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href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanofobija" title="Albanofobija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Albanofobija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanofobia" title="Albanofobia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Albanofobia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanophobie" title="Albanophobie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Albanophobie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanofobija" title="Albanofobija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Albanofobija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shqiptarofobia" title="Shqiptarofobia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shqiptarofobia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Албанофобија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Албанофобија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li>Albanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anti-Albanian sentiment</b> or <b>Albanophobia</b> is discrimination and prejudice towards <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> as an ethnic group, described primarily in countries with a large Albanian population as immigrants, seen throughout Europe. </p><p>A similar term used with the same denotation is <b>anti-albanianism<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> used in many sources similarly with <b>albanophobia</b>, although its similarities and/or differences are not defined. The opposite for Albanophobia is <a href="/wiki/Albanophilia" title="Albanophilia">Albanophilia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanophobia_in_the_19th_century">Albanophobia in the 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Albanophobia in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Expulsion_of_the_Albanians" title="The Expulsion of the Albanians">The Expulsion of the Albanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></div> <p>In 1889, <a href="/wiki/Spiridon_Gop%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Spiridon Gopčević">Spiridon Gopčević</a> published an ethnographic study titled <i>Old Serbia and Macedonia</i> that was a Serbian nationalist book on Kosovo and Macedonia and contained a pro-Serbian ethnographic map of Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Yosmaolgu168_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yosmaolgu168-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Promitzer204205_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Promitzer204205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gopčević's biographer argues that he did not actually go to Kosovo and the study is not based on authentic experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Promitzer204205_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Promitzer204205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within scholarship, Gopčević's study has been noted for its plagiarisms, manipulations and misrepresentations, especially overstressing the Serbian character of Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Promitzer204205_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Promitzer204205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elsie117_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie117-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gopčević's views on Serbian and Albanian populations in Kosovo and also the issue of the <i>Arnautaš</i> theory or Albanians of alleged Serbian (descent) have only been partially examined by some authors.<sup id="cite_ref-Promitzer204205_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Promitzer204205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noted for being an ardent Serbian nationalist, his book <i>Old Serbia and Macedonia</i> is seen as a work that opened the path for unprecedented Serbian territorial claims in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsie117_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie117-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Expulsion of the Albanians</i> was a lecture presented by the Yugoslav historian <a href="/wiki/Vaso_%C4%8Cubrilovi%C4%87" title="Vaso Čubrilović">Vaso Čubrilović</a> (1897–1990) on 7 March 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a></div> <p>A series of <b>massacres of Albanians in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></b> were committed by the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Army">Montenegrin Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">paramilitaries</a>, according to international reports.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Report_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> of 1912–13, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> during the war with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> forces (many Albanians were among the Ottoman forces) and after expelling the official Ottoman Empire's forces in present-day <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> - committed numerous <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> against the Albanian population, which were reported by the European, American and Serbian opposition press.<sup id="cite_ref-Golgotha_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the crimes happened between October 1912 and summer of 1913. The goal of the forced expulsions and massacres of ethnic Albanians was statistic manipulation before the London Ambassadors Conference which was to decide on the new Balkan borders.<sup id="cite_ref-Golgotha_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hudson128_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson128-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to contemporary accounts, between 20,000 and 25,000 Albanians were killed during the first two to four months of the Balkan Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-Golgotha_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hudson128_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson128-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archbishop_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archbishop-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rama_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rama-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the victims were children, women and old people and were part of a warfare of extermination.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from massacres, civilians had their lips and noses severed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> were victims of forced migration and ethnic cleansing by the <a href="/wiki/EDES" title="EDES">National Republican Greek League (EDES)</a> from 1944 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsoutsoumpis2015137_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsoutsoumpis2015137-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_forms">Origins and forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins and forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Albanophobia" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Triandafyllidou" title="Anna Triandafyllidou">Anna Triandafyllidou</a> in a report analysis called <i>Racism and Cultural Diversity in the Mass Media</i> published in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, the first recorded usage of the term comes from 1982 in <i>The South Slav journal, Volume 8</i> by Albanian author <a href="/wiki/Arshi_Pipa" title="Arshi Pipa">Arshi Pipa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report by Triandafyllidou represented Albanian migrants in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_countries">In countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Greece, the sentiment has existed mainly post-1990s, when many immigrants escaped from Albania to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stereotype by some in Greece of Albanians as criminal and poor has been subject of a 2001 study by the <a href="/wiki/International_Helsinki_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights">International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights</a> (IHFHR) and by the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia</a> (EUMC).<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EUMC_Nov._2001,_25,_38_n._85_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUMC_Nov._2001,_25,_38_n._85-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2003, it was considered that prejudices and mistreatment of Albanians are still present in Greece,<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of 2007 it was observed that such sentiments are gradually receding.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2002 statement of the IHFUR, the Albanians are more likely to be killed by law enforcement officials than <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the EUMC singles out ethnic Albanians as principal targets of racism. Furthermore, the EUMC found that undocumented Albanian migrants "experience serious discrimination in employment, particularly with respect to the payment of wages and social security contributions".<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EUMC_Nov._2001,_25,_38_n._85_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUMC_Nov._2001,_25,_38_n._85-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanians are often pejoratively named and or called by Greeks as "Turks", represented in the expression <i>"<a href="/wiki/Turco-Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Albanians">Turkalvanoi</a>"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Millas_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millas-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Megalommatis_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Megalommatis-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanians in Greece are also classified in terms as "savage", while the Greeks view themselves as "civilized".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prejudicial representations of Albanians and Albanian criminality by the Greek media is largely responsible for the social construction of negative stereotypes, in contrast to the commonly held belief that Greek society is neither <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a> nor racist.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Albanian sentiment in Greece is more of a Greek media product, rather than a reflection of social and political attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Greek media have largely abandoned their negative stereotyping of Albanian immigrants (since c. 2000), public perception had already been negatively influenced.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2010, during an official military parade in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> soldiers chanted "They are <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Skopians</a>, they are Albanians, they are Turks we will make new clothes out of their skins". The Civil Protection Ministry of Greece reacted to this by suspending the coast guard officer who was in charge of the parade unit, and pledged to take tough action against the unit's members.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albanophobia in Greece is primarily due to post-communist migration as well as the fact that until the mid 2000s, Albanians formed the primary immigrant population.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Albanophobia in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is primarily related to the Albanian immigrants mainly young adults who are stereotypically seen as criminals, drug dealers and rapists.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian media provide a lot of space and attention to crimes committed by ethnic Albanians, even those just presumed.<sup id="cite_ref-Italy_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Civil War">Albanian crisis</a> and subsequent Albanian <a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">mass migration</a> to Italy, it was observed that Italian public opinion was "solidly and remarkably" anti-Albanian.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, anti-Albanian sentiment remains widespread and prevalent in Italian society.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors have noted the contrast Italians' general <i>Albanophobia</i> with Albanians' general <i><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not infrequently, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanian diaspora</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> is affected by <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>. Integration difficulties and some criminal offences of some Albanians caused many <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> to be prejudiced against Albanians, which has led to fear, hatred and insecurity.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political parties that publicly oppose excessive immigration and the conservatism of traditional Swiss culture - in particular the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a> (SVP) - strengthen this negative attitude among many party supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These parties have already launched a number of popular initiatives, which were referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> as discriminatory.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, the Zurich <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">SVP</a> created an election poster with the words "<a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovo Albanians</a>" and "No" in large letters when it came to financing an integration project for <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the Swiss People's Initiative "Against the Construction of Minarets" was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a>. Many Muslim <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> were outraged by this result and expressed their rejection. In 2010, the so-called "expulsion initiative" followed, which was also adopted by the voters. According to the law, foreigners who have committed serious crimes should be expelled from the country. The initiative on foreigners crime should thus reduce the crime rate and make the naturalization of foreigners more difficult. The "Sheep's Poster" designed by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">SVP</a> attracted international attention and was again described by many immigrant organisations in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> as discriminatory.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic integration continues to present difficulties for <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. In October 2018, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>'s unemployment rate was 7.0% and in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonia</a> population 5.3%, well above the figure for the rest of the permanent resident population. A study by the Federal Office for Migration justifies this with in part low vocational qualifications among the older generation and the reservations that Albanian youth are exposed to when entering the world of work. In the 1990s, many well-qualified Albanians, because of unrecognized diplomas, with jobs such as in construction or in the catering trade, in which the unemployment is generally higher. This also has implications for the social assistance rate, which is higher for ethnic <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, with significant differences depending on the country of origin. The most affected are people from <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. In contrast, the number of students of Albanian descent is increasing today. In 2008, only 67 people were enrolled at Swiss universities, there are already 460 in 2017. Albanologists and migration researchers today assume that the integration and assimilation of <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> are slowly increasing. </p><p>In its annual report, Amnesty International stated in 2010 that the "anti-minaret initiative" stigmatized Albanian Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and increased racism in Switzerland in general. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of Albanians arriving in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, many of them via small boat crossings from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In 2022, Albanians made up around 35-45% of all migrants arriving by boat.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend raised concerns among some politicians and the public, with Albanian migrants being scrutinized.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since September 2022, British media has focused on Albanian migrants, portraying them negatively using xenophobic terms.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Right-wing politicians have capitalized on public fears regarding immigration, often using inflammatory language that paints migrants as criminals or "invaders." Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Suella Braverman</a> has been a prominent figure in this discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albanians are significantly overrepresented in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_prison_population" title="United Kingdom prison population">UK prison population</a>. In 2020, Albanians made up over 1,500 inmates, representing roughly 10% of the foreign prison population, rising from 2% in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June 2022, the number of Albanian inmates had fallen to 1,336, but their proportion rose to 14%, maintaining the highest percentage of the foreign prison population in the UK. On a proportional basis, Albanians are 10 times more likely than the general public to be incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albanians make up 1.6% of all prisoners despite representing fewer than 0.05% of the UK population. Convictions range from serious offenses such as <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, and firearms offenses to drug-related crimes like producing cannabis in gang-run farms.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This overrepresentation has contributed to negative perceptions and stereotypes about Albanians and their involvement in criminal activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montenegro">Montenegro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Montenegro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bar_massacre" title="Bar massacre">Bar massacre</a></div> <p>By 1942, the city of <a href="/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro" title="Bar, Montenegro">Bar</a> became a home to many Serbians. Many of these joined the Partisan forces and participated in their activities at Bar.<sup id="cite_ref-ZM_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZM-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Bar massacre</b> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Masakra e Tivarit</i>) was the killings of an unknown number of mostly <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">ethnic Albanians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_status"><a href="#endnote_status">[a]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> in late March or early April 1945 in <a href="/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro" title="Bar, Montenegro">Bar</a>, a municipality in Montenegro, at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>The victims were <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Kosovo">Albanian recruits from Kosovo</a>, who had been pressed by the Yugoslav Partisans into service. These men were then assembled in Prizren and marched on foot in three columns to Bar where they were supposed to receive short training and then sent off to the front.<sup id="cite_ref-ZM_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZM-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The march took the rugged mountain ranges of Kosovo and Montenegro to reach its destination. Upon arrival locals reported that these men, who had marched a considerable distance, were "exhausted" and "distressed". The column of men which stretched a few kilometres was then gathered on the Barsko Polje. At one point, in Polje, one of the Albanians from the column attacked and killed one of the Yugoslav officers, Božo Dabanović.<sup id="cite_ref-ZM_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZM-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very soon after that somebody from the column threw a smuggled bomb at the commander of the brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-ZM_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZM-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This created a panic among the Partisans. The guards watching over the recruits then fired into the crowd killing many and prompting the survivors to flee into the surrounding mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-ZM_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZM-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another case, several hundred Albanians were herded into a tunnel, near Bar, which was subsequently sealed off so that all of those trapped within the tunnel were <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxiated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yugoslav sources put the number of victims at 400<sup id="cite_ref-ZM_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZM-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Albanian sources put the figure at 2,000 killed in Bar alone.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Croatian historian <a href="/wiki/Ljubica_%C5%A0tefan" title="Ljubica Štefan">Ljubica Štefan</a>, the Partisans killed 1,600 Albanians in Bar on 1 April after an incident at a fountain.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also accounts claiming that the victims included young boys.<sup id="cite_ref-NATO_Diplomacy_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATO_Diplomacy-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources cited that the killing started en route for no apparent reason and this was supported by the testimony of <a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoi_Themeli" class="extiw" title="sq:Zoi Themeli">Zoi Themeli</a> in his 1949 trial.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Themeli was a collaborator who worked as an important official of the <a href="/wiki/Sigurimi" title="Sigurimi">Sigurimi</a>, the Communist Albanian secret police.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the massacre, the site was immediately covered in concrete by the Yugoslav communist regime and built an airport on top of the mass grave.<sup id="cite_ref-NATO_Diplomacy_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATO_Diplomacy-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Albanian_Inscription.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Anti-Albanian_Inscription.png/220px-Anti-Albanian_Inscription.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Anti-Albanian_Inscription.png/330px-Anti-Albanian_Inscription.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Anti-Albanian_Inscription.png 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Albanian inscription written in Macedonian on a mosque, meaning "Death for <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Ethnic tensions have simmered in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> since the end of an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia">armed conflict in 2001</a>, where the ethnic Albanian <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Albanians_of_Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Army (Albanians of Macedonia)">National Liberation Army</a> attacked the security forces of North Macedonia with the goal of securing equal rights and autonomy for the ethnic Albanian minority. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> was accused of Albanophobia in 2009 after it published <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Encyclopedia" title="Macedonian Encyclopedia">its first encyclopedia</a> in which was claimed that the Albanian <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siptar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siptar">Shqiptar</a>, means "highlander" and is primarily used by other Balkan peoples to describe Albanians if used in South Slavic languages the endonym is considered derogatory by the Albanian community. The encyclopedia also claimed that the Albanians settled in the region in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Alb_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Alb-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distribution of the encyclopedia was ceased after a series of public protests. </p><p>In a terrorist act known as the <a href="/wiki/Smilkovci_lake_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Smilkovci lake killings">Smilkovci lake killings</a>, on 12 April 2012, five young <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Macedonian">ethnic Macedonian</a> teenagers were shot dead by persons of <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia">ethnic Albanian</a> origin. They were later found guilty and sentenced to life.<sup id="cite_ref-BRIN_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRIN-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provoked anti-Albanian sentiment. On 16 April 2012, a protest against these attacks and demanding justice was held in Skopje. Some of the participants in the protests were chanting anti-Albanian slogans.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 March 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, a mob of ethnic Macedonians protested against the decision to appoint <a href="/wiki/Talat_Xhaferi" title="Talat Xhaferi">Talat Xhaferi</a>, an ethnic Albanian politician, as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_(North_Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defense (North Macedonia)">Minister of Defence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protest turned violent when the mob started hurling stones and also attacking Albanian bystanders and police officers alike. The police reported 3 injured civilians, five injured police officers and much damage to private property. Although the city hospital reported treating five heavily injured Albanian men, two of which are on <a href="/wiki/Intensive-care_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive-care unit">Intensive-care unit</a>. During this protest part of the mob burned the Albanian flag. A mob of <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalists</a> also <a href="/wiki/2017_storming_of_Macedonian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 storming of Macedonian Parliament">stormed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Parliament">Macedonian Parliament</a> on 27 April 2017 in reaction to the election of Talat Xhaferi as Speaker of the Assembly, numerous were injured during the riot. </p><p>On the 108th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a> the museum of the Albanian alphabet in <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> was vandalized, and the windows and doors were broken. A poster with the words "Death to Albanians" and with the drawing of a lion cutting the heads of the Albanian double-headed eagle was placed on the front doors of the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One week after this incident, on the day of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Albanian Declaration of Independence</a> graffiti with the same messages, as those of the previous week, were placed on the directorate of <a href="/wiki/Pelister_National_Park" title="Pelister National Park">Pelister National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amongst the unemployed, Albanians are overrepresented. In public institutions as well as many private sectors they are underrepresented. They also face hidden discrimination by public officials.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">United States' Country Report on Human Rights 2012 for Macedonia</a> "certain ministries declined to share information about ethnic makeup of employees". </p><p>The same report also added: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"...ethnic Albanians and other national minorities, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of North Macedonia">ethnic Serbs</a> and Vlachs, were underrepresented in the civil service and other state institutions, including the military, the police force, and the intelligence services, as well as the courts, the national bank, customs, and public enterprises, in spite of efforts to recruit qualified candidates from these communities. Ethnic Albanians constituted 18 percent of army personnel, while minority communities as a whole accounted for 25 percent of the population according to statistics provided by the government."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878">Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_colonization_of_Kosovo" title="Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo">Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubrilovic_Expulsion_of_the_Albanians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cubrilovic_Expulsion_of_the_Albanians.png/220px-Cubrilovic_Expulsion_of_the_Albanians.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cubrilovic_Expulsion_of_the_Albanians.png/330px-Cubrilovic_Expulsion_of_the_Albanians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cubrilovic_Expulsion_of_the_Albanians.png/440px-Cubrilovic_Expulsion_of_the_Albanians.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Expulsion_of_the_Albanians" title="The Expulsion of the Albanians">The Expulsion of the Albanians</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vaso_%C4%8Cubrilovi%C4%87" title="Vaso Čubrilović">Vaso Čubrilović</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg/220px-Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg/330px-Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg/440px-Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Albanians in Belgrade Prison, 1912. After the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">First Balkan War</a> in 1912, thousands of Albanians were captured and sent to prison in Niš and Belgrade. Most of them were killed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of anti-Albanian <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> in Serbia started in the 19th century with claims made by Serbian state on territories that were about to be controlled by Albanians after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Banac_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banac-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late nineteenth century, Albanians were being characterized by Serbian government officials as a "wild tribe" with "cruel instincts".<sup id="cite_ref-Stefanović_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefanović-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others from Serbia's intelligentsia such as the geographer <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Cviji%C4%87" title="Jovan Cvijić">Jovan Cvijić</a> referred to Albanians as being "the most barbarous tribes of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-Stefanović_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefanović-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas politician <a href="/wiki/Vladan_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Vladan Đorđević">Vladan Đorđević</a> described Albanians as "modern <a href="/wiki/Troglodytae" title="Troglodytae">Troglodytes</a>" and "prehumans who slept in the trees", still having "tails" in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1930s, a strong anti-Albanian sentiment existed in the country and solutions for the "Kosovo question" were put forward, and it involved large-scale deportation.<sup id="cite_ref-DragovicSoso128_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DragovicSoso128-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a>-Turkish negotiations (1938) that outlined the removal of 40,000 Albanian families from the state to Turkey and another was a memorandum (1937) entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expulsion_of_the_Albanians" title="The Expulsion of the Albanians">The Expulsion of the Albanians</a></i> written by a Serbian scholar <a href="/wiki/Vaso_%C4%8Cubrilovi%C4%87" title="Vaso Čubrilović">Vaso Čubrilović</a> (1897–1990).<sup id="cite_ref-DragovicSoso128_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DragovicSoso128-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document proposed methods for expelling Albanians<sup id="cite_ref-DragovicSoso128_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DragovicSoso128-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that included creating a "psychosis" by bribing clergymen to encourage the Albanians to leave the country, enforcing the law to the letter, secretly razing Albanian inhabited villages, ruthless application of all police regulations, ruthless collection of taxes and the payment of all private and public debts, the requisitioning of all public and municipal pasture land, the cancellation of concessions, the withdrawal of permits to exercise an occupation, dismissal from government, the demolition of Albanian cemeteries and many other methods.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Ranković">Aleksandar Ranković</a>, the Yugoslav security chief, had a strong dislike of Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen142_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen142-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Second World War and until 1966, Ranković upheld Serbian control of Kosovo through repressive anti-Albanian policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Mertus98_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mertus98-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petersen142_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen142-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian <a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivera_Milosavljevi%C4%87" class="extiw" title="sr:Olivera Milosavljević">Olivera Milosavljević</a>, part of the modern intellectuals in Serbia wrote about Albanians mainly within the framework of stereotypes, regarding their "innate" hatred and desire for the destruction of Serbs, which was a product of their dominant characteristic of "primitivism" and "robbery". Beginning in the mid-1980s, words such as "genocide", "oppression", "robbery", and "rape" were used when referring to Albanians in speeches, so that any mention of Albanians as a national minority contained negative connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, activities undertaken by Serbian officials in Kosovo have been described as albanophobic.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Yugoslav_Wars#Milošević's_reign_and_control_of_Serbian_media" title="Propaganda during the Yugoslav Wars">Serbian media during Milošević's era</a> was known to espouse <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serb nationalism</a> while promoting <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> toward the other ethnicities in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. Ethnic Albanians were commonly characterized in the media as anti-Yugoslav counter-revolutionaries, rapists, and a threat to the Serb nation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, Serbian forces continually discriminated <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovo Albanians</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Throughout <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo</a>, the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">FRY</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Serbia</a> have harassed, humiliated, and degraded Kosovo Albanian civilians through physical and verbal abuse. Policemen, soldiers, and military officers have persistently subjected Kosovo Albanians to insults, racial slurs, degrading acts, beatings, and other forms of physical mistreatment based on their racial, religious, and political identification.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>War Crimes Indictment against Milosevic and others</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A 2011 survey in Serbia showed that 40% of the Serbian population would not like Albanians to live in Serbia, while 70% would not enter into a marriage with an Albanian individual.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Jeremi%C4%87" title="Vuk Jeremić">Vuk Jeremić</a>, Serbian Minister of Foreign Affairs, while commenting on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> about the Kosovo dispute, compared Albanians to the "evil <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a>" from the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">The Hobbit</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2017, amidst a background of political tension between Serbia and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, Serbian media engaged in warmongering and anti-Albanian sentiment by using ethnic slurs such as "<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iptar" class="mw-redirect" title="Šiptar">Šiptar</a>" in their coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudic_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudic-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the Belgrade Supreme Court acknowledged that the word "Šiptar" is racist and discriminatory towards Albanians. According to the court, "Šiptar" is a term that defines Albanians as <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">racially inferior</a> to Serbs.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some Serbian politicians still claim that the word is just an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> word for Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derogatory_terms">Derogatory terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Derogatory terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>German terms: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><b>Bergtürken</b> ('mountain Turks') – used by German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> in 1878, 10 June (three days before the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Congress">Berlin Congress</a>). Bismarck denied the existence of an Albanian people.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Turkalbaner</b> ('<a href="/wiki/Turco-Albanian" title="Turco-Albanian">Turco-Albanian</a>', borrowed from Greek 'Turkoalvanós')<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The neutral terms are <i>Albaner</i> (m.) and <i>Albanerin</i> (f.).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking Community of Switzerland">german-speaking region</a>) <ul><li><b>Viereckchopf</b>, <b>Kantechopf</b> ('Squarehead, Boxhead')<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – slang, a derogatory term which is used in reference to Albanian immigrants, particularly <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovo Albanians</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Ghegs" title="Ghegs">Ghegs</a>). The term is associated with the allegedly square-shaped heads of Albanians. This ethnic slur was previously used (during World War II) in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a> and their square-shaped heads.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The neutral terms are <i>Albaner</i> (m.) and <i>Albanerin</i> (f.).</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Greek terms: <ul><li><b>Turkoalvanós/Tourkalvanoí/Τουρκαλβανοί</b> ("<a href="/wiki/Turco-Albanian" title="Turco-Albanian">Turco-Albanian</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derogatory term for Albanian.</li> <li>The neutral terms are <i>Αλβανός/Alvanós</i> (m.), <i>Αλβανή/Alvaní</i> (f.) and <i>Αλβανίδα/Alvanída</i> (f.).</li> <li><b>Tourkotsámides</b>/<b>Τουρκοτσάμηδες</b> ('Turco-Chams')<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – derogatory term for <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham Albanian">Cham Albanian</a> (an Albanian from <a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a>).</li> <li>The neutral term is <i>Tsámides/Τσάμηδες</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Chams</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>South-Slavic terms: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</a> (most notably <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>) <ul><li><b>Šiptar/Шиптар</b> (derogatory) (m.)<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Šiptarka/Шиптарка</b> (f.) – are derogatory terms for Albanians. Formed from their endonym <i>Shqiptar</i> which is used by Balkan Slavic ethnicities such as the Serbs and Macedonians and it carries pejorative meanings which classify a person as being somewhat backward or aggressive.<sup id="cite_ref-Guzina_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guzina-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian term 'Shqiptar' was originally borrowed into south-Slavic as <i>Šćìpetār/Шћѝпета̄р<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with a 'ć', now archaic form)</i> and it wasn't considered offensive - unlike the term without 'ć' (Šiptar). Albanian terms for south-slavs are <i>shqa, shkja</i>; which were borrowed from Late <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>sclavus</i> or <i>Sclavus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The neutral terms are <i>Albanac/Албaнац</i> (m., srb-cro); <i>Albanec/Албанец</i> (m., mac.) and <i>Albanka/Албанка</i> (f.).</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Albanians">Turco-Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Mandelbaum (2000) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neweuropeandiasp00mich/page/234">The new European diasporas: national minorities and conflict in Eastern Europe</a></i>, Council on Foreign Relations Press p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yosmaolgu168-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yosmaolgu168_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYosmaolğu2010" class="citation book cs1">Yosmaolğu, Ipek K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEyinJwjWIgC&q=Spiridon+Gop%C4%8Devi%C4%87&pg=PA168">"Constructing national identity in Ottoman Macedonia"</a>. In Zartman, I. William (ed.). <i>Understanding life in the borderlands: Boundaries in depth and in motion</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820336145" title="Special:BookSources/9780820336145"><bdi>9780820336145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constructing+national+identity+in+Ottoman+Macedonia&rft.btitle=Understanding+life+in+the+borderlands%3A+Boundaries+in+depth+and+in+motion&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780820336145&rft.aulast=Yosmaol%C4%9Fu&rft.aufirst=Ipek+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEyinJwjWIgC%26q%3DSpiridon%2BGop%25C4%258Devi%25C4%2587%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Promitzer204205-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Promitzer204205_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Promitzer204205_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Promitzer204205_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Promitzer204205_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPromitzer2015">Promitzer 2015</a>, pp. 204–205."In 1889 the journalist Spiridon Gopčević (1855-1936) published an allegedly scientific, but for all intents and purposes Serbian nationalist monograph on Macedonia and "Old Serbia" (i.e. Kosovo). Gopčević’s biographer nevertheless argues that the monograph is not the result of authentic experiences and that he was never in Kosovo. While his manipulations with respect to the allegedly Serbian character of Macedonia have already been the topic of exhaustive research, his views on the mutual relations between the Serbian and Albanian populations of Kosovo, in particular with respect to the contested notion of so-called Arnautaš" (Albanians of alleged Serbian (descent), have been only addressed superficially by various authors. Whatever the final judgment might be, Gopčević’s monograph represents a singular attempt to combine sympathies for the cultural development of the Serbian nation with the aspirations of Austria-Hungary as a Great Power in the Balkans."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie117-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie117_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie117_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2012" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&q=Gop%C4%8Devi%C4%87&pg=PA177"><i>A biographical Dictionary of Albanian history</i></a>. IB Tauris. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780764313" title="Special:BookSources/9781780764313"><bdi>9781780764313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+biographical+Dictionary+of+Albanian+history&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781780764313&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpgf6GWJxuZgC%26q%3DGop%25C4%258Devi%25C4%2587%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_D._Petersen2011" class="citation book cs1">Roger D. Petersen (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKom-fspjGQC&pg=PA159"><i>Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50330-3"><bdi>978-1-139-50330-3</bdi></a>. <q>The colonisation program, despite the emigration of tens of thousands, failed to significantly change the ethnic imbalance in Kosovo. The idea, however, persisted. Vaso Čubrilović, a respected historian, wrote in a 7 March 1937, government memorandum entitled "The Expulsion of the Albanians", "It is impossible to repel the Albanians just by gradual colonization...The only possibility and method is the brutal power of a well-organized state... We have already stressed that for us the only efficient way is the mass deportation of the Albanians out of their triangle".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Intervention+in+the+Balkans%3A+The+Strategic+Use+of+Emotion+in+Conflict&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50330-3&rft.au=Roger+D.+Petersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKom-fspjGQC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2016)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Anti-Albanian_sentiment#Dubious" title="Talk:Anti-Albanian sentiment">discuss</a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State1943" class="citation book cs1">United States Department of State (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADhGAQAAMAAJ&q=Serbian+troops+atrocities+1913&pg=PA115"><i>Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 115<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+Relating+to+the+Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADhGAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Btroops%2Batrocities%2B1913%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Report-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Report_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_to_Inquire_into_the_Causes_and_Conduct_of_the_Balkan_WarsCarnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace._Division_of_Intercourse_and_Education1914" class="citation web cs1">International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars; Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Division of Intercourse and Education (1 January 1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportofinternat00inteuoft">"Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War"</a>. Washington, D.C.: The Endowment<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+International+Commission+to+Inquire+into+the+Causes+and+Conduct+of+the+Balkan+War&rft.pub=Washington%2C+D.C.%3A+The+Endowment&rft.date=1914-01-01&rft.au=International+Commission+to+Inquire+into+the+Causes+and+Conduct+of+the+Balkan+Wars&rft.au=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace.+Division+of+Intercourse+and+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportofinternat00inteuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golgotha-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html">Leo Freundlich: Albania's Golgotha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531131757/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html">Archived</a> 31 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danas.rs/dodaci/vikend/otpor_okupaciji_i_modernizaciji.26.html?news_id=105029">"Otpor okupaciji i modernizaciji"</a>. 9 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otpor+okupaciji+i+modernizaciji&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danas.rs%2Fdodaci%2Fvikend%2Fotpor_okupaciji_i_modernizaciji.26.html%3Fnews_id%3D105029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson128-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson128_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson128_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2009" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Kimberly A. (5 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4zndspbem4C"><i>Justice, Intervention, and Force in International Relations: Reassessing Just War Theory in the 21st Century</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203879351" title="Special:BookSources/9780203879351"><bdi>9780203879351</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice%2C+Intervention%2C+and+Force+in+International+Relations%3A+Reassessing+Just+War+Theory+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009-03-05&rft.isbn=9780203879351&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4zndspbem4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archbishop-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archbishop_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_6.html">Archbishop Lazër Mjeda: Report on the Serb Invasion of Kosova and Macedonia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195950/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_6.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rama-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rama_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rama" class="citation book cs1">Rama, Shinasi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJaDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72"><i>Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power: The International Administration of Kosova</i></a>. Springer. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3030051921" title="Special:BookSources/978-3030051921"><bdi>978-3030051921</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Failure%2C+Ethnic+Elites%2C+and+Balance+of+Power%3A+The+International+Administration+of+Kosova&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3030051921&rft.aulast=Rama&rft.aufirst=Shinasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJaDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessel2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bessel" title="Richard Bessel">Bessel, Richard</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wr-j5ibVgXsC&q=atrocities+against+Albanians+1912&pg=PA229"><i>No Man's Land of Violence: Extreme Wars in the 20th Century</i></a>. Wallstein Verlag. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89244-825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89244-825-9"><bdi>978-3-89244-825-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Man%27s+Land+of+Violence%3A+Extreme+Wars+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Wallstein+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-89244-825-9&rft.aulast=Bessel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWr-j5ibVgXsC%26q%3Datrocities%2Bagainst%2BAlbanians%2B1912%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatum2010" class="citation book cs1">Tatum, Dale C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWsbAQAAMAAJ&q=massacred"><i>Genocide at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Darfur</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62189-3"><bdi>978-0-230-62189-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+at+the+Dawn+of+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Rwanda%2C+Bosnia%2C+Kosovo%2C+and+Darfur&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62189-3&rft.aulast=Tatum&rft.aufirst=Dale+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWsbAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmassacred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evergeti, Venetia; Hatziprokopiou, Panos and Nicolas Prevelakis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesari2014" class="citation book cs1">Cesari, Jocelyne (30 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82Y3BQAAQBAJ&dq=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+European+Islam+Chams&pg=PA352"><i>The Oxford Handbook of European Islam</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102641-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102641-6"><bdi>978-0-19-102641-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+European+Islam&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-19-102641-6&rft.aulast=Cesari&rft.aufirst=Jocelyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82Y3BQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2BOxford%2BHandbook%2Bof%2BEuropean%2BIslam%2BChams%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span> Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsoutsoumpis2015137-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsoutsoumpis2015137_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsoutsoumpis2015">Tsoutsoumpis 2015</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">By Russell King, Nicola Mai, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNHCqrp1IP4C&pg=PA114">Out of Albania: from crisis migration to social inclusion in Italy</a></i>, pp 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=axoWAQAAMAAJ&q=Albanophobia">The South Slav journal, Volume 8</a> page 21, <a href="/wiki/Arshi_Pipa" title="Arshi Pipa">Arshi Pipa</a> (1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By Anna Triandafyllidou, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/MR-CH4-4-Greece.pdf">Racism and Cultural Diversity In the Mass Media</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227161126/http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/MR-CH4-4-Greece.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Robert Schuman Centre, European University Institute, pp. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgios Karyotis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/hellenicObservatory/pdf/2nd_Symposium/Georgios_Karyotis_paper.pdf"><i>Irregular Migration in Greece</i></a>, pp. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By Russell King, Nicola Mai, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNHCqrp1IP4C&pg=PA114">Out of Albania: from crisis migration to social inclusion in Italy</a></i>, pp 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unhcr.org-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees2003" class="citation web cs1">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416030620/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=403dd1f50">"Refworld - Greece: Treatment of ethnic Albanians"</a>. <i>Refworld</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/403dd1f50.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+-+Greece%3A+Treatment+of+ethnic+Albanians&rft.date=2003&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fdocid%2F403dd1f50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUMC_Nov._2001,_25,_38_n._85-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EUMC_Nov._2001,_25,_38_n._85_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUMC_Nov._2001,_25,_38_n._85_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(EUMC Nov. 2001, 25, 38 n. 85)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriandafyllidou2007" class="citation journal cs1">Triandafyllidou, Anna (1 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13629390601136855">"Mediterranean Migrations: Problems and Prospects for Greece and Italy in the Twenty-first Century"</a>. <i>Mediterranean Politics</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 77–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629390601136855">10.1080/13629390601136855</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1362-9395">1362-9395</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154311926">154311926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Politics&rft.atitle=Mediterranean+Migrations%3A+Problems+and+Prospects+for+Greece+and+Italy+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-84&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154311926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1362-9395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629390601136855&rft.aulast=Triandafyllidou&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13629390601136855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millas-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millas_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millas, Iraklis (2006). "Tourkokratia: History and the image of Turks in Greek literature." South European Society & Politics. <b>11</b>. (1): 50. "The 'timeless' existence of the Other (and the interrelation of the Self with this Other) is secured by the name used to define him or her. Greeks often name as 'Turks' various states and groups—such as the Seljuks, the Ottomans, even the Albanians (<i>Turkalvanoi</i>)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Megalommatis-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Megalommatis_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Megalommatis, M. Cosmas (1994). <i>Turkish-Greek Relations and the Balkans: A Historian's Evaluation of Today's Problems</i>. Cyprus Foundation. p. 28. "Muslim Albanians have been called "<i>Turkalvanoi</i>" in Greek, and this is pejorative."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010). <i>On the border: Transborder mobility, ethnic groups and boundaries along the Albanian-Greek frontier</i>. LIT Verlag. p. 65. "The few exchanges also bear the imprint of the above structural asymmetry and reflect the level of development of the two countries. While mainly agricultural and dairy products (drugs and weapons are a separate chapter) flow in from Albania, mostly uncontrollably, from Greece to Albania we have, in addition to money, a flow of a great gamut of material goods and products, from simple items of everyday use and consumption to electrical equipment and cars. One may say that, whereas Albanian products represent "nature", Greek ones represent "civilization", a dichotomy that characterizes the differences between the two groups from the point of view of the Greeks: Albanians are classified as "savage", while Greeks as "civilized", a fact that expresses, of course, the general racist attitude of the Greeks."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/AR00_p2_EN.pdf">Diversity and equality for Europe Annual Report 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001191803/http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/AR00_p2_EN.pdf">Archived</a> 1 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. European Monitoring Centre of Racism and Xenophobia, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenov2006" class="citation book cs1">Genov, Nikolai (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TUcAQAAIAAJ"><i>Ethnicity and Mass Media in South Eastern Europe</i></a>. Münster: Lit. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9348-4"><bdi>978-3-8258-9348-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Mass+Media+in+South+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-9348-4&rft.aulast=Genov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TUcAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGogonas2010" class="citation book cs1">Gogonas, Nikos (16 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rlUaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77"><i>Bilingualism and Multiculturalism in Greek Education: Investigating Ethnic Language Maintenance among Pupils of Albanian and Egyptian Origin in Athens</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2214-5"><bdi>978-1-4438-2214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism+and+Multiculturalism+in+Greek+Education%3A+Investigating+Ethnic+Language+Maintenance+among+Pupils+of+Albanian+and+Egyptian+Origin+in+Athens&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2214-5&rft.aulast=Gogonas&rft.aufirst=Nikos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrlUaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=56122">"Greek soldiers chant anti-Turkish-Albanian slogans at military parade - Balkans - Worldbulletin News"</a>. <i>World Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Greek+soldiers+chant+anti-Turkish-Albanian+slogans+at+military+parade+-+Balkans+-+Worldbulletin+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbulletin.net%2Findex.php%3FaType%3Dhaber%26ArticleID%3D56122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lazaridis, Gabriella, and Maria Koumandraki. "Albanian migration to Greece: patterns and processes of inclusion and exclusion in the labour market." European Societies 9, no. 1 (2007): 91-111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lazaridis, Gabriella, and Iordanis Psimmenos. "Migrant flows from Albania to Greece: economic, social and spatial exclusion." In Eldorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe, pp. 170-185. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingMai2009" class="citation journal cs1">King, Russell; Mai, Nicola (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/13201">"Italophilia meets Albanophobia: Paradoxes of asymmetric assimilation and identity processes among Albanian immigrants in Italy"</a>. <i>Ethnic and Racial Studies</i> (Submitted manuscript). <b>32</b>: 117–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870802245034">10.1080/01419870802245034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55552400">55552400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=Italophilia+meets+Albanophobia%3A+Paradoxes+of+asymmetric+assimilation+and+identity+processes+among+Albanian+immigrants+in+Italy&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=117-138&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870802245034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55552400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Mai%2C+Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssoar.info%2Fssoar%2Fhandle%2Fdocument%2F13201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728145805/http://www.wantedinrome.com/articles/complete_articles.php?id_art=262">"Breaking the Albanian stereotype"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wantedinrome.com/articles/complete_articles.php?id_art=262">the original</a> on 28 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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We should only let in the ones who are"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 26 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Not+all+migrants+are+good+for+Britain.+We+should+only+let+in+the+ones+who+are&rft.date=2023-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F26%2Fnot-all-migrants-are-good-for-britain-we-should-only-let-in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymas2023" class="citation news cs1">Hymas, Charles (29 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/29/channel-migrants-albania-crime-wave-numbers-jailed/">"Scale of Albanian Channel migrants crime wave in the UK revealed"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Scale+of+Albanian+Channel+migrants+crime+wave+in+the+UK+revealed&rft.date=2023-05-29&rft.aulast=Hymas&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2023%2F05%2F29%2Fchannel-migrants-albania-crime-wave-numbers-jailed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZM-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZM_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZM_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZM_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZM_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZM_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZM_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/istorija/dokumenti/pristan5_grupa_autora.htm">"Željko Milović-DRUGI SVJETSKI RAT"</a>. Montenengrina Digitalna Biblioteka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%BDeljko+Milovi%C4%87-DRUGI+SVJETSKI+RAT&rft.pub=Montenengrina+Digitalna+Biblioteka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montenegrina.net%2Fpages%2Fpages1%2Fistorija%2Fdokumenti%2Fpristan5_grupa_autora.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda_Vickers2011" class="citation book cs1">Miranda Vickers (28 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtQABAAAQBAJ&q=tivar"><i>The Albanians: A Modern History</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857736550" title="Special:BookSources/9780857736550"><bdi>9780857736550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanians%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft.isbn=9780857736550&rft.au=Miranda+Vickers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtQABAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtivar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/news/balkans/ata/1996/96-09-19.ata.html#03">"Massive Grave of Albanian Victims of Tivari Massacre uncovered"</a>. Albanian Telegraphic Agency. 19 September 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massive+Grave+of+Albanian+Victims+of+Tivari+Massacre+uncovered&rft.pub=Albanian+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=1996-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hri.org%2Fnews%2Fbalkans%2Fata%2F1996%2F96-09-19.ata.html%2303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjubica_Štefan1999" class="citation book cs1">Ljubica Štefan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPqfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Mitovi i zatajena povijest</i></a>. K. Krešimir. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-6264-85-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-6264-85-8"><bdi>978-953-6264-85-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitovi+i+zatajena+povijest&rft.pub=K.+Kre%C5%A1imir&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-953-6264-85-8&rft.au=Ljubica+%C5%A0tefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPqfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NATO_Diplomacy-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NATO_Diplomacy_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NATO_Diplomacy_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBytyci2015" class="citation book cs1">Bytyci, Enver (2015). <i>Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo</i>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443872720" title="Special:BookSources/9781443872720"><bdi>9781443872720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coercive+Diplomacy+of+NATO+in+Kosovo&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781443872720&rft.aulast=Bytyci&rft.aufirst=Enver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFevziu2016" class="citation book cs1">Fevziu, Blendi (1 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79AJDAAAQBAJ&q=bar+massacre+albanian&pg=PT145"><i>Enver Hoxha: The Iron Fist of Albania</i></a>. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857729088" title="Special:BookSources/9780857729088"><bdi>9780857729088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enver+Hoxha%3A+The+Iron+Fist+of+Albania&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft.isbn=9780857729088&rft.aulast=Fevziu&rft.aufirst=Blendi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D79AJDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbar%2Bmassacre%2Balbanian%26pg%3DPT145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2004" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Owen (2004). <i>Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume III: Albania as Dictatorship and Democracy, 1945-99</i>. London: I.B.Tauris. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845111052" title="Special:BookSources/1845111052"><bdi>1845111052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+in+the+Twentieth+Century%2C+A+History%3A+Volume+III%3A+Albania+as+Dictatorship+and+Democracy%2C+1945-99&rft.place=London&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1845111052&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213040201/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/region-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=10&dd=01&nav_id=62079">"B92 - News - Macedonian encyclopedia pulled from shelves"</a>. <i>B92</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B92&rft.atitle=B92+-+News+-+Macedonian+encyclopedia+pulled+from+shelves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.b92.net%2Feng%2Fnews%2Fregion-article.php%3Fyyyy%3D2009%26mm%3D10%26dd%3D01%26nav_id%3D62079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Alb-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Alb_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashidi,_Nazim" class="citation web cs1">Rashidi, Nazim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/albanian/regionalnews/2009/09/090921_nayi_enciklopedia.shtml">"Dënohet Enciklopedia maqedonase"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C3%ABrleshje+mes+policis%C3%AB+dhe+protestuesve+n%C3%AB+Shkup&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRF2LprmkK4M%26feature%3Dplayer_embedded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302102850/http://puls24.mk/makedonija/vesti/-privedeni-nekolkumina-ucesnici-vo-incidentot-pred-vlada">"Приведени неколкумина учесници во инцидентот пред Влада"</a>. Puls 24. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tv21.tv/mk/?p=109732">the original</a> on 23 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%93%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98+%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%90+%D0%9C%D0%A3%D0%97%D0%95%D0%88%D0%9E%D0%A2+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%91%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%90+%D0%90%D0%97%D0%91%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%90&rft.pub=21TV&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftv21.tv%2Fmk%2F%3Fp%3D109732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128200311/http://tv21.tv/web/?p=109822">"KËRCËNIM NË FESTËN E FLAMURIT 'VDEKJE SHQIPTARËVE'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. TV-21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tv21.tv/web/?p=109822">the original</a> on 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%8BRC%C3%8BNIM+N%C3%8B+FEST%C3%8BN+E+FLAMURIT+%27VDEKJE+SHQIPTAR%C3%8BVE%27&rft.pub=TV-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftv21.tv%2Fweb%2F%3Fp%3D109822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minorityrights.org/minorities/albanians-3/">"Albanians - Minority Rights Group"</a>. 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albanians+-+Minority+Rights+Group&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fminorities%2Falbanians-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521170415/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper">"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Macedonia"</a>. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper">the original</a> on 21 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices+for+2012%2C+Macedonia&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights+and+Labor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2Fhumanrightsreport%2Findex.htm%23wrapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banac-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banac_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Ivo Banac</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&q=anti-albanian&pg=PT1">The national question in Yugoslavia - origins, history, politics</a>, page 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stefanović-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stefanović_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stefanović_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804-1939." <i>European History Quarterly</i>. <b>35</b>. (3): 472. "Officials of the Serbian Ministry of Foreign affairs described Albanians as a 'wild tribe' with 'cruel instincts'... A number of Serbian intellectuals and journalists added to the angry hate propaganda that seemed to culminate during the preparations for the Balkan Wars. Cvijić argued that 'there is a general consensus that the Albanians are the most barbarous tribes of Europe'. Another intellectual described the Albanians as 'European Indians' and 'lazy savages'",</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gay, Peter (1993). <i>The Cultivation of Hatred: The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud (The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud</i>). WW Norton & Company. p. 82. "In 1913, Dr. Vladan Djordjević, a Serbian politician and expert in public health, characterized Albanians as bloodthirsty, stunted, animal-like, so invincibly ignorant that they could not tell sugar from snow. These "modern Troglodytes" reminded him of "prehumans, who slept in the trees, to which they were fastened by their tails." True, through the millennia, the human rail had withered away, but "among the Albanians there seem to have been humans with tails as late as the nineteenth century.""</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DragovicSoso128-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DragovicSoso128_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DragovicSoso128_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DragovicSoso128_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDragović-Soso2002" class="citation book cs1">Dragović-Soso, Jasna (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8hrpBYWGywC&q=agrarian"><i>Saviours of the nation: Serbia's intellectual opposition and the revival of nationalism</i></a>. Hurst & co. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773570924" title="Special:BookSources/9780773570924"><bdi>9780773570924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saviours+of+the+nation%3A+Serbia%27s+intellectual+opposition+and+the+revival+of+nationalism&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780773570924&rft.aulast=Dragovi%C4%87-Soso&rft.aufirst=Jasna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8hrpBYWGywC%26q%3Dagrarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ćubrilović, Vaso, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trepca.net/english/2006/the_expulsion_of_the_albanians_by_vaso_cubrilovic_memorandum_in_1937.html">The Expulsion of the Albanians: Memorandum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329133232/http://www.trepca.net/english/2006/the_expulsion_of_the_albanians_by_vaso_cubrilovic_memorandum_in_1937.html">Archived</a> 29 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1937</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen142-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen142_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen142_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2011" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Roger D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKom-fspjGQC&q=Aleksandar+Rankovic+Albanians&pg=PA142"><i>Western intervention in the Balkans: The strategic use of emotion in conflict</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139503303" title="Special:BookSources/9781139503303"><bdi>9781139503303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+intervention+in+the+Balkans%3A+The+strategic+use+of+emotion+in+conflict&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139503303&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKom-fspjGQC%26q%3DAleksandar%2BRankovic%2BAlbanians%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mertus98-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mertus98_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMertus1999" class="citation book cs1">Mertus, Julie (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kosovo00juli"><i>Kosovo: How myths and truths started a war</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kosovo00juli/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520218659" title="Special:BookSources/9780520218659"><bdi>9780520218659</bdi></a>. <q>anti-Albanian Rankovic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+How+myths+and+truths+started+a+war&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520218659&rft.aulast=Mertus&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkosovo00juli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilosavljević2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Milosavljević, Olivera (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helsinki.org.rs/serbian/doc/Ogledi01.pdf">"Ogledi broj 1: U tradiciji nacionalizma ili stereotipi srpskih intelektualaca XX veka o "nama" i "drugima"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Experiment Number One: In the Tradition of Nationalism or Stereotypes of Serbian Intellectuals of the 20th century about "Us" and "Others"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Serbo-Croatian). Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. pp. 218–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ogledi+broj+1%3A+U+tradiciji+nacionalizma+ili+stereotipi+srpskih+intelektualaca+XX+veka+o+%22nama%22+i+%22drugima%22&rft.pages=218-219&rft.pub=Helsinki+Committee+for+Human+Rights+in+Serbia&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Milosavljevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Olivera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.org.rs%2Fserbian%2Fdoc%2FOgledi01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By Nebojša Popov, Drinka Gojković, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&dq=albanophobia&pg=PA222">The road to war in Serbia: trauma and catharsis</a>, pp. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Centre Against Censorship. "Forging War: The Media in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina". <i>International Centre Against Censorship, Article 19</i>. Avon, United Kingdom: Bath Press, May 1994. P55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Public_Media" class="citation web cs1">American Public Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/kosovo/more2.htm">"Justice for Kosovo"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+for+Kosovo&rft.au=American+Public+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanradioworks.publicradio.org%2Ffeatures%2Fkosovo%2Fmore2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Raste-etnicka-distanca-medju-gradjanima-Srbije.lt.html">"Raste etnička distanca među građanima Srbije"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raste+etni%C4%8Dka+distanca+me%C4%91u+gra%C4%91anima+Srbije&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politika.rs%2Frubrike%2FDrustvo%2FRaste-etnicka-distanca-medju-gradjanima-Srbije.lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlovac, Bojana (19 December 2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/jeremic-compares-kosovo-issue-with-hobbit-movie">Jeremic Likens Kosovars to 'Hobbit's' Evil Orcs</a>". <i>Balkan Insight</i>. Retrieved 16 May 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudic-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rudic_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudic2017" class="citation web cs1">Rudic, Filip (16 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2017/05/16/rabid-anti-albanian-sentiments-grip-serbian-media-05-16-2017/">"Rabid Anti-Albanian Sentiment Grips Serbian Media"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Šiptar", un termine offensivo"</a>. 22 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albanianews.it/notizie/serbia/alta-corte-belgrado-siptar">the original</a> on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serbia%3A+l%27Alta+corte+emette+sentenza+storica.+%22%C5%A0iptar%22%2C+un+termine+offensivo&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianews.it%2Fnotizie%2Fserbia%2Falta-corte-belgrado-siptar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prishtinainsight.com/serbian-court-deems-siptar-as-offensive/">"Serbian court deems 'siptar' as offensive"</a>. 22 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serbian+court+deems+%27siptar%27+as+offensive&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprishtinainsight.com%2Fserbian-court-deems-siptar-as-offensive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209143513/https://exit.al/en/2021/02/09/belgrade-court-decides-in-favor-of-vulin-using-pejorative-word-for-albanians/">"Belgrade Court Decides in Favor of Vulin Using Pejorative Word for Albanians"</a>. 9 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exit.al/en/2021/02/09/belgrade-court-decides-in-favor-of-vulin-using-pejorative-word-for-albanians/">the original</a> on 9 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgrade+Court+Decides+in+Favor+of+Vulin+Using+Pejorative+Word+for+Albanians&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexit.al%2Fen%2F2021%2F02%2F09%2Fbelgrade-court-decides-in-favor-of-vulin-using-pejorative-word-for-albanians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchleicher1999" class="citation web cs1">Schleicher, Roland (12 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-11616901.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Die Stämme da unten"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Der Spiegel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Die+St%C3%A4mme+da+unten%22&rft.pub=Der+Spiegel&rft.date=1999-04-12&rft.aulast=Schleicher&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-11616901.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeyrer1999" class="citation book cs1">Feyrer, Georg (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.grin.com/document/101804"><i>Zur historischen und aktuellen Erfahrung ethnischer Konflikte: Ethnischer Nationalismus und ethnische Minderheiten</i></a>. GRIN Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783640002177" title="Special:BookSources/9783640002177"><bdi>9783640002177</bdi></a>. <q>At the end of the Wars of Liberation, in the late 19th century, the Serbs conquered large parts of Albanian territory and committed massacres on the muslim population. The Albanian resistance cannot receive attention and support at the international level, quite the opposite, the Albanians are not even accorded the status of their own people. In this context, the German Chancellor Bismarck speaks derogatorily of 'Bergtürken' (german for 'mountain Turks')</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zur+historischen+und+aktuellen+Erfahrung+ethnischer+Konflikte%3A+Ethnischer+Nationalismus+und+ethnische+Minderheiten&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9783640002177&rft.aulast=Feyrer&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.grin.com%2Fdocument%2F101804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Puchner2016" class="citation book cs1">Walter Puchner (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZpVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289"><i>Die Folklore Südosteuropas: Eine komparative Übersicht</i></a>. Vienna, Austria: Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-205-20312-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-205-20312-4"><bdi>978-3-205-20312-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Folklore+S%C3%BCdosteuropas%3A+Eine+komparative+%C3%9Cbersicht&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag+Wien&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-205-20312-4&rft.au=Walter+Puchner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhZpVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsdb.org/search?q=Squarehead">"Squarehead"</a>. The Racial Slur Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Squarehead&rft.pub=The+Racial+Slur+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsdb.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DSquarehead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsdb.org/search?q=Boxhead">"Boxhead"</a>. The Racial Slur Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boxhead&rft.pub=The+Racial+Slur+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsdb.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DBoxhead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAarbakke" class="citation web cs1">Aarbakke, Vemund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/169457078/The-Muslim-Minority-of-Greek-Thrace">"The Muslim Minority of Greek Thrace: Volume 1"</a>. University of Bergen. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Minority+of+Greek+Thrace%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+Bergen&rft.aulast=Aarbakke&rft.aufirst=Vemund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F169457078%2FThe-Muslim-Minority-of-Greek-Thrace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChidiroglou1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chidiroglou, Paulos (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9kIvAAAAMAAJ&q=turkalbaner"><i>Symvolē stēn Hellēnikē Tourkologia</i></a> (in German). Athēna: Hērodotos. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789607290182" title="Special:BookSources/9789607290182"><bdi>9789607290182</bdi></a>. <q>Hiermit nicht zu verwechseln sind die zusammengesetzen Volksnamen, die sich auf Herkunft oder Religion beziehen, wie z.B. Τουρκαλβανός (Turkalbaner), Τουρκοκρήτες (Turkkreter), Τουρκοκύπριοι (Turkzyprioten). [Hereby does not to be confused the composite national name, they were referred to by origin or religion, such as Τουρκαλβανός (Turco-Albanian) Τουρκοκρήτες (Turco-Cretans), Τουρκοκύπριοι (Turko-Cypriots).]"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symvol%C4%93+st%C4%93n+Hell%C4%93nik%C4%93+Tourkologia&rft.place=Ath%C4%93na&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=H%C4%93rodotos&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9789607290182&rft.aulast=Chidiroglou&rft.aufirst=Paulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9kIvAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dturkalbaner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=d1hhXBE%3D">"šȉptar"</a>. <i>Hrvatski jezični portal</i> (in Croatian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatski+jezi%C4%8Dni+portal&rft.atitle=%C5%A1%C8%89ptar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhjp.znanje.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dsearch_by_id%26id%3Dd1hhXBE%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guzina-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guzina_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guzina, Dejan (2003). "Kosovo or Kosova – Could it be both? The Case of Interlocking Serbian and Albanian Nationalisms". In Florian Bieber and Židas Daskalovski (eds.). <i>Understanding the war in Kosovo</i>. Psychology Press. p.30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search">"Šćìpetār (arh. jez. knjiž/archaic form)"</a>. <i>Hrvatski jezični portal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatski+jezi%C4%8Dni+portal&rft.atitle=%C5%A0%C4%87%C3%ACpet%C4%81r+%28arh.+jez.+knji%C5%BE%2Farchaic+form%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhjp.znanje.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> alb. "shqa", in <i>Albanian Etymological Dictionary</i> - by Vladimir Orel, Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill, Year 1998, page 432</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPromitzer2015" class="citation book cs1">Promitzer, Christian (2015). "Austria and the Balkans: Exploring the role of travelogues in the construction of an area". In Kaser, Karl (ed.). <i>Southeast European Studies in a Globalizing World</i>. Münster: Lit Verlag. pp. 189–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443842839" title="Special:BookSources/9781443842839"><bdi>9781443842839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austria+and+the+Balkans%3A+Exploring+the+role+of+travelogues+in+the+construction+of+an+area&rft.btitle=Southeast+European+Studies+in+a+Globalizing+World&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=189-206&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781443842839&rft.aulast=Promitzer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsoutsoumpis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tsoutsoumpis, Spyros (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24269752">"Violence, resistance and collaboration in a Greek borderland: the case of the Muslim Chams of Epirus"</a>. <i>Qualestoria</i> (2): 119–138<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualestoria&rft.atitle=Violence%2C+resistance+and+collaboration+in+a+Greek+borderland%3A+the+case+of+the+Muslim+Chams+of+Epirus&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-138&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Tsoutsoumpis&rft.aufirst=Spyros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24269752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Albanian+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Albanian_sentiment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,GRC,4562d8b62,403dd1f50,0.html">Treatment of ethnic Albanians in Greece</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009132121/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,GRC,4562d8b62,403dd1f50,0.html">Archived</a> 9 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (UNHCR)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drustvo-antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2008_2/Anthropological_Notebooks_XIV_2_Sievers.pdf">Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers: Albanians, Albanianism and the strategic subversion of stereotypes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1998/Lamerica.html">Italy's Conflicted Responses to Albanian Immigration and Lamerica's Transitive Historical Consciousness</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46119016_Italophilia_meets_Albanophobia_Paradoxes_of_asymmetric_assimilation_and_identity_processes_among_Albanian_immigrants_in_Italy">Italophilia Meets Albanophobia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/world/2004-09-09-greece-albania-march_x.htm">USA Today - Anti-racism rally held after deadly soccer game</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090928040332/http://www.pescanik.net/content/view/125/105">Olivera Milosavljević: Stereotipi srpskih intelektualaca XX veka o Albancima</a> (Serbian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trepca.net/english/2006/the_expulsion_of_the_albanians_by_vaso_cubrilovic_memorandum_in_1937.html">The Expulsion of the Albanians: Memorandum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329133232/http://www.trepca.net/english/2006/the_expulsion_of_the_albanians_by_vaso_cubrilovic_memorandum_in_1937.html">Archived</a> 29 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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