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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditional accounts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_accounts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional accounts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Traditional origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_rediscovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_rediscovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Traditional rediscovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_rediscovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subsequent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technical information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_of_Zamzam_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_of_Zamzam_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Safety of Zamzam water</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety_of_Zamzam_water-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety of Zamzam water subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety_of_Zamzam_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historical controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BBC_allegation_and_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BBC_allegation_and_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>BBC allegation and responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BBC_allegation_and_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabian_authorities'_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabian_authorities'_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Saudi Arabian authorities' response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabian_authorities'_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_British_Hajjis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_British_Hajjis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Council of British Hajjis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_British_Hajjis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zamzam Well</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam-put" title="Zamzam-put – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zamzam-put" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85" title="زمزم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زمزم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99m-z%C9%99m" title="Zəm-zəm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zəm-zəm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA" title="জমজম কূপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জমজম কূপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D0%BC-%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BC_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Зәм-зәм һыуы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зәм-зәм һыуы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Замзам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Замзам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem-zem" title="Zem-zem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zem-zem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pou_de_Zamzam" title="Pou de Zamzam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pou de Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam" title="Zamzam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam-kilden" title="Zamzam-kilden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zamzam-kilden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam" title="Zamzam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozo_de_Zamzam" title="Pozo de Zamzam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pozo de Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_Zamzam" title="Puto Zamzam – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Puto Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam_putzua" title="Zamzam putzua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zamzam putzua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85" title="چاه زمزم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاه زمزم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam" title="Zamzam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A0%EC%9E%A0%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%98" title="잠잠의 샘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잠잠의 샘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijiyar_Zamzam" title="Rijiyar Zamzam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rijiyar Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%86" title="ज़मज़म कुंआ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़मज़म कुंआ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemzem" title="Zemzem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemzem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam" title="Zamzam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%BC-%D0%B4%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дзæм-дзæмы дон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзæм-дзæмы дон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemzem" title="Zemzem – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zemzem" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%9D" title="באר זמזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באר זמזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%81%D9%90_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D9%85_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%97%D9%84" title="آبہِ زَم زَم کرٛیوٗل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آبہِ زَم زَم کرٛیوٗل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Зәмзәм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зәмзәм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Замзам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Замзам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Замзам – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Замзам" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteus_Zamzam" title="Puteus Zamzam – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Puteus Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzams" title="Zamzams – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zamzams" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam_k%C3%BAt" title="Zamzam kút – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zamzam kút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="സംസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="झमझम विहीर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झमझम विहीर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85" title="بير زمزم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بير زمزم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telaga_Zam-Zam" title="Telaga Zam-Zam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Telaga Zam-Zam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam" title="Zamzam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="जमजम इनार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जमजम इनार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B6%E3%83%A0" title="ザムザム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザムザム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzambrunnen" title="Zamzambrunnen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zamzambrunnen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam" title="Zamzam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%DA%85%D8%A7%D9%87" title="د زمزم څاه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د زمزم څاه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam" title="Zamzam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A7o_de_Zamzam" title="Poço de Zamzam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poço de Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Замзам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Замзам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemzem" title="Zemzem – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zemzem" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%90_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85" title="آبِ زمزم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آبِ زمزم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodnjak_Zamzam" title="Vodnjak Zamzam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodnjak Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%85" title="زەمزەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەمزەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemzem" title="Zemzem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zemzem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam" title="Zamzam – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam" title="Zamzam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam" title="Zamzam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zamzam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="சம் சம் கிணறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சம் சம் கிணறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Зәмзәм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зәмзәм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="ซัมซัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซัมซัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Замзам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Замзам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemzem" title="Zemzem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zemzem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemzem" title="Zemzem – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Zemzem" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Замзам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Замзам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85" title="زمزم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمزم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zamzam_Well&params=21_25_19.2_N_39_49_33.6_E_type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA-02"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°25′19.2″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°49′33.6″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.422000°N 39.826000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.422000; 39.826000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Well in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zamzam (disambiguation)">Zamzam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zemzem_(name)" title="Zemzem (name)">Zemzem (name)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Zamzam Well</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Native name</i><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بئر زمزم</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/250px-%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/375px-%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/500px-%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2720" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mouth-piece of the Zamzam well from the Exhibition of the Two Holy Mosques Architecture Museum<sup id="cite_ref-Madaintwomosques_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madaintwomosques-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zamzam_Well&params=21_25_19.2_N_39_49_33.6_E_type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA-02"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°25′19.2″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°49′33.6″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.422000°N 39.826000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.422000; 39.826000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">about 30 m (98 ft) deep and 1.08 to 2.66 m (3 ft 7 in to 8 ft 9 in) in diameter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Restored</th><td class="infobox-data">traditional Islamic narratives date the well's (re-)establishment to the 6th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Restored by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abd al-Muttalib">ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib</a> according to traditional Islamic narratives</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zamzam Well is located in Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Zamzam Well is located in Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/235px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/353px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/470px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.139%;left:25.807%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zamzam Well"><img alt="Zamzam Well" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Zamzam Well in Mecca, Saudi Arabia</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Zamzam Well</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بئر زمزم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Biʾru Zamzam</i></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[biʔru<span class="wrap"> </span>zam.zam]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">well</a> located within the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, Saudi Arabia. It is located 20 m (66 ft) east of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-survey_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the holiest place in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. </p><p>According to Islamic narratives, the well is a miraculously generated source of water, which opened up thousands of years ago when the son of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismaʿil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>), was left with his mother <a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Hajar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a>) in the desert. It is stated to have dried up during the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Jurhum" title="Jurhum">Jurhum</a> in the area and to have been rediscovered in the 6th century by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abd al-Muttalib">Abd al-Muttalib</a>, grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the name is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Chabbi" title="Jacqueline Chabbi">Jacqueline Chabbi</a>, the noun <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زمزم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zamzam</i></span> is an <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a>. </p><p>She associates the noun with the adjectives <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زمزم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">zamzam</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زمازم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">zumāzim</i></span> which are onomatopoeic denoting a dull sound stemming from either a distant roll (of thunder) or a guttural sound emitted with a closed mouth by animals or people, however meaning either 'an abundant supply of water' or 'a source of water which does not dry up' if applied to <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ماء</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">māʾ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'water'. She states that this latter meaning of an unintelligible guttural sound encompasses a layer of meaning associated with the sacred and mystical, in addition to the basic notion of the sound possibly being related to the concept of an abundant flow of water. </p><p>Early Islamic sources use the terms <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زمزم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">zamzama</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زمازم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">zamāzima</i></span> to refer to the religious rites of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and the Zoroastrians. The terms are onomatopoeic and derive from what Arabs perceived to be an indistinct, droning sound of the recitation of <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">prayers and scriptures</a> by <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mediaeval Arabic writers like <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">al-Masʿūdī</a> generally state the well is named on the account of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زمزم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">zamzama</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'prayers recited by Zoroastrians'. They argue that based on their "kinship with <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>" Zoroastrians regularly made pilgrimages to Mecca to pray over the well. A later account by <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Din_al-Ayni" title="Badr al-Din al-Ayni">al-ʿAynī</a> claims that the well is named after <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زمازم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">zamāzima</i></span> supposedly meaning "bridles" which had been donated to the well by and named after <a href="/wiki/Sasan" title="Sasan">Sasan</a>, the Zoroastrian progenitor of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. </p><p>Other medieval Arabic sources connect the name to the <a href="/wiki/Angel_Gabriel_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel Gabriel in Islam">Angel Gabriel</a> being the source of the murmuring being captured by this onomatopoeia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hughes_(priest)" title="Thomas Hughes (priest)">Hughes</a> additionally identifies a tradition of deriving the name from an exclamation supposedly made by Hajar either being <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زم، زم!</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">zamm, zamm!</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'fill, fill!' or supposedly <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> meaning "Stop, stop!".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_accounts">Traditional accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_origins">Traditional origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Traditional origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_mxd_0366.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_mxd_0366.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_mxd_0366.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_mxd_0366.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_mxd_0366.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_mxd_0366.jpg/440px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_mxd_0366.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="5022" /></a><figcaption>An imperial pilgrim's water flask from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turkey</a>, used to collect water from the Zamzam Well, bearing the Sultan's <a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">tughra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Islamic tradition states that the Zamzam Well was opened up in some form by God to assist <a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Hajar</a>, the second wife of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a> and mother of <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismaʿil</a>. In Islamic narratives Ibrahim, commanded by God, led Hajar and Ismaʿil to the area of present-day Mecca, there he left them alone in the desert. The two are narrated to have been suffering severely from thirst. In some versions of the story Hajar walks back and forth between the two hills of <a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwah</a> in search of water.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of the appearance of the well either involves the infant Isma'il scraping the ground with his feet and water springing out or God sending <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Islam)">Jibra'il</a>) who consequently opens up the well using a variety of methods depending on the narration.<sup id="cite_ref-islamonline_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamonline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wealth of mystic discourses discussing the history of the well is from the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid-era" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid-era">Abbasid era</a> and largely extra-Quranic, as the well is not referred to directly by the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Islamic tradition, Ibrahim rebuilt a shrine called <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيت ٱللَّٰه</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Baytu 'l-llah</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'House of God' near the site of the well. A building supposedly first constructed by <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, which Muslim tradition regards as the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaʿba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The well is meant to have dried up (possibly as punishment) during the settlement of the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Jurhum" title="Jurhum">Jurhum</a>, who initially are meant to have migrated to the area from Yemen. In some narrations focused on the objects deposited in Zamzam the well simply dries up, then prior to the Jurhum being forced to leave Mecca because of God expelling them for their misdeeds their leader buries sacred objects from the Kaʿba in the location of Zamzam. In others, focused on the well itself, the objects are placed in Zamzam itself, with the well ultimately being buried by the leader of the Jurhum.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_rediscovery">Traditional rediscovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traditional rediscovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to traditional Muslim accounts, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abd al-Muttalib">ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib</a>, grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, is responsible for the rediscovery of the well. He purportedly had a divine <a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">precognition</a> about the well at some point in his life. A common narrative relayed by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> via <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> involves four dreams, the first three concern mysterious objects called <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طيبة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭayba</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">برة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Barra</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المضنونة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Maḍnūna</i></span> he is meant to dig for, the fourth then names Zamzam. Other accounts omit the third dream naming <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المضنونة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Maḍnūna</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib's precognitions to dig, he is claimed to have found a number of artefacts: golden gazelle figurines, armour, and several specimens of a type of sword called <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">السيف القلعى</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">as-Sayf al-Qalaʿī</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Qalaʿī sword'. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Saʿd</a> relays two separate traditions regarding the discovery of a well by ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, one involving Zamzam's discovery and water disputes among the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>, the other involving the series of dreams and said artefacts but neither water nor the name Zamzam.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hawting's analysis argues that the oral traditions surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بئر الكعبة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Biʾru 'l-Kaʿba</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Well of the Kaʿba', a dry well inside the Kaʿba reputed to have been used as the treasury of the Kaʿba and as a place for religious offerings in pre-Islamic Mecca and Zamzam merged at some point with stories concerning the former being adapted to feature the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_history">Subsequent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subsequent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commentators of the Abbasid-era mystic discourses surrounding the well, like al-Masʿūdī expanded on these extra-Quranic accounts. They further connect the site to Zoroastrianism via what they interpret to be Zoroastrian religious artefacts uncovered by ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib in combination with their etymological analyses. Ultimately arguing that due to the well's history supposedly being related to (what they perceive to have been) the true religion of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">peoples of Iran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamisation of Iran</a> is to be understood and framed as a rediscovery.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional Islamic account of the well's history relayed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Azraqi" title="Al-Azraqi">al-Azraqī</a> traces the lineage of its management via to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Talib_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Abū Tālib</a> as inherited from its (re)-discoverer and his father <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abd al-Muttalib">ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib</a>. The usage rights to the well were then supposedly sold due to Abū Tālib's financial troubles to his brother, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib">al-ʿAbbās</a>, who is meant to have instituted the first new ordinance concerning the well by banning all non-religious body-hygienic uses of it. Thus the management of the Zamzam Well (a responsibility called <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سقاية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">siqāya</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'giving of water') was reputedly a hereditary position of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasids</a>, i.e. the progeny of al-ʿAbbās, who ended up seizing control over Mecca as a whole using their <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buildings called the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيت الشراب</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Baytu 'š-Šarrāb</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'House of Drinking', variously referred to also as the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قبات الشراب</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qubbātu 'š-Šarāb</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Domes of Drinking', were structures used to store jars of Zamzam water away from the heat. One of which is claimed to have been initially built on orders from and named after <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Ali" title="Abbas ibn Ali">Abbas</a>, founder of the Abbasid dynasty himself.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, al-Azraqī describes the well being fully in the open during the age of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">ʿAbdallāh</a>, son of ʿAbbās. He reports it being surrounded by two pools: one pool between the well and a corner of the Kaʿba, used for quenching the thirst of pilgrims; and another pool behind the well used for <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wuḍūʾ</a>, i.e. religious ritual cleaning, with a subterranean drainage channel leading the waste water out of the Masjid al-Haram's courtyard. He describes the well's operators pouring the water drawn alternately between the pools using <a href="/wiki/Waterskin" title="Waterskin">waterskins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years 775–778 the second Abbasid caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a>, sponsored extensive construction projects in the Masjid al-Haram, which included paving the area around Zamzam with <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the years 833-855, during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Muʿtasim</a>, a civil servant called ʿUmar ibn Faraǧ ar-Ruḫḫaǧī began a series of construction projects related to the well, all marked by their intricate use of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>. He ended up constructing a dome covering the well and demolishing a previous structure surrounding it.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally a dome connecting the new dome over the well and the House of Drinking was constructed. Ar-Ruḫḫaǧī had the House of Drinking demolished in 843–844, during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq">al-Wathiq</a>, and went on to have three small domes surrounding the dome covering Zamzam built in its stead.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 930 a minority branch of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaʿilism</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> launched an <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mecca" title="Sack of Mecca">attack on Mecca</a>. They had previously attacked many caravans of the Abbasid Caliphate, including those of pilgrims travelling to the city. They would conquer the <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a> and move it to the capital of their own state in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrayn</a> for 22 years. They were briefly led in 931 by a Persian, <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_al-Isfahani" title="Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani">al-Isfahani</a>, whom they believed to be God incarnate who unsuccessfully attempted to convert the Qarmatian state to Zoroastrianism. They destroyed the dome covering Zamzam. It is relayed by historians such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_an-Nahraw%C4%81l%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qutb ad-Dīn an-Nahrawālī (page does not exist)">Qutb ad-Dīn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_an-Nahraw%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="de:Qutb ad-Dīn an-Nahrawālī">de</a>]</span> that in the aftermath of their attack on the city, the Well Zamzam, as well as all other wells in the city were filled with corpses of pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5346" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption>The domed building covering Zamzam which was destroyed in 1803 (D) and Zamzamis in front of the Domes of Drinking (P) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1718</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Abbasid relinquishment of the management of the well a quasi-guild called Zamzamis emerged and remained in place at least until the end of the 19th century. While theoretically anyone could go to the well and fill a vessel they brought at the well, in practice this group of specialised men ended up being primarily responsible for distributing the well's water. They did so by storing two kinds of filled jugs, some on wooden podiums with metal cups attached others hidden in the shade. They performed this service in theory without demanding payment. In 19th century practice however a pilgrim would be assigned a Zamzami upon his arrival and would have been obliged to pay him a small initial sum of $1 for a jug to bear his name. This jug would then be kept by the Zamzami for the pilgrim. Payment was in practice also expected for the further services of the Zamzami. These included bringing the pilgrim water throughout his pilgrimage and pouring it over his body for purposes of ritual cleaning (<a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wuḍūʾ</a>) among others. To nudge the pilgrim into donating adequately the Zamzami would show the pilgrim the bad state of the prayer mats he laid out in the Masjid for the pilgrims and explain his dire need for donations. The more generous the pilgrim's donations were, the more expansive the Zamzami's services became; with services such as procuring bottled Zamzam water to be taken home after the pilgrimage and bringing jugs right to the pilgrim's abode in Mecca being reserved for the most generous. To be allowed into the trade of being a Zamzami a costly license from the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Grand Sharif</a> was required. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Awn_ar-Rafiq" title="Awn ar-Rafiq">Awn ar-Rafiq</a> as Grand Sharif for example such a license cost £50.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1888_Ka%27aba_and_Zamzam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/1888_Ka%27aba_and_Zamzam.png/220px-1888_Ka%27aba_and_Zamzam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/1888_Ka%27aba_and_Zamzam.png/330px-1888_Ka%27aba_and_Zamzam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/1888_Ka%27aba_and_Zamzam.png/440px-1888_Ka%27aba_and_Zamzam.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>Building covering Zamzam (3) in 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 15th century the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay" title="Qaitbay">Qaitbay</a> invested into improving the well's water quality, as well as funding the construction of a new dome covering the well.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1489, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mamluk_sultans" title="List of Mamluk sultans">Mamluk Sultan</a> Malik an-Nāṣir, reconstruction of the Dome of Abbas, i.e. one of the two Domes of Drinking, occurred. There had been structures bearing this name and function again at least since 1183.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new structure featured a large painted gate made from yellow stone, a large fountain in its middle, three iron windows, and two metal fountains for pilgrims to drink from all housed under a large dome.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Ottoman conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate and their assumption of power in Mecca, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> funded many construction and renovation works in the city. One of these began in 1540 with the destruction of the roof covering the well, which had remained intact since Qaitbay's rule. While construction was disrupted by a flood, completion of the new roof occurred in January 1542.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1621 the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a> had an iron cage constructed around the well.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1660 Ottoman authorities constructed a new building over Zamzam.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following their conquest of Mecca in 1803, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabis</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud">Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud</a>, destroyed the dome covering the well.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964 the last building covering the well of Zamzam, which had been rebuilt by Ottoman authorities following the destruction of the building housing Zamzam by the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">first Saudi State</a>, was demolished by authorities of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Saudi_State" title="Third Saudi State">third Saudi State</a> (known at that time already as the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>). In its place the opening of the well was moved to a basement, 2.5 metres (8') deep, to free up space above ground for pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_information">Technical information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technical information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The well of Zamzam was expanded by hand over the years, and is about 30 m (100 ft) deep and 1.08 to 2.66 m (3 ft 7 in to 8 ft 9 in) in diameter. It taps groundwater from the <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> and some from the <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>. Historically water from the well was drawn via ropes and buckets, but since 1964 the well's opening itself is in a basement room inaccessible to the public, where it can be seen behind glass panels. Two electric pumps, operating alternately, move the water 5 km (3 miles) southwards at a pace of between 11 and 18.5 litres (2½ and 4½ gallons) per second to the King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Zamzam Water Project in Kudai. The center opened in September 2010 costing 700 million <a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Saudi Riyal</a> to construct and being operated by the National Water Company of Saudi Arabia. In this location treatment using filters and ultraviolet light, storage, and distribution take place. Once treated the water is stored in one of two reservoirs, the first at the plant's location in Kudai can hold 10,000 cubic meters (13,000 cu. yd.) of water, the other, the King Abdulaziz Sabeel Reservoir in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, has a larger capacity of 16,000 cubic meters (20,000 cu. yd.). The Kudai location is connected via pipes to drinking fountains in the Masjid al-Haram. The Medina location supplies the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a>. Aside from the system of pipes unbottled water is distributed using tanker trucks which transport 150,000 litres (35,000 gal.) per day at normal times and up to 400,000 litres per day (100,000 gal.) during pilgrimage seasons to the Medina location. Unbottled water is available through the before-mentioned drinking fountains, a fountain meant for pilgrims wishing to fill larger containers not intended for immediate consumption, and sterilised containers placed by authorities throughout the holy sites in Mecca and Medina. These latter containers come in several variants, chilled and unchilled, as well as being either stationary or worn as a backpack by employees of the complexes with disposable plastic cups provided in any case. Small filtered water bottles are also distributed free of charge at the holy sites. The water distributed this way in the Masjid al-Haram totals ca. 700,000 litres (175,000 gal.) per day outside of pilgrimage season and 2,000,000 litres (500,000 gal.) per day during said season. Distribution outside the Islamic holy sites within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia occurs with the water being bottled in 10-litre (2½ gallon) containers which are sold directly at a warehouse at the site of the King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Zamzam Water Project or via <a href="/wiki/Hypermarket" title="Hypermarket">hypermarkets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">super stores</a> throughout the state. In 2018 the number of 10-litre (2½ gallon) containers distributed per day was 1.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 the annual limit on how much water can be extracted from the well was stated as <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500,000 cubic meters (700,000 cu. yd) per year, though due to annual variations in rainfall patterns there exists a lot of deviation with regards to how much water can be extracted without lowering the well's water level too drastically each year.<sup id="cite_ref-survey_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeologically</a>, the well is in the <i>Wadi Ibrahim</i> (Valley of Abraham). The upper half of the well is in the sandy alluvium of the valley, lined with stone masonry except for the top metre (3 ft) which has a concrete "collar". The lower half is in the bedrock. Between the alluvium and the bedrock is a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-metre (1 ft 8 in) section of permeable weathered rock, lined with stone, and it is this section that provides the main water entry into the well. Water in the well comes from absorbed rainfall in the Wadi Ibrahim, as well as run-off from the local hills. Since the area has become more and more settled, water from absorbed rainfall on the Wadi Ibrahim has decreased. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Geological_Survey" title="Saudi Geological Survey">Saudi Geological Survey</a> has a "Zamzam Studies and Research Centre" which analyses the technical properties of the well in detail. Water levels were monitored by <a href="/wiki/Hydrograph" title="Hydrograph">hydrograph</a>, which in more recent times has changed to a digital monitoring system that tracks the water level, electric conductivity, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reduction_potential" title="Reduction potential">Eh</a>, and temperature. All of this information is made continuously available via the Internet. Other wells throughout the valley have also been established, some with digital recorders, to monitor the response of the local <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-survey_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zamzam water is colourless and odorless, but has a distinctive taste, with a pH of 7.9–8, and so is slightly alkaline.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)" title="Mass concentration (chemistry)">Mineral concentration</a><br /><small>as reported by researchers at <a href="/wiki/King_Saud_University" title="King Saud University">King Saud University</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">mineral </th> <th colspan="2">concentration </th></tr> <tr> <th>mg/L </th> <th>oz/cu in </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">133 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.7<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">96 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.88 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.247<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.50<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">195.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0001129 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">163.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.44<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.72 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.2<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−7</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">124.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.21<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">Sulfate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">124.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.17<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">835 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.000483 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_of_Zamzam_water">Safety of Zamzam water</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Safety of Zamzam water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the SGS, the Zamzam Well is tested on a daily basis, in a process which involves the taking of three samples from the well. These samples are then examined at the King Abdullah Zamzam Water Distribution Center in Mecca, which is equipped with advanced facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabnews_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabnews-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zamzam well was recently renovated in 2018 by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a> authorities. The project involved cleaning of the areas around the Zamzam well by removing the debris of concrete and steel used in the old cellar of the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Grand Mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, 100 samples are tested every day to ensure the water's good quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_controversy">Historical controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cholera epidemics and the Hajj had become an issue of debate since an 1866 International Sanitary Conference in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. The conference however identified British <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steam-ships</a> transporting <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Indian Muslims</a> to the Hajj as mainly responsible for the globalisation of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>. The Ottoman state consequently instituted a <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> system using the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to protect public health. Britain tried to undermine this system in the coming decades fearing public backlash in India and restrictions on its ability to engage in <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>. </p><p>The first controversy surrounding the safety of water from the Zamzam Well began in 1883. In 1881, James Zohrab, British Consul in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> sent samples of water, which he alleged to be Zamzam water, to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a>, who published his findings in 1883. Frankland claimed the water from the well to be six times more contaminated by animal waste than <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Arguing that due to human waste being simply buried in the ground in Mecca, the groundwater had become highly contaminated and a source of cholera. This situation, coupled with the city's visitors from all around the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, is meant to have spread the disease effectively throughout it. He ultimately called for the closure of Zamzam as a public health measure to protect the people of Asia and Europe. </p><p>Frankland's report became the basis for a treatise presented to the Ottoman Board of Health by the Dutch emissary thereto. The treaty was received very negatively and interpreted to be anti-Islamic propaganda. Mehmed Şakir Bey, an <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiologist</a>, was so outraged that he consulted <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonkowski" title="Charles Bonkowski">Bonkowski Paşa</a>, the Sultan's head chemist, and Ahmet <a href="/wiki/Effendi" title="Effendi">Efendi</a>, professor of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Military_College" title="Ottoman Military College">Ottoman War College</a>, for further scientific inquiry. Their testing revealed nothing dangerous about the water of Zamzam. By comparing their results to the results Frankland had published they began to publicly doubt the authenticity of his sample, as his sample was almost as saline as sea water. Additionally they explained that the water in Mecca's aqueducts and that from Zamzam came from entirely different sources, that pilgrims did not so much as bathe near the Masjid al-Haram, and that Zamzam could not be a cholera source because Mecca did not see annual cholera epidemics during the Hajj. </p><p>Related to their doubts of the water's authenticity they began to speculate that Yusuf Kudzi, a British protected person and associate of Zohrab, had been the source of the water and had contaminated the water to embarrass the Muslim world. Kudzi was of Russian-Jewish ancestry, he had been born in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and was a convert to Islam. The Ottoman establishment of that time had grown to doubt the authenticity of any Muslim cooperating with the British, conceptualising them as not truly Muslim and possibly as being spies. </p><p>Britain's intellectuals ended up rejecting <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>'s (presently widely accepted) findings of cholera being caused by bacteria. They kept arguing that cholera must be caused by local factors and in a manner which cannot be mediated via quarantine. British scientists would continue publishing anti-Zamzam and anti-contagionist articles up to 1895. Their anti-contagionist views would fall further and further away from scientific consensus in the following decades. Concurrently Ottoman authorities continued to invest into persistent and successful efforts seeking to maintain and improve water quality throughout Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BBC_allegation_and_responses">BBC allegation and responses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: BBC allegation and responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2011, a <a href="/wiki/BBC_London" title="BBC London">BBC London</a> investigation alleged that water taken from taps connected to the Zamzam Well contained high levels of <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> at levels three times the legal limit in the UK, the same levels found in illegal water purchased in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabian_authorities'_response"><span id="Saudi_Arabian_authorities.27_response"></span>Saudi Arabian authorities' response</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabian authorities' response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Saudi authorities rejected the BBC's claim and said that the water is fit for human consumption. An official from the Saudi Arabian embassy in London stated 'water from the Zamzam well is not contaminated and is fit for human consumption. Genuine Zamzam water does not contain arsenic'.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president of the Saudi Geological Survey (SGS), Zuhair Nawab, has stated that the Zamzam Well is tested on a daily basis, in a process involving the taking of three samples from the well.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabnews_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabnews-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BBC article concentrated on bottled water supplied by individuals rather than the Presidency of the Two Holy Mosques' Affairs, according to Fahd Turkistani, advisor to the <a href="/wiki/General_Authority_of_Meteorology_and_Environmental_Protection" title="General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection">General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection</a>. Turkistani stated that the Zamzam water pollution may have been caused by unsterilized containers used by illegal workers selling Zamzam water at Makkah gates.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabnews_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabnews-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_of_British_Hajjis">Council of British Hajjis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Council of British Hajjis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the same month that the BBC report was released, the Council of British Hajjis later declared that drinking Zamzam water was safe, contradicting the BBC report. The council noted that the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Government of Saudi Arabia</a> does not allow the export of Zamzam water for resale. They also stated that it was unknown whether the water being sold in the UK was genuine and that people should not buy it and should report the sellers to the <a href="/wiki/Trading_Standards" title="Trading Standards">Trading Standards</a> if they saw it for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reduplicated_place_names" title="List of reduplicated place names">List of reduplicated place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>ZAMZAMA</b> <small>(A.)</small>, in early Arabic "the confused noise of distant thunder" (Lane, 1249b), but widely used in the sources for early Islamic history for the priests of the Magians reciting and intoning the Zoroastrian prayers and scriptures, producing (to the Arabs' ears) an indistinct, droning sound. Thus in <a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ṭabarī">al-Ṭabarī</a>, i, 1042, we have the <i>zamzama</i> of the Herbadhs, in 2874 the <i>muzamzim</i> or adherent of Zoroastrianism, and in 2880 <i>zamzama</i> for the Zoroastrian rites and <i>zamāzima</i> for the Magians in general.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Sale" title="George Sale">George Sale</a> speaks of this claim in an introductory essay to his translation of the Quran. He however states that it was most likely named after the "murmuring of its waters".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some records state this to have occurred seven times. Muslim pilgrims during Hajj similarly walk seven-times between these two hills, an act ritual anámnēsis stemming from a belief in the traditional account of the well's appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Presently the well is located approximately 20 m (66 ft) east of the Kaaba.<sup id="cite_ref-survey_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawting's analysis indicates that the fourth dream naming Zamzam may be a late addition to this oral tradition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The other having been called the Dome of the Jews.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly having simply been a light wall made of stones according to some sources</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Madaintwomosques-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madaintwomosques_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520053204/https://madainproject.com/exhibition_of_the_two_holy_mosques_architecture">"Exhibition of the Two Holy Mosques' Architecture"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madain_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madain Project (page does not exist)">Madain Project</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/exhibition_of_the_two_holy_mosques_architecture">the original</a> on May 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibition+of+the+Two+Holy+Mosques%27+Architecture&rft.pub=Madain+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fexhibition_of_the_two_holy_mosques_architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamzam+Well" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-survey-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-survey_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-survey_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-survey_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-survey_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619152954/http://www.sgs.org.sa/english/earth/pages/zamzam.aspx">"Zamzam Studies and Research Centre"</a>. <i>Saudi Geological Survey</i> (in Arabic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgs.org.sa/english/earth/pages/zamzam.aspx">the original</a> on June 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Zamzam+Studies+and+Research+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgs.org.sa%2Fenglish%2Fearth%2Fpages%2Fzamzam.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamzam+Well" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1885" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1885). <i>Dictionary of Islam : Being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together With the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion</i>. Forgotten Books. p. 701. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-243-60987-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-243-60987-1"><bdi>978-0-243-60987-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1152284802">1152284802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islam+%3A+Being+a+Cyclopaedia+of+the+Doctrines%2C+Rites%2C+Ceremonies%2C+and+Customs%2C+Together+With+the+Technical+and+Theological+Terms%2C+of+the+Muhammadan+Religion&rft.pages=701&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=1885&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1152284802&rft.isbn=978-0-243-60987-1&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamzam+Well" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeri_BearmanThierry_BianquisC._Edmund_BosworthE.J._van_Donzel2002" class="citation book cs1">Peri Bearman; Thierry Bianquis; C. Edmund Bosworth; E.J. van Donzel; Wolfhart Heinrichs; H. A. R. Gibb, eds. (2002). <i>The encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Vol. XI. Leiden: Brill. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-16121-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-16121-X"><bdi>90-04-16121-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/399624">399624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F399624&rft.isbn=90-04-16121-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamzam+Well" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChabbi2002" class="citation book cs1">Chabbi, Jacqueline (2002). Peri Bearman; Thierry Bianquis; C. Edmund Bosworth; E.J. van Donzel; Wolfhart Heinrichs; H. A. R. Gibb (eds.). <i>The encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Vol. XI. Leiden: Brill. pp. 440–441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-16121-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-16121-X"><bdi>90-04-16121-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/399624">399624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopaedia+of+Islam.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=440-441&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F399624&rft.isbn=90-04-16121-X&rft.aulast=Chabbi&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamzam+Well" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1734" class="citation book cs1">George, Sale (1734). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran-archive.org/explorer/george-sale/1734?page=138#top"><i>The Koran : commonly called the Alcoran of Mohammad</i></a> (1st ed.). London: F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zam+Zam+Water+Is+Safe%2C+UK&rft.pub=Council+of+British+Hajjis+%28Pilgrims%29&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Freleases%2F225253.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZamzam+Well" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamzam_Well&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zamzam_Well" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawting,_G._R.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hawting, G. R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 44–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00110523">10.1017/s0041977x00110523</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/616125">616125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162654756">162654756</a>.</cite><span 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hajj" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#ddffdd;;background:#bbffbb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Hajj_topics" title="Template:Hajj topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hajj_topics" title="Template talk:Hajj topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hajj_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hajj topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hajj" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ddffdd;"><div>Every year, from the eighth to the twelfth day of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddffdd;;width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miqat" title="Miqat">Miqat</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabigh" title="Rabigh">Al-Juhfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miqat_Dhu_al-Hulayfah" title="Miqat Dhu al-Hulayfah">Dhu'l-Hulayfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_Al-Taneem" title="Masjid Al-Taneem">Masjid 'A'ishah</a>, <a href="/wiki/At-Tan%CA%BDim" title="At-Tanʽim">At-Tan'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miqat_Qarn_al-Manazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Miqat Qarn al-Manazil">Qarnul-Manazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/As_Sayl_al_Kabir" title="As Sayl al Kabir">As-Sayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalamlam" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalamlam">Yalamlam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Mecque_pelerinage.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram indicating the order of Hajj rituals"><img alt="Diagram indicating the order of Hajj rituals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/160px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/240px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/320px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddffdd;;width:1%">Sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zamzam Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Mount Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah" title="Muzdalifah">Muzdalifah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoning_of_the_Devil" title="Stoning of the Devil">Rami al-Jamarat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf al-Ifadah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf al-Wida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddffdd;;width:1%">Mosques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Great Mosque of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miqat_Dhu_al-Hulayfah" title="Miqat Dhu al-Hulayfah">Miqat Dhu al-Hulayfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabigh" title="Rabigh">Rabigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddffdd;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmal" title="Mahmal">Mahmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Makkah" title="Road to Makkah">Road to Makkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ddffdd;"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hajj" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hajj">History</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/238804302">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCRF4dvdtbkprgqXmGHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7543977-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97001708">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554036005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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