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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_precedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_precedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historical precedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_precedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation_Act_1651" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_Act_1651"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Navigation Act 1651</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation_Act_1651-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Restoration_Navigation_Acts_to_1696" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Restoration_Navigation_Acts_to_1696"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-Restoration Navigation Acts to 1696</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Restoration_Navigation_Acts_to_1696-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-Restoration Navigation Acts to 1696 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Restoration_Navigation_Acts_to_1696-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navigation_Act_1660" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_Act_1660"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Navigation Act 1660</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation_Act_1660-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation_Act_1663" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_Act_1663"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Navigation Act 1663</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation_Act_1663-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation_Act_1673" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_Act_1673"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Navigation Act 1673</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation_Act_1673-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation_Act_1696" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_Act_1696"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Navigation Act 1696</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation_Act_1696-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation_Acts_1696–1760" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_Acts_1696–1760"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Navigation Acts 1696–1760</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Navigation_Acts_1696–1760-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Navigation Acts 1696–1760 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Navigation_Acts_1696–1760-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Molasses_Act_1733" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molasses_Act_1733"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Molasses Act 1733</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molasses_Act_1733-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Repeal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effects on Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_American_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_American_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Effects on American colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_American_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Effect on Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Navigation Acts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actes_de_navegaci%C3%B3" title="Actes de navegació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Actes de navegació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naviga%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_akta" title="Navigační akta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Navigační akta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigationsakte" title="Navigationsakte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Navigationsakte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actas_de_Navegaci%C3%B3n" title="Actas de Navegación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Actas de Navegación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actes_de_navigation" title="Actes de navigation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Actes de navigation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%ED%95%B4%EB%B2%95" title="항해법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항해법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggi_sulla_navigazione" title="Leggi sulla navigazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leggi sulla navigazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99" title="חוקי הסחר הימי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקי הסחר הימי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სანავიგაციო აქტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სანავიგაციო აქტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelse_Scheepvaartwetten" title="Engelse Scheepvaartwetten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Engelse Scheepvaartwetten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%9D%A1%E4%BE%8B" title="航海条例 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="航海条例" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigasjonsakten" title="Navigasjonsakten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Navigasjonsakten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigasjonslovane" title="Navigasjonslovane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Navigasjonslovane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akty_Nawigacyjne" title="Akty Nawigacyjne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akty Nawigacyjne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ato_de_Navega%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Ato de Navegação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ato de Navegação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Навигационный акт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Навигационный акт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigacijska_listina" title="Navigacijska listina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navigacijska listina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Навигацијски акт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Навигацијски акт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purjehduss%C3%A4%C3%A4nt%C3%B6" title="Purjehdussääntö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Purjehdussääntö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigationsakterna" title="Navigationsakterna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Navigationsakterna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="พระราชบัญญัติการเดินเรือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระราชบัญญัติการเดินเรือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyir_Yasalar%C4%B1" title="Seyir Yasaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seyir Yasaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Навігаційний акт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Навігаційний акт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="航海法案 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="航海法案" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q318785#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg/60px-Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg/80px-Text_document_with_page_number_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article cites its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">sources</a> but <b>does not provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEHOW" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEHOW">page references</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Navigation Acts</b>, or more broadly the <b>Acts of Trade and Navigation,</b> were a long series of English laws that developed, promoted, and regulated English ships, shipping, trade, and commerce with other countries and with its own colonies. The laws also regulated England's fisheries and restricted foreign—including Scottish and Irish—participation in its colonial trade.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While based on earlier precedents, they were first enacted in 1651 under the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>. </p><p>The system was re-enacted and broadened with the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a> by the Navigation Act 1660, and further developed and tightened by the Navigation Acts of 1663, 1673, and 1696.<sup id="cite_ref-Purvis1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purvis1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon this basis during the 18th century, the Acts were modified by subsequent amendments, changes, and the addition of enforcement mechanisms and staff. Additionally, a major change in the very purpose of the Acts in the 1760s—that of generating a colonial revenue, rather than only regulating the Empire's trade—would help lead to <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">major rebellions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and significant changes in the implementation of the Acts themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Acts generally prohibited the use of foreign ships, required the employment of English and colonial mariners for 75% of the crews, including <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> ships. The Acts prohibited colonies from exporting specific, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enumerate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:enumerate">enumerated</a>, products to countries other than Britain and those countries' colonies, and mandated that imports be sourced only through Britain. </p><p>Overall, the Acts formed the basis for English (and later) British overseas trade for nearly 200 years, but with the development and gradual acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, the Acts were eventually repealed in 1849. The laws reflected the European economic theory of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a> which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside their respective Empires, and to minimize the loss of gold and silver, or profits, to foreigners through purchases and trade. The system would develop with the colonies supplying raw materials for British industry, and in exchange for this guaranteed market, the colonies would purchase manufactured goods from or through Britain. </p><p>The major impetus for the first Navigation Act was the ruinous deterioration of English trade in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Aftermath of the Eighty Years' War">aftermath of the Eighty Years' War</a>, and the associated lifting of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargoes</a> on trade between the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. The end of the embargoes in 1647 unleashed the full power of the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Amsterdam Entrepôt">Amsterdam Entrepôt</a> and other Dutch competitive advantages in European and world trade. Within a few years, English merchants had practically been overwhelmed in the Baltic and North sea trade, as well as trade with the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. Even the trade with English colonies (partly still in the hands of the royalists, as the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> was in its final stages and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> had not yet imposed its authority throughout the <a href="/wiki/English_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="English Empire">English colonies</a> - see <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>) was <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/engross#Verb" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:engross">"engrossed"</a> by Dutch merchants. English direct trade was crowded out by a sudden influx of commodities from the Levant, Mediterranean and the Spanish and Portuguese empires, and the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">West Indies</a> via the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a>, carried in Dutch ships and for Dutch account.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The obvious solution seemed to be to seal off the English markets to these unwanted imports. A precedent was the Act the Greenland Company had obtained from Parliament in 1645 prohibiting the import of whale products into England, except in ships owned by that company. This principle was now generalized. In 1648 the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a> petitioned Parliament for the prohibition of imports of Turkish goods "...from Holland and other places but directly from the places of their growth."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baltic traders added their voices to this chorus. In 1650 the Standing Council for Trade and the Council of State of the Commonwealth prepared a general policy designed to impede the flow of Mediterranean and colonial commodities via <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> into England.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the 1696 act, the Acts of Trade and Navigation were generally obeyed, except for the <a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a> 1733, which led to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1760s. Stricter enforcement under the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a> 1764 became one source of resentment among merchants in the American colonies towards Great Britain. This, in turn, helped push the American colonies to rebel in the late 18th century, even though the consensus view among modern economic historians and economists is that the "costs imposed on [American] colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small."<sup id="cite_ref-Whaples_March_1995_140_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whaples_March_1995_140-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_precedents">Historical precedents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical precedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some principles of English mercantile legislation pre-date both the passage of the Navigation Act 1651 and the settlement of England's early foreign possessions. A 1381 Act<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passed under King Richard II provided "that, to increase the navy of England, no goods or merchandises shall be either exported or imported, but only in ships belonging to the King's subjects." The <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> granted to the Cabots by Henry VII in 1498 stipulated that the commerce resulting from their discoveries must be with England (specifically Bristol).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry VIII established a second principle by statute: that such a vessel must be English-built and a majority of the crew must be English-born. Legislation during the reign of Elizabeth I also dealt with these questions and resulted in a large increase in English merchant shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-ColSelf1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColSelf1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after actual settlements had been made in America, these early requirements illustrate the English theory then held regarding the governmental control of maritime commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-ComPolE_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComPolE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the establishment of overseas colonies a distinct colonial policy began to develop, and the principles embodied in the early Navigation and Trade Acts also had some more immediate precedents in the provisions of the charters granted to the London and Plymouth Company, in the various royal patents later bestowed by Charles I and Charles II, as well as in the early regulations concerning the tobacco trade, the first profitable colonial export. An <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> of 24 October 1621 prohibited the Virginia colony to export tobacco and other commodities to foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-AndrCofT&P_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndrCofT&P-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The London Company lost its charter in 1624; the same year a proclamation, followed by Orders in Council, prohibited the use of foreign ships for the Virginia tobacco trade.<sup id="cite_ref-ColSelf1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColSelf1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early companies held the monopoly on trade with their plantation; this meant that the commerce developed was to be England's. The Crown's purpose was to restrict to England the future commerce with America; it is well shown in the patent granted by Charles I to <a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">William Berkeley</a> in 1639, by which the patentee was "to oblige the masters of vessels, freighted with productions of the colony, to give <a href="/wiki/Surety_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Surety bond">bond</a> before their departure to bring same into England ... and to forbid all trade with foreign vessels, except upon necessity."<sup id="cite_ref-ComPolE_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComPolE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1641 some English merchants urged that these rules be embodied in an act of Parliament, and during the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a>, movement began in that direction. The <i>Ordinance for Free Trade with the plantations in New England</i> was passed in November 1644. In 1645, both to conciliate the colonies and to encourage English shipping, the Long Parliament prohibited the shipment of <a href="/wiki/Whalebone" class="mw-redirect" title="Whalebone">whalebone</a>, except in English-built ships;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they later prohibited the importation of French wine, wool, and silk from France.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally and significantly on 23 January 1647, they passed the <i>Ordinance granting privileges for the encouragement of Adventurers to plantations in Virginia, Bermudas, Barbados, and other places of America</i>; it enacted that for three years no export duty be levied on goods intended for the colonies, provided they were forwarded in English vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-ColSelf1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColSelf1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Anderson_(economist)" title="Adam Anderson (economist)">Adam Anderson</a> noted that this law also included "security being given here, and certificates from thence, that the said goods be really exported thither, and for the only use of the said plantations". He concluded: "Hereby the foundation was laid for the navigation acts afterward, which may be justly termed the Commercial <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palladium#Etymology_1" class="extiw" title="wikt:palladium">Palladium</a> of Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English were well aware of their inferior competitive trading position. Three acts of the Rump Parliament in 1650 and 1651 are notable in the historical development of England's commercial and colonial programs. These include the first <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Commission of Trade</a> to be established by an Act of Parliament on 1 August 1650, to advance and regulate the nation's trade.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instructions to the named commissioners included consideration of both domestic and foreign trade, the trading companies, manufacturers, free ports, customs, excise, statistics, coinage and exchange, and fisheries, but also the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">plantations</a> and the best means of promoting their welfare and rendering them useful to England. This act's statesmanlike and comprehensive instructions were followed by the October act <a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_prohibiting_Trade_with_the_Barbadoes,_Virginia,_Bermuda_and_Antego" title="An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego">prohibiting trade with pro-royalist colonies</a> and the first Navigation Act the following October. These acts formed the first definitive expression of England's commercial policy. They represent the first attempt to establish a legitimate control of commercial and colonial affairs, and the instructions indicate the beginnings of a policy which had the prosperity and wealth of England exclusively at heart.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1650 Act prohibiting trade with royalist colonies was broader, however, because it provided that all foreign ships were prohibited from trading with any English plantations, without license, and it was made lawful to seize and make prizes of any ships violating the act. This Act, sometimes referred to as the Navigation Act 1650, was hastily passed as a war measure during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil Wars</a>, but it was followed by a more carefully conceived Navigation Act 1651 the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-ComPolE_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComPolE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation_Act_1651">Navigation Act 1651</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Navigation Act 1651"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Protectorate_%281653%E2%80%931659%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Protectorate_%281653%E2%80%931659%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Protectorate_%281653%E2%80%931659%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Protectorate_%281653%E2%80%931659%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Protectorate_%281653%E2%80%931659%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Protectorate_%281653%E2%80%931659%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9 October 1651</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Revoked</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Navigation Act 1651, <a href="/wiki/Long_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Long title">long titled</a> <i>An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation,</i> was passed on 9 October 1651<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>. It authorized the Commonwealth to regulate England's international trade, as well as the trade with its colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reinforced long-standing principles of national policy that English trade and fisheries should be carried in English vessels. </p><p>The Act banned foreign ships from transporting goods from Asia, Africa or America to England or its colonies; only ships with an English owner, master and a majority English crew would be accepted. It allowed European ships to import their own products, but banned foreign ships from transporting goods to England from a third country elsewhere in the European sphere. The Act also prohibited the import and export of salted fish in foreign ships, and penalized foreign ships carrying fish and wares between English posts. Breaking the terms of the act would result in the forfeiture of the ship and its cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rules specifically targeted the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a>, who controlled much of Europe's international trade and even much of England's coastal shipping. It excluded the Dutch from essentially all direct trade with England, as the Dutch economy was competitive with, not complementary to the English, and the two countries, therefore, exchanged few commodities. This Anglo-Dutch trade, however, constituted only a small fraction of total Dutch trade flows. </p><p>Passage of the act was a reaction to the failure of the English diplomatic mission (led by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John" title="Oliver St John">Oliver St John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Strickland" title="Walter Strickland">Walter Strickland</a>) to <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> seeking a political union of the Commonwealth with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Seven United Netherlands">Republic of the Seven United Netherlands</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Holland">States of Holland</a> had made some cautious overtures to Cromwell to counter the monarchical aspirations of <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William II of Orange">William II of Orange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stadtholder had suddenly died, however, and the States were now embarrassed by Cromwell taking the idea too seriously. The English proposed the joint conquest of all remaining Spanish and Portuguese possessions. England would take America and the Dutch would take Africa and Asia. But the Dutch had just ended their war with Spain and already taken over most Portuguese colonies in Asia, so they saw little advantage in this grandiose scheme and proposed a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> agreement as an alternative to a full political union. This again was unacceptable to the English, who would be unable to compete on such a level playing field, and was seen by them as a deliberate affront. The Act is often mentioned as a major cause of the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a>, and though there were others,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was only part of a larger English policy to engage in war after the negotiations had failed. The English naval victories in 1653 (the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Portland" title="Battle of Portland">Battles of Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gabbard" title="Battle of the Gabbard">the Gabbard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scheveningen" title="Battle of Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a>) showed the supremacy of the Commonwealth navy in home waters. However, farther afield the Dutch predominated and were able to close down English commerce in the Baltic and the Mediterranean. Both countries held each other in a stifling embrace.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1654)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1654)">Treaty of Westminster (1654)</a> ended the impasse. The Dutch failed to have the Act repealed or amended, but it seems to have had relatively little influence on their trade. The Act offered England only limited solace. It could not limit the deterioration of England's overseas trading position, except in the cases where England herself was the principal consumer, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canaries</a> wine trade and the trade in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Puglian</a> olive oil. In the trade with America and the West Indies, the Dutch kept up a flourishing "smuggling" trade, thanks to the preference of English planters for Dutch import goods and the better deal the Dutch offered in the sugar trade. The Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="New Netherlands">New Netherlands</a> offered a loophole (through intercolonial trade) wide enough to drive a shipload of Virginian tobacco through.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Restoration_Navigation_Acts_to_1696">Post-Restoration Navigation Acts to 1696</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-Restoration Navigation Acts to 1696"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all laws of the Commonwealth period, the 1651 act was declared void on the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, having been passed by 'usurping powers'. Nonetheless, with benefits of the act widely recognized, Parliament soon passed new legislation which enlarged its scope. While the act of 1651 applied only to shipping, or the ocean carrying business, the 1660 act was the most important piece of commercial legislation as it related to shipbuilding, to navigation, to trade,<sup id="cite_ref-ComPolE_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComPolE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the benefit of the merchant class.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1660 act is generally considered to be the basis of the "Navigation Acts", which (with later amendments, additions and exceptions) remained in force for nearly two centuries. The navigation acts entitled colonial shipping and seamen to enjoy the full benefits of the otherwise exclusively English provisions. "English bottoms" included vessels built in English plantations, particularly in America. There were no restrictions put in the way of English colonists who might wish to build or trade in their own ships to foreign plantations or other European countries besides England, provided they did not violate the enumerated commodity clause.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most important products of colonial America, including grain of all sorts and the fisheries of New England, were always non-enumerated commodities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation_Act_1660">Navigation Act 1660</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Navigation Act 1660"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Navigation Act 1660</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for the Encourageing and increasing of Shipping and Navigation.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/12_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Cha. 2">12 Cha. 2</a>. c. 18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Territorial extent </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English overseas possessions</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 1660</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>various, 1 December 1660 to 1 September 1661</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">5 July 1825</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repeals/revokes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Act_1651" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigation Act 1651">Navigation Act 1651</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Customs_Law_Repeal_Act_1825" title="Customs Law Repeal Act 1825">Customs Law Repeal Act 1825</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp246-250">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Navigation Act 1660</b> <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/12_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Cha. 2">12 Cha. 2</a>. c. 18)</span>, long-titled <i>An Act for the Encourageing and increasing of Shipping and Navigation</i>, was passed on 13 September by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1660)" title="Convention Parliament (1660)">Convention Parliament</a> and confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a> on 27 July 1661.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act broadened and strengthened restrictions under Cromwell's earlier act. Colonial imports and exports were now restricted to ships "as doe truly and without fraud belong onely to the people of England ... or are of the built of and belonging to" any of the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English possessions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, ships' crews now had to be 75% English, rather than just a majority, and ship captains were required to post a <a href="/wiki/Performance_bond" title="Performance bond">bond</a> to ensure compliance and could recoup the funds upon arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-Purvis1997_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purvis1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The penalty for non-compliance was the forfeiture of both the ship and its cargo. The act provides that violations of the navigation act were to be tried in "any court of record," but it also authorizes and strictly requires all commanders of ships of war to seize non-English ships and deliver them to the Court of Admiralty. </p><p>The act specified seven colonial products, known as "enumerated" commodities or items, that were to be shipped from the colonies only to England or other English colonies. These items were tropical or semi-tropical produce that could not be grown in the mother country, but were of higher economic value and used in English competitive manufacturing. The initial products included sugar, tobacco, cotton wool, indigo, ginger, <a href="/wiki/Fustic" title="Fustic">fustic</a>, or other dyeing woods. Previously only tobacco export had been restricted to England. Additional enumerated items would be included in subsequent navigation acts, for example the <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa bean</a> was added in 1672, after drinking chocolate became the fashion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a significant bow to English merchants and to the detriment of numerous foreign colonists, section two of the act declared that "no alien or person not born within the allegiance of our sovereign lord the King, his heirs and successors, or naturalized or made a free denizen, shall... exercise the trade or occupation of a merchant or <a href="/wiki/Factor_(agent)" title="Factor (agent)">factor</a> in any of the said places" (i.e. lands, islands, plantations, or territories belonging to the King in Asia, Africa, or America), upon pain of forfeiting all goods and chattels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Customs_Act_1660"></span> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Customs Act 1660</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to prevent Fraudes and Concealments of His Majestyes Customes and Subsidyes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/12_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Cha. 2">12 Cha. 2</a>. c. 19</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 1660</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">13 September 1660</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">5 July 1825</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Customs_Law_Repeal_Act_1825" title="Customs Law Repeal Act 1825">Customs Law Repeal Act 1825</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/p250">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Passage of the Navigation Act 1660 act was immediately followed by the Customs Act 1660 <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/12_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Cha. 2">12 Cha. 2</a>. c. 19)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which established how the customs duties would be collected by the government, as well as for subsidies (<a href="/wiki/Tunnage" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnage">tunnage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poundage" title="Poundage">poundage</a>) for royal expenses. These acts of revenue, previously established under the Commonwealth, were similarly reauthorized with the restoration. The 1660 customs act was tightened by the Customs Act 1662 <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/14_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="14 Cha. 2">14 Cha. 2</a>. c. 11)</span>. It also emphatically defines "Englishmen" under the Navigation Acts: "Whereas it is required by the [Navigation Act 1660] that in sundry cases the Master and three-fourths of the Mariners are to be English, it is to be understood that any of His Majesty's Subjects of England, Ireland, and His <a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">Plantations</a> are to be accounted English and no others."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Exportation_Act_1660"></span><span class="anchor" id="Tobacco_Planting_and_Sowing_Act_1660"></span> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Exportation Act 1660</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for prohibiting the Exportation of Wooll, Woolfells, Fullers Earth, or any kinde of Scouring Earth.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/12_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Cha. 2">12 Cha. 2</a>. c. 32</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1660</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">21 July 1856</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_Obsolete_Statutes_Act_1856" title="Repeal of Obsolete Statutes Act 1856">Repeal of Obsolete Statutes Act 1856</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp293-296">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Tobacco Planting and Sowing Act 1660</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for Prohibiting the Planting Setting or Sowing of Tobaccho in England and Ireland.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/12_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Cha. 2">12 Cha. 2</a>. c. 34</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1660</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1888" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1888">Statute Law Revision Act 1888</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Finance_(1909-10)_Act_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance (1909-10) Act 1910">Finance (1909-10) Act 1910</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/p297">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other acts relating to trade were passed in the same session of Parliament and reiterated previous acts. These include the Exportation Act 1660 <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/12_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Cha. 2">12 Cha. 2</a>. c. 32)</span>, which bans the export of wool and wool-processing materials,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Tobacco Planting and Sowing Act 1660 <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/12_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Cha. 2">12 Cha. 2</a>. c. 34)</span>, which prohibits growing tobacco in England and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former act was intended to encourage domestic woolen manufacturing by increasing the availability of domestic raw materials; the latter act was passed to limit competition with the colonies and protect the plantations' main crop, as well as to protect this regulated royal revenue stream. With the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> still separate, passage of the English act lead to the passage of a similar navigation act by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1707">Act of Union 1707</a>, Scottish ships, merchants, and mariners enjoyed the same privileges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation_Act_1663">Navigation Act 1663</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Navigation Act 1663"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Navigation Act 1663</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for the Encouragement of Trade</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/15_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="15 Cha. 2">15 Cha. 2</a>. c. 7</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 July 1663</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">18 February 1663</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1888" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1888">Statute Law Revision Act 1888</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Finance_(1909-10)_Act_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance (1909-10) Act 1910">Finance (1909-10) Act 1910</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp449-452">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Navigation Act 1663</b> (<a href="/wiki/15_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="15 Cha. 2">15 Cha. 2</a>. c. 7), long-titled <i>An Act for the Encouragement of Trade</i>, also termed the Encouragement of Trade Act 1663 or the Staple Act, was passed on 27 July. This strengthening of the navigation system now required all European goods, bound for America and other colonies, had to be trans-shipped through England first.<sup id="cite_ref-Purvis1997_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purvis1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, the goods would be unloaded, inspected, approved, duties paid, and finally, reloaded for the destination. This trade had to be carried in English vessels ("bottoms") or those of its colonies. Furthermore, imports of the 'enumerated' commodities (such as tobacco and cotton) had to be landed and taxes paid before continuing to other countries. "England", as used here, includes <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a>, though those places were little involved in colonial trade. The mercantile purpose of the act was to make England the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/staple" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:staple">staple</a> for all European products bound for the colonies, and to prevent the colonies from establishing an independent import trade.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mandated change increased shipping times and costs, which in turn, increased the prices paid by the colonists. Due to these increases, some exemptions were allowed; these included salt intended for the New England and Newfoundland fisheries, wine from Madeira and the Azores, and provisions, servants and horses from Scotland and Ireland. </p><p>The most important new legislation embedded in this Act, as seen from the perspective of the interests behind the East India Company,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was the repeal of legislation which prohibited export of coin and bullion from England overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This export was the real issue behind the Act,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as silver was the main export article by the East India Company into India, exchanging the silver into cheap Indian gold. This change had major implications for the East India Company, for England and for India. The majority of silver in England was exported to India, creating enormous profits for the individual participants, but depriving the Crown of England of necessary silver and taxation. Much of the silver exported was procured by English piracy directed against Spanish and Portuguese merchant ships bringing silver from their colonies in the Americas to Europe. It was later revealed that the Act passed Parliament due to enormous bribes paid by the East Indian Company to various influential members of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Tobacco_Planting_and_Plantation_Trade_Act_1670"></span> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Tobacco Planting and Plantation Trade Act 1670</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to prevent the planting of Tobacco in England, and for regulateing the Plantation Trade</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/22_%26_23_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="22 & 23 Cha. 2">22 & 23 Cha. 2</a>. c. 26</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 April 1671</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Customs_Law_Repeal_Act_1825" title="Customs Law Repeal Act 1825">Customs Law Repeal Act 1825</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1950" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1950">Statute Law Revision Act 1950</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>An act tightening colonial trade legislation, and sometimes referred to as the <b>Navigation Act 1670</b>, is the Tobacco Planting and Plantation Trade Act 1670 (<a href="/wiki/22_%26_23_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="22 & 23 Cha. 2">22 & 23 Cha. 2</a>. c. 26).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act imposes forfeiture penalties of the ship and cargo if enumerated commodities are shipped without a bond or customs certificate, or if shipped to countries other than England, or if ships unload sugar or enumerated products in any port except in England. The act requires the governors of American plantations to report annually to customs in London a list of all ships loading any commodities there, as well as a list of all bonds taken. The act states that prosecutions for a breach of the navigation acts should be tried in the court of the high admiral of England, in any of the vice-admiralty courts, or in any court of record in England, but while the act again hints at the jurisdiction of the admiralty courts, it does not explicitly provide for them. In a move against Ireland, the act additionally repealed the ability of Ireland (in the 1660 act) to obtain the necessary bond for products shipped to overseas colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeer1893[httpsarchiveorgstreamcommercialpolicy00beerrichpage426mode2up_p.&nbsp;129]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeer1893[httpsarchiveorgstreamcommercialpolicy00beerrichpage426mode2up_p.&nbsp;129]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsgood1907[httpsarchiveorgstream17thcenturycolonies03osgorichpage208mode2up_p.&nbsp;208ff]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsgood1907[httpsarchiveorgstream17thcenturycolonies03osgorichpage208mode2up_p.&nbsp;208ff]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specifically anti-Dutch aspects of the early acts were in full force for a relatively short time. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> the English had to abandon the Baltic trade and allowed foreign ships to enter the coasting and plantation trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1792[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_5taAAAAcAAJpgPA276_p.&nbsp;276]_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1792[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_5taAAAAcAAJpgPA276_p.&nbsp;276]-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the war, which ended disastrously for England, the Dutch obtained the right to ship commodities produced in their German <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> to England as if these were Dutch goods. Even more importantly, as England accepted the concept of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a>, it conceded the principle of "free ships make free goods" which provided freedom from molestation by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> of Dutch shipping on the high seas during wars in which the Dutch Republic was neutral. This more or less gave the Dutch freedom to conduct their "smuggling" unhindered as long as they were not caught red-handed in territorial waters controlled by England. These provisions were reconfirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1674)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1674)">Treaty of Westminster (1674)</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1997316–317_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1997316–317-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation_Act_1673">Navigation Act 1673</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Navigation Act 1673"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Navigation Act 1673</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for the incouragement of the Greeneland and Eastland Trades, and for the better secureing the Plantation Trade.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/25_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Cha. 2">25 Cha. 2</a>. c. 7</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 March 1673</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">28 July 1863</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1863" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1863">Statute Law Revision Act 1863</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp792-793">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The so-called <b>Navigation Act 1673</b> (<a href="/wiki/25_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Cha. 2">25 Cha. 2</a>. c. 7), long-titled <i>An Act for the incouragement of the Greeneland and Eastland Trades, and for the better secureing the Plantation Trade</i> became enforceable at various dates in that year; the act is <a href="/wiki/Short_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Short title">short titled</a> the Trade Act 1672. The act was intended to increase English capability and production in the northern <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whale fishery</a> (more accurately in <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>), as well as in the eastern Baltic and North Sea trade, where the Dutch and <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hansa</a> dominated commerce and trade. The act also closed a significant loophole in the enumerated goods trade as a result of the active inter-colonial trade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To promote whaling and production of its <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whalebone" class="mw-redirect" title="Whalebone">whalebone</a> etc., the act relaxed the 1660 act's restrictions on foreigners, allowing up to half the crew, if on English ships, and dropped all duties on these products for the next ten years. It also allowed foreign residents and foreigners to participate in this trade if imported to England in English ships. Colonial ships and crews engaged in this trade had to pay a low duty, with foreign ships paying a high duty. To promote the eastern trade then monopolized by the chartered and poorly performing <a href="/wiki/Eastland_Company" title="Eastland Company">Eastland Company</a>, the act opened their trade with Sweden, Denmark, and Norway to foreigners and English alike. It also allowed any Englishman to be admitted into the Eastland Company on paying a minor fee. The act was a mortal blow to Eastland's <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To better secure their own plantation trade from considerable illegal indirect trade in enumerated products to Europe, by way of legal inter-colonial trade, the act instituted that customs duties and charges should be paid on departure from the colonies, if traveling without first obtaining the bond required to carry the goods to England. The purpose of the act was to stop the carrying of plantation goods to another plantation with their subsequent shipment to a foreign country on the grounds that the 1660 act's requirements had been fulfilled. This change was a considerable advance toward the systematic execution of the previous acts, and increased much needed royal revenue<sup id="cite_ref-ComPolE_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ComPolE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given the recent <a href="/wiki/Stop_of_the_Exchequer" title="Stop of the Exchequer">Stop of the Exchequer</a>. To better collect the customs revenue the act established that these were now to be levied and collected by the Commissioners of Customs in England. Also, if a ship arrived with insufficient funds to pay the duties, customs official could accept an equivalent proportion of the goods as payment instead. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation_Act_1696">Navigation Act 1696</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Navigation Act 1696"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Plantation Trade Act 1695</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/7_%26_8_Will._3" class="mw-redirect" title="7 & 8 Will. 3">7 & 8 Will. 3</a>. c. 22</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 April 1696</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">15 July 1867</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Customs_Law_Repeal_Act_1825" title="Customs Law Repeal Act 1825">Customs Law Repeal Act 1825</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1867" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1867">Statute Law Revision Act 1867</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol7/pp103-107">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The so-called <b>Navigation Act 1696</b> (<a href="/wiki/7_%26_8_Will._3" class="mw-redirect" title="7 & 8 Will. 3">7 & 8 Will. 3</a>. c. 22), long-titled <i>An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade</i>, became effective over in the next few years, due to its far reaching provisions; the act is short-titled the Plantation Trade Act 1695. It contains new restrictions on colonial trade, and several different administrative provisions to strengthen enforcement and consolidate the earlier acts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In tightening the wording of the 1660 act, and after noting the daily "great abuses [being] committed ... by the artifice and cunning of ill disposed persons", this act now required that no goods or merchandise could be imported, exported, or carried between English possessions in Africa, Asia and America, or shipped to England, Wales, or Berwick upon Tweed, except in "what is or shall bee of the Built of England or of the Built of Ireland or the said Colonies or Plantations and wholly owned by the People thereof ... and navigated with the Masters and Three-Fourths of the Mariners of the said Places onely". To enforce this change, the act required the registration of all ships and owners, including an oath that they have no foreign owners, before the ship would be considered English-built. Exceptions were introduced for foreign-built ships taken as <a href="/wiki/Prize_(law)" title="Prize (law)">prize</a>, or those employed by the navy for importing <a href="/wiki/Naval_stores#Colonial_North_America" title="Naval stores">naval stores</a> from the plantations. The deadline for the registration of ships was extended by the Registering of Ships Act 1697 (9 Will 3 c. 42)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a significant tightening of the navigation enforcement system, section 6 of the act establishes that violations are to be tried <i>in any of His Majesties Courts att Westminster or [in the Kingdome of Ireland or in the Court of Admiralty held in His Majesties Plantations respectively where such Offence shall bee committed att the Pleasure of the Officer or Informer or in any other Plantation belonging to any Subject of England]</i>...<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revenue generated was to be split in thirds between the King, the Governor, and the one who informed and sued. </p><p>Previously, most of the customs collection and enforcement in the colonies was performed by the governor or his appointees, commonly known as the "naval officer," but evasion, corruption and indifference were common. The 1696 act now required all current governors and officers to take an oath that all and every clause contained in the act be "punctually and bona fide observed according to the true intent and meaning". Governors nominated in the future were required to take this oath before assuming office. To tighten compliance among colonial customs officials, the act required that all current and future officers give a security bond to the Commissioners of the Customs in England to undertake the "true and faithfull performance of their duty". Additionally, the act gave colonial customs officers the same power and authority as of customs officers in England; these included the ability to board and search ships and warehouses, load and unload cargoes, and seize those imported or exported goods prohibited or those for which duties should have been paid under the acts. Commissioners of the treasury and of the customs in England would now appoint the colonial customs officials. Due to colonial "doubts or misconstructions" concerning the bond required under the 1660 act, the 1696 act now mandated that no enumerated goods could be loaded or shipped until the required bond was obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act was followed by a special instruction about the oaths and <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary governors</a> who weren't directly under royal control to post a bond to comply; this was considered by the Board of Trade and issued on 26 May 1697.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the colonies previously had passed much of their own legislation and appointments, the act included several sections to tighten English control over the colonies generally. The act mandated that all colonial positions of trust in the courts or related to the treasury must be native born subjects of England, Ireland or the colonies. It also enacted that all laws, bylaws, usages or customs in current or future use in the plantations, which are found to be repugnant to the navigation acts in any way, are to be declared illegal, null and void. The act additionally declared that all persons or their heirs claiming any right or property "in any Islands or Tracts of Land upon the Continent of America by Charter or Letters Patent shall not in the future alienate, sell or dispose of any of the Islands, Tracts of Land, or Proprieties other than to the Natural Born Subjects of England, Ireland, Dominion of Wales or Town of Berwick upon Tweed without the License and Consent of His Majesty". Colonial-born subjects were not mentioned. Such a sale must be signified by a prior Order in Council.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With this act the government did start to institute admiralty courts and staff them in more and new places; this established "a more general obedience to the Acts of Trade and Navigation." <a href="/wiki/John_Reeves_(activist)" title="John Reeves (activist)">John Reeves</a>, who wrote the handbook for the Board of Trade,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered the 1696 act to be the last major navigation act, with relatively minor subsequent acts. The system established by this act, and upon previous acts, was where the Navigation Acts still stood in 1792,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there would be major policy changes followed by their reversals in the intervening years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation_Acts_1696–1760"><span id="Navigation_Acts_1696.E2.80.931760"></span>Navigation Acts 1696–1760</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Navigation Acts 1696–1760"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Navigation_Acts" title="Special:EditPage/Navigation Acts">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Navigation+Acts%22">"Navigation Acts"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Navigation+Acts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Navigation+Acts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Navigation+Acts%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Navigation+Acts%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Navigation+Acts%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molasses_Act_1733">Molasses Act 1733</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Molasses Act 1733"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1733 <a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a> levied heavy duties on the trade of sugar from the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a> to the American colonies, forcing the colonists to buy the more expensive sugar from the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> instead. The law was widely flouted, but efforts by the British to prevent smuggling created hostility and contributed to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. The Molasses Act was the first of the Sugar Acts. The Act was set to expire in 1763, but in 1764 it was renewed as the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a>, which caused further unrest among the colonists. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Navigation_Act_1849"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repeal">Repeal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Repeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Navigation Act 1849</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to amend the Laws in force for the Encouragement of British Shipping and Navigation.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/12_%26_13_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="12 & 13 Vict.">12 & 13 Vict.</a> c. 29</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 June 1849</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">1 January 1850</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">1 May 1855</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amends</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Customs_Consolidation_Act_1853" title="Customs Consolidation Act 1853">Customs Consolidation Act 1853</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repeals/revokes</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_with_India_Act_1797&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade with India Act 1797 (page does not exist)">Trade with India Act 1797</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duties_on_Foreign_Vessels_Act_1824&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duties on Foreign Vessels Act 1824 (page does not exist)">Duties on Foreign Vessels Act 1824</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shipping,_etc._Act_1845&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shipping, etc. Act 1845 (page does not exist)">Shipping, etc. Act 1845</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Repeal_Act_1854" title="Merchant Shipping Repeal Act 1854">Merchant Shipping Repeal Act 1854</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statutesunitedk08britgoog/page/70">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Navigation Acts were repealed in 1849 under the influence of a <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">free trade</a></i> philosophy. The Navigation Acts were passed under the economic theory of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, under which wealth was to be increased by restricting colonial trade to the mother country rather than through free trade. By 1849 "a central part of British import strategy was to reduce the cost of food through cheap foreign imports and in this way to reduce the cost of maintaining labour power" (van Houten). Repealing the Navigation Acts along with the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> eventually served this purpose (towards the end of the century). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_Britain">Effects on Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects on Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Acts caused Britain's (before 1707, England's) shipping industry to develop in isolation. However, it had the advantage to British shippers of severely limiting the ability of Dutch ships to participate in the carrying trade to Britain. By reserving British colonial trade to British shipping, the Acts may have significantly assisted in the growth of London as a major entry port for American colonial wares at the expense of Dutch cities. The maintenance of a certain level of merchant shipping and of trade generally also facilitated a rapid increase in the size and quality of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, which eventually (after the Anglo-Dutch Alliance of 1689 limited the Dutch navy to three-fifths of the size of the English one) led to Britain becoming a global superpower, which it remained until the mid-20th century. That naval might, however, never limited Dutch trading power – because the Dutch enjoyed enough leverage over overseas markets and shipping resources (combined with a financial power that was only overtaken by Britain during the 18th century) to enable them to put enough pressure on Britain to prevent them from sustaining naval campaigns long enough to wrest maritime concessions from the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_American_colonies">Effects on American colonies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Effects on American colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Navigation Acts, while enriching Britain, caused resentment in the colonies and contributed to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. The Navigation Acts required all of a colony's imports to be either bought from Britain or resold by British merchants in Britain, regardless of the price obtainable elsewhere. In the 1772 <a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair"><i>Gaspee</i> affair</a>, colonists attacked and burned a British navy ship enforcing the Navigation Acts off the coast of Rhode Island. </p><p>Historian Robert <a href="#CITEREFThomas1965">Thomas (1965)</a> argues that the impact of the Acts on the economies of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> was minimal; the cost was about £4 per £1,000 of income per year. The average personal income was about £100 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1965_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1965-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="#CITEREFRansom1968">Ransom (1968)</a> says that although the net burden imposed by the Acts was small in size, their overall impact on the shape<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and growth rate of the economy was significant since the Acts differentially affected different groups, helping some and hurting others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERansom1968_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERansom1968-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walton concludes that the political friction caused by the Acts was more serious than the negative economic impact, especially since the merchants most affected were politically the most active.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton1971_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton1971-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navigation Acts were also partially responsible for an increase in piracy during the late 17th and early 18th centuries: merchants and colonial officials would buy goods captured by pirates below market value, and colonial governors such as New York's <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fletcher" title="Benjamin Fletcher">Fletcher</a> would commission <a href="/wiki/Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateers">privateers</a> who openly admitted they intended to turn pirate.<sup id="cite_ref-Dow_and_Edmonds_–_New_England_Coast_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dow_and_Edmonds_–_New_England_Coast-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFSawers1992">Sawers (1992)</a> points out that the political issue is what would have been the future impact of the Acts after 1776<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as the colonial economy matured and was blocked by the Acts from serious competition with British manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawers1992_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawers1992-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, a random survey of 178 members of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Association" title="Economic History Association">Economic History Association</a> found that 89 percent of economists and historians would generally agree that the "costs imposed on [American] colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small."<sup id="cite_ref-Whaples_March_1995_140_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whaples_March_1995_140-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFRutkow2012">Rutkow (2012)</a> notes that timber was not one of the "enumerated commodities" included in the Acts, and so New Englanders could continue the wine islands commerce in timber that began around 1642 without upsetting England. By the 1660s, the wine islands region, namely <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, was the dominant trading partner in timber with the New England colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutkow2012_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow2012-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_Ireland">Effect on Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effect on Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The acts were resented in Ireland and damaged its economy, as they permitted the importation of English goods into Ireland tariff-free and simultaneously imposed tariffs on Irish exports travelling in the opposite direction. Other clauses completely prohibited the exportation of certain goods to Britain or even elsewhere, resulting in the collapse of those markets. The <a href="/wiki/Wool_Act_1699" class="mw-redirect" title="Wool Act 1699">Wool Act 1699</a>, for example, forbade any exports of wool from Ireland (and from the American colonies) so as to maximise the English trade. </p><p>"Free trade or a Speedy Revolution" was a slogan of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers_(18th_century)" title="Irish Volunteers (18th century)">Irish Volunteers</a> in the late 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1920">Merchant Marine Act of 1920</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Bevan, <i>The Development of British Immigration Law</i> (1986), p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purvis1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis1997_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis1997_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis1997_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPurvis1997" class="citation book cs1">Purvis, Thomas L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=556-YcjJYhkC&pg=PA278"><i>A dictionary of American history</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-099-9"><bdi>978-1-57718-099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+American+history&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57718-099-9&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D556-YcjJYhkC%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis D. Cogliano, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBR8W3K2dPAC&pg=PA23"><i>Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History</i></a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeves (1792), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5taAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA274">pp. 274–277</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel (1997), pp. 305–309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel (1997), p. 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel (1997), pp. 309–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whaples_March_1995_140-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whaples_March_1995_140_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whaples_March_1995_140_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaples1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whaples" title="Robert Whaples">Whaples, Robert</a> (March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a></i>. <b>55</b> (1): 139–154. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.482.4975">10.1.1.482.4975</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700040602">10.1017/S0022050700040602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2123771">2123771</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145691938">145691938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Where+Is+There+Consensus+Among+American+Economic+Historians%3F+The+Results+of+a+Survey+on+Forty+Propositions&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=139-154&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.482.4975%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145691938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2123771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700040602&rft.aulast=Whaples&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerry2024" class="citation web cs1">Ferry, Tim (30 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rechargenews.com/wind/the-story-of-the-jones-act-americas-expression-of-sovereignty-thats-piling-pressure-on-offshore-wind/2-1-1667612">"The story of the Jones Act: America's 'expression of sovereignty' that's piling pressure on offshore wind"</a>. <i>rechargenews.com</i>. <q>England reserved coastwise trade to English vessel owners as far back as 1381</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rechargenews.com&rft.atitle=The+story+of+the+Jones+Act%3A+America%27s+%27expression+of+sovereignty%27+that%27s+piling+pressure+on+offshore+wind&rft.date=2024-06-30&rft.aulast=Ferry&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rechargenews.com%2Fwind%2Fthe-story-of-the-jones-act-americas-expression-of-sovereignty-thats-piling-pressure-on-offshore-wind%2F2-1-1667612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/15th_century/cabot01.asp">"1498 – The letters patent of King Henry the Seventh Granted unto Iohn Cabot and his Three Sonnes, Lewis, Sebastian and Santius for the Discouerie of New and Unknowen Lands; March 5"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColSelf1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ColSelf1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColSelf1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColSelf1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_McLean_Andrews" title="Charles McLean Andrews">Charles McLean Andrews</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialselfgov00andrgoog/page/n28">Colonial Self-Government, 1652–1689</a>, p. 10 (1904)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ComPolE-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ComPolE_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ComPolE_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ComPolE_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ComPolE_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ComPolE_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/4414094/history-of-domestic-and-foreign-commerce-of-the-united">Chapter III – The Commercial Policy of England Toward the American Colonies: the Acts of Trade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625032919/https://www.questia.com/read/4414094/history-of-domestic-and-foreign-commerce-of-the-united">Archived</a> 25 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup>, in Emory R. Johnson, T. W. Van Metre, G. G. Huebner, D. S. Hanchett, <i>History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States</i> – Vol. 1, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndrCofT&P-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AndrCofT&P_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles M. Andrews, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/33313/33313.txt">British Committees, Commissions, and Councils of Trade and Plantations 1622–1675</a>, 1908</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">6 May 1645 <i>Ordinance to prevent the importation by foreigners of whale oil, fins or gills, commonly called whalebone.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">28 August 1649 Act prohibiting the importation of any Wines of the Growth of France, and all manufacturers of wool and silk made in France.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson 1787, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chpPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA404">p. 404</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp403-406">August 1650: An Act for the Advancing and Regulating of the Trade of this Commonwealth.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles M. Andrews, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/33313/33313-h/33313-h.htm#page24">British Committees, Commissions and Councils of Trade and Plantations 1622–1675</a>, Chapter II, Control of Trade and Plantations During the Interregnum, p. 24 (1908)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair_Worden1977" class="citation book cs1">Blair Worden (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_KVaGF6k2oC&pg=PA299"><i>The Rump Parliament 1648–53</i></a>. Cambridge UP. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521292139" title="Special:BookSources/9780521292139"><bdi>9780521292139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rump+Parliament+1648%E2%80%9353&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780521292139&rft.au=Blair+Worden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_KVaGF6k2oC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPestana2004" class="citation book cs1">Pestana, Carla Gardina (2004). <i>The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution: 1640–1661</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Atlantic+in+an+Age+of+Revolution%3A+1640%E2%80%931661&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Pestana&rft.aufirst=Carla+Gardina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp559-562">October 1651: An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation.</a>, in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660, ed. C H Firth and R S Rait (London, 1911), pp. 559–562. British History Online [accessed 7 July 2018].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Godwin, William (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jRDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA372">History of the Commonwealth of England Vol. 3.</a> H. Colburn. pp. 372–382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, (1762), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chpPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA415">pp. 415–416</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel (1997), p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel (1997), pp. 310–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Levi_Osgood" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Levi Osgood">Herbert Levi Osgood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/17thcenturycolonies03osgorich#page/n206/mode/2up">The American colonies in the seventeenth century</a> (3 vol 1904–07), pp. 207–209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craven, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306211551/http://www.motherbedford.com/HistoricalDocuments04.htm">The Second Navigation Act 1660</a>, via Archive.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp246-250">Navigation Act 1660, text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/p250">Charles II, 1660: An Act to prevent Fraudes and Concealments of His Majestyes Customes and Subsidyes.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp393-400">An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in His Majesties Customes.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp293-296"><i>An Act for prohibiting the Exportation of Wooll Woolfells Fullers Earth or any kinde of Scouring Earth</i>.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/p297"><i>An Act for Prohibiting the Planting Setting or Sowing of Tobaccho in England and Ireland</i>.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeves 1792, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5taAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA57">p. 57</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/colonialselfgov00andrgoog#page/n36">p. 19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp449-452">Charles II, 1663: An Act for the Encouragement of Trade</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AlexanderDelMar">"Alexander del Mar (1836–1926)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+del+Mar+%281836%E2%80%931926%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAlexanderDelMar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp747-74"><i>An Act to prevent the planting of Tobacco in England, and for regulateing the Plantation Trade</i>.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeer1893[httpsarchiveorgstreamcommercialpolicy00beerrichpage426mode2up_p.&nbsp;129]-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeer1893[httpsarchiveorgstreamcommercialpolicy00beerrichpage426mode2up_p.&nbsp;129]_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeer1893">Beer (1893)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/commercialpolicy00beerrich#page/426/mode/2up">p. 129</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsgood1907[httpsarchiveorgstream17thcenturycolonies03osgorichpage208mode2up_p.&nbsp;208ff]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsgood1907[httpsarchiveorgstream17thcenturycolonies03osgorichpage208mode2up_p.&nbsp;208ff]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsgood1907">Osgood (1907)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/17thcenturycolonies03osgorich#page/208/mode/2up">p. 208ff</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1792[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_5taAAAAcAAJpgPA276_p.&nbsp;276]-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1792[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_5taAAAAcAAJpgPA276_p.&nbsp;276]_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1792">Reeves (1792)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5taAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA276">p. 276</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1997316–317-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1997316–317_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1997">Israel (1997)</a>, pp. 316–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson 1787, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chpPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA521">pp. 521–522</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">.Reeves 1792, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5taAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81">pp. 81–91</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFYMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA385"><i>An Act for enlarging the Time for Registering of Ships pursuant to the Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade.</i></a> A collection of the public general statutes passed in the ... year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, p. 385 (1867)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brackets annexed to the original act in a separate schedule.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Edward Egerton, A short history of British colonial policy (1897), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistorybr01egergoog#page/n134/mode/2up">p. 114</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeves 1792, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudley Odell McGovney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834096">The Navigation Acts as Applied to European Trade</a>, The American Historical Review Vol. 9, No. 4 (Jul., 1904), pp. 725–734</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeves 1792, pp. 89–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel (1997), pp. 317–318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1965-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1965_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1965">Thomas (1965)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERansom1968-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERansom1968_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRansom1968">Ransom (1968)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton1971-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton1971_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalton1971">Walton (1971)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dow_and_Edmonds_–_New_England_Coast-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dow_and_Edmonds_–_New_England_Coast_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowEdmonds1923" class="citation book cs1">Dow, George Francis; Edmonds, John Henry (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c2USAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730</i></a>. Salem MA: Marine Research Society. pp. 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pirates+of+the+New+England+Coast%2C+1630-1730&rft.place=Salem+MA&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Marine+Research+Society&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Dow&rft.aufirst=George+Francis&rft.au=Edmonds%2C+John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc2USAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawers1992-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawers1992_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSawers1992">Sawers (1992)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow2012-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutkow2012_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutkow2012">Rutkow (2012)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1787" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Anderson_(economist)" title="Adam Anderson (economist)">Anderson, Adam</a> (1787). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chpPAAAAYAAJ"><i>An historical and chronological deduction of the origin of commerce: from the earliest accounts...Vol.2</i></a>. J.Walker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+historical+and+chronological+deduction+of+the+origin+of+commerce%3A+from+the+earliest+accounts...Vol.2&rft.pub=J.Walker&rft.date=1787&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchpPAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeer1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Louis_Beer" title="George Louis Beer">Beer, George Louis</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commercialpolicy00beerrich"><i>The Commercial Policy of England toward the American Colonies</i></a>. New York: Columbia College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commercial+Policy+of+England+toward+the+American+Colonies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+College&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Beer&rft.aufirst=George+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommercialpolicy00beerrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraven1968" class="citation book cs1">Craven, Wesley Frank (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coloniesintransi00crav"><i>The Colonies in Transition</i></a></span>. New York, Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonies+in+Transition&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Wesley+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoloniesintransi00crav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span> On North America</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapham1910" class="citation journal cs1">Clapham, J. H. 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(January 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1897" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Hugh Edward (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ashorthistorybr01egergoog"><i>A Short History of British Colonial Policy</i></a>. London: London, Methuen & co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+British+Colonial+Policy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=London%2C+Methuen+%26+co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fashorthistorybr01egergoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1959" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Lawrence Averell (1959). <i>The Effect of the Navigation Acts on the Thirteen Colonies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effect+of+the+Navigation+Acts+on+the+Thirteen+Colonies&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Averell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. 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"A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare: Some Preliminary Findings". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Economic History">Journal of Economic History</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): 615–638. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700058460">10.1017/S0022050700058460</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2116133">2116133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153513278">153513278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=A+Quantitative+Approach+to+the+Study+of+the+Effects+of+British+Imperial+Policy+of+Colonial+Welfare%3A+Some+Preliminary+Findings&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=615-638&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153513278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2116133%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700058460&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton1971" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, Gary M. (1971). "The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic History Review">Economic History Review</a></i>. <b>24</b> (4): 533–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1971.tb00192.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.1971.tb00192.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+New+Economic+History+and+the+Burdens+of+the+Navigation+Acts&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=533-542&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1971.tb00192.x&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavigation+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navigation_Acts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Navigation_Acts" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp559-562">Navigation Act 1651</a>, British History online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp246-250">Navigation Act 1660</a>, British History online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp449-452">Navigation Act 1663</a>, British History online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp792-793">Navigation Act 1673</a>, British History online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol7/pp103-107">Navigation Act 1696</a>, British History online</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Acts of Parliament</a>, and other legal issues relating to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1763</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool_Act_1698" title="Wool Act 1698">Wool Act</a> (1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_Act_1731" title="Hat Act 1731">Hat Act</a> (1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a> (1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron Act</a> (1750)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a><br />(1763–1765)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency Act</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering Act</a> (1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> (1765)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">Rockingham ministry</a><br />(1765–1766)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765#Repeal" title="Stamp Act 1765">Repeal Act</a> (March 1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory Act</a> (March 1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_1766" title="Revenue Act 1766">Revenue Act</a> (June 1766)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton</a><br />ministries (1766–1770)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a> (1767)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a><br />(1770–1782)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts#Partial_repeal" title="Townshend Acts">Repeal Act</a> (1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a> (1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Coercive Acts</a> (1774: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Port_Act" title="Boston Port Act">Boston Port Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act" title="Massachusetts Government Act">Massachusetts Government Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Justice_Act_1774" title="Administration of Justice Act 1774">Administration of Justice Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts#Quartering_Act_1774" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a> (February 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining Acts</a> (March and April 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a> (August 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory Act</a> (December 1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_of_Colonies_Act_1778" title="Taxation of Colonies Act 1778">Taxation of Colonies Act</a> (1778)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other legal issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_assistance" title="Writ of assistance">Writ of assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson%27s_Cause" title="Parson's Cause">Parson's Cause</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">Taxation without representation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_laws_relating_to_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:British laws relating to the American Revolution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">Co-operatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Employee-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Employee-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Employee-owned companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_Fledgling_Index" title="FTSE Fledgling Index">FTSE Fledgling Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_SmallCap_Index" title="FTSE SmallCap Index">FTSE SmallCap Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Government-owned companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Currency,<br />governance,<br />regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Revenue & Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1659–1849 Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1796–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">1815–46 Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism 1830s–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">1873–79 Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">1929–39 Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">1948–52 Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">1974 Three-Day Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">1979 Winter of Discontent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)" title="Big Bang (financial markets)">1986 Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">1992 Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#United_Kingdom" title="Great Recession in Europe">Late-2000s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2008 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2009 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020 Withdrawal from the European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Growth_deal" title="Growth deal">Growth deal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom%27s_financial_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United Kingdom's financial response to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost-of-living crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Recurrent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions and recoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">National champions policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization#United_Kingdom" title="Nationalization">Nationalisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Nations,<br />regions,<br />cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Gateway_(North_West_England)" title="Atlantic Gateway (North West England)">Atlantic Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Birmingham" title="Economy of Birmingham">Birmingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_City_Plan" title="Big City Plan">Big City Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bristol" title="Economy of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall" title="Economy of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="Economy of the London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Devon" title="Economy of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dorset" title="Economy of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_plans_for_Milton_Keynes" title="Expansion plans for Milton Keynes">Expansion plans for Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Leeds" title="Economy of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_GDP" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by GDP">List of counties by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_gross_value_added" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by gross value added">List of counties by GVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liverpool" title="Economy of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_London" title="Economy of London">London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="M11 Corridor">M11 Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester" title="Economy of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="Economy of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sheffield" title="Economy of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somerset" title="Economy of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_England" title="Transport in England">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wiltshire" title="Economy of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern<br />Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aberdeen" title="Economy of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Scotland" title="Category:Oil and gas industry in Scotland">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Cardiff</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Swansea" title="Economy of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_billionaires" title="Category:British billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_businesspeople" title="Category:British businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">Equal opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Time_Directive_2003" title="Working Time Directive 2003">Working Time Directive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resource and<br />production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">Fracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider#United_Kingdom" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beer in the United Kingdom">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">Mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Financial services in the United Kingdom">Financial<br />services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange" title="Baltic Exchange">Baltic Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Banking in the United Kingdom">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_societies#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of building societies">List of UK building societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">The City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext#Euronext.liffe" title="Euronext">Euronext.liffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_District" title="International Financial Services District">Glasgow International Financial Services District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCH_(clearing_house)" title="LCH (clearing house)">LCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libor" title="Libor">London Interbank Offered Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Platinum_and_Palladium_Market" title="London Platinum and Palladium Market">London Platinum and Palladium Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market" title="Alternative Investment Market">Alternative Investment Market</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International students</a></li></ul></li> <li>Entertainment & <a 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href="/wiki/Legal_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Legal services in the United Kingdom">Legal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of exports of the United Kingdom">Exports</a></li></ul></li> <li>Property <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordability_of_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Real estate in the United Kingdom">Real estate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_rail_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Structure of the rail industry in the United Kingdom">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Inter-city rail in the United Kingdom">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">High-speed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Trade and<br />business<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_organisations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Business organisations based in the United Kingdom">Business organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association" title="British Bankers' Association">British Bankers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="British Chambers of Commerce">British Chambers of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry" title="Confederation of British Industry">Confederation of British Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses" title="Federation of Small Businesses">Federation of Small Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_associations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Trade associations based in the United Kingdom">Industry trade groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Directors" title="Institute of Directors">Institute of Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_UK" title="Make UK">Make UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Payments_Administration" title="UK Payments Administration">UK Payments Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Economy of the United 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