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Author of <em>The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll; Making Tracks: Atlantic Records and the Growth of a Multi-billion-Dollar Industry.</em></div><div data-popper-arrow="true"></div></div></div><strong class="font-12 mr-5">Fact-checked by</strong><span class="mr-5" data-testid="Byline"><span class="Byline_popoverTrigger__xVs4j font-14" id="_R1liksvf7ksq">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></span><div class="popover AuthorPopover_AuthorPopover__0W0b4" data-testid="Popover"><a class="font-weight-semi-bold" href="/money/author/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a><div class="AuthorPopover_shortBio__1tFaf mt-5 font-14 font-serif text-gray-700 line-clamp clamp-4">Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div><div data-popper-arrow="true"></div></div><div class="caption mt-5 d-flex" data-testid="ContentDateAndHistory"></div></div><div class="TableOfContents_TableOfContents__g8WLR d-none" data-testid="TableOfContents"><ul class="TableOfContents_TableOfContentsList__yU1tL p-0 mt-0 mb-0 list-unstyled pl-5" style="--category-color:var(--red)"></ul><div class="font-14 font-weight-bold mt-20">Read More</div><div class="TableOfContents_RelatedArticle__yK5m6" data-testid="RelatedContents"><a href="/money/business-organization" class="link-black" data-testid="RelatedContent-1-86277-1"><div class="card card-sm card-horizontal my-15" data-testid="Card"><div class="card-media" data-testid="CardMedia" style="aspect-ratio:50/40"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/35/191935-050-B76CEA77/sign-Microsoft-office-building-housing-computer-giant-May-7-2016.jpg?c=crop&h=40&w=50" alt="A famous business organization" data-testid="IrisImage"/></div><div class="card-body" data-testid="CardBody"><div class="font-14">business organization</div></div></div></a></div></div><button class="btn btn-outline-undefined TableOfContents_MobileTableOfContentsButton__dHpRi d-md-none mb-20 w-100" data-testid="MobileTableOfContents" type="button" aria-label="Table Of Contents" style="--category-color:var(--red)"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M4 10.5c-.83 0-1.5.67-1.5 1.5s.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5zm0-6c-.83 0-1.5.67-1.5 1.5S3.17 7.5 4 7.5 5.5 6.83 5.5 6 4.83 4.5 4 4.5zm0 12c-.83 0-1.5.68-1.5 1.5s.68 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5-.68 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5zM7 19h14v-2H7v2zm0-6h14v-2H7v2zm0-8v2h14V5H7z"></path></svg><span class="font-18 ml-5">Table Of Contents</span></button><span hidden="" style="position:fixed;top:1px;left:1px;width:1px;height:0;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;display:none"></span><div class="font-serif font-18 lh-lg dropCapArticle"><div class="Article_floatedHeroComponents__8_NjL"><div class="mb-10 BorderlessCard_BorderlessCard__u5tTW d-inline-block w-100 pb-0 rounded border p-10" data-testid="BorderlessCard"><div class="w-100 position-relative d-flex"><img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/56/69656-004-2B757D79/label-Specialty-Records.jpg?w=385" alt="Specialty Records label." width="385" data-testid="IrisImage" class="border rounded w-100"/><button class="btn btn-outline-blue-dark btn-xl btn-circle CircleIconButton_CircleIconButton__HkIE0 position-absolute bottom-10 right-10 bg-white" data-testid="CircleIconButton" type="button" aria-label="Open full size image" id="_Rcksvf7ksq"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27A6.471 6.471 0 0 0 16 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"></path><path d="M12 10h-2v2H9v-2H7V9h2V7h1v2h2v1z"></path></svg></button><div class="tooltip font-16" data-testid="Tooltip">Open full sized image<div data-popper-arrow="true"></div></div></div><div class="font-serif text-gray-700 mt-5 font-14 text-left">Specialty Records label.</div><div class="font-serif text-gray-700 mt-5 font-12 font-italic mb-10 text-left">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</div></div></div><section class="HTMLContent_HTMLContent__cOyPs" data-testid="HTMLContent"><span id="ref1688489-1" data-level="1" /><p><span id="ref710556" /><span id="ref710555" />Art Rupe, a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles, started out by recording local black artists for the jukebox market. He soon built a strong roster of small combos led by Roy Milton and brothers Jimmy and Joe Liggins as well as gospel groups such as the Soul Stirrers and the Pilgrim Travelers. Specialty scored three of the biggest <a href="/art/rhythm-and-blues">rhythm-and-blues</a> hits of the early 1950s with “Please Send Me Someone to Love” by Percy Mayfield (1950), “Lawdy Miss Clawdy” by <span id="ref1076895" /><a href="/biography/Lloyd-Price">Lloyd Price</a> (1952), and “The Things That I Used to Do” by Guitar Slim (1954), the last two recorded in New Orleans, Louisiana, with musicians from <a href="/biography/Fats-Domino">Fats Domino</a>’s session band. When Rupe added <span id="ref710557" /><a href="/biography/Little-Richard">Little Richard</a> to his roster in 1955, newly appointed artists-and-repertoire man <span id="ref711574" />Robert (“Bumps”) Blackwell went to New Orleans for the label’s first session with Richard, which resulted in “Tutti Frutti.”</p></section><section class="HTMLContent_HTMLContent__cOyPs" data-testid="HTMLContent"><p>Richard turned out to be Specialty’s biggest artist. Rupe missed a chance for even greater success with <span id="ref1076897" /><a href="/biography/Sam-Cooke">Sam Cooke</a>. The young lead singer of the <a href="/topic/the-Soul-Stirrers">Soul Stirrers</a> recorded “<span id="ref1076900" /><a href="/topic/You-Send-Me">You Send Me</a>” at Specialty’s studio under the supervision of Blackwell, but an unconvinced Rupe (determined not to lose his <a href="/topic/gospel-music">gospel</a> star to secular music) terminated the contracts of both singer and producer. Rupe then watched ruefully as the single topped the pop charts on another local label, Keen, and Cooke emerged as one of the biggest artists of the era. The scrupulous Rupe stayed in business for several more years but was never comfortable with the practice of payola (paying disc jockeys to play his records).</p></section><span class="Signature_signature__PzeTY d-block border-left font-italic pb-5 pl-10 mt-10 font-14" data-testid="Signature"><a href="/money/author/Charlie-Gillett/4392">Charlie Gillett</a></span></div></div><aside class="d-none d-lg-block cm-right-rail col-da-320 z-1" data-testid="RightRail"></aside></div><div data-page-index="1" data-testid="PageSentinel"></div></div></main><footer class="Footer_Footer__h6k1G text-align-center pb-100" data-testid="Footer"><div class="pt-30 pt-md-40 mx-25 mx-md-0"><a href="/money"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/money/assets/Money-475x60-footer-2x.png?h=47&w=390" alt="Britannica Money Logo" data-testid="IrisImage"/></a></div><div class="Footer_SubLinks__z2QDt my-30 font-weight-semi-bold font-weight-semi-bold d-flex flex-row tw-justify-center tw-items-center"><a 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When Rupe added \u003cspan id=\"ref710557\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/biography/Little-Richard\"\u003eLittle Richard\u003c/a\u003e to his roster in 1955, newly appointed artists-and-repertoire man \u003cspan id=\"ref711574\" /\u003eRobert (“Bumps”) Blackwell went to New Orleans for the label’s first session with Richard, which resulted in “Tutti Frutti.”\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-1]--\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7:[\"$\",\"$L18\",null,{\"initialArticle\":{\"contentInfo\":{\"contentId\":\"1-1688489-1\",\"browserTitle\":\"Specialty Records: Little Richard, Lloyd Price, and a Los Angeles Label\",\"metaDescription\":null,\"description\":\"Art Rupe, a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles, started out by recording local black artists for the jukebox market. 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