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<li id="toc-Foundation_and_Emperor_Wen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_Emperor_Wen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation and Emperor Wen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_Emperor_Wen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emperor_Yang_and_re-conquest_of_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emperor_Yang_and_re-conquest_of_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Emperor Yang and re-conquest of Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emperor_Yang_and_re-conquest_of_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Goguryeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Goguryeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>War with Goguryeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Goguryeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree_of_the_Sui_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree_of_the_Sui_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Family tree of the Sui emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree_of_the_Sui_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sui dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui-dinastie" title="Sui-dinastie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sui-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة سوي الحاكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة سوي الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Sui" title="Dinastía Sui – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Sui" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suy_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Suy sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suy sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سوئی سولا‌له‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوئی سولا‌له‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সুই সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুই সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBi" title="Sûi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sûi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Суй династияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Суй династияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Суй – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Суей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Sui" title="Tierniezh Sui – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Sui" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Sui" title="Dinastia Sui – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Sui" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Suej" title="Říše Suej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Suej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui-dynastiet" title="Sui-dynastiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sui-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui-Dynastie" title="Sui-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sui-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%B9" title="Δυναστεία Σουέι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Σουέι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Sui" title="Dinastía Sui – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Sui" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Sui" title="Dinastio Sui – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Sui" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dinastia" title="Sui dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sui dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دودمان سوئی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان سوئی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Sui" title="Dynastie Sui – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Sui" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Sui" title="Dinastía Sui – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Sui" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B" title="隋 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="隋" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9i-chh%C3%A8u" title="Sùi-chhèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sùi-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="수나라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="सुई राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुई राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Sui" title="Dinastija Sui – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Sui" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Sui" title="Dinasti Sui – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Sui" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Sui" title="Dinastia Sui – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Sui" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99" title="שושלת סווי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת סווי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სუის დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Суй әулеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Суй әулеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Sui" title="Nasaba ya Sui – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Sui" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Sui" title="Xanedana Sui – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Sui" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%8D" title="ລາຊະວົງສຸຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງສຸຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dinastija" title="Sui dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sui dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suj%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Sujų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sujų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szuj-dinasztia" title="Szuj-dinasztia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szuj-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="സൂയ് രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂയ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Sui" title="Dinasti Sui – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Sui" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9i-di%C3%A8u" title="Sùi-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sùi-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Сүй улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сүй улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="စွေမင်းဆက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စွေမင်းဆက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui-dynastie" title="Sui-dynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sui-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B" title="隋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="隋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui-dynastiet" title="Sui-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sui-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui-dynastiet" title="Sui-dynastiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sui-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Sui" title="Dinastia Sui – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Sui" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suy" title="Suy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਸੂਈ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਈ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="سوئی راجٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوئی راجٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99" title="រាជវង្សស៊ុយ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សស៊ុយ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Sui" title="Dynastia Sui – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Sui" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Sui" title="Dinastia Sui – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Sui" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Sui" title="Dinastia Sui – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Sui" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Суй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Sui" title="Dinastia Sui – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Sui" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sui dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suej_(dynastia)" title="Suej (dynastia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Suej (dynastia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی سوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی سوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Династија Суеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Суеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Sui" title="Dinastija Sui – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Sui" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui-dynastia" title="Sui-dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sui-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suidynastin" title="Suidynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Suidynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Sui" title="Dinastiyang Sui – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Sui" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சுயி அரசமரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுயி அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2" title="ราชวงศ์สุย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์สุย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Sui Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sui Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Династія Суй – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Суй" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="سوئی شاہی سلسلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوئی شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%88%D9%8A_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="سۈي سۇلالىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۈي سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizciuz" title="Suizciuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Suizciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_T%C3%B9y" title="Nhà Tùy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Tùy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B" title="隋 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="隋" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="隋朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B" title="隋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="隋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="隋朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese state (581–618)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sui</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">隋</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">581–618<sup id="cite_ref-Yang/Gong_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang/Gong-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheui_Dynasty_581_CE.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sui dynasty c. 609"><img alt="Sui dynasty c. 609" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cheui_Dynasty_581_CE.png/250px-Cheui_Dynasty_581_CE.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cheui_Dynasty_581_CE.png/375px-Cheui_Dynasty_581_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cheui_Dynasty_581_CE.png/500px-Cheui_Dynasty_581_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Sui dynasty <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 609</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Daxing</a> (581–618)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_China#Sui_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of China">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 581–604 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 604–617 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 617–618 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yang_You" title="Yang You">Emperor Gong</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical era">Post-classical era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Ascension of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Yang Jian</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 581</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Abolished by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Li Yuan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 618<sup id="cite_ref-Yang/Gong_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang/Gong-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">589<sup id="cite_ref-Taagepera129_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taagepera129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,200,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese coin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Chinese cash</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty">Chen dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(555%E2%80%93587)" title="Western Liang (555–587)">Western Liang</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Sui dynasty</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_dynasty_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sui_dynasty_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Sui_dynasty_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sui_dynasty_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/135px-Sui_dynasty_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sui_dynasty_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/180px-Sui_dynasty_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="116" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Sui dynasty" in Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">隋朝</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Suí cháo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄙㄨㄟˊ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄔㄠˊ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Sui<sup>2</sup> chʻao<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Suéi cháo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[swěɪ ʈʂʰǎʊ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Zoe zau</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Chèuih chìuh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Ceoi4 ciu4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʰɵɥ˩ tsʰiw˩]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Suî-tiâo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">ziuᴇ ʈˠiᴇu</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_China" title="Category:History of China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage mw-no-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China in Chinese characters and seal script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/200px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/300px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/400px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></b></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> BC)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1046–771 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(771–256 BC)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BC</span>)</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> <span class="nowrap">(475–221 BC)</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(221–207 BC)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206 BC – 220 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206–202 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(202 BC – 9 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(9–23 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(25–220 AD)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(220–280 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</a></b></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–420)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(317–420)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and<br />Southern dynasties</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(420–589)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sui</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(581–618)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(618–907)</span> <ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(690–705)</span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(907–979)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1279)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1127)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1127–1279)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(916–1125)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1038–1227)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1115–1234)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1271–1368)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1368–1644)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1644–1912)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern China">Modern</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fff0f6; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(mainland, 1912–1949)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fff0f6; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(Taiwan,<br />1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art#History_and_development" title="Chinese art">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">Education history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China" title="Legal history of China">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_history_of_China" title="Media history of China">Media history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China#History" title="Music of China">Music history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_music" title="Timeline of Chinese music">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in China">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Science and technology history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_China" title="Cartography of China">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">Transport history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">Women's history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_China" title="Template:History of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_China" title="Template talk:History of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sui dynasty</b> (<span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[swěɪ]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Suí cháo</span></i>) was a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Chinese imperial dynasty</a> that ruled from 581 to 618. The re-unification of <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> under the Sui brought the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> era to a close, ending a prolonged period of political division since the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes" title="War of the Eight Princes">War of the Eight Princes</a>. The Sui endeavoured to rebuild the country, re-establishing and reforming many imperial institutions; in so doing, the Sui laid much of the foundation for the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, who after toppling the Sui would ultimately preside over <a href="/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China" title="Golden ages of China">a new golden age in Chinese history</a>. </p><p>The dynasty was founded by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Yang Jian</a> (Emperor Wen), who had been a member of the military aristocracy that had developed in the northwest during the prolonged period of division.<sup id="cite_ref-HMT_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sui <a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">capital</a> was initially based in Daxing (<a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>), but later moved to <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> in 605, which had been re-founded as a <a href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned city">planned city</a>. Wen and his successor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a> undertook various centralising reforms, most notably among them the <a href="/wiki/Equal-field_system" title="Equal-field system">equal-field system</a> that aimed to reduce economic inequality and improve agricultural productivity, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Five_Departments_and_Six_Boards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Five Departments and Six Boards (page does not exist)">Five Departments and Six Boards</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%9C%81%E5%85%AD%E6%9B%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:五省六曹">zh</a>]</span> system, which preceded the <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments and Six Ministries</a> system, and the standardisation and re-unification of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">the coinage</a>. The Sui also encouraged the spread of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> throughout the empire. By the dynasty's mid-point, the state experienced considerable prosperity, enjoying a vast agricultural surplus that supported rapid population growth. </p><p>The Sui engaged in many construction mega-projects, including the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a>, the extension of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a>, and the reconstruction of Luoyang.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canal linked Luoyang in the east with Chang'an in the west, with the eastern economic and agricultural centres towards Jiangdu (now <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou,_Jiangsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangzhou, Jiangsu">Yangzhou, Jiangsu</a>) and Yuhang (now <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou,_Zhejiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangzhou, Zhejiang">Hangzhou, Zhejiang</a>), and with the northern frontiers (near modern <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>). While the initial motivations of the canal were improving grain shipments to the capital and military logistics—including the <a href="/wiki/Troopship" title="Troopship">transportation of troops</a>—the new, reliable inland route would ultimately facilitate domestic trade, the flow of people, and cultural exchange for centuries. These mega-projects were led by an efficient centralised bureaucracy, but <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">forcibly conscripted millions of workers</a> at a heavy human cost. </p><p>After a series of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Sui_War" title="Goguryeo–Sui War">disastrous military campaigns</a> against <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Korean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ended in defeat by 614, the dynasty disintegrated under a series of popular revolts culminating in the assassination of Emperor Yang by his minister, Yuwen Huaji in 618. The dynasty, which lasted only thirty-seven years, was undermined by ambitious wars and construction projects, which overstretched its resources. Particularly, under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a>, heavy taxation and compulsory labour duties would eventually induce widespread revolts and brief <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" title="Transition from Sui to Tang">civil war</a> following the fall of the dynasty. </p><p>The dynasty is often compared to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>. Both dynasties unified China after a prolonged period of division, undertook wide-ranging reforms and construction projects to consolidate the newly unified state, and collapsed after a brief period, leaving behind long-lasting legacies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Sui_dynasty" title="Military history of the Sui dynasty">Military history of the Sui dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Sui_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Sui dynasty">Timeline of the Sui dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_Emperor_Wen">Foundation and Emperor Wen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation and Emperor Wen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> period, the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> in 577, reunifying northern China. By this time, Yang Jian, a Northern Zhou general who would later found the Sui dynasty, became the regent to the Northern Zhou court.<sup id="cite_ref-HMT_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yang Jian's clan, the Yang clan of Hongnong, had <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> origins and claimed descent from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> general Yang Zhen,<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman20102_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman20102-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chen2006_23_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2006_23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bol19943_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bol19943-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but had intermarried with the Xianbei for generations.<sup id="cite_ref-HMT_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yang Jian's daughter was the Empress Dowager, and her stepson, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Northern_Zhou" title="Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou">Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou</a>, was a child. After crushing an army in the eastern provinces, Yang Jian usurped the throne from the Northern Zhou rulers, and became <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a>. While formerly the Duke of Sui when serving at the Zhou court, where the character <span lang="zh-Hant">隨</span> literally means 'to follow', implying loyalty, Emperor Wen created a unique character <span lang="zh-Hant">隋</span>, morphed from that in his former title, as the name of his new dynasty. In a bloody purge, Wen had 59 Zhou princes eliminated, in contrast to his later reputation as the "Cultured Emperor".<sup id="cite_ref-EWP_89_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWP_89-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor Wen emphasized Han cultural identity during his reign,<sup id="cite_ref-HMT_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abolishing the anti-Han policies of Northern Zhou and reclaiming his Han surname of Yang. Having won the support of Confucian scholars who held power in previous Han dynasties (abandoning the nepotism and corruption of the <a href="/wiki/Nine-rank_system" title="Nine-rank system">nine-rank system</a>), Emperor Wen initiated a series of reforms aimed at strengthening his empire for the wars that would reunify China. </p><p>In his campaign for southern conquest, Emperor Wen assembled thousands of boats to confront the naval forces of the <a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty">Chen dynasty</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>. The largest of these ships were very tall, having five layered decks and the capacity for 800 non-crew personnel. They were outfitted with six 50-foot-long booms that were used to swing and damage enemy ships, or to pin them down so that Sui marine troops could use act-and-board techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-EWP_89_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWP_89-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides employing <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and other Chinese ethnic groups for the fight against Chen, Emperor Wen also employed the service of people from southeastern <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, which Sui had recently conquered.<sup id="cite_ref-EWP_89_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWP_89-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:181px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Li_Jingxun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tomb_of_Li_Jingxun.jpg/288px-Tomb_of_Li_Jingxun.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tomb_of_Li_Jingxun.jpg/432px-Tomb_of_Li_Jingxun.jpg 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Object_from_the_tomb_of_Li_Jingxun%2C_Tianjin_Museum.jpg/162px-Object_from_the_tomb_of_Li_Jingxun%2C_Tianjin_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Jingxun_necklace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Li_Jingxun_necklace.jpg/86px-Li_Jingxun_necklace.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Li_Jingxun_necklace.jpg/129px-Li_Jingxun_necklace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Li_Jingxun_necklace.jpg/172px-Li_Jingxun_necklace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epitaph_of_Li_Jingxun_(608_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Epitaph_of_Li_Jingxun_%28608_CE%29.jpg/113px-Epitaph_of_Li_Jingxun_%28608_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Epitaph_of_Li_Jingxun_%28608_CE%29.jpg/170px-Epitaph_of_Li_Jingxun_%28608_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Epitaph_of_Li_Jingxun_%28608_CE%29.jpg/226px-Epitaph_of_Li_Jingxun_%28608_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1806" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Stone sarcophagus of <a href="/wiki/Li_Jingxun" title="Li Jingxun">Li Jingxun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beilin_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Beilin Museum">Beilin Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>), a young Sui dynasty princess who died in 608 AD, with some of the artifacts and the epitaph.</div></div></div></div> <p>In 588, the Sui had amassed 518,000 troops along the northern bank of the Yangtze River, stretching from Sichuan to the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chen dynasty could not withstand such an assault. By 589, Sui troops entered Jiankang (now <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>) and the last emperor of Chen surrendered. The city was razed to the ground, while Sui troops escorted Chen nobles back north, where the northern aristocrats became fascinated with everything the south had to provide culturally and intellectually. </p><p>Although Emperor Wen was famous for bankrupting the state treasury with warfare and construction projects, he made many improvements to infrastructure during his early reign. He established granaries as sources of food and as a means to regulate market prices from the taxation of crops, much like the earlier <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. The large agricultural surplus supported rapid growth of population to a historical peak, which was only surpassed at the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">zenith of the Tang dynasty</a> more than a century later. </p><p>The capital of Daxing (<a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>), while situated in the militarily secure heartland of <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a>, was remote from the economic centres to the east and south of the empire. Emperor Wen initiated the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a>, with completion of the first (and the shortest) route that directly linked Chang'an to the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River (Huang He)</a>. Later, Emperor Yang enormously enlarged the scale of the Grand Canal construction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China,_610.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/China%2C_610.svg/220px-China%2C_610.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/China%2C_610.svg/330px-China%2C_610.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/China%2C_610.svg/440px-China%2C_610.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Sui divisions under Yang (western regions not depicted)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_Dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sui_Dynasty.png/220px-Sui_Dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sui_Dynasty.png/330px-Sui_Dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sui_Dynasty.png/440px-Sui_Dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 610</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Externally, the emerging <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Turkic Khaganate</a> in the north posed a major threat to the newly founded dynasty. With Emperor Wen's diplomatic manoeuvre, the Khaganate split into <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a> halves. Later the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a> was consolidated to further secure the northern territory. In Emperor Wen's late years, the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Sui_War" title="Goguryeo–Sui War">first war with Goguryeo</a>, ended with defeat. Nevertheless, the celebrated "Reign of Kaihuang" (era name of Emperor Wen) was considered by historians as one of the apexes in the two millennium imperial period of Chinese history. </p><p>The Sui emperors were from the northwest military aristocracy, and they cited as their ancestors the Yang of Hongnong <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%98%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%8A%E6%B0%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:弘農楊氏">弘農楊氏</a>, a Han clan.<sup id="cite_ref-Bol1994_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bol1994-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chen2006_2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2006_2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They emphasised their Han ancestry, and claimed descent from the Han official Yang Zhen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a> traces their patrilineal ancestry to the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> kings via the <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Dukes of Jin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Li of Zhaojun and the Lu of Fanyang hailed from Shandong and were related to the Liu clan, which was also linked to the Yang of Hongnong and other clans of Guanlong.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yu_Hong_Tomb_general_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Yu_Hong_Tomb_general_view.jpg/220px-Yu_Hong_Tomb_general_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Yu_Hong_Tomb_general_view.jpg/330px-Yu_Hong_Tomb_general_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Yu_Hong_Tomb_general_view.jpg/440px-Yu_Hong_Tomb_general_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Yu_Hong" title="Tomb of Yu Hong">Tomb of Yu Hong</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> merchant buried in <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a> in 592. <a href="/wiki/Shanxi_Museum" title="Shanxi Museum">Shanxi Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Yang of Hongnong, Jia of Hedong, Xiang of Henei, and Wang of Taiyuan from the Tang dynasty were later claimed as ancestors by Song dynasty lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-Bol1994_2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bol1994_2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information about these major political events in China were <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">somehow filtered west</a> and reached the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the east. From <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> of Central Asia the Eastern Romans derived a new <a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">name for China</a> after the older <i><a href="/wiki/Sinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinae">Sinae</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Serica" title="Serica">Serica</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Taugast</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tabghach</a></i>), during its <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> (386–535) period.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 7th-century Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylact Simocatta</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations#Roman_geography" title="Sino-Roman relations">generally accurate depiction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">reunification of China</a> by Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty, with the conquest of the rival Chen dynasty in southern China. Simocatta correctly placed these events within the reign period of Byzantine ruler <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yule_1915_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yule_1915-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> Simocatta also provided cursory information about the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">geography of China</a>, its division by the <a href="/wiki/Yangzi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangzi River">Yangzi River</a> and its capital <i>Khubdan</i> (from Old Turkic <i>Khumdan</i>, i.e. Chang'an) along with its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">customs and culture</a>, deeming its people "<a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship in China">idolatrous</a>" but wise in governance.<sup id="cite_ref-yule_1915_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yule_1915-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30–31">: 30–31 </span></sup> He noted that the ruler was named "Taisson", which he claimed meant "Son of God", perhaps Chinese <i>Tianzi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a>) or even the name of the contemporary ruler <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yule_1915_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yule_1915-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emperor_Yang_and_re-conquest_of_Vietnam">Emperor Yang and re-conquest of Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emperor Yang and re-conquest of Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93Cham_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–Cham war">Sino–Cham war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">Third Chinese domination of Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_An_Bei_(panel_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tomb_of_An_Bei_%28panel_3%29.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_An_Bei_%28panel_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tomb_of_An_Bei_%28panel_3%29.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_An_Bei_%28panel_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tomb_of_An_Bei_%28panel_3%29.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_An_Bei_%28panel_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="2299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_An_Bei" title="Tomb of An Bei">Tomb of An Bei</a> panel showing a Sui dynasty banquet with <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Whirl_dance" title="Sogdian Whirl dance">Sogdian whirl dance</a> and music, 589</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a> (569–618) ascended the throne after his father's death, possibly by murder. He further extended the empire, but unlike his father, did not seek to gain support from the nomads. Instead, he restored <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Confucian examination system</a> for bureaucrats. By supporting educational reforms, he lost the support of the nomads. He also started many expensive construction projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal of China</a>, and became embroiled in several costly wars. Between these policies, invasions into China from Turkic nomads, and his growing life of decadent luxury at the expense of the peasantry, he lost public support and was eventually assassinated by his own ministers. </p><p>Both Emperors Yang and Wen sent military expeditions into <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> as <a href="/wiki/Annam_(Chinese_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annam (Chinese province)">Annam</a> in northern Vietnam had been incorporated into the Chinese empire over 600 years earlier during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC – 220 AD). However the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> in central Vietnam became a major counterpart to <a href="/wiki/Sui%E2%80%93L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p_war" title="Sui–Lâm Ấp war">Chinese invasions to its north</a>. According to Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais, these invasions became known as the Linyi-Champa Campaign (602–605).<sup id="cite_ref-EWP_90_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWP_90-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> area formerly held by the Han and Jin dynasties was easily retaken from the <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Early Lý dynasty">Early Lý dynasty</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_T%E1%BB%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Lý Phật Tử">Lý Phật Tử</a> in 602. A few years later the Sui army pushed farther south and was attacked by troops on <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a> from Champa in southern Vietnam. The Sui army feigned retreat and dug pits to trap the elephants, lured the Champan troops to attack then used crossbows against the elephants causing them to turn around and trample their own soldiers. Although Sui troops were victorious many succumbed to disease as northern soldiers did not have immunity to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">tropical diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EWP_90_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWP_90-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Goguryeo">War with Goguryeo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War with Goguryeo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Sui_War" title="Goguryeo–Sui War">Goguryeo–Sui War</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sui dynasty is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Sui dynasty is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Sui_Dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_the_Sui_Dynasty.png/300px-Map_of_the_Sui_Dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_the_Sui_Dynasty.png/450px-Map_of_the_Sui_Dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_the_Sui_Dynasty.png/600px-Map_of_the_Sui_Dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_278x03" style="position:absolute; left:278px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/600_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="600 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">600</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_92x53" style="position:absolute; left:92px; top:53px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">WESTERN<br />TURKIC KHAGANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_190x50" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:50px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">EASTERN<br />TURKIC KHAGANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_70x88" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:88px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SASANIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_120x96" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:96px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ALCHONS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_228x138" style="position:absolute; left:228px; top:138px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHAM-<br />PA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x30" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:30px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kyrgyzs</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x115" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:115px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pushyabhuti_dynasty" title="Pushyabhuti dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PUSHYABHUTIS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_230x90" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SUI<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_10x71" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:71px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">BYZANTINE<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_1x40" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:40px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">AVAR<br />KHAGANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_255x47" style="position:absolute; left:255px; top:47px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Khitans</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_217x152" style="position:absolute; left:217px; top:152px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHENLA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x5" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:5px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Paleo-Siberians</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_265x25" style="position:absolute; left:265px; top:25px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Tungus</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_273x65" style="position:absolute; left:273px; top:65px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GOGU-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x78" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:78px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TUYUHUN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_160x85" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:85px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TIBETAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Sui dynasty and main Asian polities circa 600.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>The Sui dynasty led a series of massive expeditions to invade <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>. Emperor Yang conscripted many soldiers for the campaign. This army was so enormous it recorded in historical texts that it took 30 days for all the armies to exit their last rallying point near <a href="/wiki/Shanhaiguan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanhaiguan District">Shanhaiguan</a> before invading Goguryeo. In one instance the soldiers—both conscripted and paid—listed over 3000 warships, up to 1.15 million infantry, 50,000 cavalry, 5000 artillery, and more. The army stretched to 1000 <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a></i>, or about 410 km (250 mi), across rivers and valleys, over mountains and hills. Each of the four military expeditions ended in failure, incurring a substantial financial and manpower deficit from which the Sui would never recover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collapse">Collapse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_swords_Sui_Dynasty_about_600_found_near_Luoyang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chinese_swords_Sui_Dynasty_about_600_found_near_Luoyang.jpg/220px-Chinese_swords_Sui_Dynasty_about_600_found_near_Luoyang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chinese_swords_Sui_Dynasty_about_600_found_near_Luoyang.jpg/330px-Chinese_swords_Sui_Dynasty_about_600_found_near_Luoyang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chinese_swords_Sui_Dynasty_about_600_found_near_Luoyang.jpg/440px-Chinese_swords_Sui_Dynasty_about_600_found_near_Luoyang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Chinese swords of the Sui dynasty dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>, found near <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>. The P-shaped furniture of the bottom sword's scabbard is similar to and may have been derived from sword scabbards of the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanians">Sassanians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stroll_About_InSpring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Stroll_About_InSpring.jpg/220px-Stroll_About_InSpring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Stroll_About_InSpring.jpg/330px-Stroll_About_InSpring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Stroll_About_InSpring.jpg/440px-Stroll_About_InSpring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><i>Strolling About in Spring</i>, by Sui-era artist <a href="/wiki/Zhan_Ziqian" title="Zhan Ziqian">Zhan Ziqian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the major work projects undertaken by the Sui was construction activities along the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>; but this, along with other large projects, strained the economy and angered the resentful workforce employed. During the last few years of the Sui dynasty, the rebellion that rose against it took many of China's able-bodied men from rural farms and other occupations, which in turn damaged the agricultural base and the economy further.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sui_dynasty#Source_24_dubious?" title="Talk:Sui dynasty">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Men would deliberately break their limbs in order to avoid military <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, calling the practice "propitious paws" and "fortunate feet."<sup id="cite_ref-benn_2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sui_dynasty#Source_24_dubious?" title="Talk:Sui dynasty">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Later, after the fall of Sui, in the year 642, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a> made an effort to eradicate this practice by issuing a decree of a stiffer punishment for those who were found to deliberately injure and heal themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-benn_2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benn_2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sui_dynasty#Source_24_dubious?" title="Talk:Sui dynasty">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the Sui dynasty was relatively short (581–618), much was accomplished during its tenure. The Grand Canal was one of the main accomplishments. It was extended north from the Hangzhou region across the Yangtze to Yangzhou, and then northwest to the region of Luoyang. Again, like the Great Wall works, the massive conscription of labour and allocation of resources for the Grand Canal project resulted in challenges for Sui dynastic continuity. The eventual fall of the Sui dynasty was also due to the many losses caused by the failed military campaigns against Goguryeo. It was after these defeats and losses that the country was left in ruins and rebels soon took control of the government. Emperor Yang was assassinated in 618. He had gone South after the capital being threatened by various rebel groups and was killed by his Yuwen clan advisors. Meanwhile, in the North, the aristocrat Li Yuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李淵</span></span>) held an uprising after which he ended up ascending the throne to become <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Emperor Gaozu of Tang</a>. </p><p>There were Dukedoms for the offspring of the royal families of the Zhou dynasty, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty in the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin (Five Dynasties)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice was referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Erwang-sanke" class="mw-redirect" title="Erwang-sanke">èrwáng-sānkè</a> </i><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er_Wang_San_Ke" class="extiw" title="simple:Er Wang San Ke">simple</a>; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%89%E6%81%AA" class="extiw" title="zh:二王三恪">zh</a>]</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">二王三恪</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_dynasty_pipa_player_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sui_dynasty_pipa_player_.jpg/220px-Sui_dynasty_pipa_player_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sui_dynasty_pipa_player_.jpg/330px-Sui_dynasty_pipa_player_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sui_dynasty_pipa_player_.jpg/440px-Sui_dynasty_pipa_player_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>Sui statuette of a <a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">pipa</a> player</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Sui dynasty was relatively short-lived, in terms of culture, it represents a transition from the preceding ages, and many cultural developments which can be seen to be incipient during the Sui dynasty later were expanded and consolidated during the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, and later ages. This includes not only the major public works initiated, such as the Great Wall and the Great Canal, but also the political system developed by Sui, which was adopted by Tang with little initial change other than at the top of the political hierarchy. Other cultural developments of the Sui dynasty included religion and literature, particular examples being Buddhism and poetry. </p><p>Rituals and sacrifices were conducted by the Sui.<sup id="cite_ref-LagerweyLü2009_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LagerweyLü2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sui court pursued a pro-Taoist policy. The first reign of the dynasty saw the state promoting the Northern Louguan school of Taoism, while the second reign instead promoted the Southern Shangqing school of Taoism, possibly due to Emperor Yang's preference for Southern culture.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_111.jpg/110px-Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_111.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_111.jpg/165px-Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_111.jpg/220px-Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="3444" /></a><figcaption>A Sui stone statue of the <a href="/wiki/Avalokitesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokitesvara">Avalokitesvara</a> boddhisattva (<a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was popular during the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> period that preceded the Sui dynasty, spreading from India through <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> Afghanistan into China during the Late <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> period. Buddhism gained prominence during the period when central political control was limited. Buddhism created a unifying cultural force that uplifted the people out of war and into the Sui dynasty. In many ways, Buddhism was responsible for the rebirth of culture in China under the Sui dynasty. </p><p>While early Buddhist teachings were acquired from Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, it was during the late Six dynasties and Sui dynasty that local Chinese schools of Buddhist thoughts started to flourish. Most notably, <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> school, and completed the <a href="/wiki/Mohe_Zhiguan" title="Mohe Zhiguan">Great treatise on Concentration and Insight</a>, within which he taught the principle of "Three Thousand Realms in a Single moment of Life" as the essence of Buddhist teaching outlined in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></i>. </p><p>Emperor Wen and his empress had converted to Buddhism to legitimise imperial authority over China and the conquest of Chen. The emperor presented himself as a <a href="/wiki/Cakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cakravartin">Cakravartin</a> king, a Buddhist monarch who would use military force to defend the Buddhist faith. In the year 601 AD, Emperor Wen had relics of the Buddha distributed to temples throughout China, with edicts that expressed his goals, "all the people within the <a href="/wiki/Four_Seas" title="Four Seas">Four Seas</a> may, without exception, develop enlightenment and together cultivate fortunate karma, bringing it to pass that present existences will lead to happy future lives, that the sustained creation of good causation will carry us one and all up to wondrous enlightenment".<sup id="cite_ref-EWP_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup> Ultimately, this act was an imitation of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mauryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan">Mauryan</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EWP_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confucianism">Confucianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Confucianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Confucian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Wang_Tong_(philosopher)" title="Wang Tong (philosopher)">Wang Tong</a> wrote and taught during the Sui dynasty, and even briefly held office as Secretary of Shuzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most famous (as well as only surviving) work, the <i>Explanation of the Mean</i> (Zhongshuo, 中說)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was compiled shortly after his death in 617. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties_poetry" title="Six Dynasties poetry">Six Dynasties poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Tang poetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg/220px-Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg/330px-Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg/440px-Sui_Yangdi_Tang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Yang Guang depicted as Emperor of Sui. Painted by <a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (600–673)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although poetry continued to be written, and certain poets rose in prominence while others disappeared from the landscape, the brief Sui dynasty, in terms of the development of Chinese poetry, lacks distinction, though it nonetheless represents a continuity between the Six Dynasties and the poetry of Tang.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sui dynasty poets include <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Yang Guang</a> (580–618), who was the last Sui emperor (and a sort of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui#Arts" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">poetry critic</a>); and also, the Lady Hou, one of his consorts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers<span class="anchor" id="Rulers"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><b>Posthumous name</b><br /> <i>Convention: "Sui" + name</i></td> <td><b>Birth Name</b></td> <td><b>Period of Reign</b></td> <td><b>Era name, with range</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Wéndì (文帝)</a></td> <td>Yáng Jiān (楊堅)</td> <td>581–604</td> <td>Kāihuáng (開皇) 581–600<br /> Rénshòu (仁壽) 601–604 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Yángdì (煬帝)</a> or<br />Míngdì (明帝)</td> <td>Yáng Guǎng (楊廣)</td> <td>604–618<sup id="cite_ref-Yang/Gong_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang/Gong-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Dàyè (大業) 605–618 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gōngdì (恭帝)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_You" title="Yang You">Yang You</a></td> <td>617–618<sup id="cite_ref-Yang/Gong_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang/Gong-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Yìníng (義寧) 617–618 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gōngdì (恭帝)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tong" title="Yang Tong">Yang Tong</a></td> <td>618–619<sup id="cite_ref-Yang/Gong_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang/Gong-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Huángtài (皇泰) 618–619 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree_of_the_Sui_emperors">Family tree of the Sui emperors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Family tree of the Sui emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:auto; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Sui dynasty </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:112%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Xin" title="Dugu Xin">Dugu Xin</a> 獨孤信</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><i>SUI DYNASTY</i></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><small>Yang Jian 楊坚 541–604</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Wendi</a> 文帝</b><br />581–604</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Qieluo" title="Dugu Qieluo">Dugu Qieluo</a> <br />獨孤伽羅 <small>544–602<br />Empress Xian 獻皇后</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Duchess Dugu</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Li Bing 李昺 <small>d. 572<br />Duke of Tang 唐國公</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><small>1</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><small>2</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><small>3</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><small>4</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><small>5</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><i>TANG DYNASTY</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yong_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Yong (Sui dynasty)">Yang Yong</a> 楊勇 <br /><small>d. 604<br />Prince of Fangling 房陵王</small></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><span class="nowrap"><small>Yang Guang 楊廣 569–618</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Yangdi</a> 煬帝</b><br />604–617</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jun_(prince)" title="Yang Jun (prince)">Yang Jun</a> 楊俊 <br /><small>571–600<br />Prince of Qin 秦孝王</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiu_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Xiu (Sui dynasty)">Yang Xiu</a> 楊秀<br /><small>573–618</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Liang" title="Yang Liang">Yang Liang</a> <br />楊諒<br /><small>575–605</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><span class="nowrap"><small>Li Yuan 李淵 566–635</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Gaozu</a> 高祖</b><br />618–626</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><small>1</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><small>2</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><small>3</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhao" title="Yang Zhao">Yang Zhao</a> 楊昭 <br /><small>584–606<br />Cr.Prince Yuande<br />元德太子</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jian_(Sui_prince)" title="Yang Jian (Sui prince)">Yang Jian</a> 楊暕<small><br /> 585–618<br />Prince of Qi 齊王</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Gao" title="Yang Gao">Yang Gao</a> <br />楊杲<small> 607–618<br />Prince of Zhao 趙王</small></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Yang_Hao_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Hao (Sui dynasty)">Yang Hao</a></b> <br />楊浩<small> d. 618<br />Prince of Qin 秦王</small><br />618?</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><small>1</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><small>2</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px"><small>3</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Yang Tan 楊倓 <small><br />603–618<br />Prince of Yan 燕王</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><small>Yang Tong 楊侗 605–619</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tong" title="Yang Tong">Gongdi</a> 恭帝</b><br />618–619</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><span class="nowrap"><small> Yang You 楊侑 605–619</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Yang_You" title="Yang You">Gongdi</a> 恭帝</b><br />617–618 </span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">Chinese sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">Extreme weather events of 535–536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tributaries of Imperial China">List of tributaries of Imperial China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anji_Bridge" title="Anji Bridge">Anji Bridge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yang/Gong-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yang/Gong_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang/Gong_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang/Gong_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang/Gong_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In 617, the rebel general Li Yuan (the later <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Emperor Gaozu of Tang</a>) declared Emperor Yang's grandson <a href="/wiki/Yang_You" title="Yang You">Yang You</a> emperor (as Emperor Gong) and "honored" Emperor Yang as <i><a href="/wiki/Taishang_Huang" title="Taishang Huang">Taishang Huang</a></i> (retired emperor) at the western capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Daxing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother <a href="/wiki/Yang_Tong" title="Yang Tong">Yang Tong</a> (later also known as Emperor Gong during the brief reign of <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shichong" title="Wang Shichong">Wang Shichong</a> over the region as the emperor of a brief Zheng (鄭) state) emperor. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Huaji" title="Yuwen Huaji">Yuwen Huaji</a>, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, declared Emperor Wen's grandson <a href="/wiki/Yang_Hao_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Hao (prince)">Yang Hao</a> emperor but killed Yang Hao later in 618 and declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor of Sui, while Yang Tong's legitimacy is more recognized by historians but still disputed.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Taagepera129-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taagepera129_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1979" class="citation journal cs1">Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". <i>Social Science History</i>. <b>3</b> (3/4): 129. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170959">1170959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=Size+and+Duration+of+Empires%3A+Growth-Decline+Curves%2C+600+B.C.+to+600+A.D&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=129&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1170959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMT-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HMT_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMT_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMT_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMT_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2009" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Harold Miles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&pg=PA167"><i>China: A History</i></a>. Hackett. pp. 167–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2"><bdi>978-0-87220-915-2</bdi></a>. <q>Yang Jian (r. 581–604), the founder of the Sui dynasty, was a member of the ethnically mixed, militaristic northwestern Chinese aristocracy developed during the period of division. The Yang clan had served, and intermarried with the Xianbei for generations. (...) Although he was a product of the mixed-ethnicity northern aristocracy, Yang Jian made a point of emphasizing Han Chinese cultural identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-915-2&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Harold+Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIWC9wCX2c8C%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CIHoCn, p. 114: "dug between 605 and 609 by means of enormous levies of conscripted labor".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/321038/Koguryo">"Koguryo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Koguryo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F321038%2FKoguryo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByeon1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Byeon, Tae-seop (1996). <i>Hangugsa tongnon</i> <bdi lang="ko">韓國史通論</bdi> [<i>Outline of Korean history</i>] (in Korean) (4th ed.). Seoul: Samyŏngsa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-445-9101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-445-9101-3"><bdi>978-89-445-9101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hangugsa+tongnon+%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E9%80%9A%E8%AB%96&rft.place=Seoul&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Samy%C5%8Fngsa&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-89-445-9101-3&rft.aulast=Byeon&rft.aufirst=Tae-seop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whs-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whs_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1091">"Complex of Koguryo Tombs"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complex+of+Koguryo+Tombs&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman20102-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodman20102_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_L._Goodman2010" class="citation book cs1">Howard L. Goodman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLu4J6ffgWEC&q=hongnong+yang&pg=PA81"><i>Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century AD China</i></a>. Brill. pp. 81–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18337-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18337-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18337-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xun+Xu+and+the+Politics+of+Precision+in+Third-Century+AD+China&rft.pages=81-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18337-7&rft.au=Howard+L.+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdLu4J6ffgWEC%26q%3Dhongnong%2Byang%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rA0iAQAAMAAJ&q=hung+nung+yang"><i>Bulletin</i></a>. The Museum. 1992. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=The+Museum&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrA0iAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhung%2Bnung%2Byang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen2006_23-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chen2006_23_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJo-Shui_Chen2006" class="citation book cs1">Jo-Shui Chen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnKdhb6Ct0oC&q=hung+nung+yang&pg=PA195"><i>Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773–819</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03010-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03010-6"><bdi>978-0-521-03010-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liu+Tsung-y%C3%BCan+and+Intellectual+Change+in+T%27ang+China%2C+773%E2%80%93819&rft.pages=195-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03010-6&rft.au=Jo-Shui+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnKdhb6Ct0oC%26q%3Dhung%2Bnung%2Byang%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bol19943-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bol19943_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Bol1994" class="citation book cs1">Peter Bol (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs9MBxcHUSQC&q=hung+nung+yang&pg=PA505"><i><span></span>'This Culture of Ours': Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 505–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6575-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6575-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-6575-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27This+Culture+of+Ours%27%3A+Intellectual+Transitions+in+T%27ang+and+Sung+China&rft.pages=505-&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6575-6&rft.au=Peter+Bol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVs9MBxcHUSQC%26q%3Dhung%2Bnung%2Byang%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vbK5AAAAIAAJ&q=hung+nung+yang"><i>Asia Major</i></a>. Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica. 1995. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+Major&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+and+Philology+of+the+Academia+Sinica&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvbK5AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhung%2Bnung%2Byang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWP_89-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EWP_89_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWP_89_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWP_89_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Ann; Palais, James (2006). <i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4"><bdi>0-618-13384-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-618-13384-4&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Ann&rft.au=Palais%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7176" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷176">vol. 176</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bol1994-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bol1994_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Bol1994" class="citation book cs1">Peter Bol (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs9MBxcHUSQC&pg=PA505"><i><span></span>'This Culture of Ours': Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6575-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6575-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-6575-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27This+Culture+of+Ours%27%3A+Intellectual+Transitions+in+T%27ang+and+Sung+China&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6575-6&rft.au=Peter+Bol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVs9MBxcHUSQC%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen2006_2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chen2006_2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJo-Shui_Chen2006" class="citation book cs1">Jo-Shui Chen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnKdhb6Ct0oC&pg=PA195"><i>Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773–819</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03010-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03010-6"><bdi>978-0-521-03010-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liu+Tsung-y%C3%BCan+and+Intellectual+Change+in+T%27ang+China%2C+773%E2%80%93819&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03010-6&rft.au=Jo-Shui+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnKdhb6Ct0oC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rA0iAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA154"><i>Bulletin</i></a>. The Museum. 1992. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=The+Museum&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrA0iAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新唐書">zh:s:新唐書</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen2006-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chen2006_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJo-Shui_Chen2006" class="citation book cs1">Jo-Shui Chen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnKdhb6Ct0oC&pg=PA43"><i>Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773–819</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03010-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03010-6"><bdi>978-0-521-03010-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liu+Tsung-y%C3%BCan+and+Intellectual+Change+in+T%27ang+China%2C+773%E2%80%93819&rft.pages=43-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03010-6&rft.au=Jo-Shui+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnKdhb6Ct0oC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanxi" class="citation journal cs1">Shanxi, Provincial Institute of Archeology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/en/Chinese%20Archaeology/2/Ar_ch258.PDF">"The Yu Hong's Tomb of the Sui Dynasty in Taiyuan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chinese Archeology (中国考古)</i>. <b>2</b>: 258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Archeology+%28%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%29&rft.atitle=The+Yu+Hong%27s+Tomb+of+the+Sui+Dynasty+in+Taiyuan&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=258&rft.aulast=Shanxi&rft.aufirst=Provincial+Institute+of+Archeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fen%2FChinese%2520Archaeology%2F2%2FAr_ch258.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bol1994_2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bol1994_2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Bol1994" class="citation book cs1">Peter Bol (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs9MBxcHUSQC&pg=PA66"><i><span></span>'This Culture of Ours': Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 66–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6575-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6575-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-6575-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27This+Culture+of+Ours%27%3A+Intellectual+Transitions+in+T%27ang+and+Sung+China&rft.pages=66-&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6575-6&rft.au=Peter+Bol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVs9MBxcHUSQC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). <i>The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire</i>. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03519-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03519-5">978-0-674-03519-5</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yule_1915-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yule_1915_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yule_1915_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yule_1915_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule, Henry</a> (1915). Henri Cordier (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cathaywaythither01yule#page/28/mode/2up"><i>Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+Way+Thither%3A+Being+a+Collection+of+Medieval+Notices+of+China%2C+Vol+I%3A+Preliminary+Essay+on+the+Intercourse+Between+China+and+the+Western+Nations+Previous+to+the+Discovery+of+the+Cape+Route&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcathaywaythither01yule%23page%2F28%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWP_90-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EWP_90_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWP_90_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Ann; Palais, James (2006). <i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4"><bdi>0-618-13384-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-618-13384-4&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Ann&rft.au=Palais%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood1997" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldhist00hayw/page/n86/mode/1up"><i>Atlas of world history</i></a>. New York : Barnes & Noble Books. p. Map 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0687-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0687-9"><bdi>978-0-7607-0687-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+world+history&rft.pages=Map+36&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-0687-9&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofworldhist00hayw%2Fpage%2Fn86%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> permanent exhibit notice.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benn_2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benn_2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benn_2_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, 2.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sui_dynasty#Source_24_dubious?" title="Talk:Sui dynasty">discuss</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuyang2004" class="citation book cs1">Ouyang, Xiu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R0QpslzUi50C&pg=PA76"><i>Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</i></a>. Richard L. Davis, translator. Columbia University Press. pp. 76–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50228-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50228-3"><bdi>978-0-231-50228-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Records+of+the+Five+Dynasties&rft.pages=76-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50228-3&rft.aulast=Ouyang&rft.aufirst=Xiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR0QpslzUi50C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LagerweyLü2009-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LagerweyLü2009_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_LagerweyPengzhi_Lü2009" class="citation book cs1">John Lagerwey; Pengzhi Lü (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2nWdWbN3MQC&pg=PA84"><i>Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220–589 Ad)</i></a>. Brill. pp. 84–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17585-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17585-3"><bdi>978-90-04-17585-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Chinese+Religion%3A+The+Period+of+Division+%28220%E2%80%93589+Ad%29&rft.pages=84-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17585-3&rft.au=John+Lagerwey&rft.au=Pengzhi+L%C3%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq2nWdWbN3MQC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy</i>. SUNY Press. 2012. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791482681" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791482681"><bdi>978-0791482681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Yang+of+the+Sui+Dynasty%3A+His+Life%2C+Times%2C+and+Legacy&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0791482681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWP-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EWP_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWP_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Ann; Palais, James (2006). <i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4"><bdi>0-618-13384-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-618-13384-4&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Ann&rft.au=Palais%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanhoe2009" class="citation book cs1">Ivanhoe, Philip (2009). <i>Readings from the Lu-Wang school of Neo-Confucianism</i>. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872209602" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872209602"><bdi>978-0872209602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+from+the+Lu-Wang+school+of+Neo-Confucianism&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Hackett+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0872209602&rft.aulast=Ivanhoe&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%AA%AA">Explanation of the Mean (中說)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Watson, Burton</a> (1971). <i>Chinese Lyricsm: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century</i>. (New York: Columbia University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03464-4">0-231-03464-4</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Wright" title="Arthur F. Wright">Wright, Arthur F.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ReCvuwAACAAJ&pg=PA48">"The Sui dynasty (581–617)"</a>. In Twitchett, Dennis (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of China: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I</i>. Vol. III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9"><bdi>978-0-521-21446-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sui+dynasty+%28581%E2%80%93617%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Sui+and+T%27ang+China%2C+589%E2%80%93906%2C+Part+I&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=48-149&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21446-9&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Arthur+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DReCvuwAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1978" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Arthur F. (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suidynasty00wrig"><i>The Sui Dynasty</i></a></span>. Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suidynasty00wrig/page/237">237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sui+Dynasty&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Arthur+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuidynasty00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASui+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sui_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sui Dynasty">Sui Dynasty</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810122650/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/classical_imperial_china/sui.html">Classical Imperial China</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasties in Chinese history</a> </b><br />581–619 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sui_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Sui dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sui_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Sui dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sui_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sui dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sui_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sui dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments and Six Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Sui_dynasty" title="Military history of the Sui dynasty">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Sui_War" title="Goguryeo–Sui War">Goguryeo–Sui War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">Third Chinese domination of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" title="Transition from Sui to Tang">Transition from Sui to Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagang_Army" title="Wagang Army">Wagang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anji_Bridge" title="Anji Bridge">Anji Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_You" title="Yang You">Yang You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tong" title="Yang Tong">Yang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yong_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Yang Yong (Sui dynasty)">Yang Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Qieluo" title="Dugu Qieluo">Dugu Qieluo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Qinhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Qinhu (page does not exist)">Han Qinhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Su" title="Yang Su">Yang Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xuangan" title="Yang Xuangan">Yang Xuangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Rang" title="Zhai Rang">Zhai Rang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Mi_(Sui_dynasty)" title="Li Mi (Sui dynasty)">Li Mi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Jiande" title="Dou Jiande">Dou Jiande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shichong" title="Wang Shichong">Wang Shichong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fuwei" title="Du Fuwei">Du Fuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Huaji" title="Yuwen Huaji">Yuwen Huaji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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