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<li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toronto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toronto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Toronto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toronto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vancouver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vancouver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Vancouver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vancouver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catalysts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalysts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Catalysts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalysts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_exclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_exclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.1</span> <span>Legal exclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_exclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.2</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blockbusting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blockbusting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.3</span> <span>Blockbusting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blockbusting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_urban_decay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_urban_decay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.4</span> <span>Association with urban decay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_urban_decay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government-aided_white_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government-aided_white_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.5</span> <span>Government-aided white flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-aided_white_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desegregation_of_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desegregation_of_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.6</span> <span>Desegregation of schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desegregation_of_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.7</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%BD_%C3%BAt%C4%9Bk" title="Bílý útěk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bílý útěk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="White flight" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgete_p%C3%B5genemine" title="Valgete põgenemine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgete põgenemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuga_blanca" title="Fuga blanca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuga blanca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گریز سفیدپوستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گریز سفیدپوستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="White flight" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="White flight" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בריחת לבנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריחת לבנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="ホワイト・フライト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホワイト・フライト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Бегство белых – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бегство белых" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkoisten_pako" title="Valkoisten pako – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkoisten pako" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="White flight" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Втеча білих – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Втеча білих" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_di_c%C6%B0_Da_Tr%E1%BA%AFng" title="Cuộc di cư Da Trắng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc di cư Da Trắng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li>White flight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>White flight</b> or <b>white exodus</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the sudden or gradual large-scale migration of <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> from areas becoming more racially or ethnoculturally diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the 1950s and 1960s, the terms became popular in the <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a>. They referred to the large-scale migration of <a href="/wiki/European_American" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">people of various European ancestries</a> from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exurban" class="mw-redirect" title="Exurban">exurban</a> regions. The term has more recently been applied to other migrations by <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">whites</a>, from older, inner suburbs to rural areas, as well as from the American <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> to the milder climate in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term 'white flight' has also been used for large-scale <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">post-colonial</a> emigration of <a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">whites from Africa</a>, or parts of that continent,<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> driven by levels of violent crime and anti-colonial or anti-white state policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_12295535_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_12295535-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Migration of middle-class white populations was observed during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the 1950s and 1960s out of cities such as <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City">Kansas City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a>, although <a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">racial segregation of public schools</a> had ended there long before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>' decision <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> in 1954. In the 1970s, attempts to achieve effective <a href="/wiki/Desegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation">desegregation</a> (or "integration") by means of <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation busing in the United States">busing</a> in some areas led to more families' moving out of former areas.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, some historians suggest that white flight occurred in response to population pressures, both from the large migration of blacks from the rural <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> to urban cities of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> and the waves of new immigrants from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians have challenged the phrase "white flight" as a misnomer whose use should be reconsidered. In her study of <a href="/wiki/West_Side,_Chicago" title="West Side, Chicago">West Side</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> era, historian Amanda Seligman argues that the phrase misleadingly suggests that whites immediately departed when blacks moved into the neighborhood, when in fact, many whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leah_Boustan" title="Leah Boustan">Leah Boustan</a>, Professor of Economics at Princeton, attributes white flight both to racism and economic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The business practices of <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">mortgage discrimination</a>, and racially <a href="/wiki/Restrictive_covenants" class="mw-redirect" title="Restrictive covenants">restrictive covenants</a> contributed to the overcrowding and physical deterioration of areas with large minority populations. Such conditions are considered to have contributed to the emigration of other populations. The limited facilities for banking and insurance, due to a perceived lack of profitability, and other social services, and extra fees meant to hedge against perceived profit issues, increased their cost to residents in predominantly non-white suburbs and city neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the environmental geographer Laura Pulido, the historical processes of suburbanization and urban decentralization contribute to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial and ethnic segregation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/150px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/225px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/300px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Overview</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_apartheid_by_country" title="Allegations of apartheid by country">Allegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a> / <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_zoning" title="Exclusionary zoning">Exclusionary zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Historical examples</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">Australia</a></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">Pass system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_separate_schools_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial separate schools (Canada)">Separate schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hospital" title="Indian hospital">Indian hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_racial_laws" title="Italian racial laws">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li>French colonial empire <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indig%C3%A9nat" title="Indigénat">Indigénat</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Greek–Turkish<wbr /> population exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Jewish ghettos<wbr /> in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal & Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe#Legal_situation_in_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racial segregation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span class="nowrap">Contemporary examples</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Anti-Romanyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy#Environmental_racism" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania#Segregation" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Erased" title="The Erased">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_wall" title="Roma wall">Roma walls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Ethnic_and_religious_discrimination" title="Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia–Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_schools_under_one_roof" title="Two schools under one roof">Schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Gulf states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia#Abuse_and_scandals" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Human_rights" title="Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_South_Asian_labourers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Treatment of South Asian labourers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">South Asian labourers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthapuram_caste_wall" title="Uthapuram caste wall">Uthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" title="Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hafrada" title="Hafrada">Hafrada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_law_in_the_West_Bank_settlements" title="Israeli law in the West Bank settlements">West Bank settlement law</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_barrier" title="West Bank barrier">barriers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_apartheid_by_country#Myanmar" title="Allegations of apartheid by country">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur#Allegations_of_apartheid" title="War in Darfur">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Academies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">Residential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Statelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_apartheid" title="Gender apartheid">Gender apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Segregation" title="Category:Segregation">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Segregation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Segregation">Commons</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Segregation" title="Template:Segregation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Segregation" title="Template talk:Segregation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1870, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> covered the large-scale migrations of <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a>; "The report of the Emigration Commissioners of Louisiana, for the past year, estimates the white exodus from the Southern Atlantic States, Alabama, and Mississippi, to the trans-Mississippi regions, at scores of thousands".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1888, with rhetoric typical of the time, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Thomas_Mills" title="Walter Thomas Mills">Walter Thomas Mills</a>'s <i>The Statesman</i> publication predicted: </p> <blockquote><p>Social and political equality and the political supremacy of the negro element in any southern state must lead to one of three things: A white exodus, a <a href="/wiki/Race_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Race war">war of races</a>, or the destruction of representative institutions, as in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An 1894 biography of <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> reveals the abolitionist's perception of the pre-<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> tension and how "the shadows of the impending civil disruption, had brought about a white exodus" of Northerners to Southern states such as Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years leading up to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the newspapers in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> were reporting on the "spectre of white flight", in particular due to <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> travelling to the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Durban" title="Port of Durban">Port of Durban</a> in search of ships for Britain and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_research">Academic research</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li>White flight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1958, political scientist <a href="/wiki/Morton_Grodzins" title="Morton Grodzins">Morton Grodzins</a> identified that "once the proportion of non-whites exceeds the limits of the neighborhood's tolerance for interracial living, whites move out." Grodzins termed this phenomenon the <a href="/wiki/Tipping_point_(sociology)" title="Tipping point (sociology)">tipping point</a> in the study of white flight.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, a study of UK census figures at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> demonstrated evidence of white flight, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a> in inner-city areas becoming increasingly isolated from the ethnic <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-thetelegraph2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetelegraph2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study, which examined the white population in London, the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> between 1991 and 2001, also concluded that white population losses were largest in areas with the highest ethnic minority populations.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, research at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> showed that between 2000 and 2010 in the US, of a sample size of 27,891 Census tracts, 3,252 experienced "white flight".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The examined areas had "an average magnitude loss of 40 percent of the original white population." Published in <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research" title="Social Science Research">Social Science Research</a></i>, the study found "relative to poorer neighborhoods, white flight becomes systematically more likely in middle-class neighborhoods at higher thresholds of <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a>, Hispanic, and Asian population presence."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Checkerboard_and_tipping_models">Checkerboard and tipping models</h3></div> <p>In studies in the 1980s and 1990s, blacks said they were willing to live in neighborhoods with 50/50 ethnic composition. Whites were also willing to live in integrated neighborhoods, but preferred proportions of more whites. Despite this willingness to live in integrated neighborhoods, the majority still live in largely segregated neighborhoods, which have continued to form.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, Nobel Prize-winning economist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas Schelling</a> published "Models of Segregation", a paper in which he demonstrated through a "checkerboard model" and mathematical analysis, that even when every agent prefers to live in a mixed-race neighborhood, almost complete segregation of neighborhoods emerges as individual decisions accumulate. In his "tipping model", he showed that members of an ethnic group do not move out of a neighborhood as long as the proportion of other ethnic groups is relatively low, but if a critical level of other ethnicities is exceeded, the original residents may make rapid decisions and take action to leave. This tipping point is viewed as simply the end-result of a <a href="/wiki/Domino_effect" title="Domino effect">domino effect</a> originating when the threshold of the majority ethnicity members with the highest sensitivity to sameness is exceeded. If these people leave and are either not replaced or replaced by other ethnicities, then this in turn raises the level of mixing of neighbors, exceeding the departure threshold for additional people.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div> <p>About 800,000 out of an earlier total population of 5.2 million whites left post-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> after 1995, according to a 2009 report in <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newsweekFleeing2009_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweekFleeing2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country has suffered a high rate of violent crime, a primary stated reason for emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-news24RunnningOut_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news24RunnningOut-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other causes cited in the Newsweek report include <a href="/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks" title="South African farm attacks">attacks against white farmers</a>, concern about being excluded by <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> programmes, political instability and worries about corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-newsweekFleeing2009_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweekFleeing2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of those who leave are highly <a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">educated</a>, resulting in skills shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-news24RunnningOut_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news24RunnningOut-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some observers fear the long-term consequences, as South Africa's labor policies make it difficult to attract skilled immigrants. In the global economy, some professionals and skilled people have been attracted to work in the U.S. and European nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_12295535_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_12295535-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newsweekFleeing2009_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweekFleeing2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe_(formerly_Rhodesia)"><span id="Zimbabwe_.28formerly_Rhodesia.29"></span>Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia)</h3></div> <p>Until 1980, the unrecognised <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Republic of Rhodesia</a> held a well-publicised image as being one of two nations in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> where a white minority of European descent and culture held political, economic, and social control over a preponderantly black African majority.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, unlike white South Africans, a significant percentage of <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="White people in Zimbabwe">white Rhodesians</a> represented recent immigrants from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, there was a substantial influx of Europeans migrating into the region (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>), including former residents of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and other parts of Africa. Also represented were working-class emigrants responding to economic opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, only 41% of Rhodesia's white community were natural-born citizens, or 93,600 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder were naturalised European and South African citizens or expatriates, with many holding dual citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a>, almost the entire white male population between eighteen and fifty-eight was affected by various military commitments, and individuals spent up to five or six months of the year on combat duty away from their normal occupations in the civil service, commerce, industry, or agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-blackfire_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackfire-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These long periods of service in the field led to an increased emigration of men of military age. In November 1963, state media cited the chief reasons for emigration as uncertainty about the future, economic decline due to embargo and war, and the heavy commitments of national service, which was described as "the overriding factor causing people to leave".<sup id="cite_ref-blackfire_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackfire-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the male emigrants in 1976 about half fell into the 15 to 39 age bracket. Between 1960 and 1976 160,182 whites immigrated, while 157,724 departed. This dynamic turnover rate led to depressions in the property market, a slump in the construction industry, and a decline in retail sales.<sup id="cite_ref-blackfire_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackfire-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of white Rhodesians peaked in 1975 at 278,000, and rapidly declined as the bush war intensified. In 1976, around 14,000 whites left the country, marking the first year since <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> in 1965 that more whites had left the country than arrived,<sup id="cite_ref-MT_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MT-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with most leaving for South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became known as the 'chicken run', the earliest use of which was recorded the following year,<sup id="cite_ref-EP_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EP-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often by Rhodesians who remained to contemptuously describe those who had left.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other phrases such as 'taking the gap' or 'gapping it' were also used.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the outward flow increased, the phrase 'owl run' also came into use, as leaving the country was deemed by many to be a wise choice.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disfavour with the biracial <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> administration in 1979 also contributed to a mass exodus.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Republic of Zimbabwe</a> in 1980 sounded the death knell for white political power, and ushered in a new era of black majority rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White emigration peaked between 1980 and 1982 at 53,000 persons, with the breakdown of law and order, an increase in crime in the rural areas, and the provocative attitude of Zimbabwean officials being cited as the main causes.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithGB_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithGB-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political conditions typically had a greater impact on the decision to migrate among white than black professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-Driouchi_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driouchi-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1982 and 2000 Zimbabwe registered a net loss of 100,000 whites, or an average of 5,000 departures per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Marrow_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marrow-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second wave of white emigration was sparked by President <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>'s violent <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">land reform</a> programme after 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Driouchi_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driouchi-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular destinations included South Africa and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, which emigrants perceived to be geographically, culturally, or sociopolitically similar to their home country.<sup id="cite_ref-Marrow_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marrow-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a strictly economic point of view, the departure figures were not as significant as the loss of the skills of those leaving.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A disproportionate number of white Zimbabwean emigrants were well educated and highly skilled. Among those living in the United States, for example, 53.7% had a bachelor's degree, while only 2% had not completed secondary school.<sup id="cite_ref-Marrow_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marrow-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most (52.4%) had occupied technical or supervisory positions of critical importance to the modern sector of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Marrow_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marrow-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inasmuch as black workers did not begin making large inroads into apprenticeships and other training programs until the 1970s, few were in a position to replace their white colleagues in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3></div> <p>A study of school choice in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> found that an <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Denmark" title="Immigration to Denmark">immigrant</a> proportion of below 35% in the local schools did not affect parental choice of schools. If the percentage of immigrant children rose above this level, white Danes are far more likely to choose other schools. Immigrants who speak <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> at home also opt out. Other immigrants, often more recent ones, stay with local schools.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3></div> <p>In Finland, white flight has been observed in districts where the share of non-Finnish population is 20% or above. In <a href="/wiki/Greater_Helsinki" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Helsinki">Greater Helsinki</a> region, there are more than 30 such districts.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those include e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kallahti" title="Kallahti">Kallahti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Suvela in <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4nsim%C3%A4ki" title="Länsimäki">Länsimäki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the Greater Helsinki region, the phenomenon has been witnessed at least in <a href="/wiki/Varissuo" title="Varissuo">Varissuo</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div> <p>A 2007 government report stated that immigration in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> has caused "dramatic" white flight from elementary schools in a studied area (Dublin 15). 27% of residents were foreign-born immigrants. The report stated that Dublin was risking creating immigrant-dominated <i><a href="/wiki/Banlieues" class="mw-redirect" title="Banlieues">banlieues</a></i>, on the outskirts of a city, similar to such areas in France. The immigrants in the area included Eastern Europeans (such as those from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Asians">Asians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Africans</a> (mainly from <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3></div> <p>White flight in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> has increased since the 1970s, with the immigration of non-Scandinavians from (in numerical order, starting with the largest): <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Norway" title="Poles in Norway">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegians_with_Pakistani_background" title="Norwegians with Pakistani background">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqis_in_Norway" title="Iraqis in Norway">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Norway" title="Somalis in Norway">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Vietnamese" title="Norwegian Vietnamese">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Iranians" title="Norwegian Iranians">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Norway" title="Russians in Norway">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Norway" title="Filipinos in Norway">Philippines</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. By June 2009, more than 40% of <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> schools had an immigrant majority, with some schools having a 97% immigrant share.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. blog (October 2013)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Schools in Oslo are increasingly divided by ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in the <a href="/wiki/Groruddalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Groruddalen">Groruddalen</a> (Grorud valley), four boroughs which currently have a population of around 165,000 saw the ethnic Norwegian population decrease by 1,500 in 2008, while the immigrant population increased by 1,600.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In thirteen years, a total of 18,000 ethnic Norwegians have moved from the borough.<sup id="cite_ref-nett15110_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nett15110-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2010, a news feature from <i><a href="/wiki/Dagsrevyen" title="Dagsrevyen">Dagsrevyen</a></i> on the public <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation">Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation</a> said, "Oslo has become a <a href="/wiki/Racially" class="mw-redirect" title="Racially">racially</a> divided city. In some city districts the <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> starts already in kindergarten." Reporters said, "In the last years the brown schools have become browner, and the white schools whiter," a statement which caused a minor controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-nett15110_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nett15110-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, immigration into Sweden occurred in three phases. The first was a direct result of the war, with refugees from <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> and surrounding countries in Scandinavia and Northern Europe. The second, prior to 1970, involved immigrant workers, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. In the most recent phase, from the 1970s onwards, refugees immigrated from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, Africa, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, joined later by their relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study which mapped patterns of segregation and congregation of incoming population groups<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that, if a majority group is reluctant to accept a minority influx, they may leave the district, avoid the district, or use tactics to keep the minority out. The minority group in turn react by either dispersing or congregating, avoiding certain districts in turn. Detailed analysis of data from the 1990s onwards indicates that the concentration of immigrants in certain city districts, such as <a href="/wiki/Husby,_Stockholm" title="Husby, Stockholm">Husby</a> in Stockholm and <a href="/wiki/Roseng%C3%A5rd" title="Rosengård">Rosengård</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>, is in part due to an immigration influx, but primarily caused by white flight.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to researcher Emma Neuman at <a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a>, the white flight phenomenon commences when the fraction of non-European immigrants reaches 3-4%, but European immigration shows no such effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High income earners and the highly educated move out first, so the ethnic segregation also leads to class segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study performed at <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rebro_University" title="Örebro University">Örebro University</a>, mothers of young children were interviewed to study attitudes on Swedishness, multiculturalism and segregation. It concluded that while many expressed values such as ethnic diversity being an enriching factor, when, in practice, it came to choosing schools or choosing which district to move to, ensuring the children had access to a school with a robust Swedish majority was also a consideration. This was because they did not want their children to grow up in a school where they were a minority, and wanted them to be in a good environment for learning the Swedish language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <p>For centuries, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> was the destination for refugees and immigrants from continental Europe. Although all the immigrants were European, neighborhoods showed <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic succession">ethnic succession</a> over time, as older residents moved out and new immigrants moved in, an early case of white flight (though the majority of London's population was still ethnic British).<sup id="cite_ref-Porter_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Census in the United Kingdom">census</a>, the London boroughs of <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent" title="London Borough of Brent">Brent</a> were found to be the first areas to have non-white majorities.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a> found that, for the first time, less than 50% of London's population were white British, and that in some areas of London white British people make up less than 20% of the population. A 2005 report stated that white migration within the UK is mainly from areas with a high ethnic minority population to those with predominantly white populations; white British families have moved out of London, as many immigrants have settled in the capital. The report's writers expressed concern about British social cohesion, and stated that different ethnic groups were living "parallel lives"; they were concerned that lack of contact between the groups could result in fear more readily exploited by extremists. In a study, the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> found similar results.<sup id="cite_ref-thetelegraph2005_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetelegraph2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 BBC documentary, <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Whites_of_the_East_End" title="Last Whites of the East End">Last Whites of the East End</a></i>, covered the migration of whites from Newham to <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>. A 2019 <i>Guardian</i> article stated that "came to represent 'white flight' in the UK",<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-Essex_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Essex-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 2013 <i>Prospect</i> magazine article gave Essex as an example of white flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodhart_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodhart-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researcher Ludi Simpson has stated that the growth of ethnic minorities in Britain is due mostly to natural population growth (births outnumbering deaths), rather than immigration. Both white and non-white Britons who can do so economically are equally likely to leave mixed-race inner-city areas. In his opinion, these trends indicate <a href="/wiki/Counter_urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter urbanisation">counter urbanisation</a>, rather than white flight.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinneySimpson2009Myths_and_counterarguments:_a_quick_reference_summary_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinneySimpson2009Myths_and_counterarguments:_a_quick_reference_summary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toronto">Toronto</h4></div> <p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a> examined the "identity crisis" of <a href="/wiki/Brampton" title="Brampton">Brampton</a> (a suburban city in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>), and referring to <a href="/wiki/White_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="White Canadians">white Canadians</a>, the "loss of more than 23,000 people, or 12 per cent, in a decade when the city's population rose by 60 per cent". The paper reported <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a> sociologist Jason Edgerton's analysis that "After you control for retirement, low birth rate, etc. some of the other (shrinkage) could be white flight — former mainstream communities not comfortable being the minority."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 article from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, addressing the diversity of Brampton, acknowledged that while academics in Canada are sometimes reluctant to use the term of white flight, it reported that: </p> <blockquote><p>[...] the Brampton story reveals that we have our own version of white flight, and before we figure out how to manage hyper-diverse and increasingly polarized cities like Greater Toronto, we need to reflect on our own attitudes about race and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic diversity">ethnic diversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2018, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> covered the white flight that had occurred in Brampton, and how the suburban city had been nicknamed "Bramladesh" and "Browntown", due to its "73% visible minority, with its largest <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">ethnic group Indian</a>". It was also reported how "the white population fell from 192,400 in 2001 to 169,230 in 2011, and now hovers around 151,000."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vancouver">Vancouver</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Residential segregation in Greater Vancouver">Residential segregation in Greater Vancouver</a></div> <p>In 2014, the Vancouver Sun addressed the issue of white flight across <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Vancouver" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Vancouver">Metropolitan Vancouver</a>. Detailing the phenomenon of "unconscious segregation", the article points to large <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> enclaves within Greater Vancouver such as <a href="/wiki/Burnaby,_B.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaby, B.C.">Burnaby</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Vancouver" title="East Vancouver">East Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia" title="Richmond, British Columbia">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_South_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Vancouver South (federal electoral district)">South Vancouver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrey, BC">Surrey</a>. In contrast, other cities and neighbourhoods within the metropolitan region such as <a href="/wiki/Tsawwassen,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsawwassen, British Columbia">Tsawwassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Surrey" title="South Surrey">South Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Rock,_British_Columbia" title="White Rock, British Columbia">White Rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langley,_British_Columbia_(district_municipality)" title="Langley, British Columbia (district municipality)">Langley</a> host equally large <a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">white</a> enclaves.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">Ghetto riots (1964–1969)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Long,_hot_summer_of_1967" title="Long, hot summer of 1967">Long, hot summer of 1967</a>; and <a href="/wiki/1968_riots_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="1968 riots (disambiguation)">1968 riots</a></div> <p>In the United States during the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956</a>, low-cost <a href="/wiki/Mortgage" title="Mortgage">mortgages</a> through the <a href="/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">residential redlining</a> enabled white families to abandon <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner cities</a> in favor of suburban living and prevent ethnic minorities from doing the same. The result was severe <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> that, by the 1960s, resulted in crumbling "<a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a>". Prior to national data available in the 1950 US census, a migration pattern of disproportionate numbers of whites moving from cities to suburban communities was easily dismissed as merely anecdotal. Because American urban populations were still substantially growing, a relative decrease in one racial or ethnic component eluded scientific proof to the satisfaction of policy makers. In essence, data on urban population change had not been separated into what are now familiarly identified its "components." The first data set potentially capable of proving "white flight" was the 1950 census. But original processing of this data, on older-style tabulation machines by the US Census Bureau, failed to attain any approved level of statistical proof. It was rigorous reprocessing of the same raw data on a <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC I</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Bogue" title="Donald Bogue">Donald J. Bogue</a> of the Scripps Foundation and Emerson Seim of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, that scientifically established the reality of white flight.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not simply a more powerful calculating instrument that placed the reality of white flight beyond a high hurdle of proof seemingly required for policy makers to consider taking action. Also instrumental were new statistical methods developed by Emerson Seim for disentangling deceptive counter-effects that had resulted when numerous cities reacted to departures of a wealthier tax base by annexation. In other words, central cities had been bringing back their new suburbs, such that families that had departed from inner cities were not even being counted as having moved from the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the later 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_restructuring" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial restructuring">industrial restructuring</a> led to major losses of jobs, leaving formerly middle-class working populations suffering poverty, with some unable to move away and seek employment elsewhere. Real estate prices often fall in areas of economic erosion, allowing persons with lower income to establish homes in such areas. Since the 1960s and changed immigration laws, the United States has received immigrants from Mexico, Central and South America, Asia, and Africa. Immigration has changed the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">demographics</a> of both cities and suburbs, and the US has become a largely suburban nation, with the suburbs becoming more diverse. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latinos</a>, the fastest growing minority group in the US, began to migrate away from traditional entry cities and to cities in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>. In 2006, the increased number of Latinos had made whites a minority group in some western cities.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catalysts">Catalysts</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Legal_exclusion">Legal exclusion</h5></div> <p>In the 1930s, states outside the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> (where racial segregation was legal) practiced unofficial segregation via <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)#Exclusionary_covenants" title="Covenant (law)">exclusionary covenants</a> in title deeds and real estate neighborhood <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – explicit, legally sanctioned <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> in real property ownership and lending practices. Blacks were effectively barred from pursuing homeownership, even when they were able to afford it.<sup id="cite_ref-crabgrass_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crabgrass-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suburban expansion was reserved for middle-class and <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> white people, facilitated by their increased wages incurred by the war effort and by subsequent federally guaranteed mortgages (VA, FHA, HOLC) available only to whites to buy new houses, such as those created by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration" title="Federal Housing Administration">Federal Housing Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, the Supreme Court ruled that racially restrictive covenants could not constitutionaly be enforced by the states.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Roads">Roads</h5></div> <p>After World War II, aided by the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a>, many <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> began leaving industrial cities for new housing in suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-crabgrass_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crabgrass-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roads served to transport suburbanites to their city jobs, facilitating the development of suburbs, and shifting the tax base away from the city. This may have exacerbated <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, such as in the Southern United States, local governments used highway road constructions to deliberately divide and isolate <a href="/wiki/Black_neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Black neighborhood">black neighborhoods</a> from goods and services, often within industrial corridors. In <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, the local government used the highway system to perpetuate the racial residence-boundaries the city established with a 1926 racial zoning law. Constructing interstate highways through majority-black neighborhoods eventually reduced the populations to the poorest proportion of people financially unable to leave their destroyed community.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Blockbusting">Blockbusting</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blockbusting" title="Blockbusting">Blockbusting</a></div> <p>The real estate business practice of "blockbusting" was a for-profit catalyst for white flight, and a means to control non-white migration. By subterfuge, real estate agents would facilitate black people buying a house in a white neighborhood, either by buying the house themselves, or via a white proxy buyer, and then re-selling it to the black family. The remaining white inhabitants (alarmed by real estate agents and the local news media),<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fearing devalued residential property, would quickly sell, usually at a loss. The realtors profited from these <i>en masse</i> sales and the ability to resell to the incoming black families, through <a href="/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitrage</a> and the sales commissions from both groups. By such tactics, the racial composition of a neighborhood population was often changed completely in a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Association_with_urban_decay">Association with urban decay</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg/250px-BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg/375px-BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg/500px-BrokenPromises_JohnFekner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Urban decay in the US: the South Bronx, New York City, was exemplar of the federal and local government's abandonment of the cities in the 1970s and 1980s; the Spanish sign reads "FALSAS PROMESAS", the English sign reads "BROKEN PROMISES".</figcaption></figure> <p>Urban decay is the sociological process whereby a city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. Its characteristics are <a href="/wiki/Depopulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Depopulation">depopulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_restructuring" title="Economic restructuring">economic restructuring</a>, abandoned buildings, high local unemployment (and thus poverty),<sup id="cite_ref-power_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-power-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fragmented families, political <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement">disenfranchisement</a>, crime, and a desolate, inhospitable city landscape. White flight contributed to the draining of cities' tax bases when middle-class people left. Abandoned properties attracted criminals and <a href="/wiki/Street_gangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Street gangs">street gangs</a>, contributing to crime.<sup id="cite_ref-power_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-power-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s and 1980s, urban decay was associated with Western cities, especially in North America and parts of Europe. In that time, major structural changes in global economies, transportation, and government policy created the economic, then social, conditions resulting in urban decay.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White flight in North America started to reverse in the 1990s, when the rich suburbanites returned to cities, <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrifying</a> the decayed urban neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-crabgrass_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crabgrass-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comeback_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comeback-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Government-aided_white_flight">Government-aided white flight</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Levittown" title="Levittown">Levittown</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LevittownPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LevittownPA.jpg/220px-LevittownPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LevittownPA.jpg/330px-LevittownPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LevittownPA.jpg/440px-LevittownPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Levittown,_Pennsylvania" title="Levittown, Pennsylvania">Levittown, Pennsylvania</a> circa 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>New municipalities were established beyond the abandoned city's jurisdiction to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Legacy_costs" title="Legacy costs">legacy costs</a> of maintaining city infrastructures; instead new governments spent taxes to establish suburban infrastructures. The federal government contributed to white flight and the early decay of non-white city neighborhoods by withholding maintenance capital mortgages, thus making it difficult for the communities to either retain or attract middle-class residents.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new suburban communities limited the emigration of poor and non-white residents from the city by restrictive <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a>; thus, few lower-middle-class people could afford a house in the suburbs. Many all-white suburbs were eventually annexed to the cities their residents had left. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a> partially annexed towns such as <a href="/wiki/Granville,_Wisconsin" title="Granville, Wisconsin">Granville</a>; the (then) mayor, <a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Zeidler" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank P. Zeidler">Frank P. Zeidler</a>, complained about the socially destructive "Iron Ring" of new municipalities incorporated in the post–World War II decade.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analogously, semi-rural communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Oak_Creek,_Wisconsin" title="Oak Creek, Wisconsin">Oak Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" title="South Milwaukee, Wisconsin">South Milwaukee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Milwaukee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Franklin, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin">Franklin</a>, formally incorporated as discrete entities to escape urban annexation. Wisconsin state law had allowed Milwaukee's annexation of such rural and suburban regions that did not qualify for discrete incorporation per the legal incorporation standards.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Desegregation_of_schools">Desegregation of schools</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">Desegregation busing</a></div> <p>In some areas, the post–World War II racial desegregation of the public schools catalyzed white flight. In 1954, the US Supreme Court case <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954) ordered the <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> termination of the "separate, but equal" legal racism established with the <i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896) case in the 19th century. It declared that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. Many southern jurisdictions mounted <a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">massive resistance</a> to the policy. In some cases, white parents withdrew their children from public schools and established private religious schools instead. These schools, termed <a href="/wiki/Segregation_academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregation academies">segregation academies</a>, sprung up in the American South between the late 1950s and mid-1970s and allowed parents to prevent their children from being enrolled in racially mixed schools.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon desegregation in 1957 in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, the Clifton Park Junior High School had 2,023 white students and 34 black students; ten years later, it had twelve white students and 2,037 black students. In northwest Baltimore, Garrison Junior High School's student body declined from 2,504 whites and twelve blacks to 297 whites and 1,263 blacks in that period.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the city's working class population declined because of the loss of industrial jobs as heavy industry restructured. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Swann_v._Charlotte-Mecklenburg_Board_of_Education" title="Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education">Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education</a></i> (1971), the Supreme Court ordered the <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">desegregation busing</a> of poor black students to suburban white schools, and suburban white students to the city to try to integrate student populations. In <i><a href="/wiki/Milliken_v._Bradley" title="Milliken v. Bradley">Milliken v. Bradley</a></i> (1974), the dissenting <a href="/wiki/Justice_William_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice William Douglas">Justice William Douglas</a> observed, "The inner core of Detroit is now rather solidly black; and the blacks, we know, in many instances are likely to be poorer." Likewise, in 1977, the Federal decision in <i>Penick v. The Columbus Board of Education</i> (1977) accelerated white flight from <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>. Although the racial desegregation of schools affected only public school districts, the most vehement opponents of racial desegregation have sometimes been whites whose children attended private schools.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A secondary, non-geographic consequence of school desegregation and busing was "cultural" white flight: withdrawing white children from the <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> public school system and sending them to private schools unaffected by US federal integration laws. In 1970, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Central District of California">United States District Court for the Central District of California</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Pasadena_Unified_School_District" title="Pasadena Unified School District">Pasadena Unified School District</a> desegregated, the proportion of white students (54%) reflected the school district's proportion of whites (53%). Once the federally ordered school desegregation began, whites who could afford private schools withdrew their children from the racially diverse <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a> public school system. By 2004, Pasadena had 63 private schools educating some 33% of schoolchildren, while white students made up only 16% of the public school populace. The Pasadena Unified School District superintendent characterized public schools as "like the bogey-man" to whites. He implemented policies to attract white parents to the racially diverse Pasadena public school district.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Crime">Crime</h5></div> <p>Studies suggest that rising crime rates were one of the reasons that white households left cities for suburbs in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel Kye (2018) cites several studies that identified "factors such as crime and neighborhood deterioration, rather than racial prejudice, as more robust determinants of white flight".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ellen and O'Regan (2010) found that lower crime rates in city centers are associated with less out-migration to suburbs, but they did not find an effect on lower levels of crime attracting new households to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australian-born minority (white and non-white) people in <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_New_South_Wales" title="Fairfield, New South Wales">Fairfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury,_New_South_Wales" title="Canterbury, New South Wales">Canterbury</a> fell by three percentage points, six percentage points in <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_New_South_Wales" title="Auburn, New South Wales">Auburn</a>, and three percentage points in <a href="/wiki/Strathfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathfield">Strathfield</a> between 1991 and 1996. Only in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool,_New_South_Wales" title="Liverpool, New South Wales">Liverpool</a>, one of the more fast growth areas of Sydney, did both the Australia-born and overseas-born male population increase over the 1991-1996 period. However, the rate of growth of the overseas-born was far greater than that of the Australia-born, thus the sharp increase in Liverpool's population share from 43.5 per cent to 49 per cent by 1996. The Australia-born movers from the south-western suburbs relocated to <a href="/wiki/Penrith,_New_South_Wales" title="Penrith, New South Wales">Penrith</a> in the northwest and <a href="/wiki/Gosford,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosford, New South Wales">Gosford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyong">Wyong</a> in the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> Secondary Principals Council and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Western Sydney">University of Western Sydney</a>, public schools in that state have experienced white flight to private and Catholic schools wherever there is a large presence of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal">Aboriginal</a> and Middle Eastern students.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, NSW Labor Opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Luke_Foley" title="Luke Foley">Luke Foley</a> talked about White flight in Fairfield, where he stated that <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Australians" title="Iraqi Australians">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Australians" title="Syrian Australians">Syrian</a> refugees are replacing the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Australian">Anglo-Australians</a> in the suburb, although he later apologised for the comments.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_school_decile_vs_roll_ethnicity_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="European/Pākehā students make up less than 10% of the student body in 1st-decile schools and over 70% in high-decile schools. Māori and Pasifika students make up 50 and around 42% respectively in 1st-decile schools, and less than 10% each in 10th-decile schools." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/New_Zealand_school_decile_vs_roll_ethnicity_2011.png/250px-New_Zealand_school_decile_vs_roll_ethnicity_2011.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/New_Zealand_school_decile_vs_roll_ethnicity_2011.png/375px-New_Zealand_school_decile_vs_roll_ethnicity_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/New_Zealand_school_decile_vs_roll_ethnicity_2011.png/500px-New_Zealand_school_decile_vs_roll_ethnicity_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Percentages of New Zealand school rolls occupied by certain ethnic groups in 2011, broken down by socioeconomic decile. White flight is evident with low-decile schools have a disproportionately low number of European students and high numbers of Māori and Pasifika students, while the inverse is true for high-decile schools.</figcaption></figure> <p>White flight has been observed in low <a href="/wiki/Socio-Economic_Decile" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-Economic Decile">socioeconomic decile</a> schools in New Zealand. Data from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry of Education (New Zealand)">Ministry of Education</a> found that 60,000 New Zealand European students attended low-decile schools (situated in the poorest areas) in 2000, and had fallen to half that number in 2010. The same data also found that high-decile schools (which are in the wealthiest areas) had a corresponding increase in New Zealand European students.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry claimed demographic changes were behind the shifts, but teacher and principal associations have attributed white flight to racial and class stigmas of low-decile schools, which commonly have majority Maori and Pacific Islander rolls.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one specific case, white flight has significantly affected Sunset Junior High School in a suburb of the city of <a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a>, with the total number of students reduced from 700 to 70 in the early 1980s. All but one of the 70 students are Maori. The area has a concentration of poor, low-skilled people, with struggling families, and many single mothers. Related to the social problems of the families, student educational achievement is low on the standard reading test.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_Herald_10392647_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_10392647-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_flight" title="Black flight">Black flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_succession_theory" title="Ethnic succession theory">Ethnic succession theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levittown" title="Levittown">Levittown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_shrinkage" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned shrinkage">Planned shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation" title="Residential segregation">Residential segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_demographic_decline" title="White demographic decline">White demographic decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarry_C._FeldDonna_M._Bishop2013" class="citation book cs1">Barry C. Feld; Donna M. Bishop, eds. (2013). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199338276" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199338276"><bdi>978-0199338276</bdi></a>. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Kerner_Commission" title="Kerner Commission">Kerner Commission</a> report ... concluded that "Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white" ... Black urban in-migration and White exodus had developed concentrations of impoverished persons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Juvenile+Crime+and+Juvenile+Justice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199338276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Kweit2015" class="citation book cs1">Robert W. Kweit (2015). <i>People and Politics in Urban America, Second Edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138012028" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138012028"><bdi>978-1138012028</bdi></a>. <q>The U.S. court of Appeals ruled that Norfolk was rightly concerned with the white exodus from public schools and that the decision to end mandatory busing was not based on discriminatory intent, but on the desire to keep enough whites in the school system to prevent resegregation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Politics+in+Urban+America%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1138012028&rft.au=Robert+W.+Kweit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_J._MinchinJohn_A._Salmond2011" class="citation book cs1">Timothy J. Minchin; John A. Salmond (2011). "Chapter 8 'Mixed Outcomes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>After the Dream: Black and White Southerners since 1965 (Civil Rights and Struggle)</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813129785" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813129785"><bdi>978-0813129785</bdi></a>. <q>Even success in desegregating downtown stores and buses was now undercut by the white exodus. As they fled the cities, many whites lost interest in the civil rights issue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8+%27Mixed+Outcomes%27&rft.btitle=After+the+Dream%3A+Black+and+White+Southerners+since+1965+%28Civil+Rights+and+Struggle%29&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0813129785&rft.au=Timothy+J.+Minchin&rft.au=John+A.+Salmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosiah_Bates2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Josiah Bates (October 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5714285/michelle-obama-white-flight/">"Michelle Obama Opens Up About the Pain of Witnessing 'White Flight' as a Child in Chicago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TIME" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME">TIME</a></i>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"White flight" — a phenomenon in which white people leave areas that are becoming more diverse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Michelle+Obama+Opens+Up+About+the+Pain+of+Witnessing+%27White+Flight%27+as+a+Child+in+Chicago&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.au=Josiah+Bates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5714285%2Fmichelle-obama-white-flight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLateshia_Beachum2019" class="citation news cs1">Lateshia Beachum (October 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/10/30/michelle-obama-white-flight-chicago-yall-were-running-us/">"Michelle Obama on white flight in Chicago: 'Y'all were running from us'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"White flight" is when white people leave increasingly diverse areas in large numbers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Michelle+Obama+on+white+flight+in+Chicago%3A+%27Y%27all+were+running+from+us%27&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.au=Lateshia+Beachum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnation%2F2019%2F10%2F30%2Fmichelle-obama-white-flight-chicago-yall-were-running-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2008" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Richard T., ed. (2008). <i>The Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society</i>. SAGE publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society&rft.pub=SAGE+publications&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/white%20flight">"white flight"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=white+flight&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fwhite%2520flight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmor,_David_J.1986" class="citation book cs1">Armor, David J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJuAZpULzAsC&q=%22causes+white+flight%22+armor&pg=PA177"><i>Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1953-58179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1953-58179"><bdi>978-0-1953-58179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forced+Justice%3A+School+Desegregation+and+the+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-1953-58179&rft.au=Armor%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJuAZpULzAsC%26q%3D%2522causes%2Bwhite%2Bflight%2522%2Barmor%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer2010-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammer2010_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_Hammer2010" class="citation news cs1">Joshua Hammer (May–June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114034302/http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/almost-out-africa-white-tribes">"(Almost) Out of Africa: The White Tribes"</a>. <i>World Affairs Journal</i>. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Affairs+Journal&rft.atitle=%28Almost%29+Out+of+Africa%3A+The+White+Tribes&rft.date=2010-05%2F2010-06&rft.au=Joshua+Hammer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldaffairsjournal.org%2Farticle%2Falmost-out-africa-white-tribes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_RW2008" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, RW (October 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430101911/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article4969026.ece">"Mosiuoa 'Terror' Lekota threatens to topple the ANC"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article4969026.ece">the original</a> on April 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Mosiuoa+%27Terror%27+Lekota+threatens+to+topple+the+ANC&rft.date=2008-10-19&rft.au=Johnson%2C+RW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Farticle4969026.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher,_A.J.2000" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, A.J. (2000). <i>The atlas of changing South Africa</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2031-85902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2031-85902"><bdi>978-0-2031-85902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+atlas+of+changing+South+Africa&rft.pages=213&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-2031-85902&rft.au=Christopher%2C+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshawNdegwa2001" class="citation book cs1">Bradshaw, York W.; Ndegwa, Stephen N., eds. (2001). <i>The uncertain promise of Southern Africa</i>. Indiana Univ. Press. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+uncertain+promise+of+Southern+Africa&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Indiana+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhardtReinhartz2006" class="citation book cs1">Reinhardt, Steven G.; Reinhartz, Dennis P., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transatlantichis0000unse/page/149"><i>Transatlantic history</i></a> (1st ed.). Texas A&M University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transatlantichis0000unse/page/149">149–150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5854-44861" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5854-44861"><bdi>978-1-5854-44861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transatlantic+history&rft.pages=149-150&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-5854-44861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransatlantichis0000unse%2Fpage%2F149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist_12295535-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_12295535_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_12295535_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/12295535">"White flight from South Africa: Between staying and going"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. September 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=White+flight+from+South+Africa%3A+Between+staying+and+going&rft.date=2008-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F12295535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClotfelter,_Charles_T.2004" class="citation book cs1">Clotfelter, Charles T. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterbrownrisere00clot"><i>After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691119113" title="Special:BookSources/9780691119113"><bdi>9780691119113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Brown%3A+The+Rise+and+Retreat+of+School+Desegregation&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780691119113&rft.au=Clotfelter%2C+Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafterbrownrisere00clot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavitch1983" class="citation book cs1">Ravitch, Diane (1983). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Troubled_Crusade:_American_Education,_1945%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945–1980">The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945–1980</a></i>. New York City: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/troubledcrusadea00ravi/page/177">177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-87570" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-87570"><bdi>978-0-4650-87570</bdi></a>. <q>School desegregation and White Flight</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Troubled+Crusade%3A+American+Education%2C+1945%E2%80%931980&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-4650-87570&rft.aulast=Ravitch&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoustan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Boustan, L. P. (2010). "Was Postwar Suburbanization "White Flight"? Evidence from the Black Migration*". <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>125</b>: 417–443. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.5072">10.1.1.595.5072</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fqjec.2010.125.1.417">10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.417</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2975073">2975073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Was+Postwar+Suburbanization+%22White+Flight%22%3F+Evidence+from+the+Black+Migration%2A&rft.volume=125&rft.pages=417-443&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.595.5072%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2975073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fqjec.2010.125.1.417&rft.aulast=Boustan&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman2005" class="citation book cs1">Seligman, Amanda (2005). <i>Block by block: neighborhoods and public policy on Chicago's West Side</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 213–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74663-0"><bdi>978-0-226-74663-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Block+by+block%3A+neighborhoods+and+public+policy+on+Chicago%27s+West+Side&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=213-14&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-74663-0&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoustan2017" class="citation news cs1">Boustan, Leah (May 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/opinion/white-flight.html">"The Culprits behind White Flight"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Culprits+behind+White+Flight&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Boustan&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F05%2F15%2Fopinion%2Fwhite-flight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruse2007" class="citation book cs1">Kruse, Kevin M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610090055/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i8043.html"><i>White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism</i></a>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13386-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13386-7"><bdi>978-0-691-13386-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i8043.html">the original</a> on June 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Flight%3A+Atlanta+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Conservatism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13386-7&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fi8043.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThabit,_Walter2003" class="citation book cs1">Thabit, Walter (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howeastnewyorkbe00thab"><i>How East New York Became a Ghetto</i></a></span>. New York: New York University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howeastnewyorkbe00thab/page/n58">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8267-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8267-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-8267-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+East+New+York+Became+a+Ghetto&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-8267-5&rft.au=Thabit%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoweastnewyorkbe00thab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulido,_Laura2000" class="citation journal cs1">Pulido, Laura (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geog.umn.edu/faculty/squires/courses/BSE3001/PulioEnvironmentalRacismWhitePrivilege.pdf">"Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>90</b> (1): 12–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0004-5608.00182">10.1111/0004-5608.00182</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10214%2F1833">10214/1833</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38036883">38036883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Environmental+Racism%3A+White+Privilege+and+Urban+Development+in+Southern+California&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-40&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10214%2F1833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38036883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0004-5608.00182&rft.au=Pulido%2C+Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.umn.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fsquires%2Fcourses%2FBSE3001%2FPulioEnvironmentalRacismWhitePrivilege.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Week, New York, Thursday". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>. April 14, 1870. p. 233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+Week%2C+New+York%2C+Thursday&rft.pages=233&rft.date=1870-04-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Thomas_Mills1888" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Thomas_Mills" title="Walter Thomas Mills">Walter Thomas Mills</a> (1888). "The Statesman" (Voume 5 ed.). Statesman Publishing Company. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Statesman&rft.pages=147&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Walter+Thomas+Mills&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendell_Phillips_GarrisonFrancis_Jackson_Garrison1894" class="citation book cs1">Wendell Phillips Garrison; Francis Jackson Garrison (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wlgstoryoflife03garrrich"><i>William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879: The Story of His Life Told by His Children</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wlgstoryoflife03garrrich/page/494">494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Lloyd+Garrison%2C+1805-1879%3A+The+Story+of+His+Life+Told+by+His+Children&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Wendell+Phillips+Garrison&rft.au=Francis+Jackson+Garrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwlgstoryoflife03garrrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Keegan2001" class="citation cs2">Timothy Keegan (2001), "Gender, Degeneration and Sexual Danger: Imagining Race and Class in South Africa, ca.1912", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southern_African_Studies" title="Journal of Southern African Studies">Journal of Southern African Studies</a></i> (Volume 27, Number 3 ed.), <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <q>Newspaper reports in the years before World War I dwelt on the spectre of white flight, of farewells at Park Station as men stricken with disease entrained for the coast, and of men arriving in Durban in search of billets on ships leaving for Britain or Australia. At the outbreak of war there were still nearly 50,000 more white men on the Rand than white women, many with families still living in Cornwall or Lancashire to whom they sent remittances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender%2C+Degeneration+and+Sexual+Danger%3A+Imagining+Race+and+Class+in+South+Africa%2C+ca.1912&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.edition=Volume+27%2C+Number+3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Timothy+Keegan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey_Haines2010" class="citation book cs1">Lindsey Haines (2010). <i>White Flight and Urban Decay in Suburban Chicago</i> (Paper 112 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Wesleyan_University" title="Illinois Wesleyan University">Illinois Wesleyan University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Flight+and+Urban+Decay+in+Suburban+Chicago&rft.edition=Paper+112&rft.pub=Illinois+Wesleyan+University&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Lindsey+Haines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thetelegraph2005-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thetelegraph2005_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thetelegraph2005_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston,_Philip2005" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Philip (February 10, 2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1483196/Whites-leaving-cities-as-migrants-move-in.html">"Whites 'leaving cities as migrants move in'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1483196/Whites-leaving-cities-as-migrants-move-in.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Whites+%27leaving+cities+as+migrants+move+in%27&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1483196%2FWhites-leaving-cities-as-migrants-move-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Ford2004" class="citation news cs1">Richard Ford (December 8, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/race-divide-in-big-cities-widens-as-whites-move-out-vknzr9d70s2">"Race divide in big cities widens as whites move out"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Race+divide+in+big+cities+widens+as+whites+move+out&rft.date=2004-12-08&rft.au=Richard+Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Frace-divide-in-big-cities-widens-as-whites-move-out-vknzr9d70s2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_H.Kye2018" class="citation book cs1">Samuel H.Kye (2018). <i>The persistence of white flight in middle-class suburbia</i> (Volume 72 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>: <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research" title="Social Science Research">Social Science Research</a>. pp. 38–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+persistence+of+white+flight+in+middle-class+suburbia&rft.place=Indiana+University&rft.pages=38-52&rft.edition=Volume+72&rft.pub=Social+Science+Research&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Samuel+H.Kye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Jacobs2018" class="citation news cs1">Tom Jacobs (March 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmag.com/social-justice/white-flight-remains-a-reality">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'White Flight' Remains a Reality"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard" title="Pacific Standard">Pacific Standard</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Standard&rft.atitle=%27White+Flight%27+Remains+a+Reality&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft.au=Tom+Jacobs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsmag.com%2Fsocial-justice%2Fwhite-flight-remains-a-reality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, J. (2011). "Tipping and Residential Segregation: A Unified Schelling Model". <i>Journal of Regional Science</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 167–193. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JRegS..51..167Z">2011JRegS..51..167Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.564.9435">10.1.1.564.9435</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9787.2010.00671.x">10.1111/j.1467-9787.2010.00671.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17624822">17624822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Regional+Science&rft.atitle=Tipping+and+Residential+Segregation%3A+A+Unified+Schelling+Model&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-193&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.564.9435%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17624822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9787.2010.00671.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JRegS..51..167Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchelling,_T.1969" class="citation journal cs1">Schelling, T. 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"Models of segregation". <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>59</b> (2): 488–493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Models+of+segregation&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=488-493&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Schelling%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsweekFleeing2009-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newsweekFleeing2009_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsweekFleeing2009_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsweekFleeing2009_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Scott2009" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Scott (February 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728021207/http://www.newsweek.com/2009/02/13/fleeing-from-south-africa.html">"Fleeing From South Africa"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2009/02/13/fleeing-from-south-africa.html">the original</a> on July 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Fleeing+From+South+Africa&rft.date=2009-02-14&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2009%2F02%2F13%2Ffleeing-from-south-africa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news24RunnningOut-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news24RunnningOut_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news24RunnningOut_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/were-running-out-of-whites-20170806-2">"“We are quickly losing all our skilled workers. One option for South Africa is to employ a foreign workforce to continue growing our economy and we all know how many South Africans feel about that,” Waldorf said."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_36-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_36-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1983" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Harold D, ed. 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Tamarkin (2012) <i>The Making of Zimbabwe: Decolonization in Regional and International Politics</i>, Routledge, p122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olga Sicilia (2010) <i>There Is No Such Thing As a Spirit in the Stone! Misrepresentations of Zimbabwean Stone Sculpture: An Anthropological Approach</i> Universal-Publishers, p25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EP-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EP_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Partridge (2006) <i>The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: A-I</i>, Taylor & Francis, p389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Ballinger (2015) <i>A Walk Against The Stream: A Rhodesian National Service Officer's Story of the Bush War</i>, Helion and Company, p335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. News & World Report, Volume 87, pxlvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Schreier, Peter Trudgill, Edgar W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Report+finds+evidence+of+%27white+flight%27+from+immigrants+in+northwest+Dublin&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2007%2F10%2F19%2Feurope%2FEU-GEN-Ireland-White-Flight.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927091749/http://www.frie-ytringer.com/2009/06/09/40-prosent-av-osloskolene-har-innvandrerflertall/">"40 prosent av Osloskolene har innvandrerflertall"</a> (in Norwegian). 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'White flight'? 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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/londonsocialhist00port/page/132">132</a>, 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674538382" title="Special:BookSources/9780674538382"><bdi>9780674538382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London%3A+A+Social+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=132%2C+140&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780674538382&rft.au=Porter%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flondonsocialhist00port&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/03/census_2001/html/ethnicity.stm">"Census 2001: Ethnicity"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Census+2001%3A+Ethnicity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F03%2Fcensus_2001%2Fhtml%2Fethnicity.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-Essex-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-Essex_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jun/27/the-invention-of-essex-how-a-county-became-a-caricature">"The invention of Essex: how a county became a caricature"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. June 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+invention+of+Essex%3A+how+a+county+became+a+caricature&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fjun%2F27%2Fthe-invention-of-essex-how-a-county-became-a-caricature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodhart-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodhart_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodhart2013" class="citation news cs1">Goodhart, David (January 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/immigration-race-london-white-flight-david-goodhart">"White flight? Britain's new problem—segregation"</a>. <i>Prospect</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect&rft.atitle=White+flight%3F+Britain%27s+new+problem%E2%80%94segregation&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.aulast=Goodhart&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fimmigration-race-london-white-flight-david-goodhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominic_Casciani2006" class="citation news cs1">Dominic Casciani (September 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5304276.stm">"So who's right over segregation?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Magazine&rft.atitle=So+who%27s+right+over+segregation%3F&rft.date=2006-09-04&rft.au=Dominic+Casciani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F5304276.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinneySimpson2009Myths_and_counterarguments:_a_quick_reference_summary-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinneySimpson2009Myths_and_counterarguments:_a_quick_reference_summary_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinneySimpson2009">Finney & Simpson 2009</a>, Myths and counterarguments: a quick reference summary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Grewal2013" class="citation news cs1">San Grewal (May 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/05/24/brampton_suffers_identity_crisis_as_newcomers_swell_citys_population.html">"Brampton suffers identity crisis as newcomers swell city's population"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Brampton+suffers+identity+crisis+as+newcomers+swell+city%27s+population&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.au=San+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2013%2F05%2F24%2Fbrampton_suffers_identity_crisis_as_newcomers_swell_citys_population.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoreen_Ahmed-Ullah2016" class="citation news cs1">Noreen Ahmed-Ullah (June 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/brampton-a-story-of-political-importance-power-and-ethnic-enclaves/article30273820/">"How Brampton, a town in suburban Ontario, was dubbed a ghetto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=How+Brampton%2C+a+town+in+suburban+Ontario%2C+was+dubbed+a+ghetto&rft.date=2016-06-03&rft.au=Noreen+Ahmed-Ullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Ftoronto%2Fbrampton-a-story-of-political-importance-power-and-ethnic-enclaves%2Farticle30273820%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadiya_Ansari2018" class="citation news cs1">Sadiya Ansari (September 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/sep/04/canadian-cities-where-minorities-are-the-majority-markham-brampton">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Everybody fits in': inside the Canadian cities where minorities are the majority"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <q>White flight: Brampton is another majority-minority suburb, west of Toronto.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Everybody+fits+in%27%3A+inside+the+Canadian+cities+where+minorities+are+the+majority&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft.au=Sadiya+Ansari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2018%2Fsep%2F04%2Fcanadian-cities-where-minorities-are-the-majority-markham-brampton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bellwether.metapress.com/content/h128812346540080/">the original</a> on July 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Geography&rft.atitle=Residential+Security%2C+Risk%2C+and+Race%3A+The+Home+Owners%27+Loan+Corporation+and+Mortgage+Access+in+Two+Cities&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=707-736&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2747%2F0272-3638.26.8.707&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153649195%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Crossney&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft.au=Bartelt%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbellwether.metapress.com%2Fcontent%2Fh128812346540080%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossneyBartelt" class="citation web cs1">Crossney; Bartelt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414023817/http://www.mi.vt.edu/data/files/hpd%20vol.16%20issues%203%20and%204/articles/hpd6%283%2C4%29%20crossney.pdf">"2006 Housing Policy Debate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mi.vt.edu/data/files/hpd+vol.16+issues+3+and+4/articles/hpd6%283,4%29+crossney.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2006+Housing+Policy+Debate&rft.au=Crossney&rft.au=Bartelt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mi.vt.edu%2Fdata%2Ffiles%2Fhpd%2Bvol.16%2Bissues%2B3%2Band%2B4%2Farticles%2Fhpd6%25283%2C4%2529%2Bcrossney.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crabgrass-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crabgrass_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crabgrass_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crabgrass_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Jackson, Kenneth T.</a> (1985). <i><a href="/wiki/Crabgrass_Frontier:_The_Suburbanization_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States">Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504983-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504983-7"><bdi>0-19-504983-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11785435">11785435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crabgrass+frontier%3A+The+suburbanization+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11785435&rft.isbn=0-19-504983-7&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wbhsi.net/~wendyplotkin/DeedsWeb/fha38.html">"Racial" Provisions of FHA Underwriting Manual, 1938</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121220101009/http://wbhsi.net/~wendyplotkin/DeedsWeb/fha38.html">Archived</a> December 20, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></i> <br /> <dl><dd>"Recommended restrictions should include provisions for: prohibition of the occupancy of properties except by the race for which they are intended. ... Schools should be appropriate to the needs of the new community, and they should not be attended in large numbers by inharmonious racial groups." —<a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration" title="Federal Housing Administration">Federal Housing Administration</a>, Underwriting Manual: Underwriting and Valuation Procedure Under Title II of the <a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">National Housing Act</a> With Revisions to February 1938 (Washington, D.C.), Part II, Section 9, Rating of Location.</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler,_James_O.1976" class="citation journal cs1">Wheeler, James O. (1976). "Locational Dimensions of Urban Highway Impact: An Empirical Analysis". <i>Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography</i>. <b>58</b> (2): 67–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F04353684.1976.11879413">10.1080/04353684.1976.11879413</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/490613">490613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geografiska+Annaler%3A+Series+B%2C+Human+Geography&rft.atitle=Locational+Dimensions+of+Urban+Highway+Impact%3A+An+Empirical+Analysis&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-78&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F04353684.1976.11879413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F490613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+James+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnerly2002" class="citation journal cs1">Connerly, C. E. (December 1, 2002). "From Racial Zoning to Community Empowerment: The Interstate Highway System and the African American Community in Birmingham, Alabama". <i>Journal of Planning Education and Research</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 99–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0739456X02238441">10.1177/0739456X02238441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144767245">144767245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Planning+Education+and+Research&rft.atitle=From+Racial+Zoning+to+Community+Empowerment%3A+The+Interstate+Highway+System+and+the+African+American+Community+in+Birmingham%2C+Alabama&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-114&rft.date=2002-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0739456X02238441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144767245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Connerly&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2008" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Richard Thompson (2008). <i>The Race Card: How Bluffing about Bias Makes Race Relations Worse</i> (1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 290–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374245757" title="Special:BookSources/9780374245757"><bdi>9780374245757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race+Card%3A+How+Bluffing+about+Bias+Makes+Race+Relations+Worse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=290-291&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780374245757&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Richard+Thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch,_Arnold_R." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_R._Hirsch" title="Arnold R. Hirsch">Hirsch, Arnold R.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/147.html">"Blockbusting"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Chicago History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blockbusting&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Chicago+History&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Arnold+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org%2Fpages%2F147.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-power-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-power_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-power_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Caro, Robert</a> (1974). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York</a></i>. New York: Knopf. p. 522. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3"><bdi>978-0-394-48076-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834874">834874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+Broker%3A+Robert+Moses+and+the+Fall+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=522&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834874&rft.isbn=978-0-394-48076-3&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span>. "The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Gowanus_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowanus Parkway">Gowanus Parkway</a>, laying a concrete slab on top of lively, bustling Third Avenue, buried the avenue in shadow, and when the parkway was completed, the avenue was cast forever into darkness and gloom, and its bustle and life were forever gone. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-72024-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-72024-5">0-394-72024-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen2003" class="citation book cs1">Andersen, Hans Skifter (2003). <i>Urban Sores: On the Interaction Between Segregation, Urban Decay, and Deprived Neighbourhoods</i>. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3305-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3305-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-3305-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Sores%3A+On+the+Interaction+Between+Segregation%2C+Urban+Decay%2C+and+Deprived+Neighbourhoods&rft.place=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3305-1&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Hans+Skifter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comeback-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comeback_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProscio,_TonyGrogan,_Paul_S.2000" class="citation book cs1">Proscio, Tony; Grogan, Paul S. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comebackcitiesbl00grog"><i>Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival</i></a></span>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comebackcitiesbl00grog/page/139">139–145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3952-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3952-8"><bdi>978-0-8133-3952-8</bdi></a>. <q>The 1965 law brought an end to the lengthy and destructive – at least for cities – period of tightly restricted immigration a spell born of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> of the 1920s. [p.140]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comeback+Cities%3A+A+Blueprint+for+Urban+Neighborhood+Revival&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=139-145&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3952-8&rft.au=Proscio%2C+Tony&rft.au=Grogan%2C+Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomebackcitiesbl00grog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilson-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wilson_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1997" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, William Julius (1997). <a href="/wiki/When_Work_Disappears" title="When Work Disappears"><i>When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor</i></a>. New York City: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72417-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72417-9"><bdi>978-0-679-72417-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Work+Disappears%3A+The+World+of+the+New+Urban+Poor&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72417-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorsuk,_by_Alan_J.2006" class="citation news cs1">Borsuk, by Alan J. (July 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711031644/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=459264">"Mayor served 'the public welfare': Longtime city icon known for integrity, energy, principles]"</a>. <i>Journal Sentinel</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=459264">the original</a> on July 11, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Mayor+served+%27the+public+welfare%27%3A+Longtime+city+icon+known+for+integrity%2C+energy%2C+principles%5D&rft.date=2006-07-08&rft.au=Borsuk%2C+by+Alan+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsonline.com%2Fstory%2Findex.aspx%3Fid%3D459264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRast2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rast, J. (September 1, 2006). "Governing the Regimeless City: The Frank Zeidler Administration in Milwaukee, 1948-1960". <i>Urban Affairs Review</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 81–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1078087406289734">10.1177/1078087406289734</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154723219">154723219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Affairs+Review&rft.atitle=Governing+the+Regimeless+City%3A+The+Frank+Zeidler+Administration+in+Milwaukee%2C+1948-1960&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-112&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1078087406289734&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154723219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rast&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran,_Donald_J._Curran1964" class="citation journal cs1">Curran, Donald J. Curran (February 1964). "Infra-Metropolitan Competition". <i>Land Economics</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 94–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3144466">10.2307/3144466</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3144466">3144466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Land+Economics&rft.atitle=Infra-Metropolitan+Competition&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-99&rft.date=1964-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3144466&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3144466%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Curran%2C+Donald+J.+Curran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClotfelter2004" class="citation book cs1">Clotfelter, Charles T. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterbrownrisere00clot"><i>After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation</i></a></span>. 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May 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luke+Foley+blasted+for+%27white+flight%27+comments&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ffinance%2Feconomy%2Fluke-foley-claims-anglo-families-are-fleeing-sydneys-suburbs-due-to-refugee-intake%2Fnews-story%2F6891c109b7cf15817cc6307b0e87432b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2018" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Anne (May 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/may/24/luke-foley-defends-white-flight-comment-but-denies-dog-whistling">"Luke Foley apologises for 'white flight' comment, saying he now knows it's offensive"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Luke+Foley+apologises+for+%27white+flight%27+comment%2C+saying+he+now+knows+it%27s+offensive&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2018%2Fmay%2F24%2Fluke-foley-defends-white-flight-comment-but-denies-dog-whistling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarret-Walker,_Hana2012" class="citation news cs1">Garret-Walker, Hana (June 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10813743">"Claim of 'white flight' from low decile schools"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Claim+of+%27white+flight%27+from+low+decile+schools&rft.date=2012-06-18&rft.au=Garret-Walker%2C+Hana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10813743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/108575/some-pakeha-parents-stereotyping-maori-pupils-principals">"Some Pakeha parents stereotyping Maori pupils – principals"</a>. Radio New Zealand. June 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Pakeha+parents+stereotyping+Maori+pupils+%E2%80%93+principals&rft.pub=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fte-manu-korihi%2F108575%2Fsome-pakeha-parents-stereotyping-maori-pupils-principals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ_Herald_10392647-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NZ_Herald_10392647_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins,_Simon2006" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Simon (July 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/warriors-still/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501094&objectid=10392647">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'White flight' threatens school"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=%27White+flight%27+threatens+school&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft.au=Collins%2C+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fwarriors-still%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1501094%26objectid%3D10392647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Andersson, Roger (2007). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ethnic+residential+segregation+and+integration+processes+in+Sweden&rft.pages=61-90&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskylla.wz-berlin.de%2Fpdf%2F2007%2Fiv07-602.pdf%23page%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvila,_Eric2005" class="citation book cs1">Avila, Eric (2005). <i>Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24811-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24811-3"><bdi>978-0-520-24811-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Culture+in+the+Age+of+White+Flight%3A+Fear+and+Fantasy+in+Suburban+Los+Angeles&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24811-3&rft.au=Avila%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinneySimpson2009" class="citation book cs1">Finney, Nissa; Simpson, Ludi (2009). <i><span></span>'Sleepwalking to segregation'?: Challenging myths about race and migration</i>. Bristol: Policy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847420077" title="Special:BookSources/9781847420077"><bdi>9781847420077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Sleepwalking+to+segregation%27%3F%3A+Challenging+myths+about+race+and+migration&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781847420077&rft.aulast=Finney&rft.aufirst=Nissa&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Ludi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamm,_Gerald1999" class="citation book cs1">Gamm, Gerald (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urbanexoduswhyje00gamm"><i>Urban Exodus: Why the Jews Left Boston and the Catholics Stayed</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674930704" title="Special:BookSources/9780674930704"><bdi>9780674930704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Exodus%3A+Why+the+Jews+Left+Boston+and+the+Catholics+Stayed&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780674930704&rft.au=Gamm%2C+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Furbanexoduswhyje00gamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruse2007" class="citation book cs1">Kruse, Kevin M. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whiteflightatlan0000krus"><i>White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism</i></a></span>. Princeton, N.J.: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691133867" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691133867"><bdi>978-0691133867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Flight%3A+Atlanta+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Conservatism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0691133867&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhiteflightatlan0000krus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupton,_R.Power,_A.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lupton, R.; Power, A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/CBCB/census2_part1.pdf">"Minority Ethnic Groups in Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CASE-Brookings Census Brief</i> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CASE-Brookings+Census+Brief&rft.atitle=Minority+Ethnic+Groups+in+Britain&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Lupton%2C+R.&rft.au=Power%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsticerd.lse.ac.uk%2Fdps%2Fcase%2FCBCB%2Fcensus2_part1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietila2010" class="citation book cs1">Pietila, Antero (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notinmyneighborh0000piet"><i>Not in My Neighborhood: How Bigotry Shaped a Great American City</i></a></span>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566638432" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566638432"><bdi>978-1566638432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+in+My+Neighborhood%3A+How+Bigotry+Shaped+a+Great+American+City&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1566638432&rft.aulast=Pietila&rft.aufirst=Antero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotinmyneighborh0000piet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider, J. (May 30, 2008). 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(2005), <i>Block by Block: Neighborhoods and Public Policy on Chicago's West Side</i> Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugrue,_Thomas_J.2005" class="citation book cs1">Sugrue, Thomas J. (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_the_Urban_Crisis" title="The Origins of the Urban Crisis"><i>The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12186-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12186-4"><bdi>978-0-691-12186-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Urban+Crisis%3A+Race+and+Inequality+in+Postwar+Detroit&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12186-4&rft.au=Sugrue%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarasawa,_Beth2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tarasawa, Beth (January 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernspaces.org/2009/new-patterns-segregation-latino-and-african-american-students-metro-atlanta-high-schools">"New Patterns of Segregation: Latino and African American Students in Metro Atlanta High Schools]"</a>. <i>Southern Spaces</i>. <b>2009</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18737%2FM7BC8G">10.18737/M7BC8G</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Spaces&rft.atitle=New+Patterns+of+Segregation%3A+Latino+and+African+American+Students+in+Metro+Atlanta+High+Schools%5D&rft.volume=2009&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18737%2FM7BC8G&rft.au=Tarasawa%2C+Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthernspaces.org%2F2009%2Fnew-patterns-segregation-latino-and-african-american-students-metro-atlanta-high-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiese,_Andrew2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wiese, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernspaces.org/2006/african-american-suburban-development-atlanta">"African American Suburban Development in Atlanta"</a>. <i>Southern Spaces</i>. <b>2006</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18737%2FM7CP4C">10.18737/M7CP4C</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Spaces&rft.atitle=African+American+Suburban+Development+in+Atlanta&rft.volume=2006&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18737%2FM7CP4C&rft.au=Wiese%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthernspaces.org%2F2006%2Fafrican-american-suburban-development-atlanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="White_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people" title="Template:White people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:White_people" title="Template talk:White people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Bold</b> refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">European emigration</a><br />by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Angolans" title="White Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Malawians" title="White Malawians">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zambia" title="White people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Bahamian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Bahamian">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Barbadians" title="White Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bermudians" title="White Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Canada</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caribbean_people" title="White Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caymanians" title="White Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Costa_Rica#European_Costa_Ricans" title="Demographics of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cubans#European" title="Cubans">Cuba</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominican_(Dominica)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Dominican (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominicans" title="White Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadorans#White_and_Mestizo_Salvadorans" title="Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalans#Criollo_and_other_European_descendants" title="Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Haitians" title="White Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Honduras#European" title="Demographics of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama#European_Panamanians" title="Demographics of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="White Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">United States</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_San_Francisco#European_Americans" title="Demographics of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_White_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of White Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southern United States</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Puerto_Ricans" title="White Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="White Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">Argentina</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bolivians" title="White Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chileans#European_and_neighboring_immigrants" title="Chileans">Chile</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Colombians" title="White Colombians">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Paraguayans" title="White Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Surinamese" title="White Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans#Europeans_or_whites" title="Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent" title="Venezuelans of European descent">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Australia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanqueamiento" title="Blanqueamiento">Blanqueamiento</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_white_child" title="First white child">First white child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_the_white_man" title="Play the white man">Play the white man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_gods" title="White gods">White gods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological<br />phenomena and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_white" title="Acting white">Acting white</a> (<a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing as white</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin whitening</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_guilt" title="White guilt">White guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">White privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_art" title="Whitewashing in art">Whitewashing in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_film" title="Whitewashing in film">Whitewashing in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_demographic_decline" title="White demographic decline">White demographic decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people_terms" title="Template:White people terms">White people terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negative stereotypes of Whites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_white_Americans" title="Stereotypes of white Americans">In the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_stereotypes" title="Appalachian stereotypes">Appalachian stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_white" title="Mountain white">Mountain whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_White" title="Poor White">Poor Whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redlegs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Rednecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_white_male" title="Angry white male">Angry white male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_(slang)" title="Basic (slang)">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monkey" title="White monkey">White monkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States" title="Definitions of whiteness in the United States">US definitions of whiteness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li>Old Stock <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Americans" title="Old Stock Americans">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Quebeckers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">White Anglo-Saxon Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_identity" title="White identity">White identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_pride" title="White pride">White pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European native 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