear in <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Studios" title="Ensemble Studios">Ensemble Studios</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires_III" title="Age of Empires III">Age of Empires III</a></i> as a heavy cavalry unit unique to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</li> <li>Sipahis are employed by the "Turks" faction in <i><a href="/wiki/Medieval:_Total_War" title="Medieval: Total War">Medieval: Total War</a></i> coming into the game during the late era(post 1325) existing as both the regular, lightly armored Ottoman Sipahi melee cavalry and as the Sipahi of the Porte unit which is an elite, extremely heavily armored cavalry archer with excellent melee capability as well as the royal bodyguard of the Turk faction starting in the late era, replacing the standard of the three Muslim factions, the Ghulam Cavalry.</li> <li>Sipahis are also employed by the Ottoman Empire in <i><a href="/wiki/Medieval_II:_Total_War" title="Medieval II: Total War">Medieval II: Total War</a></i> in three different forms: Sipahis, mounted archers; Sipahi Lancers, heavy cavalry; and Dismounted Sipahi Lancers, <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoons</a>.</li> <li>Sipah is cavalry unit unique to Turkey in <a href="/wiki/Cossacks:_European_Wars" title="Cossacks: European Wars">Cossacks: European Wars</a> series computer games developed by <a href="/wiki/GSC_Game_World" title="GSC Game World">GSC Game World</a>.</li> <li>The Sipahi is the unique unit for the Ottoman Empire in the computer games <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_III" title="Civilization III">Civilization III</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_V" title="Civilization V">Civilization V</a></i> (where the game itself was made by <a href="/wiki/Firaxis_Games" title="Firaxis Games">Firaxis Games</a>); the other unique unit is <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a>.</li> <li>In the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed:_Revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassin's Creed: Revelations">Assassin's Creed: Revelations</a></i>, the player can obtain a set of "Sepahi Riding Armor" for the protagonist.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li>In the historical novels <i>Eight Pointed Cross</i> (2011), <i>Falcon's Shadow</i> (2020) and <i>Ash Fall</i> (2022) by Marthese Fenech,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the character Timurhan is a prominent Sipahi in the Ottoman imperial cavalry</li> <li>In the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, one of the characters sells himself into the service of the Spahis in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.</li> <li>The title character of the 1937 film "<a href="/wiki/Lady_Killer_(1937_film)" title="Lady Killer (1937 film)">Lady Killer</a>", played by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gabin" title="Jean Gabin">Jean Gabin</a>, is a Spahi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Spahis" title="Italian Spahis">Italian Spahis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaporozhets, V. V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eanw.info/konkurs-2012/zaporozhetz-seljuks.html"><i>The Seljuks</i></a>. Hannover (2012). Translated by K.A. Nazarévskaia. p. 10 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Spahis réguliers, en Afrique". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfz_44glBbsC"><i>Table générale analytique des matières inseréees au Journal militaire, Du 1er janvier 1834 au 21 décembre 1839</i></a> (in French). Paris: Magimel, Anselin et Pochard. 1840. p. 267<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>1834[,] 10 sept. Ordonnance du Roi qui prescrit la formation à Alger d'un corps de cavalerie indigène sous la dénomination de <i>spahis réguliers</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spahis+r%C3%A9guliers%2C+en+Afrique&rft.btitle=Table+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+analytique+des+mati%C3%A8res+inser%C3%A9ees+au+Journal+militaire%2C+Du+1er+janvier+1834+au+21+d%C3%A9cembre+1839&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Magimel%2C+Anselin+et+Pochard&rft.date=1840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfz_44glBbsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASipahi" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sepoy">"Sepoy"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Sepoy&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dsepoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASipahi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205085423/http://maldivesroyalfamily.com/maldives_nss.shtml">"Maldives National Security Service"</a>. <i>maldivesroyalfamily</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maldivesroyalfamily.com/maldives_nss.shtml">the original</a> on 2023-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maldivesroyalfamily&rft.atitle=Maldives+National+Security+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maldivesroyalfamily.com%2Fmaldives_nss.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASipahi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbardKane2013" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Glenn; Kane, Tim (2013). <i>Balance: The Economics of Great Powers From Ancient Rome to Modern America</i>. Simon & Schuster. pp. 148–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-0025-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-0025-0"><bdi>978-1-4767-0025-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balance%3A+The+Economics+of+Great+Powers+From+Ancient+Rome+to+Modern+America&rft.pages=148-155&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-0025-0&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Kane%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASipahi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFodor2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fodor, Pál (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35577776">"Changes in the Structure and Strength of the Timariot Army from the Early Sixteenth to the End of the Seventeenth Century"</a>. <i>Eurasian Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasian+Studies&rft.atitle=Changes+in+the+Structure+and+Strength+of+the+Timariot+Army+from+the+Early+Sixteenth+to+the+End+of+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.date=2005-01&rft.aulast=Fodor&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35577776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASipahi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2023" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Gabriele (15 August 2023). <i>Ottoman Armies 1820-1914</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-5537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-5537-4"><bdi>978-1-4728-5537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Armies+1820-1914&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2023-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-5537-4&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASipahi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarthese_Fenech2011" class="citation book cs1">Marthese Fenech (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYo2twAACAAJ"><i>Eight Pointed Cross</i></a>. BDL Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789995733087" title="Special:BookSources/9789995733087"><bdi>9789995733087</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/770627561">770627561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Pointed+Cross&rft.pub=BDL+Pub.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F770627561&rft.isbn=9789995733087&rft.au=Marthese+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYo2twAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASipahi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiljković2010" class="citation journal cs1">Miljković, Ema (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://147.91.75.9/manage/shares/BIG/BIG_01_2010.pdf">"The Christian Sipahis in the Serbian Lands in the Second Half of the 15th Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Београдски историјски гласник: Belgrade Historical Review</i>. <b>1</b>: 103–119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%3A+Belgrade+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Sipahis+in+the+Serbian+Lands+in+the+Second+Half+of+the+15th+Century&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=103-119&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Miljkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F147.91.75.9%2Fmanage%2Fshares%2FBIG%2FBIG_01_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASipahi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1976" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Stanford J. (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan"><i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29163-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29163-1"><bdi>0-521-29163-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-521-29163-1&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofottoman00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASipahi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipahi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Siege-Warfare-Weapons/turkish-spihas.html">Turkish Sipahis</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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