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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Glasnost" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Glasnost" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Glasnost" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Glasnost" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historiese_gebruik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiese_gebruik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historiese gebruik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiese_gebruik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_die_USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_die_USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In die USSR</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_die_USSR-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel In die USSR subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_die_USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Die_andersdenkendes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_andersdenkendes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Die andersdenkendes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_andersdenkendes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorbatsjof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorbatsjof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gorbatsjof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorbatsjof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verskeie_betekenisse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verskeie_betekenisse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Verskeie betekenisse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verskeie_betekenisse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internasionale_betrekkinge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internasionale_betrekkinge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Internasionale betrekkinge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internasionale_betrekkinge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Rusland_sedert_1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Rusland_sedert_1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Rusland sedert 1991</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Rusland_sedert_1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glasnost</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 67 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="غلاسنوست – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاسنوست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qlasnost" title="Qlasnost – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qlasnost" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Галоснасць – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галоснасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Галоснасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галоснасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гласност – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гласност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A0snost" title="Glàsnost – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Glàsnost" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnos%C5%A5" title="Glasnosť – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Glasnosť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84" title="Γκλάσνοστ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκλάσνοστ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A1snost" title="Glásnost – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glásnost" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="گلاسنوست – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلاسنوست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleasnast" title="Gleasnast – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gleasnast" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98" title="גלאסנוסט – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלאסנוסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="ग्लास्नोस्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्लास्नोस्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasznoszty" title="Glasznoszty – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Glasznoszty" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Գլասնոստ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլասնոստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost%27" title="Glasnost' – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glasnost'" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81" title="グラスノスチ – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラスノスチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Жариялылық – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жариялылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="글라스노스트 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="글라스노스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnostj" title="Glasnostj – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Glasnostj" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="ဂလပ်စနော့ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂလပ်စနော့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਲਾਸਨਸਤ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਲਾਸਨਸਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82asnost" title="Głasnost – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Głasnost" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="گلاسنوست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلاسنوست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Гласность – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гласность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnos%C5%A5" title="Glasnosť – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Glasnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гласност – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гласност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="กลัสนอสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลัสนอสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Політика гласності – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політика гласності" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="گلاسنوست – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلاسنوست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkoralik" title="Oshkoralik – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oshkoralik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Glasnost" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="开放政策 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="开放政策" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="開放政策 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="開放政策" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="開放政策 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="開放政策" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173100#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Bekyk 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glasnost"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Glasnost" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Glasnost" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&oldid=2631694" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Glasnost&id=2631694&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGlasnost"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGlasnost"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Glasnost"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Glasnost&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173100" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><p>In die <a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russiese</a> taal het die woord <i><b>glasnost</b></i> (гла́сность) verskeie algemene en spesifieke betekenisse. Dit word in Russies gebruik om 'openheid en deursigtigheid' te bedoel sedert ten minste die einde van die agtiende eeu.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Ryk" title="Russiese Ryk">Russiese Ryk</a> van die laat <a href="/wiki/19de_eeu" title="19de eeu">19de eeu</a> het die term veral verband gehou met hervormings van die regstelsel, waaronder hervormings wat dit vir die pers en die publiek moontlik gemaak het om verhore waarvan die uitspraak voorgelees moes word, by te woon. In die middel 1980's is dit deur <a href="/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof" title="Michail Gorbatsjof">Michail Gorbatsjof</a> gepopulariseer as 'n politieke slagspreuk vir verhoogde regeringsdeursigtigheid in die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiese_gebruik">Historiese gebruik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Historiese gebruik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historiese gebruik"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die menseregte-aktivis Lyudmila Alexeyeva voer aan dat die woord glasnost al 'n paar honderd jaar in die Russiese taal was: "Dit was in die woordeboeke en wetboeke solank daar woordeboeke en wetboeke was. Dit was 'n gewone, hardwerkende, nie-beskrywende woord wat gebruik word om te verwys na 'n proses, enige proses van geregtigheid of regering wat in die openbaar gevoer word".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In die middel van die 1960's het dit 'n nuwe aktuele belang in die diskoers oor die interne beleid van die Sowjetunie gedurende die <a href="/wiki/Koue_oorlog" class="mw-redirect" title="Koue oorlog">koue oorlog</a> verkry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_die_USSR">In die USSR</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: In die USSR" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: In die USSR"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_andersdenkendes">Die andersdenkendes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Die andersdenkendes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Die andersdenkendes"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Op 5 Desember 1965 het die Glasnost-betoging in <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a> plaasgevind, wat beskou word as 'n belangrike gebeurtenis in die opkoms van die Sowjet-burgerregtebeweging. Betogers op die Poesjkin-plein onder leiding van Alexander Yesenin-Volpin het toegang tot die geslote verhoor van Yuly Daniel en Andrei Sinyavsky geëis. Die betogers het spesifieke versoeke vir 'glasnost' gerig, hierin verwysend na die spesifieke toelating van die publiek, onafhanklike waarnemers en buitelandse joernaliste, tot die verhoor wat in die destyds pas uitgevaardigde Wet op die Strafproseswet gewettig is. Op enkele uitsonderings na, het artikel 111 van die wetgewing gesê dat regterlike verhore in die USSR in die openbaar gehou moet word. </p><p>Sulke protesaksies teen geslote verhore het gedurende die tydperk ná <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> voortgeduur. <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> het byvoorbeeld nie na <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> gereis om sy <a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Vrede" title="Nobelprys vir Vrede">Nobelprys vir Vrede</a> te ontvang nie weens sy openbare betoging buite 'n hofgebou in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, wat toegang geëis het tot die verhoor in 1976 van Sergei Kovalev, 'n redakteur van die Kroniek van Huidige Gebeure en vooraanstaande regte-aktivis.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorbatsjof">Gorbatsjof</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Gorbatsjof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Gorbatsjof"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1985_Geneva_Summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mikhail_Gorbachev_1985_Geneva_Summit.jpg/220px-Mikhail_Gorbachev_1985_Geneva_Summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mikhail_Gorbachev_1985_Geneva_Summit.jpg/330px-Mikhail_Gorbachev_1985_Geneva_Summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mikhail_Gorbachev_1985_Geneva_Summit.jpg/440px-Mikhail_Gorbachev_1985_Geneva_Summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>Mikhail Gorbatsjof in 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1986 neem Mikhail Gorbatsjof en sy adviseurs 'glasnost' aan as 'n politieke slagspreuk, tesame met die minder bekende term '<a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>' om die historiese en tydelike resonansie van die term op te roep. </p><p>Glasnost is beskou as 'n toename in openheid en deursigtigheid in regeringsinstellings en aktiwiteite in die Sowjetunie.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glasnost weerspieël die verbintenis van die Gorbatsjof-regering om Sowjetburgers in staat te stel om die probleme van hul stelsel en potensiële oplossings in die openbaar te bespreek.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorbatsjof het populêre ondersoek en kritiek op leiers aangemoedig, sowel as 'n sekere mate van blootstelling deur die massamedia <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sommige kritici, veral onder regshervormers en andersdenkendes, beskou die Sowjet-owerhede se nuwe slagspreuke as vae en beperkte alternatiewe vir meer basiese vryhede. Alexei Simonov, president van die Glasnost Defense Foundation, definieer die term krities deur te suggereer dat dit "...'n <a href="/wiki/Skilpad" title="Skilpad">skilpad</a> is wat na die vryheid van spraak kruip<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verskeie_betekenisse">Verskeie betekenisse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Verskeie betekenisse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Verskeie betekenisse"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tussen 1986 en 1991, tydens 'n era van hervormings in die USSR, is glasnost gereeld gekoppel aan ander algemene begrippe soos perestroika (letterlik: herstrukturering of hergroepering) en demokratizatsiya (demokratisering). Gorbatsjof het dikwels 'n beroep op glasnost gedoen toe hy beleid bevorder het om korrupsie aan die bopunt van die <a href="/wiki/Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie">Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie</a> en die Sowjetregering te verminder en die misbruik van administratiewe mag in die Sentrale Komitee te modereer. Die dubbelsinnigheid van 'glasnost' definieer die kenmerkende periode van vyf jaar (1986-1991) aan die einde van die USSR se bestaan. Daar was 'n afnemende sensuur voor publikasie en voor-uitsending en groter vryheid van inligting. </p><p>Die "era van Glasnost" het groter kontak gesien tussen Sowjetburgers en die <a href="/wiki/Weste" title="Weste">Westerse</a> wêreld, veral die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Verenigde State">Verenigde State</a>: reisbeperkings is vir baie Sowjetburgers verslap wat die druk op internasionale uitruil tussen die Sowjetunie en die Weste verder verlig het.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internasionale_betrekkinge">Internasionale betrekkinge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Internasionale betrekkinge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Internasionale betrekkinge"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gorbatsjof se interpretasie van 'glasnost' kan die beste in Afrikaans opgesom word as 'openheid'. Terwyl dit verband hou met <a href="/wiki/Vryheid_van_spraak" title="Vryheid van spraak">vryheid van spraak</a>, was die hoofdoel van hierdie beleid om die bestuur van die land deursigtig te maak en om die besit van byna volledige beheer oor die ekonomie en burokrasie van die Sowjetunie deur 'n gekonsentreerde groep amptenare en burokratiese personeel te omseil. </p><p>Tydens glasnost is die Sowjetgeskiedenis onder Stalin weer ondersoek; gesensureerde <a href="/wiki/Literatuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Literatuur">literatuur</a> in die biblioteke is wyer beskikbaar gestel <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en daar was 'n groter vryheid van spraak vir burgers en openheid in die media. Dit was in die laat tagtigerjare toe die meeste mense in die Sowjetunie begin leer het oor die wreedhede van Stalin en geleer het oor voorheen onderdrukkende gebeure. </p><p>Inligting oor die vermeende hoër gehalte van verbruikersgoedere en lewenskwaliteit in die Verenigde State en <a href="/wiki/Wes-Europa" title="Wes-Europa">Wes-Europa</a> is aan die Sowjetbevolking oorgedra<sup id="cite_ref-ScottChapter8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottChapter8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, tesame met die Westerse populêre kultuur.<sup id="cite_ref-ScottChapter7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScottChapter7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Rusland_sedert_1991">In Rusland sedert 1991</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: In Rusland sedert 1991" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: In Rusland sedert 1991"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die volstrekte verbod op sensuur is vervat in artikel 29 van die nuwe Grondwet van 1993 van die Russiese Federasie.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit was egter die onderwerp van voortdurende kontroversie in die hedendaagse <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> as gevolg van verhoogde regeringsintervensies wat die toegang tot inligting vir Russiese burgers, insluitend internetsensuur, beperk het. Daar was ook druk op die media wat deur die regering bestuur word om die afgelope paar jaar nie sekere gebeure of onderwerpe bekend te maak of te bespreek nie. Die monitering van die skending van mediaregte in die jare 2004 tot 2013 het bevind dat gevalle van sensuur die algemeenste soort oortreding was.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runivers.ru/bookreader/book10108/#page/100/mode/1up"><i>Словарь Академии Российской. Часть II</i></a> (in Russies). СПб.: Императорская Академия Наук. 1790. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9.+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+II&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%B1.&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA&rft.date=1790&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.runivers.ru%2Fbookreader%2Fbook10108%2F%23page%2F100%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGlasnost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexeyeva, Lyudmila and Paul Goldberg <i>The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era</i>, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990, bl. 108-109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chronicle-of-current-events.com/2016/03/07/38-2-before-the-trials-of-kovalyov-and-tverdokhlebov/">"Before the Trials of Kovalyov and Tverdokhlebov, March-October 1975 (38.2)"</a>. 7 Maart 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Before+the+Trials+of+Kovalyov+and+Tverdokhlebov%2C+March-October+1975+%2838.2%29&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchronicle-of-current-events.com%2F2016%2F03%2F07%2F38-2-before-the-trials-of-kovalyov-and-tverdokhlebov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGlasnost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Gratis registrasie vereis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/milestonesinglas00edah"><i>Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: Politics and People</i></a></span>. Brookings Institution Press. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8157-3623-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8157-3623-1"><bdi>0-8157-3623-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milestones+in+Glasnost+and+Perestroyka%3A+Politics+and+People&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8157-3623-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilestonesinglas00edah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGlasnost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFH.2015" class="citation book cs1">H., Hunt, Michael (26 Junie 2015). <i>The world transformed : 1945 to the present</i>. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780199371020" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780199371020"><bdi>9780199371020</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907585907">907585907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+transformed+%3A+1945+to+the+present&rft.pages=315&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907585907&rft.isbn=9780199371020&rft.aulast=H.&rft.aufirst=Hunt%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGlasnost" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFH.2015" class="citation book cs1">H., Hunt, Michael (26 Junie 2015). <i>The world transformed : 1945 to the present</i>. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780199371020" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780199371020"><bdi>9780199371020</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907585907">907585907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+transformed+%3A+1945+to+the+present&rft.pages=316&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907585907&rft.isbn=9780199371020&rft.aulast=H.&rft.aufirst=Hunt%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGlasnost" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713200147/http://www.gdf.ru/">"Фонд Защиты Гласности"</a>. <i>www.gdf.ru</i>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdf.ru/">die oorspronklike</a> op 13 Julie 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">15 Desember</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gdf.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdf.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGlasnost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFArefyevMieczkowski1991" class="citation journal cs1">Arefyev, V.; Mieczkowski, Z. (1991). "International Tourism In The Soviet Union In The Era Of Glasnost And Perestroyka". <i>Journal of Travel Research</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 2–6. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728759102900401">10.1177/004728759102900401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154312740">154312740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Travel+Research&rft.atitle=International+Tourism+In+The+Soviet+Union+In+The+Era+Of+Glasnost+And+Perestroyka&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-6&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004728759102900401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154312740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arefyev&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Mieczkowski%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGlasnost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~pbruhn/glasnost.htm">Glasnost</a> im sowjetischen Bibliothekswesen (by Peter Bruhn)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">А.П. Шикман: <i>Совершенно несекретно</i> in: Советская библиография, 1988,6 (231), bl.3-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScottChapter8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ScottChapter8_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFShane1994" class="citation book cs1">Shane, Scott (1994). "Letting Go of the Leninist Faith". <i>Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union</i>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 212 to 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-56663-048-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-56663-048-7"><bdi>1-56663-048-7</bdi></a>. <q>All this degradation and hypocrisy is laid not just at the feet of Stalin but of Lenin and the Revolution that made his rule possible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letting+Go+of+the+Leninist+Faith&rft.btitle=Dismantling+Utopia%3A+How+Information+Ended+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=212+to+244&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56663-048-7&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGlasnost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScottChapter7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ScottChapter7_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFShane1994" class="citation book cs1">Shane, Scott (1994). "A Normal Country: The Pop Culture Explosion". <i>Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union</i>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 182 to 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-56663-048-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-56663-048-7"><bdi>1-56663-048-7</bdi></a>. <q>...market forces had taken over publishing...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Normal+Country%3A+The+Pop+Culture+Explosion&rft.btitle=Dismantling+Utopia%3A+How+Information+Ended+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=182+to+211&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56663-048-7&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGlasnost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ru/search/index.html?cx=partner-pub-7056500280970989:2czdvm-pse9&cof=FORID:10&ie=windows-1251&q=censorship&sa.x=0&sa.y=0">"Поиск по сайту | Конституция Российской Федерации"</a>. <i>www.constitution.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.constitution.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%83+%26%23124%3B+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ru%2Fsearch%2Findex.html%3Fcx%3Dpartner-pub-7056500280970989%3A2czdvm-pse9%26cof%3DFORID%3A10%26ie%3Dwindows-1251%26q%3Dcensorship%26sa.x%3D0%26sa.y%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGlasnost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021004924/http://mediaconflictsinrussia.org/search">"<i>Russia - Conflicts in the Media since 2004, a database. Censorship.</i>"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediaconflictsinrussia.org/search">die oorspronklike</a> op 21 Oktober 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">15 Desember</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+-+Conflicts+in+the+Media+since+2004%2C+a+database.+Censorship.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmediaconflictsinrussia.org%2Fsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AGlasnost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sowjetunie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Sowjetunie" title="Sjabloon:Sowjetunie"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; 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nie)">Stagnasie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowjet-Afghaanse_Oorlog" title="Sowjet-Afghaanse Oorlog">Sowjet-Afghaanse Oorlog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolusies_van_1989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolusies van 1989 (bladsy bestaan nie)">Revolusies van 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontbinding_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Ontbinding van die Sowjetunie">Ontbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Sowjet_state" title="Post-Sowjet state">Post-Sowjet state</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgie_vir_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nostalgie vir die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nostalgie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografie_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografie van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geografie</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdivisies_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdivisies van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Subdivisies</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republieke_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Republieke van die Sowjetunie">Republieke</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outonome_Sosialistiese_Sowjetrepublieke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outonome Sosialistiese Sowjetrepublieke (bladsy bestaan nie)">Outonoom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krajs_van_Rusland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krajs van Rusland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Krajs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblasts_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblasts van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outonome_oblasts_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outonome oblasts van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Outonoom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outonome_okroegs_van_Rusland" title="Outonome okroegs van Rusland">Outonome okroegs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geslote_stad" title="Geslote stad">Geslote stede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streke</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaspiese_See" title="Kaspiese See">Kaspiese See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europese_Rusland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europese Rusland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Europese Rusland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noord-Kaukasus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noord-Kaukasus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Noord-Kaukasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberi%C3%AB" title="Siberië">Siberië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oeralgebergte" title="Oeralgebergte">Oeralgebergte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wes-Siberiese_Vlakte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wes-Siberiese Vlakte (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wes-Siberiese Vlakte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politiek_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politiek van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politiek</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algemeen</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grondwet_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grondwet van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Grondwet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verkiesings_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verkiesings in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Verkiesings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buitelandse_beleid_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buitelandse beleid van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Buitelandse beleid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezjnef-leerstelling" title="Brezjnef-leerstelling">Brezjnef-leerstelling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regering_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regering van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Regering</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_regerings_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van regerings van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menseregte_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menseregte in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Menseregte</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_regte_in_die_post-Sowjet_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBT regte in die post-Sowjet state (bladsy bestaan nie)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wet van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_leiers_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van leiers van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Leiers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kollektiewe_leierskap_in_die_Sowjetunie" title="Kollektiewe leierskap in die Sowjetunie">Kollektiewe leierskap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paspoort_stelsel_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paspoort stelsel in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Paspoort stelsel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideologie_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideologie van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Staatsideologie</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marxisme-Leninisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marxisme-Leninisme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Marxisme-Leninisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme">Leninisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinisme" title="Stalinisme">Stalinisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politieke instansies</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie">Kommunistiese Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisasie_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisasie van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">organisasie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentrale_Komitee_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentrale Komitee van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sentrale Komitee</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (bladsy bestaan nie)">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekretariaat_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekretariaat van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sekretariaat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kongres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_Sekretaris_van_die_Kommunistiese_Party_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algemene Sekretaris van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Algemene Sekretaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_van_Sowjets_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres van Sowjets van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kongres van Sowjets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opperste_Sowjet_van_die_Sowjet-Unie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opperste Sowjet van die Sowjet-Unie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Opperste Sowjet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_van_Volksafgevaardigdes_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres van Volksafgevaardigdes van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kongres van Volksafgevaardigdes</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hooggeregshof_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hooggeregshof van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hooggeregshof</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milit%C3%AAre_Kollegium_van_die_Hooggeregshof_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Militêre Kollegium van die Hooggeregshof van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Militêre Kollegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ampte</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_staatshoofde_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van staatshoofde van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Staatshoofde</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Premier_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premier van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunkpremier_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Adjunkpremier van die Sowjetunie">Adjunkpremier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_Adjunkpremier_van_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eerste Adjunkpremier van die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Eerste Adjunkpremier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politieke_onderdrukking_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politieke onderdrukking in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politieke onderdrukking</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooi_Terreur" title="Rooi Terreur">Rooi Terreur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollektivisering_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kollektivisering in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kollektivisering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groot_Suiwering" title="Groot Suiwering">Groot Suiwering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bevolkingsoordrag_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bevolkingsoordrag in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bevolkingsoordrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goelag" title="Goelag">Goelag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politieke_misbruik_van_psigiatrie_in_die_Sowjetunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politieke misbruik van psigiatrie in die Sowjetunie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politieke misbruik van psigiatrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kategorie"><img alt="Kategorie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173100" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4193963-3">4193963-3</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh89002248">sh89002248</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&oldid=2631694">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasnost&oldid=2631694</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorieë</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Politiek_van_Rusland" title="Kategorie:Politiek van Rusland">Politiek van Rusland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Geskiedenis_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Kategorie:Geskiedenis van die Sowjetunie">Geskiedenis van die Sowjetunie</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteekte kategorieë: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-bronne_in_Russies_(ru)" title="Kategorie:AS1-bronne in Russies (ru)">AS1-bronne in Russies (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_GND-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met GND-identifiseerders">Artikels met GND-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_LCCN-identifiseerders" 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