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href="#Criticism_and_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Criticism and evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artificiality_or_asymmetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificiality_or_asymmetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Artificiality or asymmetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificiality_or_asymmetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_wars_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_wars_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture wars by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_wars_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture wars by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_wars_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920s–1991:_Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s–1991:_Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>1920s–1991: Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s–1991:_Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991–2001:_Rise_in_prominence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991–2001:_Rise_in_prominence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>1991–2001: Rise in prominence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991–2001:_Rise_in_prominence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001–2012:_Post-9/11_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001–2012:_Post-9/11_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>2001–2012: Post-9/11 era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001–2012:_Post-9/11_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012–present:_Broadening_of_the_culture_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012–present:_Broadening_of_the_culture_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>2012–present: Broadening of the culture war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012–present:_Broadening_of_the_culture_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_continent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_continent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>African continent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_continent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_parenting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_parenting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Education and parenting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_parenting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_and_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_and_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Environment and energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_and_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Gender and sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Law and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Life issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture war</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب ثقافية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب ثقافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99t_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Mədəniyyət müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədəniyyət müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="সংস্কৃতি যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংস্কৃতি যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Културна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Културна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturn%C3%AD_v%C3%A1lka" title="Kulturní válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kulturní válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_cultural" title="Guerra cultural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra cultural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturmilito" title="Kulturmilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturmilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="جنگ فرهنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ فرهنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_culturelles_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Guerres culturelles aux États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres culturelles aux États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="문화전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문화전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturni_rat" title="Kulturni rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kulturni rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_budaya" title="Perang budaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מלחמת תרבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת תרבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuurstrijd" title="Cultuurstrijd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cultuurstrijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="文化戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文化戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturkrig" title="Kulturkrig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kulturkrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਜੰਗਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਜੰਗਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_cultural" title="Guerra cultural – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra cultural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Культурная война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культурная война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntwa_ya_meetlo" title="Ntwa ya meetlo – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Ntwa ya meetlo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Културни рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Културни рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuurisota" title="Kulttuurisota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulttuurisota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturkrig" title="Kulturkrig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kulturkrig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the "culture war" between the Catholic Church and the German state in the 1870s, see <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf"><i>Kulturkampf</i></a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Culture Wars" redirects here. For the book, see <a href="/wiki/Culture_Wars:_The_Struggle_to_Define_America" title="Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America"><i>Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>culture war</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">cultural conflict</a> (metaphorical "<a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>") between different <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social groups</a> who struggle to politically impose their own ideology (moral beliefs, humane <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a>, religious practices) upon <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream culture">mainstream society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or upon the other. </p><p>In political usage, the term <i>culture war</i> is a metaphor for "hot-button" politics about <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">values</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>, realized with intentionally adversarial social narratives meant to provoke <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">political polarization</a> among the mainstream of society over economic matters of<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_Hartman_2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_Hartman_2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As practical politics, a culture war is about social policy <a href="/wiki/Wedge_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge issues">wedge issues</a> that are based on abstract arguments about <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">values</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyle</a> meant to provoke <a href="/wiki/Political_cleavage" class="mw-redirect" title="Political cleavage">political cleavage</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/220px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/330px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/440px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_Von_Bismarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Von Bismarck">Otto Von Bismarck</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> (right), from the German satirical magazine <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kladderadatsch" title="Kladderadatsch">Kladderadatsch</a></i></span>, 1875</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kulturkampf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kulturkampf&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>In the history of Germany, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i> (Cultural Struggle) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Catholic Church in Germany</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, led by chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>. The Prussian church-and-state political conflict was about the Church's direct control over both education and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiastical</a> appointments in the Prussian kingdom as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> nation and country. Moreover, when compared to other church-and-state conflicts about <i>political culture</i>, the German Kulturkampf of Prussia also featured <a href="/wiki/Anti-Polonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Polonism">anti-Polish sentiment</a>. </p> In modern political usage, the German term <i>Kulturkampf</i> describes any conflict (political, ideological, social) between the secular government and the religious authorities of a society. The term also describes the great and small culture wars among political factions who hold deeply opposing values and beliefs within a nation, a community, and a cultural group.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></div> <p>In the English language, the term <i>culture war</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of the German word <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i> (culture struggle), which refers to an historical event in Germany. The term appears as the title of an 1875 British book review of a German pamphlet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_and_evaluation">Criticism and evaluation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism and evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the time that James Davison Hunter first applied the concept of culture wars to American life, the idea has been subject to questions about whether "culture wars" names a real phenomenon, and if so, whether the phenomenon it describes is a cause of, or merely a result of, membership in groups like political parties and religions. Culture wars have also been subject to the criticism of being artificial, imposed, or asymmetric conflicts, rather than a result of authentic differences between cultures. </p><p>Researchers have differed about the <a href="/wiki/Validity_(statistics)" title="Validity (statistics)">scientific validity</a> of the notion of culture war. Some claim it does not describe real behavior, or that it describes only the behavior of a small political elite. Others claim culture war is real and widespread, and even that it is fundamental to explaining Americans' political behavior and beliefs. </p><p>A 2023 study on the circulation of conspiracy theories on social media noted that disinformation actors insert polarizing claims in culture wars by taking one side or the other, thus making the adherents circulate and parrot disinformation as a rhetorical ammunition against their perceived opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Wolfe" title="Alan Wolfe">Alan Wolfe</a> participated in a series of scholarly debates in the 1990s and 2000s against Hunter, claiming that Hunter's concept of culture wars did not accurately describe the opinions or behavior of Americans, which Wolfe claimed were more united than polarized.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of opinion data from 1992 to 2012 published in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i> concluded that, in contrast to a common belief that political party and religious membership shape opinion on culture war topics, instead opinions on culture war topics lead people to revise their political party and religious orientations. The researchers view culture war attitudes as "foundational elements in the political and religious belief systems of ordinary citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artificiality_or_asymmetry">Artificiality or asymmetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Artificiality or asymmetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some writers and scholars have said that culture wars are created or perpetuated by political special interest groups, by reactionary social movements, by party dynamics, or by electoral politics as a whole. These authors view culture war not as an unavoidable result of widespread cultural differences, but as a technique used to create <a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">in-groups and out-groups</a> for a political purpose. </p><p>Political commentator E. J. Dionne has written that culture war is an electoral technique to exploit differences and grievances, remarking that the real cultural division is "between those who want to have a culture war and those who don't."<sup id="cite_ref-Dionne2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionne2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologist Scott Melzer says that culture wars are created by conservative, reactive organizations and movements. Members of these movements possess a "sense of victimization at the hands of a liberal culture run amok. In their eyes, immigrants, gays, women, the poor, and other groups are (undeservedly) granted special rights and privileges." Melzer writes about the example of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a>, which he says intentionally created a culture war in order to unite conservative groups, particularly groups of white men, against a common perceived threat.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, religion scholar Susan B. Ridgely has written that culture wars were made possible by <a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a>. This organization produced conservative Christian "<a href="/wiki/Alternative_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative news">alternative news</a>" that began to bifurcate American media consumption, promoting a particular "traditional family" archetype to one part of the population, particularly conservative religious women. Ridgely says that this tradition was depicted as under liberal attack, seeming to necessitate a culture war to defend the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins have written about an asymmetry between the US's two major political parties, saying the Republican party should be understood as an ideological movement built to wage political conflict, and the Democratic party as a coalition of social groups with less ability to impose ideological discipline on members.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This encourages Republicans to perpetuate and to draw new issues into culture wars, because Republicans are well equipped to fight such wars.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, "many on the left have argued that such [culture war] battles [a]re 'distractions' from the real fight over class and economic issues."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_wars_by_country">Culture wars by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture wars by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of ethnocultural politics in the United States">History of ethnocultural politics in the United States</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics in the United States</a> (or ethnoreligious politics) refers to the pattern of certain <a href="/wiki/Cultural_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural group">cultural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious groups</a> to vote heavily for one party. Groups can be based on ethnicity (such as Hispanics, Irish, Germans), race (White people, Black people, Asian Americans) or religion (Protestant [and later, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical politics in the United States">Evangelical</a>] or Catholic) or on overlapping categories (<a href="/wiki/Irish_American#Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish Catholics</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, race was the determining factor. Each of the two major parties was a coalition of ethnoreligious groups in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a> (1830s to 1850s) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a> (1850s to 1890s).</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Columbus_Statue_Torn_Down_at_Minnesota_State_Capitol_on_June_10,_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Christopher_Columbus_Statue_Torn_Down_at_Minnesota_State_Capitol_on_June_10%2C_2020.jpg/220px-Christopher_Columbus_Statue_Torn_Down_at_Minnesota_State_Capitol_on_June_10%2C_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Christopher_Columbus_Statue_Torn_Down_at_Minnesota_State_Capitol_on_June_10%2C_2020.jpg/330px-Christopher_Columbus_Statue_Torn_Down_at_Minnesota_State_Capitol_on_June_10%2C_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Christopher_Columbus_Statue_Torn_Down_at_Minnesota_State_Capitol_on_June_10%2C_2020.jpg/440px-Christopher_Columbus_Statue_Torn_Down_at_Minnesota_State_Capitol_on_June_10%2C_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5955" data-file-height="3730" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a> toppled a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Saint_Paul,_Minnesota)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Saint Paul, Minnesota)">statue of Christopher Columbus</a> in Saint Paul, Minnesota, on June 10, 2020</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1920s–1991:_Origins"><span id="1920s.E2.80.931991:_Origins"></span>1920s–1991: Origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1920s–1991: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In American usage, <i>culture war</i> may imply a conflict between those values considered <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conservativism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservativism in the United States">conservative</a> and those considered <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>. This usage originated in the 1920s when urban and rural American values came into closer conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed several decades of immigration to the States by people who earlier European immigrants considered 'alien'. It was also a result of the cultural shifts and modernizing trends of the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>, culminating in the presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent decades during the 20th century, the term was published occasionally in American newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Matthew Dallek argues the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> (JBS) was an early promoter of culture war ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar Celestini Carmen traces the JBS's apocalyptic culture war rhetoric through the connections of <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">Tim LaHaye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Phyllis Schlafly</a> to the JBS and their founding of the <a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1991–2001:_Rise_in_prominence"><span id="1991.E2.80.932001:_Rise_in_prominence"></span>1991–2001: Rise in prominence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1991–2001: Rise in prominence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Davison_Hunter" title="James Davison Hunter">James Davison Hunter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, introduced the expression again in his 1991 publication, <i><a href="/wiki/Culture_Wars:_The_Struggle_to_Define_America" title="Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America">Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America</a></i>. Hunter described what he saw as a dramatic realignment and polarization that had transformed <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">American politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="American culture">culture</a>. </p><p>He argued that on an increasing number of "<a href="/wiki/Hot-button_issue" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-button issue">hot-button</a>" defining issues—<a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics">gun politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drug use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>—there existed two definable polarities. Furthermore, not only were there a number of divisive issues, but society had divided along essentially the same lines on these issues, so as to constitute two warring groups, defined primarily not by nominal religion, ethnicity, social class, or even political affiliation, but rather by ideological <a href="/wiki/World-view" class="mw-redirect" title="World-view">world-views</a>. </p><p>Hunter characterized this polarity as stemming from opposite impulses, toward what he referred to as <i>Progressivism</i> and as <i>Orthodoxy</i>. Others have adopted the dichotomy with varying labels. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(commentator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill O'Reilly (commentator)">Bill O'Reilly</a>, a conservative political commentator and former host of the <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a> talk show <i><a href="/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor" title="The O'Reilly Factor">The O'Reilly Factor</a></i>, emphasizes differences between "Secular-Progressives" and "Traditionalists" in his 2006 book <i><a href="/wiki/Culture_Warrior" title="Culture Warrior">Culture Warrior</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Kobes_Du_Mez" title="Kristin Kobes Du Mez">Kristin Kobes Du Mez</a> attributes the 1990s emergence of culture wars to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in 1991. She writes that <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christians">Evangelical Christians</a> viewed a particular Christian masculine <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a> as the only defense of America against the threat of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. When this threat ended upon the close of the Cold War, Evangelical leaders transferred the perceived source of threat from foreign communism to domestic changes in gender roles and sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrickjbuchanan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Patrickjbuchanan.JPG/180px-Patrickjbuchanan.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Patrickjbuchanan.JPG/270px-Patrickjbuchanan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Patrickjbuchanan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Pat Buchanan in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 presidential election</a>, commentator <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> mounted <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan#1992_presidential_primaries" title="Pat Buchanan">a campaign</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican nomination for president</a> against incumbent <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime</a>-<a href="/wiki/Time_slot" class="mw-redirect" title="Time slot">time slot</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 Republican National Convention</a>, Buchanan gave his speech on the culture war.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued: "There is a religious war going on in our country for the soul of America. It is a cultural war, as critical to the kind of nation we will one day be as was the Cold War itself."<sup id="cite_ref-1992-GOP_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1992-GOP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to criticizing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">environmentalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">feminism</a>, he portrayed <a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public morality</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Defining_issue" class="mw-redirect" title="Defining issue">defining issue</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>The agenda [Bill] Clinton and [Hillary] Clinton would impose on America—abortion on demand, a <a href="/wiki/Litmus_test_(politics)" title="Litmus test (politics)">litmus test</a> for the Supreme Court, homosexual rights, discrimination against religious schools, women in combat units—that's change, all right. But it is not the kind of change America wants. It is not the kind of change America needs. And it is not the kind of change we can abide in a nation that we still call God's country.<sup id="cite_ref-1992-GOP_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1992-GOP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>A month later, Buchanan characterized the conflict as about power over society's definition of right and wrong. He named abortion, sexual orientation and popular culture as major fronts—and mentioned other controversies, including clashes over the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate flag">Confederate flag</a>, Christmas, and taxpayer-funded art. He also said that the negative attention his "culture war" speech received was itself evidence of America's polarization.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The culture war had significant impact on national politics in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_Hartman_2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_Hartman_2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rhetoric of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">Christian Coalition of America</a> may have weakened president George H. W. Bush's chances for re-election in 1992 and helped his successor, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, win reelection in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Chávez_2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chávez_2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the rhetoric of conservative cultural warriors helped Republicans gain control of Congress in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedic_2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedic_2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The culture wars influenced the debate over <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state-school</a> history <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curricula</a> in the United States in the 1990s. In particular, debates over the development of <a href="/wiki/Standards-based_education_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Standards-based education reform in the United States">national educational standards</a> in 1994 revolved around whether the study of American history should be a "celebratory" or "critical" undertaking and involved such prominent public figures as <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Cheney" title="Lynne Cheney">Lynne Cheney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a>, and historian <a href="/wiki/Gary_Nash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Nash">Gary Nash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2001–2012:_Post-9/11_era"><span id="2001.E2.80.932012:_Post-9.2F11_era"></span>2001–2012: Post-9/11 era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2001–2012: Post-9/11 era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_War_Budget_2003-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bush_War_Budget_2003-crop.jpg/220px-Bush_War_Budget_2003-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bush_War_Budget_2003-crop.jpg/330px-Bush_War_Budget_2003-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bush_War_Budget_2003-crop.jpg/440px-Bush_War_Budget_2003-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1854" /></a><figcaption>(from right to left) 43rd President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a> were prominent neoconservatives of the 2000s.</figcaption></figure> <p>A political view called <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a> shifted the terms of the debate in the early 2000s. Neoconservatives differed from their opponents in that they interpreted problems facing the nation as <a href="/wiki/Moral_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral issues">moral issues</a> rather than economic or political ones. For example, neoconservatives saw the decline of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Family_structure_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Family structure in the United States">family structure</a> as well as the decline of religion in American society as <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_crisis" title="Spiritual crisis">spiritual crises</a> that required a spiritual response. Critics accused neoconservatives of <a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">confusing cause and effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2000s, voting for Republicans began to correlate heavily with <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> religious belief across diverse religious sects. Voting for Democrats became more correlated with <a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">liberal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">modernist</a> religious belief, and with being <a href="/wiki/Nonreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonreligious">nonreligious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dionne2006_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionne2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Belief in scientific</a> conclusions, such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">climate change</a>, also became tightly coupled with political party affiliation in this era, causing climate scholar <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hoffman" title="Andrew Hoffman">Andrew Hoffman</a> to observe that <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">climate change</a> had "become enmeshed in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming controversy">culture wars</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg/220px-Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg/330px-Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg/440px-Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Rally for <a href="/wiki/Proposition_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposition 8">Proposition 8</a>, an item on the 2008 California ballot to ban same-sex marriage</figcaption></figure> <p>Topics traditionally associated with culture war were not prominent in media coverage of the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_elections" title="2008 United States elections">2008 election</a> season, with the exception of coverage of vice-presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who drew attention to her conservative religion and created a performative <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change denialism">climate change denialism</a> brand for herself.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palin's defeat in the election and subsequent resignation as governor of Alaska caused the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a> to predict "the coming end of the culture wars," which they attributed to demographic change, particularly high rates of acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> among <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012–present:_Broadening_of_the_culture_war"><span id="2012.E2.80.93present:_Broadening_of_the_culture_war"></span>2012–present: Broadening of the culture war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2012–present: Broadening of the culture war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_removed_during_the_George_Floyd_protests" title="List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests">List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_changes_made_due_to_the_George_Floyd_protests" title="List of changes made due to the George Floyd protests">List of changes made due to the George Floyd protests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_name_changes_due_to_the_George_Floyd_protests" title="List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests">List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JEB_Stuart_Monument_2020-05-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/JEB_Stuart_Monument_2020-05-31.jpg/220px-JEB_Stuart_Monument_2020-05-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/JEB_Stuart_Monument_2020-05-31.jpg/330px-JEB_Stuart_Monument_2020-05-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/JEB_Stuart_Monument_2020-05-31.jpg/440px-JEB_Stuart_Monument_2020-05-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart_Monument" title="J. E. B. Stuart Monument">J. E. B. Stuart Monument</a>, defaced during <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Richmond,_Virginia" title="George Floyd protests in Richmond, Virginia">protests in Richmond, Virginia</a>, was removed on July 7, 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 2010s, tensions between supporters and opponents of issues such as <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a>, and other progressive movements intensified, <a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">foreshadowing</a> the political conflicts that would dominate the political media discussions in the 2020s. <a href="/wiki/American_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatives">American conservatives</a> took issue with the perceived worldwide dominance of leftism in international politics and corporate activity, <a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">anti-nationalism</a>, and secular <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> policies and activism not based on <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religious</a> worldviews.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While traditional culture war issues, like abortion, continue to be a focal point,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the issues identified with the culture war broadened and intensified in the mid-late 2010s. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coddling_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Coddling of the American Mind">The Coddling of the American Mind</a></i>, identified a rise in <a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">cancel culture</a> via <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> among young progressives since 2012, which he believes had "transformative effects on university life and later on politics and culture throughout the English-speaking world," in what Haidt<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other commentators<sup id="cite_ref-Mirzaei_2019_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirzaei_2019-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have called the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Awokening" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Awokening">Great Awokening</a>". Journalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grunwald" title="Michael Grunwald">Michael Grunwald</a> says that "President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> has pioneered a new politics of perpetual culture war" and lists <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._national_anthem_protests" title="U.S. national anthem protests">U.S. national anthem protests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, education policy, healthcare policy including <a href="/wiki/Obamacare" class="mw-redirect" title="Obamacare">Obamacare</a>, and infrastructure policy as culture war issues in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rights of <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people and the role of religion in lawmaking were identified as "new fronts in the culture war" by political scientist Jeremiah Castle, as the polarization of public opinion on these two topics resembles that of previous culture war issues.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, North Dakota governor <a href="/wiki/Doug_Burgum" title="Doug Burgum">Doug Burgum</a> described <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States#Attitudes" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">opposition to wearing face masks</a> as a "senseless" culture war issue that jeopardizes human safety.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-abortion_protest,_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Anti-abortion_protest%2C_1986.jpg/135px-Anti-abortion_protest%2C_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Anti-abortion_protest%2C_1986.jpg/203px-Anti-abortion_protest%2C_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Anti-abortion_protest%2C_1986.jpg/270px-Anti-abortion_protest%2C_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2654" data-file-height="2621" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drag_Queen_Story_Hour_Protest_-_52452239331.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Drag_Queen_Story_Hour_Protest_-_52452239331.png/199px-Drag_Queen_Story_Hour_Protest_-_52452239331.png" decoding="async" width="199" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Drag_Queen_Story_Hour_Protest_-_52452239331.png/299px-Drag_Queen_Story_Hour_Protest_-_52452239331.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Drag_Queen_Story_Hour_Protest_-_52452239331.png/398px-Drag_Queen_Story_Hour_Protest_-_52452239331.png 2x" data-file-width="4792" data-file-height="3195" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Save_our_children_hashtag_(cropped)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Save_our_children_hashtag_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.png/192px-Save_our_children_hashtag_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Save_our_children_hashtag_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.png/288px-Save_our_children_hashtag_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Save_our_children_hashtag_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.png/384px-Save_our_children_hashtag_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaya_Raichik_and_MTG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chaya_Raichik_and_MTG.jpg/142px-Chaya_Raichik_and_MTG.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chaya_Raichik_and_MTG.jpg/213px-Chaya_Raichik_and_MTG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chaya_Raichik_and_MTG.jpg/284px-Chaya_Raichik_and_MTG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">anti-abortion</a> protesters in 1986; members of <a href="/wiki/The_Proud_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Proud Boys">the Proud Boys</a> protest a <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">drag queen</a> story hour; Representative <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Marjorie Taylor Greene</a> of Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Libs of TikTok</a> creator <a href="/wiki/Chaya_Raichik" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaya Raichik">Chaya Raichik</a> hold up an anti-transgender sign; "Save Our Children" graffiti near downtown <a href="/wiki/Lufkin,_Texas" title="Lufkin, Texas">Lufkin, Texas</a> in relation to the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">LGBT grooming conspiracy theory</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>This broader understanding of culture war issues in the mid-late 2010s and 2020s is associated with a political strategy called "<a href="/wiki/Owning_the_libs" title="Owning the libs">owning the libs</a>." Conservative media figures employing this strategy emphasize and expand upon culture war issues with the goal of upsetting liberals. According to <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Hemmer" title="Nicole Hemmer">Nicole Hemmer</a> of Columbia University, this strategy is a substitute for the cohesive conservative ideology that existed during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. It holds a conservative <a href="/wiki/Voting_bloc" title="Voting bloc">voting bloc</a> together in the absence of shared policy preferences among the bloc's members.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_(35780274914)_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg/280px-Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg/420px-Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg/560px-Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3877" data-file-height="2389" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a>, Virginia in August 2017, an alt-right event regarded as a battle of the culture wars<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of conflicts about diversity in popular culture occurring in the 2010s, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gamergate_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamergate controversy">Gamergate controversy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comicsgate" title="Comicsgate">Comicsgate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sad_Puppies" title="Sad Puppies">Sad Puppies</a> science fiction voting campaign, were identified in the media as being examples of the culture war.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Caitlin_Dewey" title="Caitlin Dewey">Caitlin Dewey</a> described Gamergate as a "<a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a>" for a larger culture war between those who want greater inclusion of women and minorities in cultural institutions versus anti-feminists and traditionalists who do not.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perception that culture war conflict had been demoted from electoral politics to popular culture led writer Jack Meserve to call popular movies, games, and writing the "last front in the culture war" in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These conflicts about representation in popular culture re-emerged into electoral politics via the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">alt-lite</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to media scholar Whitney Phillips, Gamergate "prototyped" strategies of harassment and controversy-stoking that proved useful in political strategy. For example, Republican political strategist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a> publicized pop-culture conflicts during the 2016 presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, encouraging a young audience to "come in through Gamergate or whatever and then get turned onto politics and Trump."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Political culture of Canada">Political culture of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monuments_and_memorials_in_Canada_removed_in_2020%E2%80%932022" title="Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022">Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022</a></div> <p>Some observers in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> have used the term "culture war" to refer to differing values between <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">urban</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Rural_Canada" title="Rural Canada">rural Canada</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">conservatism</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressivism in Canada">progressivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase has also been used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Stephen_Harper" title="Premiership of Stephen Harper">Harper government</a>'s attitude towards the <a href="/wiki/Art_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in Canada">arts community</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Coyne" title="Andrew Coyne">Andrew Coyne</a> termed this negative policy towards the arts community as "<a href="/wiki/Class_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Class warfare">class warfare</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Australian history wars</a></div> <p>During the tenure of the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Liberal–National Coalition</a> government of 1996 to 2007, interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> history became a part of a wider political debate regarding Australian national pride and symbolism occasionally called the "<a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">culture wars</a>", more often the "history wars".<sup id="cite_ref-Manne11/08_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manne11/08-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This debate extended into <a href="#Australia">a controversy</a> over the presentation of history in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">high-school</a> history curricula.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also migrated into the general Australian media, with major broadsheets such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i> regularly publishing opinion pieces on the topic. <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Langton" title="Marcia Langton">Marcia Langton</a> has referred to much of this wider debate as "war porn"<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as an "intellectual dead end".<sup id="cite_ref-Langton_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langton-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two Australian Prime Ministers, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a> (in office 1991–1996) and John Howard (in office 1996–2007), became major participants in the "wars". According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_McKenna_(historian)" title="Mark McKenna (historian)">Mark McKenna's</a> analysis for the Australian Parliamentary Library,<sup id="cite_ref-McKenna_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenna-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Howard believed that Paul Keating portrayed Australia pre-<a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a> (Prime Minister from 1972 to 1975) in an unduly negative light; while Keating sought to distance the modern <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> movement from its historical support for the monarchy and for the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> by arguing that it was the conservative Australian parties which had been barriers to national progress. He accused <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> of having abandoned Australia during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. Keating staunchly supported a symbolic apology to <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Australian Aboriginals</a> for their mistreatment at the hands of previous administrations, and outlined his view of the origins and potential solutions to contemporary Aboriginal disadvantage in his <a href="/wiki/Redfern_Park_Speech" title="Redfern Park Speech">Redfern Park Speech</a> of 10 December 1992 (drafted with the assistance of historian <a href="/wiki/Don_Watson" title="Don Watson">Don Watson</a>). In 1999, following the release of the 1998 <i><a href="/wiki/Bringing_Them_Home" title="Bringing Them Home">Bringing Them Home</a></i> Report, Howard passed a Parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_Reconciliation" title="Motion of Reconciliation">Motion of Reconciliation</a> describing treatment of Aborigines as the "most blemished chapter" in Australian history, but he refused to issue an official apology.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howard saw an apology as inappropriate as it would imply "intergeneration guilt"; he said that "practical" measures were a better response to contemporary Aboriginal disadvantage. Keating has argued for the eradication of remaining symbols linked to colonial origins: including deference for <a href="/wiki/ANZAC_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAC Day">ANZAC Day</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Australia" title="Flag of Australia">Australian flag</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in Australia">monarchy in Australia</a>, while Howard supported these institutions. Unlike fellow Labor leaders and contemporaries, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> (Prime Minister 1983–1991) and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a> (Labor Party leader 2005–2006), Keating never traveled to <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> for ANZAC Day ceremonies. In 2008 he described those who gathered there as "misguided".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006 John Howard said in a speech to mark the 50th anniversary of <i>Quadrant</i> that <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">"Political Correctness"</a> was dead in Australia but: "we should not underestimate the degree to which the soft-left still holds sway, even dominance, especially in Australia's universities".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also in 2006, <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald"><i>Sydney Morning Herald</i></a> political editor <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hartcher" title="Peter Hartcher">Peter Hartcher</a> reported that Opposition foreign-affairs spokesman <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> was entering the philosophical debate by arguing in response that "John Howard, is guilty of perpetrating 'a fraud' in his so-called culture wars ... designed not to make real change but to mask the damage inflicted by the Government's economic policies".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defeat of the Howard government in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election" title="2007 Australian federal election">Australian Federal election of 2007</a> and its replacement by the <a href="/wiki/First_Rudd_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="First Rudd Government">Rudd Labor government</a> altered the dynamic of the debate. Rudd made an <a href="/wiki/Apology_to_Australia%27s_Indigenous_peoples" title="Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples">official apology</a> to the Aboriginal <i><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolen Generation">Stolen Generation</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with bi-partisan support.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Keating, Rudd supported an Australian republic, but in contrast to Keating, Rudd declared support for the <a href="/wiki/Australian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian flag">Australian flag</a> and supported the commemoration of ANZAC Day; he also expressed admiration for Liberal Party founder <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent to the 2007 change of government, and prior to the passage, with support from all parties, of the Parliamentary apology to indigenous Australians, Professor of Australian Studies Richard Nile argued: "the culture and history wars are over and with them should also go the adversarial nature of intellectual debate",<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view contested by others, including conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/Janet_Albrechtsen" title="Janet Albrechtsen">Janet Albrechtsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change in Australia</a> is also considered a <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming controversy">highly divisive or politically controversial topic</a>, to the point it is sometimes called a "culture war".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_continent">African continent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: African continent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to political scientist Constance G. Anthony, American culture war perspectives on human sexuality were exported to Africa as a form of <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a>. In his view, this began during the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">AIDS epidemic in Africa</a>, with the United States government first tying HIV/AIDS assistance money to evangelical leadership and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>, then to LGBTQ tolerance during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">administration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. This stoked a culture war that resulted in (among others) the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014"><i>Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act</i></a> of 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zambian scholar <a href="/wiki/Kapya_Kaoma" title="Kapya Kaoma">Kapya Kaoma</a> notes that because "the demographic center of Christianity is shifting from the <a href="/wiki/Global_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Global North">global North</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">global South</a>" Africa's influence on Christianity worldwide is increasing. American conservatives export their culture wars to Africa, Kaoma says, particularly when they realize they may be losing the battle back home. US Christians have framed their anti-LGBT initiatives in Africa as standing in opposition to a "Western <a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">gay agenda</a>", a framing which Kaoma finds ironic.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North American and European conspiracy theories have become widespread in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> via social media, according to 2021 survey by <i><a href="/wiki/First_Draft_News" title="First Draft News">First Draft News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a> conspiracy thinking, <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> and other conspiracy theories associated with culture war topics are spread by American, Pro-Russian, French-language, and local <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> websites and social media accounts, including prominent politicians in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. This has contributed to <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">vaccine hesitancy</a> in West Africa, with 60 percent of survey respondents saying they were unlikely to try to get vaccinated, and an erosion of trust in institutions in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Actions_against_memorials_in_Great_Britain_during_the_George_Floyd_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests">Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Robert_Milligan,_West_India_Quay_on_9_June_2020_-_statue_covered_and_with_Black_Lives_Matter_sign_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Statue_of_Robert_Milligan%2C_West_India_Quay_on_9_June_2020_-_statue_covered_and_with_Black_Lives_Matter_sign_03.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Robert_Milligan%2C_West_India_Quay_on_9_June_2020_-_statue_covered_and_with_Black_Lives_Matter_sign_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Statue_of_Robert_Milligan%2C_West_India_Quay_on_9_June_2020_-_statue_covered_and_with_Black_Lives_Matter_sign_03.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Robert_Milligan%2C_West_India_Quay_on_9_June_2020_-_statue_covered_and_with_Black_Lives_Matter_sign_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Statue_of_Robert_Milligan%2C_West_India_Quay_on_9_June_2020_-_statue_covered_and_with_Black_Lives_Matter_sign_03.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Robert_Milligan%2C_West_India_Quay_on_9_June_2020_-_statue_covered_and_with_Black_Lives_Matter_sign_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Robert_Milligan" title="Statue of Robert Milligan">statue of Robert Milligan</a></i> on 9 June 2020, the day of its removal</figcaption></figure> <p>A 2021 report from <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> argued that many people's views on cultural issues in Britain had become tied up with the side of the <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> debate with which they identify, while the public party-political identities, although not as strong, show similar alignments and that around half the country held relatively strong views on "culture war" issues such as debates on Britain's colonial history or Black Lives Matter. However, the report concluded Britain's cultural and political divide was not as stark as the Republican–Democratic divide in the US and that a sizeable section of the public can be categorised as having either moderate views or as being disengaged from social debates. It also found that <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, as opposed to the centre-right newspapers, was more likely to talk about the culture wars.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> have been described as attempting to ignite culture wars in regard to "conservative values" under the tenure of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>. </p><p>However, others argue that it is the left who are engaging in "culture wars", particularly against liberal values, accepted words and British institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observers such as <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Yascha_Mounk" title="Yascha Mounk">Yascha Mounk</a> and journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Louise Perry</a> have argued that the collapse in support for the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 United Kingdom general election</a> came as a result of both a media-induced public perception and a deliberate strategy of Labour of pursuing messages and policy ideas based on cultural issues that resonated with more university educated grassroots activists on the left of the party but alienated Labour's traditional working class voters.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An April 2022 survey found evidence that Britons are less divided on "culture war" issues than has often been portrayed in the media. The greatest predictor of opinion was how people voted in the UK's referendum on membership of the European Union, <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, yet even among those who voted 'Leave', 75% agreed "it is important to be attentive to issues of race and social justice". Similarly, even among Remainers and those who last voted for the Labour Party, there was moderately strong support for several socially conservative positions.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-InCommon_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InCommon-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp" controversy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Ukraine" title="Language policy in Ukraine">Language policy in Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_ideology-free_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT ideology-free zone">LGBT ideology-free zone</a></div> <p>Poland's <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> party,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungary's <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>, Serbia's <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Vučić">Aleksandar Vučić</a>, and Slovenia's <a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janez Janša</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have each been accused of fomenting culture wars in their respective countries by encouraging dissent, resistance to LGBT rights, and restrictions on abortion. One facet of the controversy in Poland is the removal of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_War_Memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet War Memorials">Soviet War Memorials</a> which is divisive because some Poles viewed the memorials positively as commemorations of their ancestors who died during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> while others felt negatively due to the oppression that some Poles experienced under the Soviet-backed <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culture war in Hungary is alleged by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Scheppele" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Scheppele">Kim Scheppele</a> to be a disguise for <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> by Viktor Orbán.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukraine, meanwhile, has experienced a decades-long culture war pitting the eastern, predominately Russian-speaking, regions against the western Ukrainian-speaking areas of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LGBT rights are controversial in Poland, as exemplified by President <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a>'s vow in 2020 to oppose both <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT adoption">LGBT adoption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different interpretations of bitter events during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> have become especially contentious in Poland since 2015, shortly after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carnegie_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnegie-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One disputed issue is whether Poland bears any <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">responsibility</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Poland">Holocaust</a>, or whether Poland was entirely a victim of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. This dispute is embodied by the <a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a> controversy (involving <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> that had been built by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on German-occupied Polish soil) and an attempt to address that controversy with a now <a href="/wiki/Amendment_to_the_Act_on_the_Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance">partly repealed law</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second issue, also addressed by the partly repealed law, revolves around <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Poland–Ukraine relations">Poland–Ukraine relations</a> </p><p>Poland is not alone<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the region in passing a law to criminalize negative interpretations of the country's collaborationist nationalist movements during WWII and <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Poland–Ukraine relations">Poland–Ukraine relations</a> have suffered as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_decommunization_laws" title="Ukrainian decommunization laws">similar law</a> in Ukraine that was criticized in Poland for deflecting blame away from the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drugs">Drugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_decriminalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug decriminalization">Drug decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_parenting">Education and parenting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education and parenting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_discipline" title="Child discipline">child discipline</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Spanking" title="Spanking">spanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Educational_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational choice">educational choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual education">Sexual education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">abstinence only education</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_and_energy">Environment and energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Environment and energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming controversy">Global warming controversy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman2012_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_and_sexuality">Gender and sexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gender and sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity in sexual relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversies" title="Circumcision controversies">Circumcision controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">LGBT rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_work" title="Sex work">Sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplessness" title="Toplessness">Toplessness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">Nudity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Law and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crypto_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto wars">Crypto wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_state_vs._blue_state_divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red state vs. blue state divide">Red state vs. blue state divide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_issues">Life issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Life issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a> including <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> and <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">in vitro fertilization</a> (and their coverage by insurance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem-cell research">Stem-cell research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">Universal healthcare</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a> – Form of censorship of artistic or other media works</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_renaming" title="Geographical renaming">Geographical renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">History wars</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">Media bias in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">moral relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Negationism">Negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owning_the_libs" title="Owning the libs">Owning the libs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">Race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory wars">Theory wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke" title="Woke">Woke</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiaz_RuizNilsson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas (August 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07439156221103852">"Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Policy & Marketing</i>. <b>42</b>: 18–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F07439156221103852">10.1177/07439156221103852</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0743-9156">0743-9156</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248934562">248934562</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620070343/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07439156221103852">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Policy+%26+Marketing&rft.atitle=Disinformation+and+Echo+Chambers%3A+How+Disinformation+Circulates+on+Social+Media+Through+Identity-Driven+Controversies&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=18-35&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248934562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0743-9156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F07439156221103852&rft.aulast=Diaz+Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+Tomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F07439156221103852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolevaGrahamIyerDitto2012" class="citation journal cs1">Koleva, Spassena P.; Graham, Jesse; Iyer, Ravi; Ditto, Peter H.; Haidt, Jonathan (April 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656612000074">"Tracing the threads: How five moral concerns (especially Purity) help explain culture war attitudes"</a>. <i>Journal of Research in Personality</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 184–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jrp.2012.01.006">10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-6566">0092-6566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6786293">6786293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Personality&rft.atitle=Tracing+the+threads%3A+How+five+moral+concerns+%28especially+Purity%29+help+explain+culture+war+attitudes&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=184-194&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6786293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0092-6566&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jrp.2012.01.006&rft.aulast=Koleva&rft.aufirst=Spassena+P.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Jesse&rft.au=Iyer%2C+Ravi&rft.au=Ditto%2C+Peter+H.&rft.au=Haidt%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0092656612000074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaleem2023" class="citation thesis cs1">Saleem, Saleena Begum (July 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3172024"><i>Trust in Polarised Plural Societies: Intersections Across the Ideological Divides of Women's Groups in Malaysia</i></a> (dphil thesis). University of Liverpool. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231105180913/https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3172024/">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Trust+in+Polarised+Plural+Societies%3A+Intersections+Across+the+Ideological+Divides+of+Women%27s+Groups+in+Malaysia&rft.degree=dphil&rft.inst=University+of+Liverpool&rft.date=2023-07-18&rft.aulast=Saleem&rft.aufirst=Saleena+Begum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivrepository.liverpool.ac.uk%2F3172024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew_Hartman_2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_Hartman_2015_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_Hartman_2015_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Hartman, <i>A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/legal-and-political-magazines/culture-wars">"Culture Wars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111010307/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/legal-and-political-magazines/culture-wars">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Culture+Wars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Flegal-and-political-magazines%2Fculture-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/kulturkampf">"Kulturkampf – Definition, meaning & more"</a>. <i>Collins Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Kulturkampf+%E2%80%93+Definition%2C+meaning+%26+more&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Famerican%2Fkulturkampf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7nTaPXOce4C&dq=%22culture+war%22&pg=PA380"><i>The Month and Catholic Review</i> (March 1875) vol 4 p. 380</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterWolfe2006" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, James Davison; Wolfe, Alan (2006). <i>Is There a Culture War? : A Dialogue on Values and American Public Life</i>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76966750">76966750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+There+a+Culture+War%3F+%3A+A+Dialogue+on+Values+and+American+Public+Life&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76966750&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=James+Davison&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorenChapp2017" class="citation journal cs1">Goren, Paul; Chapp, Christopher (February 24, 2017). "Moral Power: How Public Opinion on Culture War Issues Shapes Partisan Predispositions and Religious Orientations". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>111</b> (1): 110–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055416000435">10.1017/S0003055416000435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151573922">151573922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Moral+Power%3A+How+Public+Opinion+on+Culture+War+Issues+Shapes+Partisan+Predispositions+and+Religious+Orientations&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=110-128&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055416000435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151573922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Goren&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Chapp%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dionne2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dionne2006_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dionne2006_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionne, E.J., Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/01/why-the-culture-war-is-the-wrong-war/304502/">"Why the Culture War Is the Wrong War."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213000333/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/01/why-the-culture-war-is-the-wrong-war/304502/">Archived</a> December 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Atlantic</i>. January/February 2006. 29 April 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelzer2009" class="citation book cs1">Melzer, Scott (October 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyupress.org/9780814795507/gun-crusaders/"><i>Gun Crusaders: The NRA's Culture War</i></a>. New York University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814764503" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814764503"><bdi>978-0814764503</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001357/https://nyupress.org/9780814795507/gun-crusaders/">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gun+Crusaders%3A+The+NRA%27s+Culture+War&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0814764503&rft.aulast=Melzer&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyupress.org%2F9780814795507%2Fgun-crusaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgely2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ridgely, Susan B. (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Frac.2020.1">"Conservative Christianity and the Creation of Alternative News: An Analysis of Focus on the Family's Multimedia Empire"</a>. <i>Religion and American Culture</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Frac.2020.1">10.1017/rac.2020.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+and+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Conservative+Christianity+and+the+Creation+of+Alternative+News%3A+An+Analysis+of+Focus+on+the+Family%27s+Multimedia+Empire&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Frac.2020.1&rft.aulast=Ridgely&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Frac.2020.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmannHopkins2015" class="citation journal cs1">Grossmann, Matt; Hopkins, David A. (March 2015). "Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats: The Asymmetry of American Party Politics". <i>Perspectives on Politics</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 119–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592714003168">10.1017/S1537592714003168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144639776">144639776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Politics&rft.atitle=Ideological+Republicans+and+Group+Interest+Democrats%3A+The+Asymmetry+of+American+Party+Politics&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-139&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537592714003168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144639776%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grossmann&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2020" class="citation web cs1">Hopkins, David A. (April 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honestgraft.com/2020/04/solving-covid-crisis-requires.html">"Solving the COVID Crisis Requires Bipartisanship, But the Modern GOP Isn't Built for It"</a>. <i>Honest Graft</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518135152/http://www.honestgraft.com/2020/04/solving-covid-crisis-requires.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honest+Graft&rft.atitle=Solving+the+COVID+Crisis+Requires+Bipartisanship%2C+But+the+Modern+GOP+Isn%27t+Built+for+It&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honestgraft.com%2F2020%2F04%2Fsolving-covid-crisis-requires.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._Taiwo2022" class="citation web cs1">O. Taiwo, Olufemi (May 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/may/16/are-culture-wars-distraction-critical-race-theory">"Are culture wars really a distraction?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717045600/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/may/16/are-culture-wars-distraction-critical-race-theory">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Are+culture+wars+really+a+distraction%3F&rft.date=2022-05-16&rft.aulast=O.+Taiwo&rft.aufirst=Olufemi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2022%2Fmay%2F16%2Fare-culture-wars-distraction-critical-race-theory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/">"Seminar on the Culture Wars of the 1920s"</a>. Fall 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025063441/http://www1.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seminar+on+the+Culture+Wars+of+the+1920s&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.assumption.edu%2Fahc%2F1920s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionne" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._J._Dionne" title="E. J. Dionne">Dionne, E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+Wars%3A+How+2004&rft.aulast=Dionne&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F03%2Freclaiming_faith_and_politics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newspapers.com/clip/29457081/what_bismarck_could_not_do_culture_war/">"What Bismarck could not do (Culture War reference) (1906)"</a>. <i>Washington Palladium</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Palladium&rft.atitle=What+Bismarck+could+not+do+%28Culture+War+reference%29+%281906%29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1906-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F29457081%2Fwhat_bismarck_could_not_do_culture_war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newspapers.com/clip/29456609/culture_war_to_be_theme_of_talk_1942/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Culture War' to be theme of talk (1942)"</a>. <i>Oakland Tribune</i>. February 18, 1942. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212171946/http://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-culture-war-to-be-them/29456609/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oakland+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27Culture+War%27+to+be+theme+of+talk+%281942%29&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1942-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F29456609%2Fculture_war_to_be_theme_of_talk_1942%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2023" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Gross, Terry (May 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/05/17/1176662608/a-historian-details-how-a-secretive-extremist-group-radicalized-the-american-rig"><i>A historian details how a secretive, extremist group radicalized the American right</i></a> (Radio broadcast). Fresh Air. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+historian+details+how+a+secretive%2C+extremist+group+radicalized+the+American+right&rft.series=Fresh+Air&rft.pub=National+Public+Radio&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F05%2F17%2F1176662608%2Fa-historian-details-how-a-secretive-extremist-group-radicalized-the-american-rig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelestini2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Celestini, Carmen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/13361/Celestini_Carmen.pdf"><i>God, Country, and Christian Conservatives: The National Association of Manufacturers, the John Birch Society, and the Rise of the Christian Right</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>. pp. iv, 37, 283, 322–325, 328–334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=God%2C+Country%2C+and+Christian+Conservatives%3A+The+National+Association+of+Manufacturers%2C+the+John+Birch+Society%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+Christian+Right&rft.inst=University+of+Waterloo&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Celestini&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuwspace.uwaterloo.ca%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10012%2F13361%2FCelestini_Carmen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Dakss, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bill-oreillys-culture-warrior/">"Bill O'Reilly's 'Culture Warrior'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213000253/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bill-oreillys-culture-warrior/">Archived</a> December 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>CBS News</i>, December 5, 2006. Retrieved March 27, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly, Bill</a> (September 2006). <i>Culture Warrior</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Books" title="Broadway Books">Broadway Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-2092-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-2092-9"><bdi>0-7679-2092-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Warrior&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2006-09&rft.isbn=0-7679-2092-9&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlling2020" class="citation news cs1">Illing, Sean (July 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/7/9/21291493/donald-trump-evangelical-christians-kristin-kobes-du-mez">"Is evangelical support for Trump a contradiction?"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616155249/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/7/9/21291493/donald-trump-evangelical-christians-kristin-kobes-du-mez">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Is+evangelical+support+for+Trump+a+contradiction%3F&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Illing&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolicy-and-politics%2F2020%2F7%2F9%2F21291493%2Fdonald-trump-evangelical-christians-kristin-kobes-du-mez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308043424/http://www.newdonkey.com/2004/09/dogs-of-war.html">"Dogs of War"</a>. New Donkey. September 2, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newdonkey.com/2004/09/dogs-of-war.html">the original</a> on March 8, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2006</span>. <q>Not since Pat Buchanan's famous 'culture war' speech in 1992 has a major speaker at a national political convention spoken so hatefully, at such length, about the opposition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dogs+of+War&rft.pub=New+Donkey&rft.date=2004-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newdonkey.com%2F2004%2F09%2Fdogs-of-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1992-GOP-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1992-GOP_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1992-GOP_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1992" class="citation speech cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buchanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Buchanan">Buchanan, Patrick</a> (August 17, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buchanan.org/blog/1992-republican-national-convention-speech-148"><i>1992 Republican National Convention Speech</i></a> (Speech). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208185713/https://buchanan.org/blog/1992-republican-national-convention-speech-148">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1992+Republican+National+Convention+Speech&rft.date=1992-08-17&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuchanan.org%2Fblog%2F1992-republican-national-convention-speech-148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buchanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Buchanan">Buchanan, Patrick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buchanan.org/blog/the-cultural-war-for-the-soul-of-america-149">"The Cultural War for the Soul of America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317033220/http://buchanan.org/blog/the-cultural-war-for-the-soul-of-america-149">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+War+for+the+Soul+of+America&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuchanan.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-cultural-war-for-the-soul-of-america-149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chávez_2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chávez_2010_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChávez2010" class="citation book cs1">Chávez, Karma R. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturewarsencyc0000unse/page/88/mode/1up?view=theater">"Christian Coalition"</a></span>. In Chapman, Roger (ed.). <i>Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices, Volume 1</i>. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1761-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1761-3"><bdi>978-0-7656-1761-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Coalition&rft.btitle=Culture+Wars%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Issues%2C+Viewpoints+and+Voices%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1761-3&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.aufirst=Karma+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturewarsencyc0000unse%2Fpage%2F88%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedic_2010-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benedic_2010_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedicRising2010" class="citation book cs1">Benedic, Diane; Rising, George (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturewarsencyc0000unse/page/136/mode/1up?view=theater">"Democratic Party"</a></span>. In Chapman, Roger (ed.). <i>Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices, Volume 1</i>. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celebrity+Studies&rft.atitle=%27The+climate+has+always+been+changing%27%3A+Sarah+Palin%2C+climate+change+denialism%2C+and+American+conservatism&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-388&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19392397.2019.1667251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204377874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hatzisavvidou&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurehost.bath.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F198548337%2FThe_Climate_Has_Always_Been_Changing_with_author_details.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeixeira2009" class="citation web cs1">Teixeira, Ruy (July 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2009/07/15/6454/the-coming-end-of-the-culture-wars/">"The Coming End of the Culture Wars"</a>. <i>Center for American Progress</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209141022/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2009/07/15/6454/the-coming-end-of-the-culture-wars/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Athens, Greece. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104000755/https://apps.npr.org/liveblogs/20201103-election/#slovenian-prime-minister-cheers-trump-328">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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April 13, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326170823/https://www.dw.com/en/poland-plans-to-tear-down-hundreds-of-soviet-memorials/a-19185159">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Poland+plans+to+tear+down+hundreds+of+Soviet+memorials&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fpoland-plans-to-tear-down-hundreds-of-soviet-memorials%2Fa-19185159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/then-and-now-photos-show-soviet-monuments-disappearing-in-poland-after-decommunization-law/30905305.html">"Then And Now: Soviet Monuments Disappear Across Poland"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. October 23, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330064935/https://www.rferl.org/a/then-and-now-photos-show-soviet-monuments-disappearing-in-poland-after-decommunization-law/30905305.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Then+And+Now%3A+Soviet+Monuments+Disappear+Across+Poland&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fthen-and-now-photos-show-soviet-monuments-disappearing-in-poland-after-decommunization-law%2F30905305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099680587/a-prominent-conference-of-american-conservatives-is-taking-place-in-hungary">"Here's why American conservatives are heading to Hungary for a big conference"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519173042/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099680587/a-prominent-conference-of-american-conservatives-is-taking-place-in-hungary">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Here%27s+why+American+conservatives+are+heading+to+Hungary+for+a+big+conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F05%2F18%2F1099680587%2Fa-prominent-conference-of-american-conservatives-is-taking-place-in-hungary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/ukraines-culture-war-9838">"Ukraine's Culture War"</a>. <i>The National Interest</i>. February 7, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022235721/https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/ukraines-culture-war-9838">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Culture+War&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Fcommentary%2Fukraines-culture-war-9838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613203428/https://time.com/5853277/andrzej-duda-lgbt-ideology-communism/">"Polish President Calls 'LGBT Ideology' More Harmful Than Communism"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5853277/andrzej-duda-lgbt-ideology-communism/">the original</a> on June 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Polish+President+Calls+%27LGBT+Ideology%27+More+Harmful+Than+Communism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5853277%2Fandrzej-duda-lgbt-ideology-communism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53039864">"Polish election: Andrzej Duda says LGBT 'ideology' worse than communism"</a>. BBC News. June 14, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031095804/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53039864">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Polish+election%3A+Andrzej+Duda+says+LGBT+%27ideology%27+worse+than+communism&rft.date=2020-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-53039864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carnegie-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carnegie_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/75029">"The Polish-Ukrainian Battle for the Past"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Polish-Ukrainian+Battle+for+the+Past&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieeurope.eu%2Fstrategiceurope%2F75029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span>, Carnegie Europe</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackmann2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hackmann, Jörg (2018). "Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 587–606. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2018.1528742">10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81922100">81922100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Defending+the+%22Good+Name%22+of+the+Polish+Nation%3A+Politics+of+History+as+a+Battlefield+in+Poland%2C+2015%E2%80%9318&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=587-606&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2018.1528742&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A81922100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hackmann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2018" class="citation news cs1">Katz, Dovid (April 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishcurrents.org/poland-s-new-holocaust-is-bad-but-not-the-worst/">"Poland's New Holocaust Law Is Bad, But Not the Worst"</a>. <i>Jewish Currents</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Currents&rft.atitle=Poland%27s+New+Holocaust+Law+Is+Bad%2C+But+Not+the+Worst&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Dovid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishcurrents.org%2Fpoland-s-new-holocaust-is-bad-but-not-the-worst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvp.info/19594670/mowie-upa-odpowiada-za-ludobojstwo-polakow-ukraincy-scigajcie-mnie">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Mówię: UPA odpowiada za ludobójstwo Polaków. Ukraińcy, ścigajcie mnie!"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22M%C3%B3wi%C4%99%3A+UPA+odpowiada+za+ludob%C3%B3jstwo+Polak%C3%B3w.+Ukrai%C5%84cy%2C+%C5%9Bcigajcie+mnie%21%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvp.info%2F19594670%2Fmowie-upa-odpowiada-za-ludobojstwo-polakow-ukraincy-scigajcie-mnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chapman, Roger, and James Ciment. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XO9nBwAAQBAJ">Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices</a></i> (2nd ed. Routledge, 2015)</li> <li>D'Antonio, William V., Steven A. Tuch and Josiah R. Baker, <i>Religion, Politics, and Polarization: How Religiopolitical Conflict Is Changing Congress and American Democracy</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1442223979" title="Special:BookSources/1442223979">1442223979</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442223974" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442223974">978-1442223974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_P._Fiorina" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris P. Fiorina">Fiorina, Morris P.</a>, with Samuel J. Abrams and Jeremy C. Pope, <i>Culture War?: The Myth of a Polarized America</i> (Longman, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-27640-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-27640-X">0-321-27640-X</a></li> <li>Graff, Gerald. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzYG0HytHoAC">Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflicts Can Revitalize American Education</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2017" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, R. Marie (2017). <i>Moral Combat: How Sex Divided American Christians and Fractured American Politics</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465094752" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465094752"><bdi>978-0465094752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Combat%3A+How+Sex+Divided+American+Christians+and+Fractured+American+Politics&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0465094752&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=R.+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hartman, Andrew. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fW__BgAAQBAJ">A war for the soul of America: a history of the culture wars</a></i> (University of Chicago Press, 2015)</li> <li>Hunter, James Davison, <i>Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America</i> (New York: Basic Books, 1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-01534-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-01534-4">0-465-01534-4</a></li> <li>Jay, Gregory S., <i>American Literature and the Culture Wars</i>, (Cornell University Press, 1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3393-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3393-2">0-8014-3393-2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801433931" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801433931">978-0801433931</a></li> <li>Jensen, Richard. "The Culture Wars, 1965-1995: A Historian's Map" <i>Journal of Social History</i> 29 (Oct 1995) 17–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789064">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Jones, E. Michael, <i>Degenerate Moderns: Modernity As Rationalized Sexual Misbehavior</i>, Ft. Collins, CO: Ignatius Press, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-447-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-447-2">0-89870-447-2</a></li> <li>Petro, Anthony, <i>After the Wrath of God: AIDS, Sexuality, and American Religion</i> (Oxford University Press, 2015)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero2017" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, Stephen (2017). <i>Why Liberals Win the Culture Wars (Even When They Lose Elections): A History of the Religious Battles That Define America from Jefferson's Heresies to Gay Marriage Today</i>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061571312" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061571312"><bdi>978-0061571312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Liberals+Win+the+Culture+Wars+%28Even+When+They+Lose+Elections%29%3A+A+History+of+the+Religious+Battles+That+Define+America+from+Jefferson%27s+Heresies+to+Gay+Marriage+Today&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0061571312&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Strauss, William & Howe, Neil, <i>The Fourth Turning, An American Prophecy: What the Cycles of History Tell Us About America's Next Rendezvous With Destiny</i>, 1998, Broadway Books, New York</li> <li>Thomson, Irene Tavis., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614004916/http://www.press.umich.edu/1571954"><i>Culture Wars and Enduring American Dilemmas</i></a>, (University of Michigan Press, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-07088-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-07088-6">978-0-472-07088-6</a></li> <li>Walsh, Andrew D., <i>Religion, Economics, and Public Policy: Ironies, Tragedies, and Absurdities of the Contemporary Culture Wars</i>, (Praeger, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96611-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96611-9">0-275-96611-9</a></li> <li>Webb, Adam K., <i>Beyond the Global Culture War</i>, (Routledge, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-95313-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-95313-8">0-415-95313-8</a></li> <li>Zimmerman, Jonathan, <i>Whose America? Culture Wars in the Public Schools</i> (Harvard University Press, 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01860-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01860-5">0-674-01860-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_war&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/culture_war" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/culture war"><i>culture war</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_social_conservatism" title="Template:American social conservatism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_social_conservatism" title="Template talk:American social conservatism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_social_conservatism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American social conservatism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social conservatism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues and ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">Gay agenda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-pornography movement in the United States">Anti-pornography movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition of drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_prayer_in_the_United_States" title="School prayer in the United States">School prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">Friendly separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Barton_(author)" title="David Barton (author)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bennett" title="William Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Brownback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Bryant" title="Anita Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Boebert" title="Lauren Boebert">Boebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boykin" title="Peter Boykin">Boykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">Bozell III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Cameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Candace Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Coburn" title="Tom Coburn">Coburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">DeLay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">DeMint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Dice" title="Mark Dice">Dice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Donohue" title="Bill Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Falwell Sr.">Falwell Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Jr." title="Jerry Falwell Jr.">Falwell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louie_Gohmert" title="Louie Gohmert">Gohmert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris" title="Katherine Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hostettler" title="John Hostettler">Hostettler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._James_Kennedy" title="D. James Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_King" title="Steve King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Parsley" title="Rod Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Pence" title="Greg Pence">Pence (Greg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Perkins_(politician)" title="Tony Perkins (politician)">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Peroutka" title="Michael Peroutka">Peroutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Robinson_(American_politician)" title="Mark Robinson (American politician)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Ruzicka" title="Gayle Ruzicka">Ruzicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Scarborough" title="Rick Scarborough">Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Schundler" title="Bret Schundler">Schundler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Stenzel" title="Pam Stenzel">Stenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_Beth_Stuckey" title="Allie Beth Stuckey">Stuckey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tancredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Tatum" title="Brandon Tatum">Tatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Elizabeth_Uihlein" title="Richard and Elizabeth Uihlein">Uihlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Principles_Project" title="American Principles Project">American Principles Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">Concerned Women for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">Family Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_on_Sexual_Exploitation" title="National Center on Sexual Exploitation">National Center on Sexual Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">National Organization for Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">National Right to Life Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">Parents Television and Media Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Values_Coalition" title="Traditional Values Coalition">Traditional Values Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions in the Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Declaration:_A_Call_of_Christian_Conscience" title="Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience">Manhattan Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_pride" title="Straight pride">Straight pride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_culture" title="Outline of culture">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Cultural astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioculture" title="Bioculture">Bioculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership" title="Cross-cultural leadership">Cross-cultural leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Cultural entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mediation" title="Cultural mediation">Cultural mediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_learning" title="Intercultural learning">Intercultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Sociology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound culture">Sound culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_culture" title="Theology of culture">Theology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcultural_nursing" title="Transcultural nursing">Transcultural nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">Constructed culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">Individualistic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_pop_culture" title="Urban pop culture">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_through_culture" title="Resistance through culture">Resistance through culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_culture" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_by_location" title="Category:Culture by location">Culture by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_behavior" title="Cultural behavior">Cultural behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_communication" title="Cultural communication">Cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_emphasis" title="Cultural emphasis">Cultural emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">Cultural framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">Destroyed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_technology" title="Cultural technology">Cultural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultureme" title="Cultureme">Cultureme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="High- and low-context cultures">High- and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturality" class="mw-redirect" title="Interculturality">Interculturality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-material_culture" title="Non-material culture">Non-material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoculture" title="Protoculture">Protoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Trans-cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and positive psychology">Culture and positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_social_cognition" title="Culture and social cognition">Culture and social cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_gap" title="Culture gap">Culture gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturgen" title="Culturgen">Culturgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" 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