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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_to_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_to_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Move to Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_to_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_to_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_to_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Move to England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_to_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victorian_painter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_painter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Victorian painter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_painter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation_and_sale_prices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation_and_sale_prices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reputation and sale prices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation_and_sale_prices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لورينس تديما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لورينس تديما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лоўрэнс Альма-Тадэма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лоўрэнс Альма-Тадэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лорънс Алма-Тадема – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лорънс Алма-Тадема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%82_%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1-%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Λώρενς Άλμα-Τάντεμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λώρενς Άλμα-Τάντεμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لاورنس آلما-تادما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاورنس آلما-تادما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourens_Alma-Tadema" title="Lourens Alma-Tadema – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lourens Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%8C%EB%A7%88%ED%83%80%EB%8D%B0%EB%A7%88" title="로런스 알마타데마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로런스 알마타데마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A1-%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Լոուրենս Ալմա-Թադեմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոուրենս Ալմա-Թադեմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94-%D7%98%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94" title="לורנס אלמה-טדמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לורנס אלמה-טדמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE" title="ಲಾರೆನ್ಸ್ ಅಲ್ಮಾ ಟಡೆಮಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಾರೆನ್ಸ್ ಅಲ್ಮಾ ಟಡೆಮಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Alma-Tadema" title="Laurentius Alma-Tadema – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Laurentius Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لورينس تديما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لورينس تديما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourens_Alma_Tadema" title="Lourens Alma Tadema – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lourens Alma Tadema" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%87%E3%83%9E" title="ローレンス・アルマ＝タデマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローレンス・アルマ＝タデマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Альма-Тадема, Лоуренс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альма-Тадема, Лоуренс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лауренси Алма Тадема – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лауренси Алма Тадема" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лоуренс Альма-Тадема – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лоуренс Альма-Тадема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%91%AA-%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%91%AA" title="勞倫斯·阿爾瑪-塔德瑪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="勞倫斯·阿爾瑪-塔德瑪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch-born British painter (1836–1912)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the English writer, see <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Alma-Tadema" title="Laurence Alma-Tadema">Laurence Alma-Tadema</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academician" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academician">RA</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Watercolour_Society" title="Royal Watercolour Society">RWS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_1870_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_1870_%282%29.jpg/220px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_1870_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_1870_%282%29.jpg/330px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_1870_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_1870_%282%29.jpg/440px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_1870_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="2204" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Alma-Tadema in 1870</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lourens Alma Tadema</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1836-01-08</span>)</span>8 January 1836<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Dronryp" title="Dronryp">Dronryp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waadhoeke" title="Waadhoeke">Waadhoeke</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 June 1912<span style="display:none">(1912-06-25)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Dutch<br />British <i><a href="/wiki/Denization" title="Denization">denizen</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Painting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Marie-Pauline Gressin-Dumoulin de Boisgirard</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="24 September 1863">1863</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="28 May 1869">1869</span>)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Theresa_Alma-Tadema" title="Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema">Laura Theresa Epps</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1871; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="August 15, 1909">1909</span>)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Alma-Tadema" title="Laurence Alma-Tadema">Laurence Alma-Tadema</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anna_Alma-Tadema" title="Anna Alma-Tadema">Anna Alma-Tadema</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academician" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academician">Royal Academician</a> <br /> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Watercolour_Society" title="Royal Watercolour Society">Royal Watercolour Society</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma-Tadema_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Alma-Tadema_signature.jpg/150px-Alma-Tadema_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Alma-Tadema_signature.jpg/225px-Alma-Tadema_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Alma-Tadema_signature.jpg/300px-Alma-Tadema_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="90" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academician" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academician">RA</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Watercolour_Society" title="Royal Watercolour Society">RWS</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">AL</span>-mə <span style="font-size:90%">TAD</span>-ay-mə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born <b>Lourens Alma Tadema</b>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈlʌurəns<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɑlmaː<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtaːdəmaː]</a></span>; 8 January 1836 – 25 June 1912) was a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> painter who later settled in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, becoming the last officially recognised <a href="/wiki/Denization" title="Denization">denizen</a> in 1873. Born in <a href="/wiki/Dronryp" title="Dronryp">Dronryp</a>, the Netherlands, and trained at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)" title="Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp)">Royal Academy of Antwerp</a>, Belgium, he settled in London, England in 1870 and spent the rest of his life there. </p><p>A painter of mostly classical subjects, he became famous for his depictions of the luxury and <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, with languorous figures set in fabulous marbled interiors or against a backdrop of dazzling blue <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> sea and sky. One of the most popular Victorian painters, Alma-Tadema was admired during his lifetime for his draftsmanship and accurate depictions of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a>, but his work fell out of fashion after his death, and only since the 1960s has it been appreciated for its importance within <a href="/wiki/Victorian_painting" title="Victorian painting">Victorian painting</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dronrijp.D%C3%BBbelestreek.2-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dronrijp.D%C3%BBbelestreek.2-01.JPG/220px-Dronrijp.D%C3%BBbelestreek.2-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dronrijp.D%C3%BBbelestreek.2-01.JPG/330px-Dronrijp.D%C3%BBbelestreek.2-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dronrijp.D%C3%BBbelestreek.2-01.JPG/440px-Dronrijp.D%C3%BBbelestreek.2-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Alma-Tadema's birth house and statue in <a href="/wiki/Dronryp" title="Dronryp">Dronryp</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>Alma-Tadema was born on 8 January 1836 in the village of <a href="/wiki/Dronryp" title="Dronryp">Dronryp</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> in the north of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surname <i>Tadema</i> is an old Frisian <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>, meaning 'son of Tade', while the names <i>Lourens</i> and <i>Alma</i> came from his godfather.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_10_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the sixth child of Pieter Jiltes Tadema (1797–1840), the village <a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">notary</a>, and the third child of Hinke Dirks Brouwer (1800–1863). His father had three sons from a previous marriage. His parents' first child died young, and the second was Artje (1834–1876), Lourens' sister, for whom he had great affection. </p><p>The Tadema family moved in 1838 to the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a>, where Pieter's position as a notary would be more lucrative.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_8_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father died when Lourens was four, leaving his mother with five children: Lourens, his sister, and three boys from his father's first marriage. His mother had artistic leanings and decided that drawing lessons should be incorporated into the children's education. He received his first art training with a local drawing master hired to teach his older half-brothers. </p><p>It was intended that the boy would become a lawyer; but in 1851 at the age of fifteen he suffered a physical and mental breakdown. Diagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">consumptive</a> and given only a short time to live, he was allowed to spend his remaining days at his leisure, drawing and painting. Left to his own devices, he regained his health and decided to pursue a career as an artist.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_10_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_to_Belgium">Move to Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Move to Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1852, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)" title="Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp)">Royal Academy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> where he studied early Dutch and Flemish art, under <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Wappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Wappers">Gustaf Wappers</a>. During Alma-Tadema's four years as a registered student at the academy, he won several awards. Before leaving the academy, towards the end of 1855, he became assistant to the painter and professor Louis (Lodewijk) Jan de Taeye, whose courses in history and historical costume he had greatly enjoyed at the academy. Although de Taeye was not an outstanding painter, Alma-Tadema respected him and became his studio assistant, working with him for three years. De Taeye introduced him to books that influenced his desire to portray <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian</a> subjects early in his career. He was encouraged to depict historical accuracy in his paintings, a trait for which the artist became known. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma-Tadema_The_Education_of_the_Children_of_Clovis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Alma-Tadema_The_Education_of_the_Children_of_Clovis.jpg/220px-Alma-Tadema_The_Education_of_the_Children_of_Clovis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Alma-Tadema_The_Education_of_the_Children_of_Clovis.jpg/330px-Alma-Tadema_The_Education_of_the_Children_of_Clovis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Alma-Tadema_The_Education_of_the_Children_of_Clovis.jpg/440px-Alma-Tadema_The_Education_of_the_Children_of_Clovis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2910" /></a><figcaption><i>The Education of the Children of Clovis</i> (1861), oil on canvas, 127 × 176.8 cm, <a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">private collection</a>. Queen <a href="/wiki/Clotilde" title="Clotilde">Clotilde</a>, wife of King <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a>, is shown training her three young children the art of hurling the axe to avenge the death of her father.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_129_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_129-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>De Taeye’s greatest influence on his young pupil was his interest in ancient civilisations, particularly the Egyptians, first displayed in <i>The Dying Cleopatra</i>, begun in 1859 but later destroyed by the artist, and <i>The Sad Father</i> or <i>The Unfavourable Oracle</i> (Opus X), painted in 1858. Originally a large processional painting in an architectural setting, it was later cut down to a smaller scale to show only three figures; this reduced painting is now in the Johannesburg Art Gallery. Another section of <i>The Sad Father</i> was modified by the artist ten years later, in 1869, and exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1871 under the title <i>The Grand Chamberlain to Sesostris the Great</i>. Of the large original painting, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Sir Edmund William Gosse</a> will later say: <i>“As the first of a series of Egyptian pictures, some of which are to be counted among the highest expressions of Alma-Tadema’s genius, The Unfavourable Oracle is a work of great interest.” <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema,_R.A.,_O.M.,_R.W.S._%E2%80%94_Two_studies_of_an_Egyptian_Nemes_and_Khat_Headdress_for_%27The_Contrary_Oracle%27,_pencil_on_buff_paper_%E2%80%94_Antwerp,_1857%E2%80%931858%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two studies of Egyptian headdresses, pencil on paper." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%22Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M.%2C_R.W.S._%E2%80%94_Two_studies_of_an_Egyptian_Nemes_and_Khat_Headdress_for_%27The_Contrary_Oracle%27%2C_pencil_on_buff_paper_%E2%80%94_Antwerp%2C_1857%E2%80%931858%22.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%22Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M.%2C_R.W.S._%E2%80%94_Two_studies_of_an_Egyptian_Nemes_and_Khat_Headdress_for_%27The_Contrary_Oracle%27%2C_pencil_on_buff_paper_%E2%80%94_Antwerp%2C_1857%E2%80%931858%22.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%22Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M.%2C_R.W.S._%E2%80%94_Two_studies_of_an_Egyptian_Nemes_and_Khat_Headdress_for_%27The_Contrary_Oracle%27%2C_pencil_on_buff_paper_%E2%80%94_Antwerp%2C_1857%E2%80%931858%22.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8901" data-file-height="6763" /></a><figcaption>Preparatory studies for <i>The Contrary Oracle</i>, showing Alma-Tadema's early interest in Ancient Egypt as well as his attention to detail and historical accuracy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The artist planned two other Egyptian-themed paintings in the years 1857 and 1858, named <i>Going to the Oracle</i> and <i>The Contrary Oracle</i>, of which a number of preparatory drawings that were once in Gosse's possession survive to this day. These paintings were either never executed, or else destroyed, as during his student years Alma-Tadema frequently destroyed or painted over works that he was unhappy with. </p><p>As the artist's contemporary biographer Percy Cross Standing noted of Lawrence Alma-Tadema's early paintings of Egyptian subjects in particular, <i>“So careful at all times about detail, he took extraordinary care in the preparation of his preliminary sketches for these pictures.”</i> When asked why he had chosen to paint Egyptian themes, Alma-Tadema said: <i>“Where else should I have begun as soon as I had become acquainted with the life of the ancients? The first thing a child learns of ancient history is about the court of Pharaoh; and if we go back to the source of art and science, must we not return to Egypt?”</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of his early Egyptian paintings contain precise depictions of objects and settings, which reflect the artist's close study of an important reference book of his era: Sir John Gardner Wilkinson's <i>“The Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians”</i>, published in 1837. Alma-Tadema left Taeye's studio in November 1858 returning to Leeuwarden before settling in Antwerp, where he began working with the painter Baron <a href="/wiki/Jan_August_Hendrik_Leys" title="Jan August Hendrik Leys">Jan August Hendrik Leys</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_15_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose studio was one of the most highly regarded in Belgium. Under his guidance Alma-Tadema painted his first major work: <i>The Education of the children of Clovis</i> (1861). This painting created a sensation among critics and artists when it was exhibited that year at the Artistic Congress in Antwerp. It is said to have laid the foundation of his fame and reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alma-Tadema related that although Leys thought the completed painting better than he had expected, he was critical of the treatment of marble, which he compared to cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_12_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He collaborated with Hendrik Leys on the series of wall paintings in the Leys Hall on the second floor of Antwerp City Hall, which depict significant moments in the history of The Netherlands. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leyszaal_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Leyszaal_b.jpg/220px-Leyszaal_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Leyszaal_b.jpg/330px-Leyszaal_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Leyszaal_b.jpg/440px-Leyszaal_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Early uncredited work by Alma-Tadema, collaborating with Hendrik Leys at Antwerp City Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>Alma-Tadema took this criticism very seriously, and it led him to improve his technique and to become the world's foremost painter of marble and variegated granite. Despite any reproaches from his master, <i>The Education of the Children of Clovis</i> was well received by critics and artists alike and was eventually purchased and subsequently given to King Leopold of Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_16_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_16-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860 he befriended the Anglo-Dutch Dommersen family of artists in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works">Early works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_chess_players.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Egyptian_chess_players.jpg/220px-Egyptian_chess_players.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Egyptian_chess_players.jpg/330px-Egyptian_chess_players.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Egyptian_chess_players.jpg/440px-Egyptian_chess_players.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption><i>Egyptian <a href="/wiki/History_of_chess" title="History of chess">Chess</a> Players</i> (1865), oil on wood, 39.8 × 55.8 cm (private)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> subjects were the painter's favourites up to the mid-1860s. However Merovingian subjects did not have a wide international appeal, so he switched to themes of life in ancient <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, which were <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination" title="Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination">more popular</a>. In 1862 Alma-Tadema left Leys's studio and started his own career, establishing himself as a significant classical-subject artist. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Alma_Tadema_(1864-1940)_and_Laurense_Alma_Tadema_(1865-1940),_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anna_Alma_Tadema_%281864-1940%29_and_Laurense_Alma_Tadema_%281865-1940%29%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/220px-Anna_Alma_Tadema_%281864-1940%29_and_Laurense_Alma_Tadema_%281865-1940%29%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anna_Alma_Tadema_%281864-1940%29_and_Laurense_Alma_Tadema_%281865-1940%29%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/330px-Anna_Alma_Tadema_%281864-1940%29_and_Laurense_Alma_Tadema_%281865-1940%29%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anna_Alma_Tadema_%281864-1940%29_and_Laurense_Alma_Tadema_%281865-1940%29%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/440px-Anna_Alma_Tadema_%281864-1940%29_and_Laurense_Alma_Tadema_%281865-1940%29%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of the artist's daughters (1873)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 January 1863 his invalid mother died, and on 24 September he was married, in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_City_Hall" title="Antwerp City Hall">Antwerp City Hall</a>, to Marie-Pauline Gressin-Dumoulin de Boisgirard, the daughter of Eugène Gressin-Dumoulin, a French journalist living near <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_13_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing is known of their meeting and little of Pauline herself, as Alma-Tadema never spoke about her after her death in 1869. Her image appears in a number of oils, though he painted her portrait only three times, the most notable appearing in <i>My studio</i> (1867).<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_20_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_20-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had three children. Their eldest and only son lived only a few months dying of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. Their two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Alma-Tadema" title="Laurence Alma-Tadema">Laurence</a> (1865–1940) and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Alma-Tadema" title="Anna Alma-Tadema">Anna</a> (1867–1943), both had artistic leanings: the former in literature, the latter in art. Neither would marry. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mirror_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Mirror_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/220px-The_Mirror_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Mirror_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/330px-The_Mirror_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Mirror_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/440px-The_Mirror_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption><i>The Mirror</i>, 1868</figcaption></figure> <p>Alma-Tadema and his wife spent their honeymoon in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. This, his first visit to Italy, developed his interest in depicting the life of ancient Greece and Rome, especially the latter since he found new inspiration in the ruins of Pompeii, which fascinated him and would inspire much of his work in the coming decades. There he met <a href="/wiki/Geremia_Discanno" title="Geremia Discanno">Geremia Discanno</a>, an Italian painter who had been commissioned by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Fiorelli" title="Giuseppe Fiorelli">Giuseppe Fiorelli</a> to reproduce the brightly painted frescoes being uncovered in the excavations of Pompeii and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> before they faded from exposure. He would consult Discanno a number of times before Discanno's death in 1907 to ensure his paintings of antiquity would reflect the lifestyle of residents of the Greco-Roman world accurately.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer of 1864, Tadema met <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gambart" title="Ernest Gambart">Ernest Gambart</a>, the most influential print publisher and art dealer of the period. Gambart was highly impressed with the work of Tadema, who was then painting <i>Egyptian Chess Players</i> (1865). The dealer, recognising at once the unusual gifts of the young painter, gave him an order for twenty-four pictures and arranged for three of Tadema's paintings to be shown in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_15_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1865, Tadema relocated to Brussels where he was named a knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a>. </p><p>On 28 May 1869, after years of ill health, Pauline died of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> at Schaerbeek in Belgium, aged 32.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_41_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_41-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her death left Tadema disconsolate and depressed. He ceased painting for nearly four months. His sister Artje, who lived with the family, helped with the two daughters then aged five and two. Artje took over the role of housekeeper and remained with the family until 1873 when she married.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_41_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_41-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer Tadema himself began to suffer from a medical problem which doctors in Brussels were unable to diagnose. Gambart eventually advised him to go to England for another medical opinion. Soon after his arrival in London in December 1869, Alma-Tadema was invited to the home of the painter <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a>. There he met <a href="/wiki/Laura_Theresa_Alma-Tadema" title="Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema">Laura Theresa Epps</a>, who was seventeen years old, and fell in <a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">love with her at first sight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_60_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_60-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_to_England">Move to England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Move to England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tepidarium_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_(1836-1912).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tepidarium_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_%281836-1912%29.jpg/220px-Tepidarium_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_%281836-1912%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tepidarium_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_%281836-1912%29.jpg/330px-Tepidarium_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_%281836-1912%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tepidarium_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_%281836-1912%29.jpg/440px-Tepidarium_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_%281836-1912%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption><i>The Tepidarium</i> (1881), oil on panel, 24 × 33 cm. <a href="/wiki/Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery" title="Lady Lever Art Gallery">Lady Lever Art Gallery</a>, Port Sunlight. Lounging next to the <a href="/wiki/Tepidarium" title="Tepidarium">tepidarium</a>, a curvaceous beauty takes her rest. She holds a <a href="/wiki/Strigil" title="Strigil">strigil</a> in her right hand.</figcaption></figure> <p>The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> in July 1870 encouraged Alma-Tadema to leave the continent and move to London. His infatuation with Laura Epps played a great part in his relocation to England and in addition Gambart felt that the move would be advantageous to the artist's career. In stating his reasons for the move, Tadema simply said "I lost my first wife, a French lady with whom I married in 1863, in 1869. Having always had a great predilection for London, the only place where, up till then my work had met with buyers, I decided to leave the continent and go to settle in England, where I have found a true home." </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_by_J._P._Mayall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_by_J._P._Mayall.jpg/352px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_by_J._P._Mayall.jpg" decoding="async" width="352" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_by_J._P._Mayall.jpg/528px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_by_J._P._Mayall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_by_J._P._Mayall.jpg/704px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_by_J._P._Mayall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.nga.gov/permalink/01NGA_INST/1p5jkvq/alma991625483804896">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a></i> by J. P. Mayall from Artists at Home, photogravure, published 1884, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections.html">Department of Image Collections</a>, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC</figcaption></figure> <p>With his small daughters and sister Artje, Alma-Tadema arrived in London at the beginning of September 1870. The painter wasted no time in contacting Laura, and it was arranged that he would give her painting lessons. During one of these, he proposed marriage. As he was then thirty-four and Laura was now only eighteen, her father was initially opposed to the idea. Dr Epps finally agreed on the condition that they should wait until they knew each other better. They married in July 1871. Laura, under her married name, also won a high reputation as an artist, and appears in numerous of Alma-Tadema's canvases after their marriage (<i>The Women of Amphissa</i> (1887) being a notable example). This second marriage was enduring and happy, though childless, and Laura became stepmother to Anna and Laurence. Anna became a painter and Laurence became a novelist.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England he initially adopted the name <i>Laurence Alma Tadema</i> instead of <i>Lourens Alma Tadema</i> and later used the more English spelling <i>Lawrence</i> for his forename. He also incorporated <i>Alma</i> into his surname so that he appeared at the beginning of exhibition catalogues, under "A" rather than under "T".<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_10_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not actually hyphenate his last name, but it was done by others and this has since become the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-Ash_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ash-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_painter">Victorian painter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Victorian painter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg/220px-The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg/330px-The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg/440px-The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3694" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus" title="The Roses of Heliogabalus">The Roses of Heliogabalus</a></i> (1888), oil on canvas, 132.1 × 213.7 cm, private collection. As it was painted during the winter, Tadema arranged to have roses sent weekly from the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a> for four months to ensure the accuracy of each <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma-Tadema_Unconscious_Rivals_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alma-Tadema_Unconscious_Rivals_1893.jpg/220px-Alma-Tadema_Unconscious_Rivals_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alma-Tadema_Unconscious_Rivals_1893.jpg/330px-Alma-Tadema_Unconscious_Rivals_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alma-Tadema_Unconscious_Rivals_1893.jpg/440px-Alma-Tadema_Unconscious_Rivals_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption><i>Unconscious Rivals</i> (1893), oil on panel, 45 × 63 cm, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> City Museum and Art Gallery. Alma-Tadema's female figures have a slightly bored pleasure-seeking attitude, as if they were pampered courtesans.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_52_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little action in Alma-Tadema's paintings. The composition is balanced by the flowers in bloom.</figcaption></figure> <p>After his arrival in England, where he was to spend the rest of his life, Alma-Tadema's career was one of continued success. He became one of the most famous and highly paid artists of his time, acknowledged and rewarded. By 1871 he had met and befriended most of the major <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">Pre-Raphaelite</a> painters and it was in part due to their influence that the artist brightened his palette, varied his hues, and lightened his brushwork. </p><p>In 1872 Alma-Tadema organised his paintings into an identification system by including an opus number under his signature and assigning his earlier pictures numbers as well. <i>Portrait of my sister, Artje</i>, painted in 1851, is numbered opus I, while two months before his death he completed <i>Preparations in the Coliseum</i>, opus CCCCVIII. Such a system made it more difficult for fakes to be passed off as originals.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_62_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_62-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1873 <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">in Council</a> by <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> made Alma-Tadema and his wife what are still up to the present time the last British <a href="/wiki/Denization" title="Denization">denizens</a> created (the legal process has theoretically not yet been abolished in the United Kingdom), with some limited special rights otherwise only accorded to and enjoyed by British subjects (that is, those would now be called British citizens). The previous year he and his wife made a journey on the continent that lasted five and a half months and took them through Brussels, Germany, and Italy. In Italy Alma-Tadema was able to take in the ancient ruins again; this time he purchased several photographs, mostly of the ruins, which began his immense collection of archival material used in the completion of future paintings. In January 1876, he rented a studio in Rome. The family returned to London in April, visiting the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Salon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Salon">Paris Salon</a> on their way back. In London he regularly met with fellow-artist <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fuchs_(artist)" title="Emil Fuchs (artist)">Emil Fuchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ronald_Alley_1981_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronald_Alley_1981-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ThomasCool_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThomasCool-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most important of his pictures during this period was <i>An Audience at Agrippa's</i> (1876). When an admirer of the painting offered to pay a substantial sum for a painting with a similar subject, Alma-Tadema simply turned the emperor around to show him leaving, in <i>After the Audience</i>. On 19 June 1879, Alma-Tadema was made a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academician</a>. Three years later, a major retrospective of his entire oeuvre was organised at the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Gallery" title="Grosvenor Gallery">Grosvenor Gallery</a> in London, including 185 of his pictures. </p><p>In 1883 he returned to Rome and Pompeii, where further excavations had taken place since his last visit. He spent a significant amount of time studying the site, going there daily. These excursions gave him an ample source of subject matter as he began to further his knowledge of daily Roman life. At times, however, he integrated so many objects into his paintings that some said they resembled museum catalogues. </p><p>One of his most famous paintings is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus" title="The Roses of Heliogabalus">The Roses of Heliogabalus</a></i> (1888) – based on an episode from the life of the debauched <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> (Heliogabalus), the painting depicts the emperor suffocating his guests at an orgy under a cascade of rose <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a>. The blossoms depicted were sent weekly to the artist's London studio from the French Riviera for four months during the winter of 1887–1888. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bible_and_its_story.._(1908)_(14760891504).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Bible_and_its_story.._%281908%29_%2814760891504%29.jpg/220px-The_Bible_and_its_story.._%281908%29_%2814760891504%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Bible_and_its_story.._%281908%29_%2814760891504%29.jpg/330px-The_Bible_and_its_story.._%281908%29_%2814760891504%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Bible_and_its_story.._%281908%29_%2814760891504%29.jpg/440px-The_Bible_and_its_story.._%281908%29_%2814760891504%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>One of Alma-Tadema's contributions to <a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_Its_Story,_Taught_By_One_Thousand_Picture_Lessons" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible and Its Story, Taught By One Thousand Picture Lessons">The Bible and Its Story, Taught By One Thousand Picture Lessons</a> (1910), depicting <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Josephs's</a> return to his people.</figcaption></figure> <p>Among Alma-Tadema's works of this period are: <i>An Earthly Paradise</i> (1891), <i>Unconscious Rivals</i> (1893) <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(Alma-Tadema_painting)" title="Spring (Alma-Tadema painting)">Spring</a></i> (1894), <i>The Coliseum</i> (1896) and <i>The Baths of Caracalla</i> (1899). Although Alma-Tadema's fame rests on his paintings set in antiquity, he also painted portraits, landscapes and watercolours, and made some <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etchings</a> himself. (Many more were made of his paintings by others). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality">Personality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma_Tadema_Spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alma_Tadema_Spring.jpg/170px-Alma_Tadema_Spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alma_Tadema_Spring.jpg/255px-Alma_Tadema_Spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alma_Tadema_Spring.jpg/340px-Alma_Tadema_Spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4259" data-file-height="9543" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(Alma-Tadema_painting)" title="Spring (Alma-Tadema painting)">Spring</a></i> (1894), oil on canvas,179.2 × 80.3 cm, J. Paul <a href="/wiki/Getty_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Getty Museum">Getty Museum</a>, Los Angeles<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>For all the quiet charm and erudition of his paintings, Alma-Tadema himself preserved a youthful sense of mischief. He was childlike in his practical jokes and in his sudden bursts of bad temper, which could as suddenly subside into an engaging smile. In his personal life, Alma-Tadema was an extrovert and had a warm personality. As a man, Lawrence Alma-Tadema was a robust, fun loving and rather portly gentleman. There was not a hint of the delicate artist about him; he was a cheerful lover of wine, women, and parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_35_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_35-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has been said to have had most of the characteristics of a child, coupled with the traits of a consummate professional. A perfectionist, he remained in all respects a diligent, if somewhat obsessive and pedantic worker. He was an excellent businessman, and one of the wealthiest artists of the nineteenth century. Alma-Tadema was as firm in money matters as he was with the quality of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_34_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_34-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alma-Tadema's output decreased with time, partly on account of health, but also because of his obsession with decorating his new home, to which he moved in 1883. Nevertheless, he continued to exhibit throughout the 1880s and 1890s, receiving accolades including the medal of Honour at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889</a>, election to an honorary membership of the Oxford University Dramatic Society in 1890, and the Great Gold Medal at the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_(1897)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels International (1897)">International Exposition in Brussels of 1897</a>. In 1899 he was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in England, only the eighth artist from the Continent to receive this honour. He assisted with organizing the British section at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris</a>, as well as exhibiting two works that earned him the Grand Prix Diploma. He also assisted with the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">St. Louis World's Fair of 1904</a>, where he was well received. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Portrait_of_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Portrait_of_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Portrait_of_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1415" /></a><figcaption>Alma-Tadema standing next to a portrait bust of him (1912)</figcaption></figure> <p>During this time, Alma-Tadema was very active with theatre design and production, designing many costumes. He also began to design furniture, often modelled after Pompeian or Egyptian motifs, as well as illustrations, textiles, and picture frames. In late 1902 he visited Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These other interests influenced his paintings, as he often incorporated some of his furniture designs and female costumes into the composition. Through his last period of creativity Alma-Tadema continued to produce paintings which repeated the successful formula of women on marble terraces overlooking the sea such as in <i>Silver Favourites</i> (1903).<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_179_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_179-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1903 and his death, Alma-Tadema painted less but still produced ambitious paintings such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Finding_of_Moses_(Alma-Tadema_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Finding of Moses (Alma-Tadema painting)">The Finding of Moses</a></i> (1904).<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_186_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_186-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 August 1909 Alma-Tadema's wife, Laura, died at the age of fifty-seven. The grief-stricken widower outlived his second wife by less than three years. His last major composition was <i>Preparation in the Coliseum</i> (1912).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1912, Alma-Tadema was accompanied by his daughter Anna to Kaiserhof Spa, <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, Germany, to be treated for stomach ulcers.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_194_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_194-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died there on 28 June 1912 at the age of seventy-six. He was buried in the crypt of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_194_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_194-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> was unveiled in his honour. <a href="/wiki/File:SIR_LAWRENCE_ALMA-TADEMA_O.M._1836-1912_Painter_lived_here_1886-1912.jpg" title="File:SIR LAWRENCE ALMA-TADEMA O.M. 1836-1912 Painter lived here 1886-1912.jpg">This plaque</a> commemorates Alma-Tadema at 44 Grove End Road, <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood" title="St John's Wood">St John's Wood</a>, his home from 1886 until his death in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EngHet_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EngHet-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Favourites,_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Silver_Favourites%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/220px-Silver_Favourites%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Silver_Favourites%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/330px-Silver_Favourites%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Silver_Favourites%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/440px-Silver_Favourites%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Silver Favourites</i>, 1903, oil on wood, 69.1 × 42.2 cm, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Art_Gallery" title="Manchester Art Gallery">Manchester Art Gallery</a>. An example of Alma-Tadema's contrasting gleaming white marble against a backdrop of dazzling blue Mediterranean sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_131_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_131-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artist obliterated the middle-ground, and the foreground is abruptly juxtaposed with the distant horizon, creating a dramatic effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_54_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_54-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Alma-Tadema's works are remarkable for their depiction of flowers, textures and hard reflecting substances like metals, pottery, and especially marble (leading to the nickname 'marbellous painter'). His work shows much of the fine execution and brilliant colour of the old Dutch masters. </p><p>From early in his career, Alma-Tadema was particularly concerned with architectural accuracy,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often painting objects from museums, such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London. He also took many images from books and amassed an enormous number of photographs from ancient sites in Italy, which he used to achieve the most precise detail in his painting. </p><p>Alma-Tadema was a perfectionist, repeatedly reworking parts of paintings until he found them satisfactory. One story relates that after one of his paintings was rejected, he gave the canvas to a maid for a table cover. He was sensitive to every detail and architectural line in his settings. He would often paint from life, using fresh flowers from across Europe and even <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, rushing to paint the flowers before they withered. His commitment to veracity earned him recognition, but also led some critics to accuse him of pedantry. </p><p>Alma-Tadema's work has been linked with that of European Symbolist painters.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_192_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_192-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He influenced European painters such as <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Khnopff" title="Fernand Khnopff">Fernand Khnopff</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_192_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_192-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who incorporated classical motifs, as well as Alma-Tadema's unconventional compositional devices such as abrupt cut-off at the edge of the canvas. Like Alma-Tadema, they also employ coded imagery to suggest hidden meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_192_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_192-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation_and_sale_prices">Reputation and sale prices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reputation and sale prices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_finding_of_Moses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_finding_of_Moses.jpg/220px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_finding_of_Moses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_finding_of_Moses.jpg/330px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_finding_of_Moses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_finding_of_Moses.jpg/440px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_finding_of_Moses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Finding_of_Moses_(Alma-Tadema_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Finding of Moses (Alma-Tadema painting)">The Finding of Moses</a></i>, 1904, oil on canvas, 137.7 × 213.4 cm, private collection. It includes a number of archaeologically precise objects and inscriptions, the results of Tadema's diligent research. After Tadema spent two years working on the painting, his wife pointed out wryly that the infant Moses was now a toddler, and need no longer be carried.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_29_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_29-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema,_R.A.,_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema%2C_R.A.%2C_O.M._-_Sappho_and_Alcaeus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7628" data-file-height="4172" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sappho_and_Alcaeus" title="Sappho and Alcaeus">Sappho and Alcaeus</a></i>, completed in 1881, depicts <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> and her companions listening as the poet <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus of Mytilene</a> plays a <a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara">kithara</a>, on the island of Lesbos (<a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Alma-Tadema was one of the most popular painters of the Victorian era,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and among the most financially successful, though never matching <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Henry_Landseer" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Henry Landseer">Edwin Henry Landseer</a>. For over sixty years, he gave his audience exactly what they wanted: distinctive, elaborate paintings of beautiful people in classical settings. His detailed reconstructions of ancient Rome, with languid men and women posed against white marble in dazzling sunlight, provided his audience with a glimpse of an exotic world of titillating luxury and intimate drama. </p><p>As with other painters, the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">reproduction rights</a> for prints were often worth more than the canvas. For example, a painting together with its rights may have been sold to Gambart for £10,000 in 1874; then in 1903, when Alma-Tadema's prices were actually higher, it was sold again without rights for £2,625. Typical prices were between £2,000 and £3,000 in the 1880s, but at least three works sold for between £5,250 and £6,060 in the 1900s. Prices held well until the general collapse of the market for Victorian art in the early 1920s, when they fell to the hundreds, where they remained until the 1960s; by 1969 £4,600 had been reached again (equivalent to about £700 in 1900, adjusted for inflation).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last years of Alma-Tadema's life saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurism (art)">Futurism</a>, all of which he disapproved. As his pupil <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(Pre-Raphaelite_painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Collier (Pre-Raphaelite painter)">John Collier</a> wrote, 'it is impossible to reconcile the art of Alma-Tadema with that of <a href="/wiki/Matisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Matisse">Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauguin">Gauguin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a>.'<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_43_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_43-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His artistic legacy almost vanished. As the taste of the public and the artistic elite turned to twentieth-century <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>, it became fashionable to denounce his style. <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> declared him "the worst painter of the 19th century", and one critic considered his paintings "about worthy enough to adorn <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_biscuit" title="Bourbon biscuit">bourbon</a> boxes". After this brief period of condemnation, he was consigned to obscurity for the next half century. </p><p>Only since the 1960s has Alma-Tadema's work been rediscovered for its historical importance in the evolution of English art. He is now regarded by art historians as one of the principal classical-subject painters of the nineteenth century, whose works demonstrate the care and exactitude of an era mesmerised by trying to visualise the past, some of which was being recovered through archaeological research. </p><p>Alma-Tadema's highly detailed depictions of Roman life and architecture, based on meticulous archaeological research, led Hollywood directors to his paintings as models for their cinematic ancient world, in films such as <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Intolerance_(film)" title="Intolerance (film)">Intolerance</a></i> (1916), <i><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1925_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Hur (1925 film)">Ben Hur</a></i> (1926), and <i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(1934_film)" title="Cleopatra (1934 film)">Cleopatra</a></i> (1934). The most notable was <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a>'s epic <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1956 film)">The Ten Commandments</a></i> (1956):<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_43_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_43-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its co-writer <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Lasky_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Lasky Jr.">Jesse Lasky Jr.</a> described how the director would spread out prints of Alma-Tadema paintings to guide his set designers. The design of the Oscar-winning Roman epic <i><a href="/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)" title="Gladiator (2000 film)">Gladiator</a></i> (2000) took its main inspiration from his paintings,<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_197_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_197-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as that of the interior of Cair Paravel castle in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i> (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, New York art dealer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Isaacson" title="Robert Isaacson">Robert Isaacson</a> mounted the first show of Alma-Tadema's work in fifty years,<sup id="cite_ref-Isaacson_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaacson-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the late 1960s, the revival of interest in Victorian painting gained impetus with a number of well-attended exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_62_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_62-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Funt" title="Allen Funt">Allen Funt</a>, the creator and host of the American television show <i><a href="/wiki/Candid_Camera" title="Candid Camera">Candid Camera</a></i>, was a collector of Alma-Tadema paintings during the 20th century nadir of the artist's reputation;<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_58_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_58-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a few years he bought 35 works, about ten per cent of Alma-Tadema's output. After Funt was robbed by his accountant, he was forced to sell his collection at Sotheby's London in November 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_59_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_59-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, the Newman Gallery was unable to sell, or even give away, one of his most celebrated works, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Finding_of_Moses_(Alma-Tadema_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Finding of Moses (Alma-Tadema painting)">The Finding of Moses</a></i> (1904). The initial purchaser had paid £5,250 in 1904, and subsequent sales were for £861 in 1935, £265 in 1942, and it was "bought in" at £252 in 1960 (having failed to meet its reserve).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But when the same picture was auctioned at Christies New York in May 1995, it sold for £1.75 million. On 4 November 2010 it sold for $35,922,500 to an undisclosed bidder at <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> New York, a new record for any Victorian artist.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 May 2011, the painting <i>The Meeting of Antony and Cleopatra: 41 BC</i> was sold at the same house for $29.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alma-Tadema's <i>The Tepidarium</i> (1881) is included in the 2006 book <i>1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die</i>. Julian Treuherz, Keeper of Art Galleries at <a href="/wiki/National_Museums_Liverpool" title="National Museums Liverpool">National Museums Liverpool</a>, describes it as an "exquisitely painted picture... [which] carries a strong erotic charge, rare for a Victorian painting of the nude".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cadbury Research Library at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> holds several archive collections relating to Alma-Tadema, including letters, artwork and photography.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 892px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%B6wenstam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The etcher and printmaker Léopold Lowenstam (1842–1898), a friend and colleague of Alma-Tadema"><img alt="The etcher and printmaker Léopold Lowenstam (1842–1898), a friend and colleague of Alma-Tadema" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/L%C3%B6wenstam.jpg/180px-L%C3%B6wenstam.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/L%C3%B6wenstam.jpg/270px-L%C3%B6wenstam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/L%C3%B6wenstam.jpg/360px-L%C3%B6wenstam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The etcher and printmaker Léopold Lowenstam (1842–1898), a friend and colleague of Alma-Tadema</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Study_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG005106.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Study, Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums"><img alt="A Study, Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/A_Study_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG005106.jpg/130px-A_Study_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG005106.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/A_Study_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG005106.jpg/195px-A_Study_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG005106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/A_Study_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG005106.jpg/260px-A_Study_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG005106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="3369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A Study</i>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Art_Gallery" title="Aberdeen Art Gallery">Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fredegund_by_the_Deathbed_of_Bishop_Praetextatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fredegund by the Deathbed of Bishop Praetextatus, 1864, Pushkin Museum"><img alt="Fredegund by the Deathbed of Bishop Praetextatus, 1864, Pushkin Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fredegund_by_the_Deathbed_of_Bishop_Praetextatus.jpg/180px-Fredegund_by_the_Deathbed_of_Bishop_Praetextatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fredegund_by_the_Deathbed_of_Bishop_Praetextatus.jpg/270px-Fredegund_by_the_Deathbed_of_Bishop_Praetextatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fredegund_by_the_Deathbed_of_Bishop_Praetextatus.jpg/360px-Fredegund_by_the_Deathbed_of_Bishop_Praetextatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Fredegund" title="Fredegund">Fredegund</a> by the Deathbed of Bishop Praetextatus</i>, 1864, <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Museum" title="Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparations_for_the_Festivities.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preparations for the Festivities, 1866, oil on canvas, 21 1/16 x 27 3/16 Clark Art Institute"><img alt="Preparations for the Festivities, 1866, oil on canvas, 21 1/16 x 27 3/16 Clark Art Institute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Preparations_for_the_Festivities.jpg/180px-Preparations_for_the_Festivities.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Preparations_for_the_Festivities.jpg/270px-Preparations_for_the_Festivities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Preparations_for_the_Festivities.jpg/360px-Preparations_for_the_Festivities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Preparations for the Festivities</i>, 1866, oil on canvas, 21 1/16 x 27 3/16 <a href="/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute" title="Clark Art Institute">Clark Art Institute</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma-Tadema_The-flower-market-1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower market in Roman times, with a cactus and two agaves (an anachronism, as they are originally American plants), 1868, Manchester Art Gallery"><img alt="Flower market in Roman times, with a cactus and two agaves (an anachronism, as they are originally American plants), 1868, Manchester Art Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alma-Tadema_The-flower-market-1868.jpg/180px-Alma-Tadema_The-flower-market-1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alma-Tadema_The-flower-market-1868.jpg/270px-Alma-Tadema_The-flower-market-1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alma-Tadema_The-flower-market-1868.jpg/360px-Alma-Tadema_The-flower-market-1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="805" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower market in Roman times, with a cactus and two agaves (an <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a>, as they are originally American plants), 1868, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Art_Gallery" title="Manchester Art Gallery">Manchester Art Gallery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cymbal_Player_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002211.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cymbal Player, 1872, Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums"><img alt="The Cymbal Player, 1872, Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Cymbal_Player_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002211.jpg/102px-The_Cymbal_Player_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002211.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Cymbal_Player_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002211.jpg/153px-The_Cymbal_Player_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Cymbal_Player_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002211.jpg/205px-The_Cymbal_Player_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Cymbal Player</i>, 1872, Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Garden_Altar_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002533.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Garden Altar, 1879, Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums"><img alt="A Garden Altar, 1879, Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_Garden_Altar_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002533.jpg/76px-A_Garden_Altar_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002533.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_Garden_Altar_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002533.jpg/113px-A_Garden_Altar_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002533.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_Garden_Altar_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002533.jpg/151px-A_Garden_Altar_by_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_ABDAG002533.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A Garden Altar</i>, 1879, Aberdeen Archives, Gallery and Museums</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_cabinet_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Music cabinet designed by Alma-Tadema, 1884–85"><img alt="Music cabinet designed by Alma-Tadema, 1884–85" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Music_cabinet_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/180px-Music_cabinet_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Music_cabinet_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/270px-Music_cabinet_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Music_cabinet_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/360px-Music_cabinet_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3057" data-file-height="2768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Music cabinet designed by Alma-Tadema, 1884–85</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_of_Amphissa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Women of Amphissa, 1887, Clark Art Institute"><img alt="The Women of Amphissa, 1887, Clark Art Institute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Women_of_Amphissa.jpg/180px-Women_of_Amphissa.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Women_of_Amphissa.jpg/270px-Women_of_Amphissa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Women_of_Amphissa.jpg/360px-Women_of_Amphissa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Women_of_Amphissa" title="The Women of Amphissa">The Women of Amphissa</a></i>, 1887, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute" title="Clark Art Institute">Clark Art Institute</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Dedication_to_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Dedication to Bacchus, 1889, Kunsthalle Hamburg"><img alt="A Dedication to Bacchus, 1889, Kunsthalle Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_Dedication_to_Bacchus.jpg/180px-A_Dedication_to_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_Dedication_to_Bacchus.jpg/270px-A_Dedication_to_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_Dedication_to_Bacchus.jpg/360px-A_Dedication_to_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2629" data-file-height="1201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A Dedication to Bacchus</i>, 1889, <a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunsthalle Hamburg">Kunsthalle Hamburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_eloquent_silence,_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Eloquent Silence, 1890"><img alt="An Eloquent Silence, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/An_eloquent_silence%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/142px-An_eloquent_silence%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/An_eloquent_silence%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/213px-An_eloquent_silence%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/An_eloquent_silence%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg/284px-An_eloquent_silence%2C_by_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3159" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>An Eloquent Silence</i>, 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Portrait_of_Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Ignacy Jan Paderewski, 1891, oil on canvas, 45.7 × 58.4 cm, National Museum, Warsaw"><img alt="Portrait of Ignacy Jan Paderewski, 1891, oil on canvas, 45.7 × 58.4 cm, National Museum, Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Portrait_of_Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Portrait_of_Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Portrait_of_Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/270px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Portrait_of_Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Portrait_of_Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_Portrait_of_Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="2156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a></i>, 1891, oil on canvas, 45.7 × 58.4 cm, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum, Warsaw</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopeful,_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hopeful, 1909, oil on panel, 13+3⁄8 × 5+7⁄16 inches, Clark Art Institute"><img alt="Hopeful, 1909, oil on panel, 13+3⁄8 × 5+7⁄16 inches, Clark Art Institute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hopeful%2C_1909.jpg/74px-Hopeful%2C_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hopeful%2C_1909.jpg/111px-Hopeful%2C_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hopeful%2C_1909.jpg/148px-Hopeful%2C_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Hopeful</i>, 1909, oil on panel, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">13<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> inches, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute" title="Clark Art Institute">Clark Art Institute</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Godward" title="John William Godward">John William Godward</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_sources">References and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The painting relates the Victorian custom of children collecting flowers on May Day back to an Ancient Roman spring festival, perhaps <a href="/wiki/Cerealia" title="Cerealia">Cerealia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floralia" title="Floralia">Floralia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ambarvalia" title="Ambarvalia">Ambarvalia</a>, although the details depicted in the painting do not correspond to any single Roman festival. It is one of Tadema's most famous and popular works, it took him four years to complete. The models for many of the participants and spectators were Tadema's friends and members of his family.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanson_130_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanson_130-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. M. Miller, <i>BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names</i> (Oxford UP, 1971), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanson_8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_8_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_8_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, <i>Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow_10-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_10_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_10_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_10_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, <i>Lawrence Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanson_129-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_129_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, <i>Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDumas1882" class="citation book cs1">Dumas, François Guillaume (1882). <i>Illustrated biographies of modern artists</i>. Paris: Librairie d’Art | Ludovic Baschet. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+biographies+of+modern+artists&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Paris%3A+Librairie+d%E2%80%99Art+%7C+Ludovic+Baschet&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Alma-Tadema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanding1905" class="citation book cs1">Standing, Percy Cross (1905). <i>Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, O.M., R.A</i>. London, Paris, New York, Melbourne, Cassell and Company, limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Lawrence+Alma-Tadema%2C+O.M.%2C+R.A.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=London%2C+Paris%2C+New+York%2C+Melbourne%2C+Cassell+and+Company%2C+limited&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Standing&rft.aufirst=Percy+Cross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Alma-Tadema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow_15-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_15_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, <i>Lawrence Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanson_12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_12_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_12_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, <i> Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow_16-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_16_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, <i> Lawrence Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanson_13-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_13_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, <i> Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow_20-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_20_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, <i> Lawrence Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bio_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVinella2021" class="citation book cs1">Vinella, Pasquale Roberto (July 2021). <i>Geremia Discanno il pittore di Pompei</i>. Barletta, Italy: Editrice Rotas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-94983-81-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-94983-81-4"><bdi>978-88-94983-81-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geremia+Discanno+il+pittore+di+Pompei&rft.place=Barletta%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Editrice+Rotas&rft.date=2021-07&rft.isbn=978-88-94983-81-4&rft.aulast=Vinella&rft.aufirst=Pasquale+Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Alma-Tadema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanson_15-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_15_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, <i> Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow_41-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_41_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_41_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, <i> Lawrence Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow_60-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_60_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, <i> Lawrence Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA35">"Alma-Tadema"</a>. <i>Who's Who</i>. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.atitle=Alma-Tadema&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEcuAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Alma-Tadema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ash-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ash_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ash, <i>Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema</i>, p.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanson_52-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_52_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, <i>Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow_62-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_62_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, <i> Lawrence Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronald_Alley_1981-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ronald_Alley_1981_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/emil-fuchs-1130">Quoted on Tate website:</a> Ronald Alley, <i>Catalogue of the Tate Gallery's Collection of Modern Art other than Works by British Artists</i>, Tate Gallery and Sotheby Parke-Bernet, London 1981, pp.227–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThomasCool-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThomasCool_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomascool.eu/Painting/TC1851-EmilFuchs.html">"Emil Fuchs 1866–1929"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emil+Fuchs+1866%E2%80%931929&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomascool.eu%2FPainting%2FTC1851-EmilFuchs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Alma-Tadema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanson_130-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_130_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, <i>Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanson_35-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_35_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, <i> Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanson_34-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swanson_34_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, <i>Alma-Tadema</i>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Court Circular". <i>The Times</i>. No. 36929. 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London: Quintet Publishing Ltd. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84403-563-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84403-563-8"><bdi>1-84403-563-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Paintings+You+Must+See+Before+You+Die&rft.place=London&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Quintet+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84403-563-8&rft.aulast=Treuherz&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Alma-Tadema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XAT">"UoB Calmview5: Search results"</a>. <i>calmview.bham.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calmview.bham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=UoB+Calmview5%3A+Search+results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calmview.bham.ac.uk%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DXAT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Alma-Tadema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XATL">"UoB Calmview5: Search results"</a>. <i>calmview.bham.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calmview.bham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=UoB+Calmview5%3A+Search+results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalmview.bham.ac.uk%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DXATL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Alma-Tadema" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Ash" title="Russell Ash">Ash, Russell</a>: <i>Alma-Tadema</i>, Shire Publications, Aylesbury, 1973, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85263-237-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85263-237-6">978-0-85263-237-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Ash" title="Russell Ash">Ash, Russell</a>: <i>Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema</i>, Pavilion Books, London, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85145-422-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85145-422-8">978-1-85145-422-8</a>; Harry N. Abrams Inc. New York, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-1898-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-1898-6">0-8109-1898-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Barrow" title="Rosemary Barrow">Barrow, Rosemary</a>: <i>Lawrence Alma-Tadema</i>, Phaidon Press Inc, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3918-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3918-3">0-7148-3918-3</a></li> <li>Calinski, Tobias: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QNa7zgEACAAJ">Catull in Bild und Ton – Untersuchungen zur Catull-Rezeption in Malerei und Komposition</a></i>, WBG, Darmstadt 2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Reitlinger" title="Gerald Reitlinger">Reitlinger, Gerald</a>; <i>The Economics of Taste, Vol I: The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices 1760–1960</i>, Barrie and Rockliffe, London, 1961</li> <li>Swanson, Vern G : <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jvVOAAAAYAAJ">Alma-Tadema: The Painter of the Victorian Vision of the Ancient World</a></i>, Ash & Grant, London, 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904069-08-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904069-08-2">978-0-904069-08-2</a>; Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-15304-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-15304-1">0-684-15304-1</a></li> <li>Swinglehurst, Edmund: <i>Lawrence Alma-Tadema</i>, Thunder Bay Press, Canada, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57145-269-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57145-269-9">1-57145-269-9</a> (NOTE: the illustration of <i>The Roses of Heliogabalus</i> in this book is printed the wrong way round!)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Alma-Tadema&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alma-Tadema,_Sir_Laurence" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alma-Tadema, Sir Laurence">Alma-Tadema, Sir Laurence</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:alma-tadema-lawrence-18361912">62 artworks by or after Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artrenewal.org/pages/artist.php?artistid=8">Works by Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Renewal_Center" title="Art Renewal Center">Art Renewal Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalgallery.com/knowledgecenter/artist_biography/sir+lawrence+alma-tadema">Global Gallery Bio & Works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alma-tadema.org">218 works by Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> at alma-tadema.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simonis-buunk.com/artist/lourens-alma-tadema/artworks/3628/">Lourens Alma Tadema artworks (paintings, watercolours, drawings), biography, information and signatures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/alma-tadema_sir_lawrence.html">Painting Locations</a> at <a href="/wiki/ArtCyclopedia" title="ArtCyclopedia">ArtCyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/browse/creator/sir-lawrence-alma-tadema-ra-om/">Works by Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> in the collection of the Walters Art Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=497">Alma-Tadema at MuseumSyndicate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/alma-tadema1.html">Alma-Tadema</a> in "History of Art"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/late-victorian-alma-tadema-listening-to-homer.html">Alma-Tadema <i>Listening to Homer</i> (1885).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822073728/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/late-victorian-alma-tadema-listening-to-homer.html">Archived</a> 22 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A video discussion about the painting from Smarthistory at <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper1884" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Cooper" title="Thompson Cooper">Cooper, Thompson</a> (1884). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Alma-Tadema, Lawrence"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Men_of_the_Time,_eleventh_edition/Alma-Tadema,_Lawrence">"Alma-Tadema, Lawrence" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Men of the Time"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Men_of_the_Time"><i>Men of the Time</i> </a></span> (eleventh ed.). London: George Routledge & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alma-Tadema%2C+Lawrence&rft.btitle=Men+of+the+Time&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.edition=eleventh&rft.pub=George+Routledge+%26+Sons&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+Alma-Tadema" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Alma-Tadema%2C%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lawrence%20Alma-Tadema%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alma-Tadema%2C%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lawrence%20Alma-Tadema%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alma-Tadema%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lawrence%20Alma-Tadema%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alma-Tadema%2C%20Lawrence%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lawrence%20Alma-Tadema%22%29%20OR%20%28%221836-1912%22%20AND%20Alma-Tadema%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9401">Works by Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n79060123">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with 11 library catalogue records</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Template:Lawrence Alma-Tadema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Template talk:Lawrence Alma-Tadema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lawrence Alma-Tadema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lawrence_Alma-Tadema40" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sappho_and_Alcaeus" title="Sappho and Alcaeus">Sappho and Alcaeus</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Reading_from_Homer" title="A Reading from Homer">A Reading from Homer</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Women_of_Amphissa" title="The Women of Amphissa">The Women of Amphissa</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus" title="The Roses of Heliogabalus">The Roses of Heliogabalus</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_(Alma-Tadema_painting)" title="Spring (Alma-Tadema painting)">Spring</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Finding_of_Moses_(Alma-Tadema)" title="The Finding of Moses (Alma-Tadema)">The Finding of Moses</a></i> (1904)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Theresa_Alma-Tadema" title="Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema">Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema (second wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Alma-Tadema" title="Laurence Alma-Tadema">Laurence Alma-Tadema (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Alma-Tadema" title="Anna Alma-Tadema">Anna Alma-Tadema (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Barrow" title="Rosemary Barrow">Rosemary Barrow</a> (scholar)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood_(paintings)742" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Template:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Template talk:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood_(paintings)742" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pre-Raphaelite_paintings" title="List of Pre-Raphaelite paintings">(paintings)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Collinson" title="James Collinson">James Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti" title="William Michael Rossetti">William Michael Rossetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_George_Stephens" title="Frederic George Stephens">Frederic George Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woolner" title="Thomas Woolner">Thomas Woolner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Associated <br />artists and <br />figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Price_Boyce" title="George Price Boyce">George Price Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brett_(artist)" title="John Brett (artist)">John Brett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Madox_Brown" title="Lucy Madox Brown">Lucy Madox Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burchett" title="Richard Burchett">Richard Burchett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Burne-Jones" title="Georgiana Burne-Jones">Georgiana Burne-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_(artist)" title="James Campbell (artist)">James Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(painter)" title="John Collier (painter)">John Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allston_Collins" title="Charles Allston Collins">Charles Allston Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cadogan_Cowper" title="Frank Cadogan Cowper">Frank Cadogan Cowper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_De_Morgan" title="Evelyn De Morgan">Evelyn De Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Deverell" title="Walter Deverell">Walter Deverell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Treffry_Dunn" title="Henry Treffry Dunn">Henry Treffry Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dyce" title="William Dyce">William Dyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holiday" title="Henry Holiday">Henry Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hughes_(artist)" title="Arthur Hughes (artist)">Arthur Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robert_Hughes" title="Edward Robert Hughes">Edward Robert Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Leighton" title="Frederic Leighton">Frederic Leighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Braithwaite_Martineau" title="Robert Braithwaite Martineau">Robert Braithwaite Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Beresford,_Marchioness_of_Waterford" title="Louisa Beresford, Marchioness of Waterford">Louisa Beresford, Marchioness of Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Munro_(sculptor)" title="Alexander Munro (sculptor)">Alexander Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noel_Paton" title="Joseph Noel Paton">Joseph Noel Paton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Cameron_Prinsep" title="Valentine Cameron Prinsep">Valentine Cameron Prinsep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Sandys" title="Emma Sandys">Emma Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sandys" title="Frederick Sandys">Frederick Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Seddon" title="Thomas Seddon">Thomas Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Siddal" title="Elizabeth Siddal">Elizabeth Siddal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smetham" title="James Smetham">James Smetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Solomon" title="Rebecca Solomon">Rebecca Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Solomon" title="Simeon Solomon">Simeon Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roddam_Spencer_Stanhope" title="John Roddam Spencer Stanhope">John Roddam Spencer Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Marie Spartali Stillman">Marie Spartali Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Melhuish_Strudwick" title="John Melhuish Strudwick">John Melhuish Strudwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wallis" title="Henry Wallis">Henry Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Webbe" title="William James Webbe">William James Webbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lindsay_Windus" title="William Lindsay Windus">William Lindsay Windus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Some <br />well-known <br />works<br /><span class="nobold">(period and <br />post-period)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(painting)" title="Ophelia (painting)">Ophelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents" title="Christ in the House of His Parents">Christ in the House of His Parents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Converted_British_Family_Sheltering_a_Christian_Missionary_from_the_Persecution_of_the_Druids" title="A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids">A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Ancilla_Domini" title="Ecce Ancilla Domini">Ecce Ancilla Domini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariana_(Millais)" title="Mariana (Millais)">Mariana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_the_World_(painting)" title="The Light of the World (painting)">The Light of the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_English_Coasts" title="Our English Coasts">Our English Coasts ('Strayed Sheep')</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scapegoat_(painting)" title="The Scapegoat (painting)">The Scapegoat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paolo_and_Francesca_da_Rimini" title="Paolo and Francesca da Rimini">Paolo and Francesca da Rimini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_England_(painting)" title="The Last of England (painting)">The Last of England</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Work_(painting)" title="Work (painting)">Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Awakening_Conscience" title="The Awakening Conscience">The Awakening Conscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hireling_Shepherd" title="The Hireling Shepherd">The Hireling Shepherd</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/April_Love_(painting)" title="April Love (painting)">April Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Found_(Rossetti)" title="Found (Rossetti)">Found</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Leaves_(painting)" title="Autumn Leaves (painting)">Autumn Leaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bocca_Baciata" title="Bocca Baciata">Bocca Baciata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union_murals" title="Oxford Union murals">Oxford Union murals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Lilith" title="Lady Lilith">Lady Lilith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Widow_(Rossetti)" title="Roman Widow (Rossetti)">Roman Widow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene_(Sandys)" title="Mary Magdalene (Sandys)">Mary Magdalene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple" title="The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple">The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay_(painting)" title="Morgan le Fay (painting)">Morgan le Fay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beata_Beatrix" title="Beata Beatrix">Beata Beatrix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_Death" title="The Shadow of Death">The Shadow of Death</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(Rossetti)" title="Proserpine (Rossetti)">Proserpine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vision_of_Fiammetta" title="A Vision of Fiammetta">A Vision of Fiammetta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_and_the_Image_series" title="Pygmalion and the Image series">Pygmalion and the Image series</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beloved_(Rossetti)" title="The Beloved (Rossetti)">The Beloved</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymon_and_Iphigenia_(Leighton_painting)" title="Cymon and Iphigenia (Leighton painting)">Cymon and Iphigenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Cophetua_and_the_Beggar_Maid_(painting)" title="King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid (painting)">King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_Dream_(Rossetti)" title="The Day Dream (Rossetti)">The Day Dream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Stairs" title="The Golden Stairs">The Golden Stairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_and_Beatrice_(painting)" title="Dante and Beatrice (painting)">Dante and Beatrice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Messenger" title="Love's Messenger">Love's Messenger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Circle_(Waterhouse_paintings)" title="The Magic Circle (Waterhouse paintings)">The Magic Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Briar_Rose" title="The Legend of Briar Rose">The Legend of Briar Rose</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_Shalott_(painting)" title="The Lady of Shalott (painting)"><i>The Lady of Shalott</i> (Waterhouse)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus" title="The Roses of Heliogabalus">The Roses of Heliogabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(painting)" title="Lilith (painting)">Lilith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eos_(painting)" title="Eos (painting)">Eos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flaming_June" title="Flaming June">Flaming June</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hope_(Burne-Jones)" title="Hope (Burne-Jones)">Hope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylas_and_the_Nymphs_(painting)" title="Hylas and the Nymphs (painting)">Hylas and the Nymphs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Godiva_(painting)" title="Lady Godiva (painting)">Lady Godiva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_Potion" title="The Love Potion">The Love Potion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_Shalott_(William_Holman_Hunt)" title="The Lady of Shalott (William Holman Hunt)"><i>The Lady of Shalott</i> (Hunt)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Half-Sick_of_Shadows,_Said_the_Lady_of_Shalott" title="I Am Half-Sick of Shadows, Said the Lady of Shalott">I Am Half-Sick of Shadows, Said the Lady of Shalott</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Siddal" title="Elizabeth Siddal">Elizabeth Siddal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Cornforth" title="Fanny Cornforth">Fanny Cornforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Effie Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Gray" title="Sophie Gray">Sophie Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Miller" title="Annie Miller">Annie Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Morris" title="Jane Morris">Jane Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Marie Spartali Stillman">Marie Spartali Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexa_Wilding" title="Alexa Wilding">Alexa Wilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Zambaco" title="Maria Zambaco">Maria Zambaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dene" title="Dorothy Dene">Dorothy Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Eaton" title="Fanny Eaton">Fanny Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Herbert" title="Ruth Herbert">Ruth Herbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Germ_(periodical)" title="The Germ (periodical)">The Germ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Club" title="Hogarth Club">Hogarth Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris & Co.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rossetti_and_His_Circle" title="Rossetti and His Circle">Rossetti and His Circle</a></i> (1922 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1967_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (1967 film)"><i>Dante's Inferno</i> (1967 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School"><i>The Love School</i> (1975 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics"><i>Desperate Romantics</i> (2009 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray_(film)" title="Effie Gray (film)"><i>Effie Gray</i> (2014 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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