CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Battle of Wakefield - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f1bb8465-ea69-4775-85b3-02b60261d58c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Battle_of_Wakefield","wgTitle":"Battle of Wakefield","wgCurRevisionId":1258510442,"wgRevisionId":1258510442,"wgArticleId":50234,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from August 2016","Use dmy dates from January 2019","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","Coordinates on Wikidata","1460 in England","Battles of the Wars of the Roses","History of Wakefield", "Battles involving Yorkshire","Conflicts in 1460","Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Battle_of_Wakefield","wgRelevantArticleId":50234,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":53.68,"lon":-1.4922222222222223},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q906912","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg/1200px-Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="553"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg/800px-Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="369"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg/640px-Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="295"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Battle of Wakefield - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Battle_of_Wakefield rootpage-Battle_of_Wakefield skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Battle+of+Wakefield" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Battle+of+Wakefield" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Battle+of+Wakefield" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Battle+of+Wakefield" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_of_the_year_preceding_Wakefield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_of_the_year_preceding_Wakefield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Events of the year preceding Wakefield</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events_of_the_year_preceding_Wakefield-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events of the year preceding Wakefield subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events_of_the_year_preceding_Wakefield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lancastrian_moves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lancastrian_moves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lancastrian moves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lancastrian_moves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-York's_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#York's_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>York's response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-York's_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In literature and folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Footnotes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Wakefield</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="معركة ويكفيلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة ويكفيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ویکفیلد دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویکفیلد دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Wakefieldu" title="Bitva u Wakefieldu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Wakefieldu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Wakefield" title="Brwydr Wakefield – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Wakefield" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Wakefield" title="Slaget ved Wakefield – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Wakefield" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Wakefield" title="Schlacht von Wakefield – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Wakefield" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Wakefield" title="Batalla de Wakefield – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Wakefield" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="نبرد ویکفیلد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد ویکفیلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Wakefield" title="Bataille de Wakefield – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Wakefield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Wakefield" title="Battaglia di Wakefield – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Wakefield" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93" title="קרב וייקפילד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב וייקפילד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefieldi_csata" title="Wakefieldi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wakefieldi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Wakefield" title="Slag bij Wakefield – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Wakefield" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="ウェイクフィールドの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェイクフィールドの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Wakefield" title="Slaget ved Wakefield – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Wakefield" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Wakefield" title="Batalha de Wakefield – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Wakefield" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Битва при Уэйкфилде – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Уэйкфилде" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BA%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Битка код Вејкфилда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Вејкфилда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefieldin_taistelu" title="Wakefieldin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wakefieldin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Wakefield" title="Slaget vid Wakefield – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Wakefield" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ยุทธการที่เวกฟิลด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่เวกฟิลด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Битва при Вейкфілді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Вейкфілді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="韦克菲尔德战役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="韦克菲尔德战役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q906912#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Battle_of_Wakefield" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Battle_of_Wakefield" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&oldid=1258510442" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Battle_of_Wakefield&id=1258510442&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBattle_of_Wakefield"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBattle_of_Wakefield"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Wakefield" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q906912" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Wakefield&params=53_40_48_N_1_29_32_W_source:jawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°40′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°29′32″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.68000°N 1.49222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.68000; -1.49222</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1460 battle in the English Wars of the Roses</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the storming of Wakefield by a Roundhead force in 1643, see <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Wakefield" title="Capture of Wakefield">Capture of Wakefield</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Wakefield</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg/300px-Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg/450px-Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg/600px-Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="236" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>30 December 1460</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Lancastrian victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/20px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/30px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/40px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a><br />Supported by:<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/20px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/40px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaufort_Arms_(France_modern).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/20px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/30px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/40px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Northumberland_(ancient).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg/20px-Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg/30px-Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg/40px-Arms_of_Northumberland_%28ancient%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="479" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Earl of Northumberland</a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay,_earls_of_Devon_(quarterly).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay%2C_earls_of_Devon_%28quarterly%29.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay%2C_earls_of_Devon_%28quarterly%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay%2C_earls_of_Devon_%28quarterly%29.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay%2C_earls_of_Devon_%28quarterly%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay%2C_earls_of_Devon_%28quarterly%29.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay%2C_earls_of_Devon_%28quarterly%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Courtenay,_6th/14th_Earl_of_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon">Earl of Devon</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Clifford.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arms_of_Clifford.svg/20px-Arms_of_Clifford.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arms_of_Clifford.svg/30px-Arms_of_Clifford.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Arms_of_Clifford.svg/40px-Arms_of_Clifford.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="563" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">Baron Clifford</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville,_Baron_Neville.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_Baron_Neville.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_Baron_Neville.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_Baron_Neville.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_Baron_Neville.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_Baron_Neville.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_Neville%2C_Baron_Neville.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, Baron Neville">Baron Neville</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Ros_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/De_Ros_arms.svg/20px-De_Ros_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/De_Ros_arms.svg/30px-De_Ros_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/De_Ros_arms.svg/40px-De_Ros_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="563" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ros,_9th_Baron_Ros" title="Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros">Baron Ros</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg/20px-SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg/30px-SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg/40px-SIr_Andrew_Trollope%27s_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Edward_of_Norwich,_2nd_Duke_of_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arms_of_Edward_of_Norwich%2C_2nd_Duke_of_York.svg/20px-Arms_of_Edward_of_Norwich%2C_2nd_Duke_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arms_of_Edward_of_Norwich%2C_2nd_Duke_of_York.svg/30px-Arms_of_Edward_of_Norwich%2C_2nd_Duke_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arms_of_Edward_of_Norwich%2C_2nd_Duke_of_York.svg/40px-Arms_of_Edward_of_Norwich%2C_2nd_Duke_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Duke of York</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arms_of_Edmund%2C_Earl_of_Rutland.svg/20px-Arms_of_Edmund%2C_Earl_of_Rutland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arms_of_Edmund%2C_Earl_of_Rutland.svg/30px-Arms_of_Edmund%2C_Earl_of_Rutland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arms_of_Edmund%2C_Earl_of_Rutland.svg/40px-Arms_of_Edmund%2C_Earl_of_Rutland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Earl of Rutland</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg/20px-Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg/30px-Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg/40px-Arms_of_Richard_Neville%2C_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 18,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 9,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 200</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 700–2,500</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_the_Roses" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template:Campaignbox Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_Roses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses"><span class="wrap">Wars of the Roses</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">1st St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">London (1460)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">2nd St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Piltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">London (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford's & Lovell's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:England_in_the_uk_outline_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of England showing the locations of towns and battles."><img alt="Map of England showing the locations of towns and battles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/England_in_the_uk_outline_map.png/300px-England_in_the_uk_outline_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/England_in_the_uk_outline_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="420" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.43%;left:60.089%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wakefield"><img alt="Wakefield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/20px-Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/30px-Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/40px-Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:11px"><div><b>Wakefield</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.97%;left:73.271%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St. Albans"><img alt="St. Albans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/16px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/24px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/32px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>St. Albans</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.18%;left:46.07%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ludford Bridge"><img alt="Ludford Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/16px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/24px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/32px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div>Ludford Bridge</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.902%;left:44.352%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mortimer's Cross"><img alt="Mortimer's Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/16px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/24px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/32px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:9px;left:-3em"><div>Mortimer's Cross</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.213%;left:66.931%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Northampton"><img alt="Northampton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/16px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/24px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/32px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Northampton</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.875%;left:75.7%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="London"><img alt="London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>London</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.241%;left:24.467%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Harlech"><img alt="Harlech" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/8px-Steel_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/12px-Steel_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/16px-Steel_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Harlech</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.091%;left:73.343%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kingston upon Hull"><img alt="Kingston upon Hull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/8px-Steel_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/12px-Steel_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/16px-Steel_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Kingston upon Hull</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:3.679%;left:50.814%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Berwick upon Tweed"><img alt="Berwick upon Tweed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/8px-Steel_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/12px-Steel_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/16px-Steel_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Berwick upon Tweed</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.131%;left:64.356%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Worksop"><img alt="Worksop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/8px-Steel_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/12px-Steel_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/16px-Steel_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Worksop</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.688%;left:64.7%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="York"><img alt="York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/8px-Steel_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/12px-Steel_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/16px-Steel_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>York</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.831%;left:98.359%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Calais"><img alt="Calais" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/8px-Steel_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/12px-Steel_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/16px-Steel_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Calais</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.506%;left:59.855%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Coventry"><img alt="Coventry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/8px-Steel_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/12px-Steel_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/16px-Steel_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Coventry</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.912%;left:44.054%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chester"><img alt="Chester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/8px-Steel_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/12px-Steel_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/16px-Steel_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Chester</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:England_in_the_uk_outline_map.png" title="File:England in the uk outline map.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Locations: <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/20px-Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/30px-Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/40px-Battle_icon_active_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> – Battle of Wakefield; <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/16px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/24px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/32px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="40" /></span></span> – other battles; <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/8px-Steel_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/12px-Steel_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steel_pog.svg/16px-Steel_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span> – other places</dd></dl></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Wakefield</b> took place in <a href="/wiki/Sandal_Magna" title="Sandal Magna">Sandal Magna</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a>, on 30 December 1460. It was a major battle of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>. The opposing forces were an army led by nobles loyal to the captive King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a> and his Queen <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a> on one side, and the army of <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a>, the rival claimant to the throne, on the other. </p><p>For several years before the battle, the Duke of York had become increasingly opposed to the weak King Henry's court. After open warfare broke out between the factions and Henry became his prisoner, he laid claim to the throne, but lacked sufficient support. Instead, in an agreement known as the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a>, he was made Henry's heir to the throne, displacing from the succession Henry's and Margaret's 7-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>. Margaret of Anjou and several prominent nobles were irreconcilably opposed to this accord, and massed their armies in the north. Richard of York marched north to deal with them, but found he was outnumbered. </p><p>Although he occupied <a href="/wiki/Sandal_Castle" title="Sandal Castle">Sandal Castle</a>, York sortied from the castle on 30 December. His reasons for doing so have been variously ascribed to deception by the Lancastrian armies, or treachery by some nobles and Lancastrian officers who York thought were his allies, or simple rashness or miscalculation by York. He was killed and his army was destroyed. Many of the prominent Yorkist leaders and their family members died in the battle or were captured and executed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King Henry VI ascended the throne in 1422, when he was only nine months old. He grew up to be an ineffective king, and prone to spells of mental illness. There were increasingly bitter divisions among the officials and councillors who governed in Henry's name, mainly over the conduct of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> with France. By the early 1450s, the most important rivalry was that between <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a>. York argued for a more vigorous prosecution of the war, to recover territories recently lost to the French,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201645_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201645-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Somerset belonged to the party which tried to secure peace by making concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966111,_112_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966111,_112-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> York had been Lieutenant in France for several years and resented being supplanted in that office by Somerset, who had then failed to defend <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> against French armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966112,_119_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966112,_119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>York was not only the wealthiest magnate in the land,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966109_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966109-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was also descended through both his parents from King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a>, leading to calls that he be recognised as successor to the childless King Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200735_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200735-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rival, Somerset, belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaufort family">Beaufort family</a>, who were distant cousins of King Henry. Originally illegitimate, the Beauforts had been made legitimate by an act of Parliament<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> but were supposedly barred from the line of succession to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin201276_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin201276-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was always the possibility that this could be circumvented and the Beaufort line eventually produced King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a> (via Somerset's niece, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a>). </p><p>York was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_governor_of_Ireland" title="Chief governor of Ireland">Lieutenant of Ireland</a>, effectively exiling him from court, while Somerset increased his influence over the king. In 1452, York marched on London in an attempt to force Henry to dismiss Somerset from the government, but at this stage he lacked support and was forced to swear not to take arms against the king at <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200738_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200738-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 1453, Henry VI suffered a complete mental breakdown. The <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Great Council</a> of peers appointed York <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> and he governed the country responsibly, but Henry recovered his sanity after eighteen months and restored Somerset to favour. During Henry's madness his queen, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>, had given birth to a son, which dashed York's hopes of becoming king if Henry died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015177_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015177-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fearing arrest for treason, York and his most prominent allies, the Nevilles (York's brother in law, the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a> and Salisbury's son, the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a>, later known as the "Kingmaker"), finally resorted to armed force in 1455. At the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">First Battle of St Albans</a>, many of York's and Salisbury's rivals and enemies were killed, including Somerset, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Earl of Northumberland</a> (whose family, the Percys, had been involved in a <a href="/wiki/Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">long-running feud</a> with the Nevilles) and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_Clifford" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford">Lord Clifford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966136_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966136-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the battle, York reaffirmed his loyalty to King Henry, who had been found abandoned in a shop in the town. He was reappointed Lord Protector and Lieutenant of Ireland. Margaret of Anjou nevertheless suspected York of wishing to supplant her infant son, Edward, as Henry's successor, and the heirs of the Lancastrian nobles who were killed at St Albans remained at deadly feud with York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966143-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_of_the_year_preceding_Wakefield">Events of the year preceding Wakefield</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Events of the year preceding Wakefield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After an uneasy peace during which attempts at reconciliation failed, hostilities broke out again in 1459. Richard of York once again feared indictment for rebellion by a Great Council dominated by his opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012116_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012116-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and the Nevilles concentrated their forces near York's stronghold at <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Castle" title="Ludlow Castle">Ludlow Castle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a> but at the confrontation with the much larger royal army which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ludford" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ludford">Battle of Ludford</a>, some of Warwick's contingent from the garrison of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, led by experienced captain <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a>, defected overnight. York and the Nevilles promptly abandoned their troops and fled. The next day, the outnumbered and leaderless Yorkist army surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015230_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015230-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>York went to Ireland, where he had unchallenged support, while Salisbury, Warwick and York's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward, Earl of March</a>, made their way to Calais, where Warwick was <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="Constable of Calais">Constable</a>. They narrowly forestalled the new <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a> who, with Trollope, had been sent to regain it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015232–233_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015232–233-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancastrian attempts to reassert their authority over Ireland and Calais failed, but York and his supporters were declared traitors and <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">attainted</a>. The victorious Lancastrians became reviled for the manner in which their army had looted the town of Ludlow after the Yorkist surrender at Ludford Bridge, and the repressive acts of a compliant <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Devils" title="Parliament of Devils">Parliament of Devils</a> which caused many uncommitted peers to fear for their own property and titles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200771–72_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200771–72-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country remained in disorder. </p><p>In 1460, the Nevilles invaded England through a foothold they had already established at <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a> and rapidly secured London and the South of England where Warwick had popular support. Warwick and March then advanced north to engage Henry's army in the Midlands. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Battle of Northampton</a>, part of the Lancastrian army defected and the rest were decisively defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2010153_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010153-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry was captured on the battlefield for the second time. He was taken to London, and confined in the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>'s palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966141_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966141-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville</a>, Bishop of Exeter, was appointed Chancellor of England and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bourchier,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" title="Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex">Viscount Bourchier</a> (another of York's brothers in law) was appointed Treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197427C_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197427C-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duke of York landed in <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> some weeks later and made his way to London with much pomp. Entering <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a>, he attempted to claim the throne, but was met with stunned silence. Even his close allies were not prepared to support such a drastic step.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200782_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200782-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, after the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> had considered his claim, they passed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a>, by which Henry would remain king, but York would govern the country as Lord Protector. Henry's son was disinherited, and York or his heirs would become king on Henry's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966142_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966142-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The powerless and frightened Henry was forced to assent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lancastrian_moves">Lancastrian moves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lancastrian moves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Battle of Northampton was fought, Queen Margaret and her seven-year-old son Edward had been at <a href="/wiki/Eccleshall_Castle" title="Eccleshall Castle">Eccleshall Castle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Stafford" title="Stafford">Stafford</a>. After many adventures with brigands and outlaws,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966143-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they fled via <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> to <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a> in North Wales, where they joined Lancastrian nobles (including Henry's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Duke of Exeter</a>) who were recruiting armies in Wales and the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>. They later proceeded by ship to <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, where Margaret gained troops and other aid for the Lancastrian cause from the queen and regent, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a>, in return for the surrender of the town and castle of <a href="/wiki/Berwick_upon_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Berwick upon Tweed">Berwick upon Tweed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966144_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, other Lancastrians were rallying in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>. Many of them, including the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Earl of Northumberland</a> and Lords <a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">Clifford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ros,_9th_Baron_Ros" title="Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros">Ros</a>, had estates and influence in the north. They were later joined by the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Courtenay,_6th/14th_Earl_of_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon">Earl of Devon</a>, who brought their forces from the West Country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966143-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northumberland, Clifford and Somerset were the sons of York's and Salisbury's rivals who had been killed at St. Albans. The Lancastrian forces mustered near <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a>, and were said (in <i>Gregory's Chronicle</i>, a near-contemporary account) to number 15,000. A substantial part of these forces encamped at <a href="/wiki/Pontefract" title="Pontefract">Pontefract</a> began pillaging York's and Salisbury's estates nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966143-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="York's_response"><span id="York.27s_response"></span>York's response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: York's response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Faced with these challenges to his authority as Protector, York despatched his eldest son Edward to the Welsh Marches to contain the Lancastrians in Wales and left the Earl of Warwick in charge in London. He himself marched to the north of England on 9 December, accompanied by his second son <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund, Earl of Rutland</a>, and the Earl of Salisbury. He tried to bring a train of artillery under "one called Lovelace, a gentleman of Kent"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016229_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016229-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but bad weather forced the artillery to return to London. </p><p>York's and Salisbury's army was said by some to number 8,000 to 9,000 men, but by others to be only a few hundred strong, as York intended to recruit local forces with a <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Array">Commission of Array</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles19928_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles19928-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had probably underestimated both the numbers of the Lancastrian army in the north and the degree of opposition he had provoked by his attempt to seize the throne. On an earlier expedition to the north during his first protectorship in 1454, he and the Nevilles had easily subdued a rebellion by the Percys and the Duke of Exeter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016120–125_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016120–125-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1460, not only had almost every other northern peer joined the Lancastrian army, but York's nominal supporters were also divided. The Nevilles were one of the wealthiest and most influential families in the North and in addition to controlling large estates, the Earl of Salisbury had held the office of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Marches#Warden_of_the_Eastern_March" title="Lord Warden of the Marches">Warden of the Eastern March</a> for several years. However, in the <a href="/wiki/Neville%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Neville–Neville feud">Neville–Neville feud</a>, the cadet branch of the family headed by Salisbury had largely disinherited and eclipsed the senior branch (sometimes referred to as the "northern Nevilles")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966143-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under his great-nephew, the <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville,_2nd_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland">Earl of Westmoreland</a>. Westmoreland had spent several years trying to recover his lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201650_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201650-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had since become too ill, perhaps with some mental disorder, to play any active part. His younger brother, <a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, Baron Neville">John Neville of Raby</a>, had much to gain by York's and Salisbury's destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012145–146_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012145–146-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lancastrians were still being reinforced. On 16 December, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Battle of Worksop</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, York's vanguard clashed with Somerset's contingent from the West Country moving north to join the Lancastrian army, and was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner197249_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner197249-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SandalCastleMotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SandalCastleMotte.jpg/220px-SandalCastleMotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SandalCastleMotte.jpg/330px-SandalCastleMotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SandalCastleMotte.jpg/440px-SandalCastleMotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The remains of the <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte-and-bailey">motte</a> of Sandal Castle</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 December, York reached his own fortress of <a href="/wiki/Sandal_Castle" title="Sandal Castle">Sandal Castle</a> near Wakefield. He sent probes towards the Lancastrian camp at Pontefract 9 miles (14 km) to the east, but these were repulsed. York sent for help to his son Edward, but before any reinforcements could arrive, he sortied from the castle on 30 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015253_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015253-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not known for certain why York did so. One theory was later recounted in <i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hall" title="Edward Hall">Edward Hall</a>'s chronicle</i>, written a few decades after the event, but partly from first-hand sources, and the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Waurin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de Waurin">Jean de Waurin</a>'s chronicle. In a stratagem possibly devised by the veteran Andrew Trollope (who by Waurin's account had also sent messages to York via feigned deserters that he was prepared to change sides once again)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200783_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200783-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> half the Lancastrian army under Somerset and Clifford advanced openly towards Sandal Castle, over the open space known as "Wakefield Green" between the castle and the <a href="/wiki/River_Calder,_West_Yorkshire" title="River Calder, West Yorkshire">River Calder</a>, while the remainder under Ros and the <a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond">Earl of Wiltshire</a> were concealed in the woods surrounding the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199210_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199210-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> York was probably short of provisions in the castle and, seeing that the enemy were apparently no stronger than his own army, seized the opportunity to engage them in the open rather than withstand a siege while waiting for reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner197250_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner197250-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other accounts suggested that, possibly in addition to Trollope's deception, York was fooled by some of John Neville of Raby's forces displaying false colours into thinking that reinforcements sent by Warwick had arrived. By another contemporary account, <a href="/wiki/William_Worcester" title="William Worcester">William Worcester</a>'s <i>Annales Rerum Anglicorum</i>, John Neville himself obtained a Commission of Array from Richard of York to raise 8,000 men to fight on York's side under the Earl of Westmoreland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012145_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012145-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having gathered this force and enticed York to leave the castle to rendezvous with him, John Neville then defected to the Lancastrians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199210_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199210-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another suggestion was that York and Somerset had agreed a truce during Christmas until 6 January, the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Epiphany" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Epiphany">Feast of Epiphany</a>, but the Lancastrians had no intention of honouring the truce. On three successive days, they sent heralds to provoke York into premature action with insulting messages<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015255_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015255-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when York moved into the open the Lancastrians treacherously attacked earlier than had been agreed, catching York at a disadvantage while many of his men were absent foraging for supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197430_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197430-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The simplest suggestion was that York acted rashly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966143-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, historian <a href="/wiki/John_Sadler_(historian)" title="John Sadler (historian)">John Sadler</a> states that there was no Lancastrian deception or ambush; York led his men from the castle on a foraging expedition (or by popular belief, to rescue some of his foragers who were under attack)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016230_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016230-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as successive Lancastrian contingents joined the battle (the last being Clifford's division, encamped south and east of Sandal Magna), York's army was outnumbered, surrounded and overwhelmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler201160_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler201160-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yorkists marched out of Sandal Castle down the present-day Manygates Lane towards the Lancastrians located to the north of the castle. It is generally accepted that, as York engaged the Lancastrians to his front, others attacked him from the flank and rear, cutting him off from the castle. In Edward Hall's words: </p> <blockquote><p>... but when he was in the plain ground between his castle and the town of Wakefield, he was environed on every side, like a fish in a net, or a deer in a buckstall; so that he manfully fighting was within half an hour slain and dead, and his whole army discomfited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199212_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199212-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One near-contemporary source (<i>Gregory's Chronicle</i>) claimed that 2,500 Yorkists and 200 Lancastrians were killed, but other sources give wildly differing figures, from 2,200 to only 700 Yorkists dead. </p><p>The Duke of York was either killed in the battle or captured and immediately executed. Some later works support the folklore that he suffered a crippling wound to the knee and was unhorsed, and he and his closest followers then fought to the death at that spot;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler201160_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler201160-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others relate the account that he was taken prisoner (by one Sir James Luttrell of Devonshire), mocked by his captors and beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014187_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014187-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His son <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund, Earl of Rutland</a>, attempted to escape over <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakefield Bridge">Wakefield Bridge</a>, but was overtaken and killed, possibly by Clifford in revenge for his father's death at St Albans. Salisbury's second son <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1460)">Sir Thomas Neville</a> also died in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966144_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salisbury's son in law <a href="/wiki/William_Bonville,_6th_Baron_Harington" title="William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington">William, Lord Harington</a>, and Harington's father, William Bonville, were captured and executed immediately after the battle. (The Bonvilles had been engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Bonville%E2%80%93Courtenay_feud" title="Bonville–Courtenay feud">feud</a> with the Earl of Devon and the Courtenay family in Devon and Cornwall.) Salisbury himself escaped the battlefield but was captured during the night, and was taken to the Lancastrian camp. Although the Lancastrian nobles might have been prepared to allow Salisbury to ransom himself, he was dragged out of Pontefract Castle and beheaded by local commoners, to whom he had been a harsh overlord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199214_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199214-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mob may have been led by the "Bastard of Exeter", an illegitimate son of the Duke of Exeter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200783_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200783-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the "commoners" in York's army who were killed was John Harrowe, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Mercers" class="mw-redirect" title="Worshipful Company of Mercers">mercer</a> of London, described as a "captain of the foot".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200783_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200783-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_of_York_Memorial_Inscription_-_geograph.org.uk_-_858006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Richard_of_York_Memorial_Inscription_-_geograph.org.uk_-_858006.jpg/220px-Richard_of_York_Memorial_Inscription_-_geograph.org.uk_-_858006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Richard_of_York_Memorial_Inscription_-_geograph.org.uk_-_858006.jpg/330px-Richard_of_York_Memorial_Inscription_-_geograph.org.uk_-_858006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Richard_of_York_Memorial_Inscription_-_geograph.org.uk_-_858006.jpg/440px-Richard_of_York_Memorial_Inscription_-_geograph.org.uk_-_858006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Richard of York</figcaption></figure> <p>After the battle the heads of York, Rutland and Salisbury were displayed over <a href="/wiki/York_city_walls#Micklegate_Bar" title="York city walls">Micklegate Bar</a>, the south-western gate through the <a href="/wiki/York_city_walls" title="York city walls">York city walls</a>, the Duke wearing a paper crown and a sign saying "Let York overlook the town of York".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015257_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015257-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death of Richard of York did not end the wars, or the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a>'s claim to the throne. The northern Lancastrian army which had been victorious at Wakefield was reinforced by Scots and borderers eager for plunder, and marched south. They defeated Warwick's army at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">Second Battle of St Albans</a> and recaptured the feeble-minded King Henry, who had been abandoned on the battlefield for the third time, but were refused entry to London<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197432_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197432-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and failed to occupy the city. Warwick and Edward of March reoccupied London, and within a few weeks, Edward of March was proclaimed King Edward IV. </p><p>At the first Battle of St Albans, York had been content with the death of his rivals for power. At Wakefield and in every battle in the Wars of the Roses thereafter, the victors would eliminate not only any opposing leaders but also their family members and supporters, making the struggle more bitter and revenge driven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2010160_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010160-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A monument erected on the spot where the Duke of York is supposed to have perished is positioned slightly south of the more likely spot where an older monument once stood, but which was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. A cross in memory of York's son, Rutland, was erected at the Park Street end of <a href="/wiki/Kirkgate_(Wakefield)" title="Kirkgate (Wakefield)">Kirkgate</a> in Wakefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015256_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015256-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologist Rachel Askew suggests that the memorial cross to the Duke of York may be fictional as the late-16th- and early-17th-century <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a> John Camden did not mention it in his description of the location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskew201654_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskew201654-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_folklore">In literature and folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In literature and folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many people are familiar with <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s melodramatic version of events in <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">Henry VI, Part 3</a></i>, notably the murder of Edmund of Rutland, although Edmund is depicted as a small child, and following his unnecessary slaughter by Clifford, Margaret torments his father, York, before murdering him also. In fact, Rutland, at seventeen, was more than old enough to be an active participant in the fighting. Margaret was almost certainly still in Scotland at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigginbotham2010_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigginbotham2010-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle is said by some to be the source for the mnemonic for remembering the traditional colours of the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a>, <a href="/wiki/ROYGBIV" title="ROYGBIV">Richard Of York Gave Battle in Vain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESurdhar201356_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESurdhar201356-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the mocking <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Old_Duke_of_York" title="The Grand Old Duke of York">The Grand Old Duke of York</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwinnerton2005149_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinnerton2005149-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this much more likely refers to the eighteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997442–443_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997442–443-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Dicky's Meadow", a well-known Northern expression, is commonly believed to refer to Sandals Meadow, where the battle of Wakefield took place and where Richard met his end. The common view held that Richard was ill-advised to fight here. The expression is usually used to warn against risky action, as in "If you do that you'll end up in Dicky's Meadow." However, the first known usage of that phrase did not appear until the 1860s, around 400 years after the battle took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETréguer2016_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETréguer2016-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerset had been besieging Calais, but was outwardly reconciled to Warwick on 8 August 1460 and allowed to return to England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016224_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016224-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, Wiltshire was almost certainly not present. He had fled to the continent shortly before the Nevilles landed at Sandwich<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016217_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016217-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and landed in South Wales with a force of Breton, French and Irish mercenaries in the early weeks of 1461.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016234_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016234-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201645-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201645_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2016">Clark 2016</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966111,_112-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966111,_112_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1966">Rowse 1966</a>, pp. 111, 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966112,_119-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966112,_119_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1966">Rowse 1966</a>, pp. 112, 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966109-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966109_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1966">Rowse 1966</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200735-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200735_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeward2007">Seward 2007</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin201276-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin201276_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2012">Goodwin 2012</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200738-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200738_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeward2007">Seward 2007</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015177-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015177_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2015">Weir 2015</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966136-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966136_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1966">Rowse 1966</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966143-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966143_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1966">Rowse 1966</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012116-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012116_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2012">Goodwin 2012</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015230-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015230_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2015">Weir 2015</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015232–233-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015232–233_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2015">Weir 2015</a>, pp. 232–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200771–72-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200771–72_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeward2007">Seward 2007</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010153-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2010153_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2010">Hicks 2010</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966141-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966141_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1966">Rowse 1966</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197427C-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197427C_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, p. 27C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200782-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200782_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeward2007">Seward 2007</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966142-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966142_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1966">Rowse 1966</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1966144-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966144_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1966144_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1966">Rowse 1966</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016224-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016224_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2016">Clark 2016</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016229-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016229_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2016">Clark 2016</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles19928-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles19928_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDockrayKnowles1992">Dockray & Knowles 1992</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016120–125-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016120–125_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2016">Clark 2016</a>, pp. 120–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201650-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201650_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2016">Clark 2016</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012145–146-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012145–146_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2012">Goodwin 2012</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner197249-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner197249_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1972">Warner 1972</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015253-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015253_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2015">Weir 2015</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward200783-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200783_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200783_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward200783_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeward2007">Seward 2007</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199210-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199210_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199210_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDockrayKnowles1992">Dockray & Knowles 1992</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016217-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016217_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2016">Clark 2016</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016234-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016234_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2016">Clark 2016</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner197250-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner197250_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1972">Warner 1972</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012145-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2012145_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2012">Goodwin 2012</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015255-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015255_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2015">Weir 2015</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197430-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197430_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2016230-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2016230_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2016">Clark 2016</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadler201160-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler201160_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadler201160_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSadler2011">Sadler 2011</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199212-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199212_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDockrayKnowles1992">Dockray & Knowles 1992</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014187-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014187_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2014">Jones 2014</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199214-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrayKnowles199214_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDockrayKnowles1992">Dockray & Knowles 1992</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015257-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015257_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2015">Weir 2015</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197432-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197432_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1974">Ross 1974</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2010160-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2010160_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks2010">Hicks 2010</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2015256-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2015256_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2015">Weir 2015</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskew201654-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskew201654_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAskew2016">Askew 2016</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigginbotham2010-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigginbotham2010_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigginbotham2010">Higginbotham 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESurdhar201356-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESurdhar201356_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSurdhar2013">Surdhar 2013</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwinnerton2005149-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwinnerton2005149_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwinnerton2005">Swinnerton 2005</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997442–443-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpieOpie1997442–443_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpieOpie1997">Opie & Opie 1997</a>, pp. 442–443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETréguer2016-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETréguer2016_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTréguer2016">Tréguer 2016</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAskew2016" class="citation journal cs1">Askew, Rachel (22 February 2016). "Biography and Memory: Sandal Castle and the English Civil War". <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="European Journal of Archaeology">European Journal of Archaeology</a></i>. <b>19</b> (1): 48–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F1461957115Y.0000000012">10.1179/1461957115Y.0000000012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161996975">161996975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Biography+and+Memory%3A+Sandal+Castle+and+the+English+Civil+War&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-67&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F1461957115Y.0000000012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161996975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Askew&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (1956). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newworld00wins"><i>A History of the English-speaking Peoples</i></a></span>. Vol. I. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-29500-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-29500-0"><bdi>0-304-29500-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English-speaking+Peoples&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0-304-29500-0&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewworld00wins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2016" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Karen L. (2016). <i>The Nevills of Middleham: England's Most Powerful Family in the Wars of the Roses</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stroud" title="Stroud">Stroud</a>: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-6365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-6365-7"><bdi>978-0-7509-6365-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nevills+of+Middleham%3A+England%27s+Most+Powerful+Family+in+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-6365-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Karen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2012" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, George (2012). <i>Fatal Colours: Towton 1461... England's most Brutal Battle</i>. London: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2817-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2817-5"><bdi>978-0-7538-2817-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatal+Colours%3A+Towton+1461...+England%27s+most+Brutal+Battle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2817-5&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_A._Haigh" title="Philip A. Haigh">Haigh, Philip A.</a> (1995). <i>Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses</i>. Stroud: Alan Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0904-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0904-4"><bdi>978-0-7509-0904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Campaigns+of+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-0904-4&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh1996" class="citation book cs1">Haigh, Philip A. (1996). <i>The Battle of Wakefield 1460</i> (illustrated ed.). Stroud: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1342-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1342-3"><bdi>978-0-7509-1342-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Wakefield+1460&rft.place=Stroud&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-1342-3&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_(historian)" title="Michael Hicks (historian)">Hicks, Michael</a> (2010). <i>The Wars of the Roses</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17009-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17009-2"><bdi>978-0-300-17009-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17009-2&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Jones_(writer)" title="Dan Jones (writer)">Jones, Dan</a> (2014). <i>The Hollow Crown: The Wars of the Roses and the Rise of the Tudors</i>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-28809-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-28809-0"><bdi>978-0-571-28809-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hollow+Crown%3A+The+Wars+of+the+Roses+and+the+Rise+of+the+Tudors&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-571-28809-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpieOpie1997" class="citation book cs1">Opie, I.; Opie, P. (1997). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Nursery+Rhymes&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Opie&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Opie%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ross_(historian)" title="Charles Ross (historian)">Ross, Charles</a> (1974). <i>Edward IV</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-28680-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-28680-2"><bdi>978-0-413-28680-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+IV&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-413-28680-2&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowse1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">Rowse, A. L.</a> (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bosworthfieldwar0000rows"><i>Bosworth Field & the Wars of the Roses</i></a></span>. Wordsworth Military Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85326-691-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85326-691-4"><bdi>1-85326-691-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosworth+Field+%26+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Military+Library&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=1-85326-691-4&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbosworthfieldwar0000rows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadler2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Sadler_(historian)" title="John Sadler (historian)">Sadler, John</a> (2011). <i>Towton: The Battle of Palm Sunday Field 1461</i>. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-965-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-965-9"><bdi>978-1-84415-965-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towton%3A+The+Battle+of+Palm+Sunday+Field+1461&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-965-9&rft.aulast=Sadler&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeward2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Seward" title="Desmond Seward">Seward, Desmond</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofwa0000sewa_n3b4"><i>A Brief History of the Wars of the Roses</i></a></span>. London: Constable and Robin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-006-1"><bdi>978-1-84529-006-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+and+Robin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84529-006-1&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofwa0000sewa_n3b4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurdhar2013" class="citation book cs1">Surdhar, Christina (2 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxATDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT56"><i>Bloody British History: York</i></a>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5159-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5159-3"><bdi>978-0-7509-5159-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloody+British+History%3A+York&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-5159-3&rft.aulast=Surdhar&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxATDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwinnerton2005" class="citation book cs1">Swinnerton, J. (2005). <i>The History of Britain Companion</i>. Robson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86205-822-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86205-822-4"><bdi>978-1-86205-822-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Britain+Companion&rft.pub=Robson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-86205-822-4&rft.aulast=Swinnerton&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1972" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Philip (1972). <i>British Battlefields: The North</i>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-633823-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-633823-2"><bdi>0-00-633823-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battlefields%3A+The+North&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-00-633823-2&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (2015). <i>Lancaster and York: the Wars of the Roses</i>. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-099-54017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-099-54017-5"><bdi>978-0-099-54017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancaster+and+York%3A+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-099-54017-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDockrayKnowles1992" class="citation web cs1">Dockray, Keith; Knowles, Richard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012181642/http://www.richardiii.net/downloads/Ricardian/essay_wakefield.pdf">"The Battle of Wakefield"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Richard III Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardiii.net/downloads/Ricardian/essay_wakefield.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Wakefield&rft.pub=Richard+III+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Dockray&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Knowles%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardiii.net%2Fdownloads%2FRicardian%2Fessay_wakefield.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Higginbotham" title="Susan Higginbotham">Higginbotham, Susan</a> (17 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112205/http://www.susanhigginbotham.com/blog/posts/the-death-of-edmund-earl-of-rutland/">"The Death of Edmund, Earl of Rutland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susanhigginbotham.com/blog/posts/the-death-of-edmund-earl-of-rutland/">the original</a> on 29 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Edmund%2C+Earl+of+Rutland&rft.date=2010-02-17&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.susanhigginbotham.com%2Fblog%2Fposts%2Fthe-death-of-edmund-earl-of-rutland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTréguer2016" class="citation web cs1">Tréguer, Pascal (22 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordhistories.net/2016/06/22/origin-of-dickys-meadow/">"Origin of the Lancashire phrase 'in Dicky's meadow'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Word Histories<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+Lancashire+phrase+%27in+Dicky%27s+meadow%27&rft.pub=Word+Histories&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%A9guer&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwordhistories.net%2F2016%2F06%2F22%2Forigin-of-dickys-meadow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Wakefield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318160722/http://wars-of-the-roses.com/content/battles/wakefield.htm">wars-of-the-roses.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120123114946/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/Castlesandmuseums/Castles/Sandal/Visitor_information.htm">Sandal Castle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richarddukeofyorkfuneral.org.uk/">A journey following the funeral route of Richard, Duke of York, killed 1460, reburied at Fotheringhay 1476</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423131614/http://richarddukeofyorkfuneral.org.uk/">Archived</a> 23 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_the_Roses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Template talk:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of the Roses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_Roses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Roses_family_tree" title="Template:Wars of the Roses family tree">Family tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/15px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/23px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/30px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/15px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/23px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/30px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/15px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/23px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/30px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster"><img alt="Red Rose Badge of Lancaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/50px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/75px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg/100px-Red_Rose_Badge_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose"><img alt="Tudor rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/50px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/75px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/100px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort_(died_1471)" title="Edmund Beaufort (died 1471)">Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beaumont,_1st_Viscount_Beaumont" title="John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont">John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort,_3rd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset">Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sutton,_1st_Baron_Dudley" title="John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley">John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_5th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond">James Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Butler,_6th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond">John Butler, Earl of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_9th_Baron_Clifford" title="John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford">John Clifford, Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon" title="John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon">John Courtenay, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_3rd_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter">Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_Baron_Neville" title="John Neville, Baron Neville">John Neville, Baron Neville</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville,_1st_Marquess_of_Montagu" title="John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu">John Neville, Marquess of Montagu</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1471)">Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_3rd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ros,_9th_Baron_Ros" title="Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros">Thomas Ros, Baron Ros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby">Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley,_9th_Baron_Strange" title="George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange">George Stanley, Baron Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(died_1495)" title="William Stanley (died 1495)">William Stanley</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Talbot,_4th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury">George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Trollope" title="Andrew Trollope">Andrew Trollope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_Clifford" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford">Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audley" title="James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley">James Tuchet, Baron Audley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodville,_Lord_Scales" title="Edward Woodville, Lord Scales">Edward Woodville, Lord Scales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York"><img alt="White Rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/50px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/75px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg/100px-White_Rose_Badge_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_7th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond">Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1469)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)">William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings, Baron Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lovell,_1st_Viscount_Lovell" title="Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell">Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mowbray,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neville_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Neville (died 1460)">Sir Thomas Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neville,_Earl_of_Kent" title="William Neville, Earl of Kent">William Neville, Earl of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Herbert_of_Coldbrook" title="Richard Herbert of Coldbrook">Sir Richard Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">St Albans (First)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loveday_(1458)" title="Loveday (1458)">Loveday (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Blore Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout_of_Ludford_Bridge" title="Rout of Ludford Bridge">Ludford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1460)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1460)">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Tower_of_London_(1460)" title="Siege of the Tower of London (1460)">Siege of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worksop" title="Battle of Worksop">Worksop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mortimer%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Mortimer's Cross">Mortimer's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">St Albans (Second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferrybridge" title="Battle of Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piltown" title="Battle of Piltown">Piltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hedgeley_Moor" title="Battle of Hedgeley Moor">Hedgeley Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hexham" title="Battle of Hexham">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgcote" title="Battle of Edgcote">Edgcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1470_Lincolnshire_Rebellion" title="1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion">1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Losecoat_Field" title="Battle of Losecoat Field">Losecoat Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI" title="Readeption of Henry VI">Readeption of Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_London_(1471)" title="Siege of London (1471)">Siege of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Bosworth Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford and Lovell rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Stoke Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_of_Edward_III_of_England" title="Issue of Edward III of England">Issue of Edward III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Regius" title="Titulus Regius">Titulus Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonville%E2%80%93Courtenay_feud" title="Bonville–Courtenay feud">Bonville–Courtenay feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Percy–Neville feud">Percy–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville%E2%80%93Neville_feud" title="Neville–Neville feud">Neville–Neville feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deal" title="Battle of Deal">Battle of Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cornish_uprising_of_1497" title="Second Cornish uprising of 1497">Second Cornish uprising of 1497</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Briefly joined the Lancastrians. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Briefly joined the Yorkists. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span> Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span> Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><sup>5</sup></span> Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim. <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Category:Wars of the Roses">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Wakefield&params=53_40_48_N_1_29_32_W_source:jawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°40′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°29′32″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.68000°N 1.49222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.68000; -1.49222</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906912#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97002777">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558794005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&oldid=1258510442">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&oldid=1258510442</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1460_in_England" title="Category:1460 in England">1460 in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Category:Battles of the Wars of the Roses">Battles of the Wars of the Roses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Wakefield" title="Category:History of Wakefield">History of Wakefield</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Yorkshire" title="Category:Battles involving Yorkshire">Battles involving Yorkshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1460" title="Category:Conflicts in 1460">Conflicts in 1460</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Category:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_August_2016" title="Category:Use British English from August 2016">Use British English from August 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2019">Use dmy dates from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 03:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wakefield&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dfwpk","wgBackendResponseTime":134,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.859","walltime":"1.060","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6123,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":132352,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7723,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":99555,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 873.458 1 -total"," 20.99% 183.368 61 Template:Sfn"," 11.64% 101.662 1 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.00% 87.385 1 Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_the_Roses"," 9.76% 85.283 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 8.56% 74.772 16 Template:Cite_book"," 8.45% 73.823 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.32% 55.202 1 Template:Location_map+"," 4.96% 43.310 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.55% 39.724 1 Template:Convert"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.518","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11064834,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAskew2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDockrayKnowles1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaigh1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaigh1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigginbotham2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpieOpie1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowse1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeward2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurdhar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwinnerton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTréguer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeir2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Wars of the Roses\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Wakefield, Battle Of\"] = 1,\n [\"Executed\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 14,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 61,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wars of the Roses\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-vqkvc","timestamp":"20241124053151","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Battle of Wakefield","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Wakefield","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q906912","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q906912","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-24T14:41:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T03:50:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fc\/Lancaster_victory_over_York.svg","headline":"1460 battle"}</script> </body> </html>