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class="h pbm"> <h1 class="ph"> 抄与钞 <a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog.php?mod=recommend"><img src="./static/image/blog/recommendico.gif" width="22px" height="22px" /><font style="font-size:14px; color:#930;" face="宋体">精选</font></a> </h1> <p class="xg2"> <span class="xg1">已有 5638 次阅读</span> <span class="xg1">2024-10-27 07:28</span> <span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">个人分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=612874&do=blog&classid=167131&view=me">汉语言</a></span><span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">系统分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&do=blog&view=all&uid=612874&catid=10">人文社科</a></span> </p> </div> <div id="blog_article" class="d cl" ><p style="margin-top:16px;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:16px;margin-left:0;text-align:center;line-height:200%"><strong><span style="font-size:24px;line-height: 200%;font-family:黑体;color:red">抄与钞</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">前一篇文章说了抄书与抄袭。在学习的初期，抄字、抄书都是必要的学习手段，而在研究工作中的抄袭则是可耻的行为。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">众所周知，抄袭是学术不端的主要形式之一，对于抄袭，大家都认为应当如老鼠过街，人人喊打。但是仍然有人敢于冒天下之大不韪，进行论文抄袭，就是为了窃取名和利，而其最根本之目的还是为了钞票。简言之，他们的抄是为了钞。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">有意思的是，抄字原来就写作钞。《说文解字》只有鈔字而没有抄字。宋初校订《说文解字》的文字学家徐鉉在解释鈔字时说，鈔字“今俗别作抄”。也就是说，抄是一个后起字，原来是写作鈔的（鈔如今简化为钞）。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">唐代虞世南曾经编著了《百堂书钞》，明代茅坤则编有《唐宋八大家文钞》。直到现代，鲁迅等先生往往还是用这个钞字，如鲁迅把在北京大学讲授中国小说史课时编集的一部分史料整理出版，名《小说旧闻钞》。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">钞字的本义是“叉取”，《说文解字》：“钞，叉取也”。叉字象形，像物（点）在手指（又）中间。它的篆字写法如下</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202410/27/072611mm1f5yvbcnzftmqy.jpeg" title="" alt="1729856479760.jpeg" width="74" height="69" style="width: 74px; height: 69px;"/></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">清代文字学家段玉裁说：“凡布指错物间而取之曰叉”，就是张开手指放在物之间而取之。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">段玉裁这样解释钞字：“叉者，手指相逪（錯）也。手指突入其间而取之，是之谓钞。字从金者，容以金铁诸器刺取之矣。”在这个意义上，钞字后来写作抄。所以，钞或抄就是以匙之类的工具或手拿取东西。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">杜甫有诗句：“饭抄云子白，瓜嚼水精寒。”云子白是像白云母碎屑那样的米粒（如今一种上好的围棋子还是出自云南，称云子）。“饭抄云子白”就是用匙舀取上好的白米饭。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">韩愈有诗句说他自己牙不好，只能“匙抄烂饭稳送之，合口软嚼如牛呞”（呞，音shi1，反刍）。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">如果把抄字作名词用，抄就是我们吃饭时所用的小匙了（即普通话中的匙儿、调羹、勺）。宋元小说《快嘴李翠莲记》中，新婚的李翠莲给公婆送茶，说有“两个初煨黄栗子,半抄新炒白芝麻”。其中半抄就是半匙。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">如今的吴方言苏州话仍然称匙儿（调羹、勺）为“抄”。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">用“抄”抄东西总是要把所抄的东西全都倾倒出来的，用“抄”吃饭也很容易把碗里的饭、菜吃得一干二净。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">由此，抄引申出掠取、抢掠等意思，如抄掠、抄略、抄夺等词语中的抄。而抄略、抄掠是什么都抢，看见什么好就抢什么。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">如《三国志魏志裴松之注》说匈奴“因天下扰乱，与西河白波贼合，破太原、河内，抄略诸郡为寇。”又如《后汉书公孙瓒传》记公孙瓒声讨袁绍：“克会期日，攻抄郡县，此岂大臣所当施为？”</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">从抄取财物可以引申到抄取文字。这样，照原文写、誊写也称抄。这是抄字如今用得最多的字义了。抄书是要求字句内容与原文完全都一样的。从字词句子文章的抄写，又可以引申为对问题处理方法的沿用。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">抄袭，袭字最早的写法是并排的两个龍字，下面一个衣。后来省略了一个龍字，如今又把龍简化为龙。《玉篇》解释袭字为“重衣”，也就是里外穿两件大小几乎一样的衣服。因袭、抄袭都有“二者一样”的含义。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">抄家就是抄没家财，那是要把家里的财产全都检查一遍，把有价值的东西没收。满门抄斩，是把一家大小全都杀掉。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">抄近路，抄小路，包抄过去，往往是为了取得时间上的快速，或者隐秘，不被人发现。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">在这些意义上，现在都写成抄，而不再用钞。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">现在，钞除了个别地方表示“抄录”这个意义之外，就是表示金钱了。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">钞作为一种金融凭证，大概出现在宋代。例如宋代政府规定盐商凭证运销食盐的制度，这种凭证称盐钞。盐钞由政府发行，商人付现钱领取。钞中载明盐量及价格，商人持钞至产地交验，领盐运销。大概盐钞上的数目等事项都是现“钞”上去的，所以称“钞”。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">宋代民间经济发达，商人来回各地，铜钱的携带和保管都非常不便。于是成都出现了为商人保管钱财的“交子铺户”。存款人把金钱交付给铺户，铺户把存款人存放现金的数额填写在用楮纸制作的卷面上，作为存款凭证，并收取一定保管费。这种临时填写存款金额的“存单”在四川称为交子。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">随着交子铺户在各地分铺的建立，人们可以在各地用交子支付。于是他们便开始印刷有统一面额和格式的交子，作为一种新的流通手段向市场发行，使得“交子”逐渐成为纸币。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">后来，宋代官府进行了介入，官方发行的交子称官交，又称钱引。南宋临安发行的则称会子。金代发行的纸币称交钞。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">金贞元二年（1151年）发行的交钞，币值分10等，一贯、二贯、三贯、五贯、十贯5等称为大钞，100、200、300、500、700文5等称为小钞。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">元代中统元年（1260年），发行了中统元宝交钞，简称中统宝钞。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">明洪武八年（1375年），政府印造、发行大明通行宝钞。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">这样，钞就成了纸币的名称。由于纸币缺乏信用，明代政府为了提高“宝钞”的信用，准许商人以政府发行的“宝钞”缴纳税款，在各地设立“钞关”。全国的八大钞关，有七个在大运河边。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">清代咸丰三年（1853年）发行了两种纸币，一种为“大清宝钞”，一种称“户部官票”，合称“钞票”。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">至此，钞基本上就成了纸币的代称。例如，现钞就是现金、钞票，一般用于与支票等非现金货币的对称。伪钞就是假币。外钞就是外币。会钞就是消费后付款，相当于现在流行的词汇“埋单”。破钞就是“破费了”，是为请客、送礼而破费钱财（为感谢别人请客而用的客气话）。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">如今随着电子支付的流行，钞票都用得越来越少了，钞字的用处也越来越少。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 37px; line-height: 200%; background: white;"></p> <br /><br /> <label style="font-size:13px; color:#850f0f">转载本文请联系原作者获取授权，同时请注明本文来自冯大诚科学网博客。<br />链接地址：</label><a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-612874-1457136.html" target="_blank" style="font-size:13px; color:#850f0f">https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-612874-1457136.html </a> <br /><br />上一篇：<a href='blog-612874-1456532.html' target='_black'>抄书与抄袭</a><br />下一篇：<a href='blog-612874-1457776.html' target='_black'>对与错</a>  </div> <div 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