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Gęstość Plancka – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia

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Treść dostępna w 22 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 języki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="كثافة بلانك – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كثافة بلانك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Планкаўская шчыльнасць – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Планкаўская шчыльнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densitat_de_Planck" title="Densitat de Planck – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Densitat de Planck" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planckova_hustota" title="Planckova hustota – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Planckova hustota" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_density" title="Planck density – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Planck density" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densidad_de_Planck" title="Densidad de Planck – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Densidad de Planck" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denseco_de_Planck" title="Denseco de Planck – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Denseco de Planck" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densit%C3%A9_de_Planck" title="Densité de Planck – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Densité de Planck" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC_%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84" title="플랑크 밀도 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플랑크 밀도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densit%C3%A0_di_Planck" title="Densità di Planck – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Densità di Planck" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck-s%C5%B1r%C5%B1s%C3%A9g" title="Planck-sűrűség – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Planck-sűrűség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Планкова густина – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Планкова густина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="プランク密度 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プランク密度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densidade_de_Planck" title="Densidade de Planck – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Densidade de Planck" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Планковская плотность – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Планковская плотность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densitati_di_Planck" title="Densitati di Planck – sycylijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Densitati di Planck" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sycylijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planckova_gostota" title="Planckova gostota – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Planckova gostota" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planckin_tiheys" title="Planckin tiheys – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Planckin tiheys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planckdensitet" title="Planckdensitet – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Planckdensitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_yo%C4%9Funlu%C4%9Fu" title="Planck yoğunluğu – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Planck yoğunluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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Jest ilorazem <a href="/wiki/Masa_Plancka" title="Masa Plancka">masy Plancka</a> przez sześcian <a href="/wiki/D%C5%82ugo%C5%9B%C4%87_Plancka" title="Długość Plancka">długości Plancka</a> (objętość Plancka): </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{P}={\frac {m_{P}}{l_{P}^{3}}}={\frac {c^{5}}{\hbar G^{2}}}\approx 5,15500\cdot 10^{96}{\frac {\text{kg}}{{\text{m}}^{3}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>&#x03C1;<!-- ρ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mi class="MJX-variant">&#x210F;<!-- ℏ --></mi> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>&#x2248;<!-- ≈ --></mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>15500</mn> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>96</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>kg</mtext> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{P}={\frac {m_{P}}{l_{P}^{3}}}={\frac {c^{5}}{\hbar G^{2}}}\approx 5,15500\cdot 10^{96}{\frac {\text{kg}}{{\text{m}}^{3}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32e544fab17a04715b86bc49ed241870fc74b328" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:39.045ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{P}={\frac {m_{P}}{l_{P}^{3}}}={\frac {c^{5}}{\hbar G^{2}}}\approx 5,15500\cdot 10^{96}{\frac {\text{kg}}{{\text{m}}^{3}}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>gdzie: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{P}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{P}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b58bf73434769ef9bf999f369ec52a874358848" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.507ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{P}}"></span> – masa Plancka, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l_{P}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l_{P}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/435d49d7f75dce6f38de366f0158f99ce0ff77c9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.16ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l_{P}}"></span> – długość Plancka, <i>c</i> – <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%99dko%C5%9B%C4%87_%C5%9Bwiat%C5%82a" title="Prędkość światła">prędkość światła</a> w <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3%C5%BCnia" title="Próżnia">próżni</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi class="MJX-variant">&#x210F;<!-- ℏ --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de68de3a92517953436c93b5a76461d49160cc41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.306ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar }"></span> – <a href="/wiki/Sta%C5%82a_Plancka" title="Stała Plancka">zredukowana stała Plancka</a>, <i>G</i> – <a href="/wiki/Sta%C5%82a_grawitacji" title="Stała grawitacji">stała grawitacji</a>. </p><p>Gęstość Plancka odpowiada gęstości 10<sup>23</sup> <a href="/wiki/Masa_S%C5%82o%C5%84ca" title="Masa Słońca">mas Słońca</a> ściśniętych do objętości <a href="/wiki/J%C4%85dro_atomowe" title="Jądro atomowe">jądra atomowego</a> wodoru (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonu</a>). Ekstrapolując wstecz historię <a href="/wiki/Wszech%C5%9Bwiat" title="Wszechświat">Wszechświata</a> można stwierdzić, że taką gęstość musiał mieć on po <a href="/wiki/Czas_Plancka" title="Czas Plancka">czasie Plancka</a> od momentu <a href="/wiki/Wielki_Wybuch" title="Wielki Wybuch">Wielkiego Wybuchu</a>. Obecnie gęstość taką może osiągać <a href="/wiki/Materia_(fizyka)" title="Materia (fizyka)">materia</a> w <a href="/wiki/Czarna_dziura" title="Czarna dziura">czarnych dziurach</a>. Przy gęstości Plancka właściwości materii nie opisuje żadna z uznanych i potwierdzonych teorii fizycznych – zawodzi tu zarówno <a href="/wiki/Og%C3%B3lna_teoria_wzgl%C4%99dno%C5%9Bci" title="Ogólna teoria względności">ogólna teoria względności</a>, jak i <a href="/wiki/Mechanika_kwantowa" title="Mechanika kwantowa">mechanika kwantowa</a>. Fizycy przypuszczają, że przy tej gęstości wszystkie oddziaływania ulegają <a href="/wiki/Teorie_wielkiej_unifikacji" title="Teorie wielkiej unifikacji">unifikacji</a> w jedną podstawową siłę, która kształtuje podstawowe własności Wszechświata. 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.opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Jednostki_naturalne" title="Szablon:Jednostki naturalne"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Jednostki_naturalne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Jednostki naturalne (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Jednostki_naturalne&amp;action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Jednostki_Plancka" title="Jednostki Plancka">Jednostki naturalne</a> (jednostki <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Plancka</a>)</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Jednostki podstawowe</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%82ugo%C5%9B%C4%87_Plancka" title="Długość Plancka">długość Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czas_Plancka" title="Czas Plancka">czas&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa_Plancka" title="Masa Plancka">masa&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81adunek_Plancka" title="Ładunek Plancka">ładunek&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_Plancka" title="Temperatura Plancka">temperatura&#160;Plancka</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Jednostki pochodne</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energia_Plancka" title="Energia Plancka">energia&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si%C5%82a_Plancka" title="Siła Plancka">siła&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc_Plancka" title="Moc Plancka">moc&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">gęstość&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsacja_Plancka" title="Pulsacja Plancka">pulsacja&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C5%9Bnienie_Plancka" title="Ciśnienie Plancka">ciśnienie&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat%C4%99%C5%BCenie_Plancka" title="Natężenie Plancka">natężenie&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napi%C4%99cie_Plancka" title="Napięcie Plancka">napięcie&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%B3r_Plancka" title="Opór Plancka">opór&#160;Plancka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%99d_Plancka" title="Pęd Plancka">pęd&#160;Plancka</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="hlist navbox-below below"> <dl><dt>Pięć fundamentalnych <a href="/wiki/Sta%C5%82e_fizyczne" title="Stałe fizyczne">stałych fizycznych</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%99dko%C5%9B%C4%87_%C5%9Bwiat%C5%82a" title="Prędkość światła">prędkość&#160;światła</a>&#160;w&#160;próżni</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sta%C5%82a_grawitacji" title="Stała grawitacji">stała&#160;grawitacji</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sta%C5%82a_Plancka" title="Stała Plancka">zredukowana&#160;stała&#160;Plancka</a></dd> <dd>czynnik&#160;stały&#160;z&#160;<a href="/wiki/Prawo_Coulomba" title="Prawo Coulomba">prawa&#160;Coulomba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sta%C5%82a_Boltzmanna" title="Stała Boltzmanna">stała&#160;Boltzmanna</a></dd></dl> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>&#160;(<span class="description">jednostka gęstości</span>):</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Planck-density">science/Planck-density</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gęstość_Plancka&amp;oldid=69254762">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gęstość_Plancka&amp;oldid=69254762</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Jednostki_naturalne" title="Kategoria:Jednostki naturalne">Jednostki naturalne</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ukryta kategoria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Artyku%C5%82y_wymagaj%C4%85ce_uzupe%C5%82nienia_%C5%BAr%C3%B3de%C5%82_od_2013-10" title="Kategoria:Artykuły wymagające uzupełnienia źródeł od 2013-10">Artykuły wymagające uzupełnienia źródeł od 2013-10</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 9 sty 2023, 04:46.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. 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