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id="toc-Post-colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Post-colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macanese_identity_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macanese_identity_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Macanese identity dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macanese_identity_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_Macanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Macanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prominent Macanese</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prominent_Macanese-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prominent Macanese subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Macanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Arts and letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_and_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_and_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Entertainment and sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_and_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics,_military_and_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics,_military_and_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Politics, military and business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics,_military_and_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Macanese people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ماكانيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماكانيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaj%C5%A1t%C3%AD_lid%C3%A9" title="Macajští lidé – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Macajští lidé" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macanesen" title="Macanesen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Macanesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macanais" title="Macanais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Macanais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%B9%B4%EC%98%A4_%ED%86%A0%EC%83%9D_%ED%8F%AC%EC%9D%B8" title="마카오 토생 포인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마카오 토생 포인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaense" title="Macaense – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Macaense" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5" title="マカイエンサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マカイエンサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaense" title="Macaense – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Macaense" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macanese_fowk" title="Macanese fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Macanese fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaolaiset" title="Macaolaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Macaolaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="ชาวมาเก๊า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวมาเก๊า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E7%94%9F%E8%91%A1%E4%BA%BA" title="土生葡人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土生葡人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%94%9F%E8%91%A1%E4%BA%BA" title="澳門土生葡人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="澳門土生葡人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Mixed race ethnic group originating in Macau</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ethnic group. For <a href="/wiki/Macau_Resident_Identity_Card" title="Macau Resident Identity Card">any permanent resident of Macau</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Macau_people" title="Macau people">Macau people</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Macanese_people" title="Special:EditPage/Macanese people">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Macanese_people" title="Talk:Macanese people">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a 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/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Macanese_people" title="Special:EditPage/Macanese people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Macanese+people%22">"Macanese people"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Macanese+people%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Macanese+people%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Macanese+people%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Macanese+people%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Macanese+people%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Macanese people<br />土生葡人<br />Maquista<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <b>42,000</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span data-sort-value="Macau"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></span> 8,000<sup id="cite_ref-DSEC1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSEC1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Hong Kong"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">74,000<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Singapore"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">22,000<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="China"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">19,000<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<sup id="cite_ref-clarimmac1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarimmac1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000<sup id="cite_ref-josecordeiro_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josecordeiro-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000<sup id="cite_ref-clarimmac1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarimmac1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Brazil"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">300<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Church</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese diaspora">Portuguese diaspora</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese people</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hongkongers" title="Hongkongers">Hong Kong people</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Macau_people" title="Macau people">Macau people</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka people</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay people</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Brazilian">Chinese Brazilian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Macanese people</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">土生葡人</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Native-born Portuguese people</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">tóu-saāng pòuh-yàhn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">tou2 saang1 pou4 jan4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tʰɔw˧˥ saŋ˥ pʰɔw˩ jɐn˩]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">土生澳門人</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Native-born Macau people</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">tou2 saang1 ou3 mun2 jan4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tʰɔw˧˥ saŋ˥ ɔw˧ mun˧˥ jɐn˩]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Second alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">麥境士</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Cantonese Homophonic Translation of Macanese</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">mak6 ging2 si6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[mɐk̚˨ kɪŋ˧˥ si˨]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Macanese people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Macaense</i>, <span title="Macanese-language text"><i lang="mzs">Maquista</i></span>) are a <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">multiracial</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> that originated in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> in the 16th century, consisting of people of predominantly mixed <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Macanese_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macanese-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Macanese_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macanese-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Macanese_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macanese-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Macanese_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macanese-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-teix65_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teix65-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marr94_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marr94-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, many Macanese migrated out of Macau and dispersed all over the globe, causing their history and culture to become at risk of being lost.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of Macau, the terms <span lang="zh">澳門人</span> ('Macanese') and <span lang="zh">土生葡人</span> ('native-born Portuguese') refer to the <a href="/wiki/Macau_people" title="Macau people">Macau people</a> and the Macanese people, respectively. Although there were attempts by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">colonial</a> government during the mid-1990s to redefine the term "Macanese" as simply meaning a <a href="/wiki/Macau_Resident_Identity_Card" title="Macau Resident Identity Card">permanent resident</a>, or as referring to anyone born in Macau regardless of ethnicity in accordance with Cantonese usage in, this did not succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the term "Macanese" is neither a term referring to the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka people</a> of Macau, nor simply the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> of Macau, but it instead refers to a specific minority ethnic group comprising approximately 1.2% of Macau's population. Due to the rise of localism among Macau people, following the 1999 handover "Macanese" is properly used to refer to people that were born in or live in Macau.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Macanese_people" title="Special:EditPage/Macanese people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Modern Macanese culture can be best described as a Sino-Latin culture. Historically, many ethnic Macanese spoke <a href="/wiki/Macanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Macanese language">Patuá</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> and now nearly extinct. Many are fluent in both <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and Cantonese. The Macanese have preserved a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese cuisine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_colonial_period">Portuguese colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Portuguese colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Macanese,_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Cortela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Macanese%2C_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Cortela.jpg/220px-The_Macanese%2C_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Cortela.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Macanese%2C_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Cortela.jpg/330px-The_Macanese%2C_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Cortela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Macanese%2C_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Cortela.jpg/440px-The_Macanese%2C_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Cortela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption><i>The Macanese, Miguel António de Cortela</i>. Attributed to <a href="/wiki/Lam_Qua" title="Lam Qua">Lam Qua</a>, early to mid-19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Macau was founded circa 1557 by Portuguese merchants with permission of the Chinese Canton governor and later the emperor. Since its beginning, Macau has not been conquered and until the attacks of the Dutch in 1604, it didn't have a military garrison. Portuguese culture dominates the Macanese, but Chinese cultural patterns are also significant. The community acted as the interface between Portuguese merchant settlers or ruling <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> government – Portuguese who knew little about the Chinese – and the Chinese majority (90% of population) who knew equally little about the Portuguese. Some were Portuguese men stationed in Macau as part of their military service. Many stayed in Macau after the expiration of their military service, marrying Macanese women.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rarely did Chinese women marry Portuguese; initially, mostly <a href="/wiki/Goans" title="Goans">Goans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Ceylonese/Sinhalese</a> (from Sri Lanka), Indochina, Malay (from <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>), and Japanese women were the wives of the Portuguese men in Macau.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slave women of Indian, Indonesian, Malay, and Japanese origin were used as partners by Portuguese men.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese girls would be <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan#Portuguese_trade_in_Japanese_slaves" title="Slavery in Japan">purchased in Japan</a> by Portuguese men.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macau received an influx of African slaves, Japanese slaves as well as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Korea" title="Catholic Church in South Korea">Christian Korean slaves</a> who were <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade#Portuguese_trade_in_Japanese_slaves" title="Nanban trade">bought by the Portuguese from the Japanese</a> after they were taken prisoner during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)</a> in the era of <a href="/wiki/Hideyoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideyoshi">Hideyoshi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1555 onwards, Macau received slave women of Timorese origin as well as women of African origin, and from Malacca and India.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macau was permitted by <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquess_of_Pombal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal">Pombal</a> to receive an influx of Timorese women.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Chinese became Macanese simply by converting to Catholicism, and they had no ancestry from the Portuguese, having assimilated into the Macanese people since they were rejected by non-Christian Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of marriages between Portuguese and natives were between Portuguese men and women of <a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka</a> origin, who were considered the lowest class of people in China and had relations with Portuguese settlers and sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western men like the Portuguese were refused by high class Chinese women, who did not marry foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literature in Macau was written about love affairs and marriage between the Tanka women and Portuguese men, like "A-Chan, A Tancareira", by Henrique de Senna Fernandes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More of the stories of Christianized Chinese who adopted Portuguese customs will be narrated on the 3rd paragraph. Furthermore, in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Galleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Galleon">Manila Galleon</a> trade, a small number of Latinos settled in the ports of Macau in China and <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a> in Indonesia which were secondary connecting trade nodes to the primary trade-route between <a href="/wiki/Manila,_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila, Philippines">Manila, Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acapulco,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Acapulco, Mexico">Acapulco, Mexico</a>; they intermarried with the Portuguese settlers and various Asian settlers; the first Latin American Asians were mostly <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexicans</a> and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Colombians" title="Colombians">Colombians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvians</a> who made their way to Asia (mainly the Philippines) in the 16th century, the Latin-Americans who were sent to the Philippines and Macau from the Spanish colonies in America were often made up of <a href="/wiki/Mulattoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulattoes">Mulattoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mestizos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos">Mestizos</a> and Indios (<a href="/wiki/Amerindians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindians">Amerindians</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a> in 1638, about 400 Japanese Christians were officially deported to Macau or to the Spanish Philippines, and thousands more were pressured into voluntary exile. Among those Japanese Catholic refugees, many were fluent in Portuguese, even intermarried with Portuguese settlers & already existing Macanese settlers. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam#European_rule" title="Women in Vietnam">Women in Vietnam § European rule</a></div> <p>Much of the business conducted with foreign men in Vietnam was done by the local Vietnamese women, who engaged in both sexual and mercantile intercourse with foreign male traders. A Portuguese and Malay-speaking Vietnamese woman who lived in Macao for an extensive period of time was the person who interpreted for the first diplomatic meeting between Cochin-China and a Dutch delegation. She served as an interpreter for three decades in the Cochin-China court with an old woman who had been married to three husbands, one Vietnamese and two Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cosmopolitan exchange was facilitated by the marriage of Vietnamese women to Portuguese merchants. Those Vietnamese women were married to Portuguese men and lived in Macao which is how they became fluent in Malay and Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macanese_senhora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Macanese_senhora.jpg/220px-Macanese_senhora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Macanese_senhora.jpg/330px-Macanese_senhora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Macanese_senhora.jpg/440px-Macanese_senhora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Macanese <i>senhora</i> in her traditional attire, the dó, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>During the late-nineteenth century, and increasingly during <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a>'s fascist <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> regime, the upbringing of most Macanese fell along the lines of the continental Portuguese – attending Portuguese schools, participating in mandatory military service (some fought in Africa) and practising the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> faith. As recently as the 1980s, most Macanese had not received formal Chinese schooling and, hence, could speak but not read or write Chinese. Spoken <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> was largely familiar, and some spoke the language with a regional accent (鄉下話) – acquired largely from their mothers or amahs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Portuguese settlement in Macau – dating from 1557 – included a strong Catholic presence, a number of Chinese converted to Catholicism. A large number of Macanese can trace their roots to these New Christians. Many of these Chinese were assimilated into the Macanese community, dropping their Chinese surnames and adopting Portuguese surnames. In the collective Macanese folk memory, there is a little ditty about the parish of St. Lazarus Parish, called 進教圍, where these Chinese converts lived: 進教圍, 割辮仔, 唔係姓念珠 (Rosário)　就係姓玫瑰 (Rosa). Hence, it is surmised that many Macanese with surnames of <a href="/wiki/Rosario_(surname)" title="Rosario (surname)">Rosario</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rosa_(surname)" title="Rosa (surname)">Rosa</a> probably were of Chinese ancestry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Because of this, there are many Eurasians carrying Portuguese surnames Rosario, Rosa, and others that are not Portuguese-blooded may be mistaken by others as Portuguese-blooded, and Eurasians of Portuguese blood carrying Portuguese surnames trace their Portuguese blood on their maternal side.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A visit to the St Michael the Archangel Cemetery (Cemitério São Miguel Arcanjo), the main Catholic cemetery near the St. Lazarus Parish, would reveal gravestones with a whole spectrum of Chinese and Portuguese heritage: Chinese with Portuguese baptised names with or without Portuguese surnames, Portuguese married with Chinese Catholics, and so on. </p><p>The mid-twentieth century, with the outbreak of the Second World War in the Pacific and the retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan, saw the Macanese population surge through the re-integration of two disparate Macanese communities: the Hong Kong Macanese and the Shanghai Macanese. With the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941, the Macanese population, escaping the occupation, made its way to Macau as refugees. These Macanese, including many skilled workers and civil servants, were fluent in English and Portuguese and brought valuable commercial and technical skills to the colony. Another distinct group within the Macanese community is the 上海葡僑; the descendants of Portuguese settlers from Shanghai that acted as middlemen between other foreigners and the Chinese in the "Paris of the Orient". They emigrated from Shanghai to Macau in 1949 with the coming of the communist forces. Many spoke little Portuguese and were several generations removed from Portugal, speaking primarily English and Shanghainese, and/or Mandarin. The Shanghai Macanese carved a niche by teaching English in Macau. Only the children and grandchildren of Shanghainese settlers who were born and raised in Macau have the ability to speak Portuguese. </p><p>A number of Macanese also emigrated during the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> and Macau's handover to the People's Republic of China, respectively. Most potential emigrants looked to Brazil, Portugal's African territories, and Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_period">Post-colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning with the post-1974 independence of other Portuguese colonies and hastened by Macau's return to China, the Macanese community began to lose its Portuguese heritage. Many Portuguese, Eurasians and Chinese who were loyal to the Portuguese left after its return to China. Of those that remained, many children – including those of pure Chinese descent – switched from Portuguese- to English-medium high school education, particularly as many of parents recognised the diminishing value of Portuguese schooling. Many Macanese people of mixed ancestry since Portuguese time never speak Portuguese and speak only Cantonese as their first language; if other Macanese people of mixed ancestry speak Portuguese, they speak it as a second language, affected by a Cantonese accent. At the same time, Macanese of pure Portuguese descent are also learning Cantonese and Mandarin to be able to communicate to non-Portuguese-speaking Chinese. Today, most Macanese – if they are still young enough – would go back to study to read and write Chinese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many see a niche role for fluent speakers of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a> between Portuguese, Cantonese, and Mandarin among native speakers is common. In the 1980s, Macanese or Portuguese women began to marry men who identified themselves as Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macanese_identity_dispute">Macanese identity dispute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Macanese identity dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some dispute around the exact meaning of "Macanese". An essay by Marreiros offers a broad spectrum of "Macanese types", ranging from Chinese Christian converts who live among the Portuguese to the descendants of old-established families of Portuguese lineage; all groups are integrated into this historically legitimated group.<sup id="cite_ref-marr94_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marr94-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a general rule, it is not a point of reference, however for ethnic Chinese living and raised in Macau; they often identify themselves as Chinese or Chinese from Macau; "Macanese" is applied to those people who have been acculturated through Western education and religion and are recognized by the Macanese community as being Macanese.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the basis for Macanese ethnic affiliation has been the use of the Portuguese language at home or some alliances with Portuguese cultural patterns and not solely determined along hereditary lines. Pina-Cabral and Lourenço suggest that this goal is reached "namely through the Portuguese-language school-system".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, due to the close proximity to the Portuguese, the Macanese closely identify themselves with Portuguese nationals as opposed to Chinese in the bi-cultural and bi-racial equation. In practice, however, being Macanese is left up to how individuals categorize themselves. </p><p>In the mid-1990s, there had been attempts by the Macau government to redefine the Macanese to be everyone born in Macau regardless of ethnicity, language or nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the re-integration of Macau with the People's Republic of China in late 1999, the traditional definitions are in a state of re-formulation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the shifting political climate of Macau, some Macanese are coming to recognize and identify closer with a Chinese heritage. </p><p>This ambiguity might be reduced by the further adjective <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">crioulo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_Macanese">Prominent Macanese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prominent Macanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Macanese_people" title="Category:Macanese people">Category:Macanese people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_people_of_Portuguese_descent" title="Category:Hong Kong people of Portuguese descent">Category:Hong Kong people of Portuguese descent</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_letters">Arts and letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arts and letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_dos_Santos_Ferreira" title="José dos Santos Ferreira">José dos Santos Ferreira</a> – poet</li> <li>飛歷奇 <a href="/wiki/Henrique_de_Senna_Fernandes" title="Henrique de Senna Fernandes">Henrique de Senna Fernandes</a> – lawyer/writer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_sports">Entertainment and sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Entertainment and sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>李嘉欣 <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Reis" title="Michelle Reis">Michelle Monique Reis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Miss_Hong_Kong_Pageant" title="Miss Hong Kong Pageant">Miss Hong Kong</a> 1988, socialite and actress</li> <li>肥媽 <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cordero" title="Maria Cordero">Maria Cordero</a> – singer/actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lee_(entertainer)" title="Alexander Lee (entertainer)">Alexander Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/U-KISS" title="U-KISS">U-KISS</a> former member and now a solo artist.</li> <li>羅利期 <a href="/wiki/Joe_Junior" title="Joe Junior">Joe Junior</a> (actual name: Jose Maria Rodrigues Jr.) – veteran singer & TV actor</li> <li>梁洛施 <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Leong" title="Isabella Leong">Luísa Isabella Nolasco da Silva Leong Lok-yau</a> – Hong Kong-based actress, singer, and model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issy_Wong" title="Issy Wong">Isabelle Eleanor Chih Ming Wong</a> - British-Macanese Cricketer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics,_military_and_business"><span id="Politics.2C_military_and_business"></span>Politics, military and business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics, military and business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Nicolau_de_Mesquita" title="Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita">Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita</a>, a commander of a group of 36 Portuguese soldiers, who won the <a href="/wiki/Baishaling_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Baishaling Incident">battle of Passaleão</a>, which was fought near the <a href="/wiki/Portas_do_Cerco" title="Portas do Cerco">Portas do Cerco</a>, against 400 Chinese soldiers, on August 25, 1849.</li> <li>羅保 Sir <a href="/wiki/Rogerio_Hyndman_Lobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogerio Hyndman Lobo">Roger Lobo</a>, a businessman, former <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Legislative Council">Hong Kong Legislative Council</a> member and former <a href="/wiki/Urban_Council" title="Urban Council">Urban Council</a> member, from the well known Macau's Lobo family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nolasco_da_Silva" title="Pedro Nolasco da Silva">Pedro Nolasco da Silva</a>, writer, translator, teacher, civil servant and politician.</li> <li>沙利士 <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_de_Oliveira_Sales" title="Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales">Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales</a>, former member and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Council" title="Urban Council">Urban Council</a>, former president of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Committee_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Committee of Hong Kong">Olympic Committee of Hong Kong</a> and former president of the Club Lusitano de Hong Kong.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pedro_Braga" title="José Pedro Braga">José Pedro Braga</a> – manager of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hongkong_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongkong Telegraph">Hongkong Telegraph</a></i> between 1902 and 1910, chairman of <a href="/wiki/China_Light_and_Power_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="China Light and Power Company">China Light and Power Company</a> in 1934 and 1938 and the first Portuguese member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council of Hong Kong</a>, between 1929 and 1937.</li> <li>黎婉華 Clementina Leitão, deceased wife of <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Ho" title="Stanley Ho">Stanley Ho</a>. Also a member of one of pre-WWII Macau's wealthiest families</li> <li>陳麗敏 <a href="/wiki/Florinda_da_Rosa_Silva_Chan" class="mw-redirect" title="Florinda da Rosa Silva Chan">Florinda da Rosa Silva Chan</a>, current <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Administration_and_Justice_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Administration and Justice (Macau)">Secretary for Administration and Justice</a></li> <li>高天賜 <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pereira_Coutinho" title="José Pereira Coutinho">José Pereira Coutinho</a>, jurist, Counselor of the Portuguese Communities, President of New Hope a pro-democracy party in Macau, President of Macau Civil Servants Association and Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of Macau</li> <li>羅立文 <a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Arrais_do_Ros%C3%A1rio" title="Raimundo Arrais do Rosário">Raimundo Arrais do Rosário</a>, current <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Transport_and_Public_Works_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Transport and Public Works (Macau)">Secretary for Transport and Public Works</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>畢美娜, 畢嘉寶, 畢嘉麗, 畢美淇 Guilhermina, Geraldina, Isabela and Guiomar Pedruco, four sisters from the Pedruco family who won <a href="/wiki/Miss_Macau" title="Miss Macau">Miss Macau</a> beauty pageant in 1989, 1995, 1993 and 1996 respectively.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_people" title="Macau people">Macau people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052145/https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/macau/mofamous.htm">"Famous People From Macau Famous Natives"</a>. <i>Worldatlas.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/macau/mofamous.htm">the original</a> on 18 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldatlas.com&rft.atitle=Famous+People+From+Macau+Famous+Natives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Fwebimage%2Fcountrys%2Fasia%2Fmacau%2Fmofamous.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSEC1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DSEC1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170717034102/http://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/087215da-a7c9-4bb6-91af-1fea59886b15/P_ICEN_PUB_2006_Y.aspx">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/087215da-a7c9-4bb6-91af-1fea59886b15/P_ICEN_PUB_2006_Y.aspx">the original</a> on 2017-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsec.gov.mo%2FgetAttachment%2F087215da-a7c9-4bb6-91af-1fea59886b15%2FP_ICEN_PUB_2006_Y.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPI_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPI_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPI_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPI_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination">"Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination"</a>. 10 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrant+and+Emigrant+Populations+by+Country+of+Origin+and+Destination&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Fprograms%2Fdata-hub%2Fcharts%2Fimmigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clarimmac1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clarimmac1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clarimmac1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903141945/http://www.oclarim.com.mo/j101203/local3.shtml">"Encontro para não esquecer – Comunidades macaenses reunidas até domingo"</a>. Jornal O Clarim. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oclarim.com.mo/j101203/local3.shtml">the original</a> on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encontro+para+n%C3%A3o+esquecer+%E2%80%93+Comunidades+macaenses+reunidas+at%C3%A9+domingo&rft.pub=Jornal+O+Clarim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oclarim.com.mo%2Fj101203%2Flocal3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josecordeiro-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-josecordeiro_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cronicasmacaenses.com/tag/diaspora-macaense-no-canada/">Entrevista a José Cordeiro, no programa televisivo <i>RCP Rescaldos da Comunidade Portuguesa</i> Canadá, 10 de Março de 2012</a> – na entrevista filmada, ir ao minuto 8, ondo José Cordeiro, fundador da associação macaense <i>Amigu di Macau</i>, fez uma estimativa da população macaense residente em Toronto.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistamacau.com/2013/06/16/uma-comunidade-cheia-de-vida-e-tradicao-no-brasil/">"Uma comunidade cheia de vida e tradição no Brasil"</a>. <i>Revista Macau</i> (in Portuguese). 16 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revista+Macau&rft.atitle=Uma+comunidade+cheia+de+vida+e+tradi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+no+Brasil&rft.date=2013-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistamacau.com%2F2013%2F06%2F16%2Fuma-comunidade-cheia-de-vida-e-tradicao-no-brasil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macanese-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macanese_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macanese_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macanese_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macanese_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2014" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B (2014). <i>Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-017-1"><bdi>978-1-61069-017-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+North%2C+East%2C+and+Central+Asia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-017-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1996" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Jonathan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H2twAAAAMAAJ&q=macanese+japanese"><i>Macau, the imaginary city: culture and society, 1557 to the present</i></a>. Avalon. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813328362" title="Special:BookSources/9780813328362"><bdi>9780813328362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macau%2C+the+imaginary+city%3A+culture+and+society%2C+1557+to+the+present&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Avalon&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780813328362&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH2twAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmacanese%2Bjapanese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teix65-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-teix65_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teixeira, Manuel (1965),<i>Os Macaenses</i>, Macau: Imprensa Nacional; Amaro, Ana Maria (1988), <i>Filhos da Terra</i>, Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau, pp. 4–7; and Pina-Cabral, João de and Nelson Lourenço (1993), <i>Em Terra de Tufões: Dinâmicas da Etnicidade Macaense</i>, Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau, for three varying, yet converging discussions on the definition of the term Macanese. Also particularly helpful is <i>Review of Culture</i> No. 20 July/September (English Edition) 1994, which is devoted to the ethnography of the Macanese.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marr94-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marr94_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marr94_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marreiros, Carlos (1994), "Alliances for the Future" in <i>Review of Culture</i>, No. 20 July/September (English Edition), pp. 162–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macaneselibrary.org/pub/english/index.htm">"Macau"</a>. <i>www.macaneselibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.macaneselibrary.org&rft.atitle=Macau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macaneselibrary.org%2Fpub%2Fenglish%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2010" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Cathryn H. (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_at_the_Edge:_Macau_%26_the_Question_of_Chineseness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness">Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2alTUjb6SX8C&pg=PA110">110</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2alTUjb6SX8C&pg=PA113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674035454" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674035454"><bdi>978-0674035454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+at+the+Edge%3A+Macau+%26+the+Question+of+Chineseness&rft.pages=110-113&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0674035454&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Cathryn+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnabel_Jackson2003" class="citation book cs1">Annabel Jackson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwZwFh1aqFUC&pg=PR10"><i>Taste of Macau: Portuguese Cuisine on the China Coast</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-638-7" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-638-7"><bdi>962-209-638-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taste+of+Macau%3A+Portuguese+Cuisine+on+the+China+Coast&rft.pages=x&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=962-209-638-7&rft.au=Annabel+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkwZwFh1aqFUC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoão_de_Pina-Cabral2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">João de Pina-Cabral (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GglrUksvCUcC&pg=PA39"><i>Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao</i></a>. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology (illustrated ed.). Berg. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5"><bdi>0-8264-5749-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-01</span></span>. <q>To be a Macanese is fundamentally to be from Macao with Portuguese ancestors, but not necessarily to be of Sino-Portuguese descent. The local community was born from Portuguese men. ... but in the beginning the woman was Goanese, Siamese, Indo-Chinese, Malay – they came to Macao in our boats. Sporadically it was a Chinese woman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+China+and+Europe%3A+person%2C+culture+and+emotion+in+Macao&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8264-5749-5&rft.au=Jo%C3%A3o+de+Pina-Cabral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGglrUksvCUcC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._A._Montalto_de_Jesus1902" class="citation book cs1">C. A. Montalto de Jesus (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmacao00jesugoog"><i>Historic Macao</i></a> (2 ed.). Kelly & Walsh, Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicmacao00jesugoog/page/n69">41</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>. <q>macao Japanese women.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Macao&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Kelly+%26+Walsh%2C+Limited&rft.date=1902&rft.au=C.+A.+Montalto+de+Jesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricmacao00jesugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin_Coates2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Austin Coates (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rE-6AgAAQBAJ&q=macao+Japanese+women&pg=PA44"><i>A Macao Narrative</i></a>. Vol. 1 of Echoes: Classics of Hong Kong Culture and History. Hong Kong University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-077-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-077-4"><bdi>978-962-209-077-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Macao+Narrative&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-962-209-077-4&rft.au=Austin+Coates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrE-6AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmacao%2BJapanese%2Bwomen%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_A._WurmPeter_MühlhäuslerDarrell_T._Tryon1996" class="citation book cs1">Stephen A. Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tryon, eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA323"><i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110819724" title="Special:BookSources/3110819724"><bdi>3110819724</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas%3A+Vol+I%3A+Maps.+Vol+II%3A+Texts&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3110819724&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFW1BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamões_Center_(Columbia_University._Research_Institute_on_International_Change)1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Camões Center (Columbia University. Research Institute on International Change) (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPoWAQAAMAAJ&q=and+they+usually+managed+to+get+enough+money+to+buy+Japanese+girls+and+take+them+back+to+Macau+as+concubines."><i>Camões Center Quarterly, Volume 1</i></a>. Vol. 1 of Echoes: Classics of Hong Kong Culture and History. The Center. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cam%C3%B5es+Center+Quarterly%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=The+Center&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Cam%C3%B5es+Center+%28Columbia+University.+Research+Institute+on+International+Change%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZPoWAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dand%2Bthey%2Busually%2Bmanaged%2Bto%2Bget%2Benough%2Bmoney%2Bto%2Bbuy%2BJapanese%2Bgirls%2Band%2Btake%2Bthem%2Bback%2Bto%2BMacau%2Bas%2Bconcubines.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaijian_Tang2015" class="citation book cs1">Kaijian Tang (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3HsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93"><i>Setting Off from Macau: Essays on Jesuit History during the Ming and Qing Dynasties</i></a>. BRILL. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004305526" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004305526"><bdi>978-9004305526</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+Off+from+Macau%3A+Essays+on+Jesuit+History+during+the+Ming+and+Qing+Dynasties&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9004305526&rft.au=Kaijian+Tang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA3HsCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Dikötter2015" class="citation book cs1">Frank Dikötter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpGMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>The Discourse of Race in Modern China</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190231132" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190231132"><bdi>978-0190231132</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discourse+of+Race+in+Modern+China&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0190231132&rft.au=Frank+Dik%C3%B6tter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZpGMCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Dikotter1992" class="citation book cs1">Frank Dikotter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSjxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>The Discourse of Race in Modern China: Hong Kong Memoirs</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9622093043" title="Special:BookSources/9622093043"><bdi>9622093043</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discourse+of+Race+in+Modern+China%3A+Hong+Kong+Memoirs&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9622093043&rft.au=Frank+Dikotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSjxAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco_Bethencourt2014" class="citation book cs1">Francisco Bethencourt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_fSKAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA209"><i>Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400848416" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400848416"><bdi>978-1400848416</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racisms%3A+From+the+Crusades+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1400848416&rft.au=Francisco+Bethencourt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_fSKAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoão_de_Pina-Cabral2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">João de Pina-Cabral (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GglrUksvCUcC&pg=PA39"><i>Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao</i></a>. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology (illustrated ed.). Berg. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5"><bdi>0-8264-5749-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+China+and+Europe%3A+person%2C+culture+and+emotion+in+Macao&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8264-5749-5&rft.au=Jo%C3%A3o+de+Pina-Cabral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGglrUksvCUcC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoão_de_Pina-Cabral2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">João de Pina-Cabral (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GglrUksvCUcC&pg=PA165"><i>Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao</i></a>. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology (illustrated ed.). Berg. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5"><bdi>0-8264-5749-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+China+and+Europe%3A+person%2C+culture+and+emotion+in+Macao&rft.pages=164&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8264-5749-5&rft.au=Jo%C3%A3o+de+Pina-Cabral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGglrUksvCUcC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoão_de_Pina-Cabral2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">João de Pina-Cabral (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GglrUksvCUcC&pg=PA165"><i>Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao</i></a>. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology (illustrated ed.). Berg. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5"><bdi>0-8264-5749-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+China+and+Europe%3A+person%2C+culture+and+emotion+in+Macao&rft.pages=165&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8264-5749-5&rft.au=Jo%C3%A3o+de+Pina-Cabral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGglrUksvCUcC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoão_de_Pina-Cabral2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">João de Pina-Cabral (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GglrUksvCUcC&pg=PA165"><i>Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao</i></a>. Vol. 74 of London School of Economics monographs on social anthropology (illustrated ed.). Berg. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5"><bdi>0-8264-5749-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-01</span></span>. <q>Henrique de Senna Fernandes, another Macanese author, wrote a short story about a tanka girl who has an affair with a Portuguese sailor. In the end, the man returns to his native country and takes their little girl with him, leaving the mother abandoned and broken-hearted. As her sailorman picks up the child, A-Chan's words are: 'Cuidadinho ... cuidadinho' ('Careful ... careful'). She resigns herself to her fate, much as she may never have recovered from the blow (1978).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+China+and+Europe%3A+person%2C+culture+and+emotion+in+Macao&rft.pages=164&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8264-5749-5&rft.au=Jo%C3%A3o+de+Pina-Cabral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGglrUksvCUcC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Miu_Bing_Cheng1999" class="citation book cs1">Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Gr51C1eS1oC&q=portuguese+slave+tanka&pg=PA173"><i>Macau: a cultural Janus</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-486-4" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-486-4"><bdi>962-209-486-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-01</span></span>. <q>Her slave-like submissiveness is her only attraction to him. A-Chan thus becomes his slave/mistress, an outlet for suppressed sexual urges. The story is an archetypical tragedy of miscegenation. Just as the Tanka community despises A-Chan's cohabitation with a foreign barbarian, Manuel's colleagues mock his 'bad taste' ('gosto degenerado') (Senna Fernandes, 1978: 15) in having a tryst with a boat girl.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macau%3A+a+cultural+Janus&rft.pages=173&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=962-209-486-4&rft.au=Christina+Miu+Bing+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Gr51C1eS1oC%26q%3Dportuguese%2Bslave%2Btanka%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Miu_Bing_Cheng1999" class="citation book cs1">Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Gr51C1eS1oC&q=portuguese+slave+tanka&pg=PA173"><i>Macau: a cultural Janus</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-486-4" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-486-4"><bdi>962-209-486-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-01</span></span>. <q>As such, the Tanka girl is nonchalantly reified and dehumanized as a thing ( coisa). Manuel reduces human relations to mere consumption not even of her physical beauty (which has been denied in the description of A-Chan), but her 'Orientalness' of being slave-like and submissive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macau%3A+a+cultural+Janus&rft.pages=173&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=962-209-486-4&rft.au=Christina+Miu+Bing+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Gr51C1eS1oC%26q%3Dportuguese%2Bslave%2Btanka%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Miu_Bing_Cheng1999" class="citation book cs1">Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Gr51C1eS1oC&q=portuguese+poem+tanka+girl&pg=PA170"><i>Macau: a cultural Janus</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-486-4" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-486-4"><bdi>962-209-486-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-01</span></span>. <q>We can trace this fleeting and shallow relationship in Henrique de Senna Fernandes' short story, A-Chan, A Tancareira, (Ah Chan, the Tanka Girl) (1978). Senna Fernandes (1923-), a Macanese, had written a series of novels set against the context of Macau and some of which were made into films.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macau%3A+a+cultural+Janus&rft.pages=170&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=962-209-486-4&rft.au=Christina+Miu+Bing+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Gr51C1eS1oC%26q%3Dportuguese%2Bpoem%2Btanka%2Bgirl%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16086/16086-h/16086-h.htm">Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620.(From the Spanish Archives of the Indies)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Reid, Anthony (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lqyJViWXkVsC&pg=PA165"><i>Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: The lands below the winds</i></a>. Vol. 1 of Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, <span class="nowrap">1450–</span>1680 (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04750-9"><bdi>978-0-300-04750-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+Age+of+Commerce%2C+1450%E2%80%931680%3A+The+lands+below+the+winds&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=165&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint%2C+revised&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04750-9&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlqyJViWXkVsC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeodRawski1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">MacLeod, Murdo J.; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-CmAAAAAMAAJ"><i>European Intruders and Changes in Behaviour and Customs in Africa, America, and Asia Before 1800</i></a>. Vol. 30 of An Expanding World, the European Impact on World History, <span class="nowrap">1450–</span>1800, Vol 30 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Ashgate. p. 636. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-522-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-522-4"><bdi>978-0-86078-522-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Intruders+and+Changes+in+Behaviour+and+Customs+in+Africa%2C+America%2C+and+Asia+Before+1800&rft.pages=636&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-522-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-CmAAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesHughes1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hughes, Sarah S.; Hughes, Brady, eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05WyAAAAIAAJ"><i>Women in World History: Readings from prehistory to 1500</i></a>. Vol. 1 of Sources and studies in world history (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-311-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-311-0"><bdi>978-1-56324-311-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+World+History%3A+Readings+from+prehistory+to+1500&rft.pages=219&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-311-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05WyAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTingley2009" class="citation book cs1">Tingley, Nancy (2009). Asia Society. Museum (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G6M0AQAAIAAJ"><i>Arts of Ancient Viet Nam: From River Plain to Open Sea</i></a>. Andreas Reinecke, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (illustrated ed.). Asia Society. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14696-7"><bdi>978-0-300-14696-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+of+Ancient+Viet+Nam%3A+From+River+Plain+to+Open+Sea&rft.pages=249&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Asia+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14696-7&rft.aulast=Tingley&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG6M0AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of interest is the role that the amah plays in Macanese society. It is well known that local Cantonese women were often hired by the Catholic Church in Macau to act as wet-nurses for orphans in the Church's charge. These women were also hired by Macanese families to clean their houses, cook meals and care for their children. It is in these early encounters that Macanese children are first introduced to the Cantonese language and culture. Families are known to keep long-standing friendships with their amahs and in the past, young brides would sometimes bring them along with them to their new home. Nowadays Filipinas fill the role. c.f. Soares, José Caetano (1950), <i>Macau e a Assistência (Panorama médico-social)</i>, Lisbon, Agência Geral das Colónias Divisão de Publicações e Biblioteca, and Jorge, Edith de (1993), <i>The Wind Amongst the Ruins: A childhood in Macao</i>, New York: Vantage Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_João_de_Pina-Cabral2002" class="citation book cs1">Gary João de Pina-Cabral (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SDvOJRO7qu8C&pg=PA165"><i>InteBetween China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao</i></a>. Berg Publishers. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5749-5"><bdi>0-8264-5749-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=InteBetween+China+and+Europe%3A+person%2C+culture+and+emotion+in+Macao&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8264-5749-5&rft.au=Gary+Jo%C3%A3o+de+Pina-Cabral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSDvOJRO7qu8C%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are many pretenders who have claimed to be Macanese. Although one's ethnic identity is a personal project, ultimately, any claim to a Macanese identity is either accepted or refuted by the already existing Macanese community on criteria dependent upon shared cultural heritage and collective notions (these criteria shift with each emerging generation). As Turner and later Bhabka suggest, identity is a layering of experiences unraveled through contact with others and is only decipherable within the social sphere. There are limits to a Macanese identity, and Pina-Cabral and Lourenço (op. cit.), offer a broad-based definition delineated by family and community acceptance as two basic denominators for a tentative definition of the Macanese.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pina-Cabral and Lourenço (1993). Tentatively, language is not so much a key determinant to Macanese identity, but rather the alliance with the Portuguese cultural system that knowing Portuguese entails. A great number of Macanese families of Hong Kong only speak English but are still considered Macanese. Along these lines, knowledge of Portuguese is preferably – but not absolutely necessary – for a Macanese identity. It should be mentioned, however, that Portuguese language use is only one of several criteria that are used by other Macaense to determine other Macanese, not the sole determinant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2010" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Cathryn H. (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_at_the_Edge:_Macau_%26_the_Question_of_Chineseness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness">Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2alTUjb6SX8C&pg=PA110">110</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2alTUjb6SX8C&pg=PA113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674035454" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674035454"><bdi>978-0674035454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+at+the+Edge%3A+Macau+%26+the+Question+of+Chineseness&rft.pages=110-113&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0674035454&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Cathryn+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shifting, not in the sense of deconstruction of the identity definition, but a re-formulation of the definition as each rising generation dictates. The current generation is looking toward the transition and finding themselves deciding upon their cultural/identity alignments. However, as Pina-Cabral and Lourenço explain, this is the nature of the Macanese community.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Amaro, Ana Maria (1989). <i>O Traje da Mulher Macaense, Da Saraca ao Do das Nhonhonha de Macau</i>. Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau.</li> <li>Amaro, Ana Maria (1993). <i>Filhos da Terra</i>. Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau.</li> <li>Dicks, Anthony R. (1984). "Macao: Legal Fiction and Gunboat Diplomacy" in <i>Leadership on the China Coast</i>, Goran Aijmer (editor), London: Curzon Press, pp. 101–102.</li> <li>Guedes, João (1991). <i>As seitas: histôrias do crime e da política em Macau</i>. Macau: Livros do Oriente.</li> <li>Marreiros, Carlos (1994). "Alliances for the Future" in <i>Review of Culture</i> No. 20 July/September (English Edition), 162–172.</li> <li>Pina Cabral, João de (2002). <i>Between China and Europe: Person, Culture and Emotion in Macao</i>. New York and London: Berg (Continuum Books) – London School Monographs in Social Antrhropology 74.</li> <li>Pina Cabral, João de, and Nelson Lourenço (1993). <i>Em Terra de Tufões: Dinâmicas da Etnicidade Macaense</i>. Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau.</li> <li>Porter, Jonathan (1996). <i>Macau, the imaginary city: culture and society, 1557 to the present</i>. Boulder: Westview Press.</li> <li>Teixeira, Manuel (1965). <i>Os Macaenses</i>. Macau: Imprensa Nacional.</li> <li>Watts, Ian (1997). "Neither Meat nor Fish: Three Macanse Women in the Transition" in <i>Macau and Its Neighbors toward the 21st Century</i>. Macau: University of Macau.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowell,_Todd1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Crowell, Todd (1999-12-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010128202000/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/99/1224/sr.macanese.html">"A Proud People"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Week">Asia Week</a></i>. Archived from the original on 2001-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Week&rft.atitle=A+Proud+People&rft.date=1999-12-24&rft.au=Crowell%2C+Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaweek.com%2Fasiaweek%2Fmagazine%2F99%2F1224%2Fsr.macanese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGivering,_Jill1999" class="citation web cs1">McGivering, Jill (1999-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/279196.stm">"Macao: Mediterranean life in the East"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Macao%3A+Mediterranean+life+in+the+East&rft.date=1999-02-13&rft.au=McGivering%2C+Jill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F279196.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacanese+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Template:Han Chinese subgroups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Template talk:Han Chinese subgroups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Han Chinese subgroups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Han_Chinese_subgroups51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese_people" title="Taishanese people">Taishanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongkongers" title="Hongkongers">Hongkongers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_people" title="Macau people">Macau people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese-speaking_people" title="Gan Chinese-speaking people">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A1i_people" title="Ngái people">Ngái people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunanese_people" title="Hunanese people">Hunanese</a></li> <li>Mandarin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jianghuai" title="Jianghuai">Jianghuai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subei_people" title="Subei people">Subei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_people" title="Shandong people">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_people" title="Sichuanese people">Sichuanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese_speakers" title="Min Chinese speakers">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hoklo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklo Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_maidens" title="Hui'an maidens">Hui'an maidens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Putianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Taiwanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teochew Taiwanese (page does not exist)">Teochew Taiwanese</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A3%94%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:潮州裔臺灣人">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese-speaking_people" title="Wu Chinese-speaking people">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese_people" title="Shanghainese people">Shanghainese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhou_people" title="Wenzhou people">Wenzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people" title="Chuanqing people">Chuanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoshan_Han" title="Gaoshan Han">Gaoshan Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minh_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Minh Hương">Minh Hương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_N%C3%B9ng" title="Chinese Nùng">Nùng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_people" title="Benteng people">Benteng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Taiwanese">Hakka Taiwanese</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A3%94%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:客家裔臺灣人">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoklokeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoklokeh (page does not exist)">Hoklokeh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E4%BD%AC%E5%AE%A2" class="extiw" title="zh:福佬客">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Taiwanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teochew Taiwanese (page does not exist)">Teochew Taiwanese</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A3%94%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:潮州裔臺灣人">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Tanka" title="Fuzhou Tanka">Fuzhou Tanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_people" title="Taz people">Taz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunbao" title="Tunbao">Tunbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_people" title="Waxiang people">Waxiang</a></li> <li>Yunnanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_Chinese" title="Kokang Chinese">Kokang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_China55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_China" title="Template talk:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_China55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_China" title="Immigration to China">Immigration to China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_people_in_China" title="Burmese people in China">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_China" title="Israelis in China">Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Shanghai" title="Japanese community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_community_of_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_China" title="Americans in China">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_China" title="Australians in China">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_China" title="Britons in China">Britons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Hong_Kong" title="Britons in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_China" title="Canadians in China">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_China" title="Nigerians in China">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_China" title="Poles in China">Poles</a></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Russians" title="Shanghai Russians">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_immigration_policy" title="Hong Kong immigration policy">Immigration to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Macau" title="Immigration to Macau">Immigration to Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">History of the Jews in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of the Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underoccupied_developments_in_China" title="Underoccupied developments in China">Underoccupied developments in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_China" title="Illegal immigration to China">Illegal immigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_diaspora177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_diaspora" title="Template:Portuguese diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_diaspora" title="Template talk:Portuguese diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_diaspora177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> diaspora</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Africans" title="Portuguese Africans">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luso-Africans" title="Luso-Africans">Luso-Africans</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angolans" title="Portuguese Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guineans" title="Portuguese Guineans">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambicans" title="Portuguese Mozambicans">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_African" title="Portuguese South African">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/80px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/120px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/160px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Argentine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilians" title="Portuguese Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guyanese" title="Portuguese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mexican" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Mexican">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Surinamese" title="Portuguese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Portuguese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lusophone_Americans_in_Newark,_New_Jersey" title="History of Lusophone Americans in Newark, New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Uruguayans" title="Portuguese Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Venezuelans" title="Portuguese Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia (<a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Indian" title="Luso-Indian">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India" title="Sephardic Jews in India">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Pakistan" title="Portuguese in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Burghers" title="Portuguese Burghers">Burghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7os_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Mestiços (Sri Lanka)">Mestiços</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal#Migration_to_Israel" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Austria" title="Portuguese in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Belgium" title="Portuguese in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Croatia" title="Portuguese in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Portuguese in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Denmark" title="Portuguese in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Finland" title="Portuguese in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_France" title="Portuguese in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Germany" title="Portuguese in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Iceland" title="Portuguese in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Liechtenstein" title="Portuguese in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Luxembourg" title="Portuguese in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_Netherlands" title="Portuguese in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Norway" title="Portuguese in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Slovenia" title="Portuguese in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Sweden" title="Portuguese in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Portuguese in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Australians" title="Portuguese Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Portuguese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_New_Zealanders" title="Portuguese New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multiracial_topics66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiethnicity" title="Template talk:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multiracial_topics66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian Jews</a></li> <li>Brazilians <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pt:ju%C3%A7ara" class="extiw" title="wikt:pt:juçara"><i>juçaras</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras">caiçaras</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mameluco</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1" title="Sarará">sarará</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo"><i>cafuzo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li> <li>Eurasians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasian Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino Mestizo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">Hāfu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topasses" title="Topasses">Topasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people_in_China" title="Multiracial people in China">Hùnxuě'ér</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu"><i>ainoko</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">castizo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">cholo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(racial_category)" title="Coyote (racial category)">coyote</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto"><i>mulatos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">Sacatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">Diasporas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_luk_khrueng_people" title="List of luk khrueng people">luk khrueng people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata889" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata889" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405487#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1894425/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2012004739">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Macanese (etnická skupina)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1103570&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007600089505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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