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<span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-550th_anniversary_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#550th_anniversary_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>550th anniversary commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-550th_anniversary_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Second Battle of St Albans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معركة سانت ألبانز الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة سانت ألبانز الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ایکینجی سنت آلبنز دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی سنت آلبنز دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_bitva_u_St_Albans" title="Druhá bitva u St Albans – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá bitva u St Albans" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._slag_ved_St_Albans" title="2. slag ved St Albans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="2. slag ved St Albans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweite_Schlacht_von_St_Albans" title="Zweite Schlacht von St Albans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweite Schlacht von St Albans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_batalla_de_St_Albans" title="Segunda batalla de St Albans – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda batalla de St Albans" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2" title="دومین نبرد سنت آلبنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومین نبرد سنت آلبنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_bataille_de_St_Albans" title="Seconde bataille de St Albans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde bataille de St Albans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Battaglia_di_St_Albans" title="Seconda Battaglia di St Albans – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda Battaglia di St Albans" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="קרב סנט אולבנס השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב סנט אולבנס השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_Saint_Albans-i_csata" title="Második Saint Albans-i csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második Saint Albans-i csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Slag_bij_St_Albans" title="Tweede Slag bij St Albans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Slag bij St Albans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84_(1461%E5%B9%B4)" title="セント・オールバンズの戦い (1461年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セント・オールバンズの戦い (1461年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_slag_ved_St._Albans" title="Andre slag ved St. Albans – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andre slag ved St. Albans" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_bitwa_pod_St_Albans" title="II bitwa pod St Albans – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II bitwa pod St Albans" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Вторая битва при Сент-Олбансе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая битва при Сент-Олбансе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_bitka_pri_St_Albans" title="Druhá bitka pri St Albans – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druhá bitka pri St Albans" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_slaget_vid_St_Albans" title="Andra slaget vid St Albans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra slaget vid St Albans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="ยุทธการที่เซนต์ออลบันส์ครั้งที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่เซนต์ออลบันส์ครั้งที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%9C%A3%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="第二次圣奥尔本斯战役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第二次圣奥尔本斯战役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&params=51_45_18_N_0_20_9.6_W_type:event_region:GB_source:jawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°45′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°20′9.6″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.75500°N 0.336000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.75500; -0.336000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1461 battle in the English Wars of the Roses</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second Battle of St Albans</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg/300px-Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg/450px-Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg/600px-Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="236" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>17 February 1461</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, England</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&params=51_45_18_N_0_20_9.6_W_type:event_region:GB_source:jawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°45′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°20′9.6″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.75500°N 0.336000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.75500; -0.336000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Lancastrian victory<br />Yorkists lose custody of the English king</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/17px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/26px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/34px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/15px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/30px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="599" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/17px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/26px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/34px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaufort_Arms_(France_modern).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/17px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/26px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/34px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Northumberland_(ancient).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg/17px-Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg/26px-Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg/34px-Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="479" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Earl of Northumberland</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Clifford.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arms_of_Clifford.svg/17px-Arms_of_Clifford.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arms_of_Clifford.svg/26px-Arms_of_Clifford.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arms_of_Clifford.svg/34px-Arms_of_Clifford.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="563" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">Baron Clifford</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg/17px-SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg/26px-SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg/34px-SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_16th_Earl_of_Warwick.svg/17px-Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_16th_Earl_of_Warwick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_16th_Earl_of_Warwick.svg/26px-Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_16th_Earl_of_Warwick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_16th_Earl_of_Warwick.svg/34px-Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_16th_Earl_of_Warwick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Thomas_of_Brotherton,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Arms_of_Thomas_of_Brotherton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk.svg/17px-Arms_of_Thomas_of_Brotherton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Arms_of_Thomas_of_Brotherton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk.svg/26px-Arms_of_Thomas_of_Brotherton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Arms_of_Thomas_of_Brotherton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk.svg/34px-Arms_of_Thomas_of_Brotherton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu.svg/17px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu.svg/26px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu.svg/34px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_Lord_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="John Neville, Lord Montagu">Baron Montagu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 15,000 men</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10,000 men</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> 1,916 killed, mostly Yorkists</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:England_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Battle of St Albans is located in England"><img alt="Second Battle of St Albans is located in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-England_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-England_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-England_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="2431" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.92%;left:73.303%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Second Battle of St Albans"><img alt="Second Battle of St Albans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:England_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:England relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the battle within England</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template:Campaignbox Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_Roses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses"><span class="wrap">Wars of the Roses</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">1st St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">London (1460)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Piltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">London (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford's & Lovell's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Second Battle of St Albans</b> was fought on 17 February 1461 during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">First Battle of St Albans</a> had been fought in 1455). </p><p>The army of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">Yorkist</a> faction, under the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a>, attempted to bar the road to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> north of the town. The rival <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrian</a> army used a wide outflanking manoeuvre to take Warwick by surprise, cut him off from London and drive his army from the field. The victors also released the feeble <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">King Henry VI</a>, who had been Warwick's prisoner, from his captivity, but they ultimately failed to take advantage of their victory. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> were fought between the supporters of two branches of the <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet dynasty">Plantagenet dynasty</a>: the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a>, represented by the mentally-unstable <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">King Henry VI</a>, and those of the rival <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard,_3rd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a> quarrelled with several of Henry's court during the late 1440s and the early 1450s. He was respected as a soldier and administrator and was believed by his own supporters to have a better claim to the throne than Henry. York and his friends rebelled in 1455. At the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">First Battle of St Albans</a>, York gained a victory but that did not resolve the causes of the conflict. After attempts at reconciliation, fighting resumed in 1459. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Battle of Northampton</a> in 1460, Richard of York's nephew, the Earl of Warwick, defeated a Lancastrian army and captured King Henry, who had taken no part. </p><p>York returned to London from exile in Ireland and attempted to claim the throne but his supporters were not prepared to go so far. Instead, an agreement was reached, the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a> by which York or his heirs were to become king after Henry's death. That agreement disinherited Henry's young son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Westminster">Edward of Westminster</a>. Henry's wife, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>, refused to accept the Act of Accord and took Edward to Scotland to gain support there. York's rivals and enemies raised an army in the north of England. York and his brother-in-law, the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a> (Warwick's father), led an army to the north late in 1460 to counter these threats but they underestimated the Lancastrians. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Battle of Wakefield</a>, the Yorkist army was destroyed; York. Salisbury and York's second son, <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund, Earl of Rutland</a>, were killed or executed after the battle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The victorious Lancastrian army began advancing south towards London. It was led by comparatively young nobles such as the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Earl of Northumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_de_Clifford" class="mw-redirect" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford">Lord Clifford</a>, whose fathers had been killed by York and Warwick at the First Battle of St Albans. The army contained substantial contingents from the West Country and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a> and largely subsisted on plunder as they marched south. </p><p>The death of Richard of York left his 18-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward, Earl of March</a>, as the Yorkist claimant for the throne. He led one Yorkist army in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a> while Warwick led another in London and the south-east. Naturally, they intended to combine their forces to face Margaret's army, but Edward was delayed by the need to confront another Lancastrian army from <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a> and his father, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a>. On 2 February, Edward defeated Tudor's army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Battle of Mortimer's Cross</a>. </p><p>Warwick, with the captive King Henry in his train, meanwhile moved to block Queen Margaret's army's route to London. He took up position north of <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a> astride the main road from the north (the ancient Roman road known as <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a>), where he set up several fixed defences, including cannon and obstacles such as <a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">caltrops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavise" title="Pavise">pavises</a> studded with spikes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of his defences used the ancient <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgic</a> earthwork known as <a href="/wiki/Beech_Bottom_Dyke" title="Beech Bottom Dyke">Beech Bottom Dyke</a>. Warwick's forces were divided into three "Battles",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was customary at the time. He himself led the Main Battle in the centre. The <a href="/wiki/John_de_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a> led the Forward (or Vaward) Battle on the right and Warwick's brother <a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville</a> commanded the Rear Battle on the left. </p><p>Although strong, Warwick's lines faced north only. Margaret knew of Warwick's dispositions, probably through Sir William Lovelace and his cousin, Sir Henry Lovelace, the steward of Warwick's own household guard. The Lovelaces had been captured by the Lancastrians at Wakefield but had been spared from execution and released and it is believed that they were then given the noble vacancies in and including the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Kent" title="Earl of Kent">Earldom of Kent</a> as a reward for betraying Warwick.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late on 16 February, Margaret's army swerved sharply west and captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Dunstable" title="Dunstable">Dunstable</a>. About 200 local people under the town butcher tried to resist them but were easily dispersed. Warwick's "scourers" (scouts and patrols and foraging parties) failed to detect the move. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_for_Second_Battle_of_St_Alban%27s_by_Ramsay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map_for_Second_Battle_of_St_Alban%27s_by_Ramsay.jpg/290px-Map_for_Second_Battle_of_St_Alban%27s_by_Ramsay.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map_for_Second_Battle_of_St_Alban%27s_by_Ramsay.jpg/435px-Map_for_Second_Battle_of_St_Alban%27s_by_Ramsay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map_for_Second_Battle_of_St_Alban%27s_by_Ramsay.jpg/580px-Map_for_Second_Battle_of_St_Alban%27s_by_Ramsay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>Map of the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>From Dunstable, Margaret's forces moved south-east at night towards St Albans. The leading Lancastrian forces attacked the town shortly after dawn. Storming up the hill past the Abbey, they were confronted by Yorkist archers in the town centre who shot at them from the house windows. The first attack was repulsed. As they regrouped at the ford across the <a href="/wiki/River_Ver" title="River Ver">River Ver</a>, the Lancastrian commanders sought another route into the town. That was found, and a second attack was launched along the line of Folly Lane and Catherine Street. The second attack met with no opposition, and the Yorkist archers in the town were now outflanked. They continued to fight <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">house to house</a>, however, and were not finally overcome for several hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having gained the town itself, the Lancastrians turned north towards John Neville's Rear Battle, positioned on <a href="/wiki/Bernards_Heath" title="Bernards Heath">Bernards Heath</a>. In the damp conditions,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of the Yorkists' cannon and handguns failed to fire, as their powder was dampened. Warwick found it difficult to extricate his other units from their fortifications and to turn them about to face the Lancastrians and so the Yorkist battles straggled into action one by one, instead of in co-ordinated fashion. The Rear Battle, attempting to reinforce the defenders of the town, was engaged and dispersed. It has been suggested that the Kentish contingent in the Yorkist army under the Lovelaces defected at that point, which caused further confusion in the Yorkist ranks,<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later historians suggest that the Lovelaces' role as 'scapegoats'<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was created by Warwick as a facesaving excuse to mask his own 'total mismanagement' of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certainly, the Lovelaces were not <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">attainted</a> after the Battle of Towton. </p><p>By late afternoon, the Lancastrians were attacking north-east out of St Albans to engage the Yorkist Main and Vaward battles under Warwick and Norfolk. As dusk set in, which would have been in the very early evening at this time of year and in the poor weather, Warwick realised that his men were outnumbered and increasingly demoralised, and he withdrew with his remaining forces (about 4,000 men) to <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Norton,_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire">Chipping Norton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One <a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">annalist</a> estimated the total dead at 2,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiles1845lxxxv_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1845lxxxv-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An anonymous chronicler gave the exact figure of 1,916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman1981243_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman1981243-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Yorkists retreated, they left behind the bemused King Henry, who is supposed to have spent the battle sitting and singing under a tree. Two knights (the elderly <a href="/wiki/William_Bonville,_1st_Baron_Bonville" title="William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville">Lord Bonville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Kyriell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Kyriell">Sir Thomas Kyriell</a>, a veteran leader of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>) had sworn to let him come to no harm and remained with him throughout. The next morning, Margaret asked her son, the seven-year-old <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Westminster">Edward of Westminster</a>, how, not whether, the two Knights of the Garter were to die. Edward, thus prompted, sent them to be beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Neville had been captured but was spared execution, as the Duke of Somerset feared that his own younger brother, who was in Yorkist hands, might be executed in reprisal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry knighted the young Prince Edward, who in turn knighted thirty Lancastrian leaders. One was <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a>, an experienced captain who had deserted the Yorkists at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ludford Bridge">Battle of Ludford Bridge</a> in 1459 and was reckoned by many to have planned the Lancastrian victories at Wakefield and St Albans. At St Albans, he had injured his foot stepping on one of Warwick's caltrops, but he nevertheless claimed to have killed fifteen Yorkists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Tailboys" title="William Tailboys">William Tailboys</a> is also mentioned as having been knighted by Henry VI after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Margaret and her army could now march unopposed on to London, they did not do so. The Lancastrian army's reputation for pillage caused the Londoners to bar the gates. That, in turn, caused Margaret to hesitate, as did the news of Edward of March's victory at Mortimer's Cross. The Lancastrians fell back through Dunstable and lost many Scots and Borderers, who deserted and returned home with the plunder that they had already gathered. Edward of March and Warwick entered London on 2 March, and Edward was quickly proclaimed King Edward IV of England. Within a few weeks, he had confirmed his hold on the throne with a decisive victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Battle of Towton</a>. Perhaps the most significant person to be killed at the Battle of St Albans, at least in terms of its dynastic results, was <a href="/wiki/John_Grey_of_Groby" title="John Grey of Groby">John Grey of Groby</a>, whose widow, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a>, married Edward IV in 1464.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="550th_anniversary_commemoration">550th anniversary commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 550th anniversary commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To commemorate the 550th anniversary year of the battle, the Battlefields Trust hosted a conference on the battle on 26–27 February 2011, near the battle site. The conference featured authentic combat recreations by the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Siege_Society" title="Medieval Siege Society">Medieval Siege Society</a> and a guided tour of the battlefield and culminated in a Requiem Mass for the fallen at St Saviour's Church, conducted by Father Peter Wadsworth.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St_Albans" title="History of St Albans">History of St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">First Battle of St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Siege_Society" title="Medieval Siege Society">Medieval Siege Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Battaglia" in Rome were an ancestor. During the English Civil War, "<a href="/wiki/Battalia_(formation)" title="Battalia (formation)">battalia</a>", or battle lines, led to the formation in British Army as 'battalion'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although a number of secondary sources refer to the snow, recent research has shown that there is no reference to snow in any of the primary sources. It is now believed that the mention of snow came about from confusion with Towton, six weeks later, when snowy weather is clearly attested. See Burley et al, p73</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_(historian)" title="Michael Hicks (historian)">Michael Hicks</a>, <i>The Wars of the Roses: 1455-1485</i>, (Osprey, 2003), 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Goodman, <i>The Wars of the Roses</i>, (Dorset Press:New York 1981), 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. G. Shaw (1815) <i>History of Verulam and St. Alban's</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pg8HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR10">Pages 65-70</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner (1975), p.83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillingham, J. (London: 1983 repr) <i>The Wars of the Roses</i> London: 1983 repr. p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1845lxxxv-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiles1845lxxxv_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiles1845">Giles 1845</a>, p. lxxxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman1981243-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman1981243_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman1981">Goodman 1981</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph A Griffiths, <i>The Reign of King Henry VI</i> University of California Press, 1981. p. 872.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966143-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1966">Rowse 1966</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Wagner Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses, 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Ross, <i>Edward IV</i>, (University of California Press, 1974), 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stalbanshistory.org/page_id__364_path__0p2p145p148p.aspx">"St Albans History"</a>. <i>www.stalbanshistory.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stalbanshistory.org&rft.atitle=St+Albans+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stalbanshistory.org%2Fpage_id__364_path__0p2p145p148p.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+St+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles1845" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Giles" title="John Allen Giles">Giles, J.A.</a>, ed. (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAUHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR84"><i>The Chronicles of the White Rose of York</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/J._G._S._B._Bohn" title="J. G. S. B. Bohn">James Bohn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicles+of+the+White+Rose+of+York&rft.place=London&rft.pub=James+Bohn&rft.date=1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAUHAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPR84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+St+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Goodman_(historian)" title="Anthony Goodman (historian)">Goodman, Anthony</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBw3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46"><i>Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452–97</i></a>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0728-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0728-0"><bdi>0-7100-0728-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Roses%3A+Military+Activity+and+English+Society%2C+1452%E2%80%9397&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-7100-0728-0&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBw3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+St+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Philip Warner, <i>British Battlefields: the South</i>, Fontana, 1975</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowse1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">Rowse, A.L.</a> (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bosworthfieldwar0000rows"><i>Bosworth Field & the Wars of the Roses</i></a></span>. Wordsworth Military Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85326-691-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85326-691-4"><bdi>1-85326-691-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosworth+Field+%26+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Military+Library&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=1-85326-691-4&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbosworthfieldwar0000rows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+St+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleyElliottWatson2007" class="citation book cs1">Burley, Peter; Elliott, Michael & Watson, Harvey (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=43Z-AwAAQBAJ"><i>The Battles of St Albans</i></a>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-569-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-569-9"><bdi>978-1-84415-569-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battles+of+St+Albans&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-569-9&rft.aulast=Burley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Michael&rft.au=Watson%2C+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D43Z-AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+St+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCron1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cron, B.M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardiii.net/downloads/Ricardian/11-147/03.pdf">"Margaret of Anjou and the Lancastrian March on London, 1461"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ricardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ricardian">The Ricardian</a></i>. <b>11</b> (147): 590–615. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-8267">0048-8267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ricardian&rft.atitle=Margaret+of+Anjou+and+the+Lancastrian+March+on+London%2C+1461&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=147&rft.pages=590-615&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0048-8267&rft.aulast=Cron&rft.aufirst=B.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardiii.net%2Fdownloads%2FRicardian%2F11-147%2F03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+St+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_the_Roses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template talk:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_Roses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Template:Wars of the Roses family tree">Family tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/15px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/23px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/30px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/15px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/23px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/30px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/50px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/75px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/100px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/50px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/75px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/100px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumont" title="John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont">John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sutton,_1st_Baron_Dudley" title="John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley">John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond">James Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Butler,_6th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond">John Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">John Clifford, Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">John Courtenay, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, Baron Neville">John Neville, Baron Neville</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville, Marquess of Montagu</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ros,_9th_Baron_Ros" title="Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros">Thomas Ros, Baron Ros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley,_9th_Baron_Strange" title="George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange">George Stanley, Baron Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(died_1495)" title="William Stanley (died 1495)">William Stanley</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Talbot,_4th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury">George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_Clifford" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford">Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audley" title="James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley">James Tuchet, Baron Audley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodville,_Lord_Scales" title="Edward Woodville, Lord Scales">Edward Woodville, Lord Scales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/50px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/75px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/100px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_7th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond">Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings, Baron Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1460)">Sir Thomas Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neville,_Earl_of_Kent" title="William Neville, Earl of Kent">William Neville, Earl of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Herbert_of_Coldbrook" title="Richard Herbert of Coldbrook">Sir Richard Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">St Albans (First)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loveday_(1458)" title="Loveday (1458)">Loveday (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">Siege of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Albans (Second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Piltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1470_Lincolnshire_Rebellion" title="1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion">1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">Readeption of Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford and Lovell rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_of_Edward_III_of_England" title="Issue of Edward III of England">Issue of Edward III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonville%E2%80%93Courtenay_feud" title="Bonville–Courtenay feud">Bonville–Courtenay feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">Percy–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Neville–Neville feud">Neville–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deal" title="Battle of Deal">Battle of Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cornish_uprising_of_1497" title="Second Cornish uprising of 1497">Second Cornish uprising of 1497</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Briefly joined the Lancastrians. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Briefly joined the Yorkists. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span> Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span> Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span> Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim. <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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